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Thomas Rieckmann and Susanne V ̈olker Notation\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZgxgZ5vfxTkC\u0026pg=PR6\u0026vq=polymerization"},{"page_id":"PR7","page_number":"vii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of Cyclic Polyester Oligomers ............................... 117 Daniel J. Brunelle 1 Introduction ... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of Oligomeric Ester Cyclics ....... 134 7 Conclusions ............................ 139 References\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZgxgZ5vfxTkC\u0026pg=PR7\u0026vq=polymerization"},{"page_id":"PR11","page_number":"xi","snippet_text":"... 6 Introduction ............................ \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of PBT ..................... 2.1 Monomers ......................... 2.1.1 1,4-Butanediol ................. 2.1.2 Dimethyl Terephthalate and Terephthalic Acid ................","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZgxgZ5vfxTkC\u0026pg=PR11\u0026vq=polymerization"},{"page_id":"PR12","page_number":"xii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of PEN ............. Copolyesters ............................ 8.1 Benefits of Naphthalate-modified Copolyesters . 8.2 Manufacture of Copolyesters ............ 9 Naphthalate-based Blends ................... 10\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZgxgZ5vfxTkC\u0026pg=PR12\u0026vq=polymerization"},{"page_id":"PR13","page_number":"xiii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e .......................... 2.1 1,3-Propanediol Monomer .............. 2.2 The \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e Stage ............... 2.3 Side Reactions and Products ............. 3 Physical Properties ............","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZgxgZ5vfxTkC\u0026pg=PR13\u0026vq=polymerization"},{"page_id":"PR29","page_number":"xxix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e are described in Chapter 2. Newer \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e techniques involving the ringopening of cyclic polyester oligomers is providing another route to the production of commercial thermoplastic polyesters (see Chapter 3). High\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZgxgZ5vfxTkC\u0026pg=PR29\u0026vq=polymerization"},{"page_id":"PA28","page_number":"28","snippet_text":"... Chemical Industries (Holmes, P. A., Wright, L. F. and Collins, S. H.), Eur. Patent Application 0 052 459 (1982). PART II \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e and Polycondensation 2 Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e – 28 J. E. McINTYRE."},{"page_id":"PA29","page_number":"29","snippet_text":"Chemistry and Technology of Polyesters and Copolyesters John Scheirs, Timothy E. Long. PART II \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e and Polycondensation 2 Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e – Mechanism, Catalysis, Kinetics, Mass Transfer."},{"page_id":"PA31","page_number":"31","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e – Mechanism, Catalysis, Kinetics, Mass Transfer and Reactor Design TH. RIECKMANN Institute of Chemical Engineering and Plant Design, University of Applied Sciences Cologne, Cologne, Germany and S. V ̈OLKER 42 Engineering\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA62","page_number":"62","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of vinyl end groups to polyvinyl esters, and (2) the elimination of carboxylic acids to form the polyenes (Figure 2.17). Edge et al. [74, 75] investigated PET samples degraded at melt temperatures in nitrogen and air by\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA63","page_number":"63","snippet_text":"... due to catalysis of the \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of vinyl esters. The formation of chromophores is enhanced when the metal has a variable valency with a reduction potential near to zero. O O O O O O HO OH HO OH POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 63."},{"page_id":"PA106","page_number":"106","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed., 17, 4033–4040 (1979). Kamatani, H., Konagaya, S., and Nakamura, Y., Effect of phosphoric acid on the polycondensation of bis(hydroxyethyl)terephthalate catalyzed by Sb(III) compounds\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA107","page_number":"107","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of cyclic oligomers from PET, J. Polym. Sci., 48, 423–433 (1960). Peebles, L. H., Huffmann, M. W. and Ablett, C. T., Isolation and identification of the linear and cyclic oligomers of polyethylene terephthalate 51. 52. 53\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA112","page_number":"112","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of poly(ethylene terephthalate), J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 68, 837–846 (1998). Mallon F. K. and Ray, W. H., Modeling of solid-state polycondensation. II. Reactor design issues, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 69, 1775–1788 (1998). J\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA115","page_number":"115","snippet_text":"... , V., Gupta, S. K. and Ray, A. K., Multiobjective optimization of an industrial wiped-film PET reactor, AIChE J., 46, 1046–1058 (2000). 3 Synthesis and \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of Cyclic Polyester Oligomers D. J. POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 115."},{"page_id":"PA117","page_number":"117","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e. of. Cyclic. Polyester. Oligomers. D. J. BRUNELLE GE Global Research Center, Schenectady, NY, USA 1 INTRODUCTION Ring-opening \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e (ROP) of cyclic oligomers of engineering thermoplastics such as poly(ethylene\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA118","page_number":"118","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e reactions. The cyclic oligomers have been separated from the polymers and characterized by several groups [5–11] and synthesis of many discrete cyclics has also been reported using classical high-dilution techniques [12\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA122","page_number":"122","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e. Furthermore, hydrolysis would remove acid chloride from the reaction, thus damaging control of balanced stoichiometry. NN O Cl NN O Cl O NN Cl + − + (3.2) NN + CH2Cl2 NN ClCH2 Cl− + (3.3) O O O OO N N O + H2O O Cl (3.4)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA126","page_number":"126","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e technology [33, 34]. Recently, Burch et al. have reported novel depolymerization methods for the preparation of PET cyclic oligomers, and their \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e to high molecular weight [35]. O OHO-(CH2)4 (CH2)4 O O O COOH\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA129","page_number":"129","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e, and so the easily quenchable titanates became the catalysts of choice. In the case of such catalysts, the use of absolutely dry solvents was necessary to prevent their hydrolysis [26]. Brunelle et al. have also reported\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA131","page_number":"131","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e, as outlined in Scheme 3.3. Metal alkoxides such as tetraalkyl titanates or dibutyl tin alkoxides have proven (CH2)4 O O O O (CH 2 ) 4 m CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 131 5 Mechanism for Formation of Cyclics via\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA132","page_number":"132","snippet_text":"... (\u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e reaction), or by a back-biting reaction to form cyclics. The degree of cyclization vs. \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e is controlled by the concentration of species I in solution. Dilute solutions favor intra- rather than intermolecular\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA133","page_number":"133","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e p + 1 releases another linear polymer chain terminated with a metal (Ia), which is shorter in length by p + 1 units, and which can continue to react to form cyclics. Eventually, equilibrium is reached, and the linear\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA134","page_number":"134","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePOLYMERIZATION\u003c/b\u003e OF OLIGOMERIC ESTER CYCLICS With a supply of oligomeric cyclic phthalates readily available from two routes, the study of bulk ring-opening \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e became feasible. Because reactive processing applications were\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA135","page_number":"135","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e was also reported with tetramethyl titanate, lead oxide or calcium oxide, but not with p-toluene sulfonic acid. Burch et al. report that low-molecular-weight linear species affect the \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e rates [35]. \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA136","page_number":"136","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of oligomeric PBT cyclics is much more readily achieved, due to the low melting point of the oligomeric mixture. The \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e is also novel for polyesters, in that melt \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e can be achieved well below the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA137","page_number":"137","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of PET/PBT (5 % molar ratio) co-cyclic oligomersa - Entry Initiator (mol%)b T (◦C) t (min) \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e (%) Mwc Mnc Mw/Mn 1 Bu2Sn–O (0.5) 275 10 97 58.9 – – 2 Ti(Oi-Pr)4 (0.2) 190 6 98 115 55 2.1 3 TOT (0.1) 190 20 99\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA138","page_number":"138","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e reaction was typically carried out at 180–200◦C, well below the PBT melting point of ∼225 ◦C. Regardless, complete \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e with only 1–3% cyclics remaining (by GPC) could be achieved. Three factors controlled\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA139","page_number":"139","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of the cyclic oligomers has been achieved with a variety of initiators, and by using various techniques. \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e can be complete within minutes, and can lead to very high-molecular-weight polyesters without\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA140","page_number":"140","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e: preparation and \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of alkylene phthalate cyclic oligomers, Macromolecules, 31, 4782 (1998). Kitano, A., Ishitani, A. and Ashida, A., Crystal structure of cyclic dimer of poly(butylene terephthalate), Polym. J\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA141","page_number":"141","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e to high molecular weight, Macromolecules, 33, 5053 (2000). Brunelle, D. J., Takekoshi, T. and Serth-Guzzo, J., US Patent 5 710 086 (1998, to GE). Measurement taken using a Brookfield viscometer: Carbone, J. and Pearce\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA142","page_number":"142","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of ethylene terephthalate cyclic oligomers with antimony trioxide,Macromolecules, 33, 3594 (2000). Nagahata, R., Sugiyama, J.-I., Goyal, M., Asai, M., Ueda, M. and Takeuchi, K., Solid-phase thermal \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA143","page_number":"143","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e in the melt phase the molecular weight of a polyester can be further increased in the solid-state. This process is known as solid-state polycondensation (SSP). The processing chain for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA156","page_number":"156","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e rates of 0.45dl/g IV PET prepolymers [39]. From Duh, B., US Patent, 4 238 593 (1980) Figure 4.9 Illustration of a spherulite growing into a melt. 1.2 1.1 1.00.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 I V ( d lg 1 ) Carboxyl number of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA172","page_number":"172","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e or additional condensation (AC), and mutual diffusion (D), as shown in Figure 4.17, is responsible for the joining or healing at the pellet interface which leads to the formation of agglomerates and the blocking of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA180","page_number":"180","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e or by solid-state polycondensation. While any process in the melt phase adds to the generation of degradation products, solid-state polycondensation not only increases the molecular weight of the PET but it also promotes\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA187","page_number":"187","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of poly(ethylene terephthalate): kinetic and property parameters, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 5315–5335 (1986). Wu, D., Chen, F. and Li, R., Reaction kinetics and simulations for solidstate \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of poly(ethylene\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA188","page_number":"188","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e mechanism of poly(ethylene terephthalate) affected by gas flow and particle size, Polymer, 39, 6991–6999 (1998). Chen, S. and Chen, F., Kinetics of polyesterification III: Solid-state \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of poly(ethylene\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA189","page_number":"189","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e and copolymerized components, Textile Res. J., 61, 429–432 (1991). Sakellarides, S. L., The effect of isophthalic acid modification on the thermal crystallization of PET, ANTEC, 96, 938–942 (1996). Chan, T. W. and Isayev\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA193","page_number":"193","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of polyesters, US Patent 3 544 525, 1968. N ̈af, U., Labor Kristallisation und SSP von PET Flakes, Internal Buhler Report, No. 515 590, 1997. Robinson, W. D., and Vadnais, G. L., Solid state \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of PET flakes\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA195","page_number":"195","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e (DP) of ∼100. Polymers for these application have number-average molecular weights (Mns) in the region of 15kg/mol. Commonly, in the case of polyesters the intrinsic viscosity (IV) is a measure of the chain length of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA197","page_number":"197","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e (DP) is restricted by the diffusion of volatile reaction products. Additionally, competing reactions such as inter- and intramolecular esterification and transesterification put a limit to the DP (Figure 5.1). Other\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA203","page_number":"203","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e mechanism of poly(ethylene terephthalate) affected by gas flow velocity and particle size, 6991–6999, Copyright (1998), with permission from Elsevier Science Figure 5.6 1 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9I V ( d. SOLID-STATE\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA205","page_number":"205","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e (DP) increases by 64 %, while the residence time decreases by about 40%. The increased reactivity is due to the reaction kinetics and the increased diffusivity caused by the elevated temperature. Little effect is seen\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA209","page_number":"209","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e mechanism of poly (ethylene terephthalate) affected by gas flow velocity and particle size, 6991–6999, Copyright (1998), with permission from Elsevier Science Chip size (mm) concentration of the by-products in the gas\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA234","page_number":"234","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e. The handling of smaller particles, and in particular powders in SSP, is therefore more difficult than that of chips. High flow rates are desired for larger column reactors. There is no clear-cut range of flow rates for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA239","page_number":"239","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e, Polymer, 34, 4974 (1993); (b) Toyobo, Eur. Patent 0 207 856 B2, 1990; (c) Toyobo, Eur. Patent 0251 313, 1988; (d) Union Carbide Corporation, US Patent 4 374 239, 1983; (e) Toyobo, US Patent4 742 151, 1988. 4. Bamford\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA250","page_number":"250","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerized\u003c/b\u003e under normal polyester conditions. By judicious use of melt \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e to relatively low molecular weight, followed by solid-state \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e to the desired final degree of \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e, polyesteramide polymers\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA256","page_number":"256","snippet_text":"... then subjected to post-\u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e reactions, have been recently reported. Incorporation of 2,6-anthracene dicarboxylic acid (ADA), in up to 40mol% 256 D. A. SCHIRALDI 5 Copolymers as a Scaffold for Additional Chemical Reactions."},{"page_id":"PA269","page_number":"269","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e process. The effect of the cis- and trans-CHDM isomer ratio on the melting point of terephthalate-based polyester has been previously studied and reported [9, 20]. This relationship is shown in Figure 7.1. 280 290 300 310\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA273","page_number":"273","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerized\u003c/b\u003e to useful molecular weight ranges. For amorphous copolyesters, useful molecular weight ranges must be ... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e with orthophthalic acid or phthalic anhydride. Thus, conventional melt-phase esterification\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA276","page_number":"276","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerized\u003c/b\u003e to obtain even higher molecular weights. Solid-phase \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e is generally carried out within the temperature range of 200–250 ◦C. If PCT is modified with relatively high levels of comonomer, substantially amorphous\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA284","page_number":"284","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerized\u003c/b\u003e to high molecular weight by conventional melt-phase \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e because the polymer crystallizes prematurely during \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e to a high-melting solid, 260 270 280 290 300 ( C ) 240 250. Figure 7.11 Effect of 2,6\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA285","page_number":"285","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e must be used to increase the molecular weight of these polyester compositions. In fact, highly crystalline PCN is believed to have a Tm of 355 ◦C. As a general rule for PCT copolyesters, increasing the amount of N\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA286","page_number":"286","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of CHDA (having the indicated trans-isomer content shown in Table 7.4) and CHDM (having the indicated trans-content as in Table 7.4). Unlike CHDM, however, CHDA can undergo isomerization in the presence of certain\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA288","page_number":"288","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e, Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1940. 3. Brandrup, J. and Immergut, E. H., Polymer Handbook, 2nd Edn., Wiley, New York, 1975, p. III–159. 4. Ludewig, H., Polyester Fibers Chemistry and Technology, Wiley, New\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA294","page_number":"294","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePOLYMERIZATION\u003c/b\u003e OF PBT PET and PBT are commercially produced by reacting an aliphatic glycol (diol) with an aromatic diester or diacid in the presence of a polyesterification catalyst. Although polycondensation theory calls for careful\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA297","page_number":"297","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e. As opposed to the PET process, where a different catalyst is used in each of the two \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e phases, the PBT process typically uses a single catalyst. In PBT resins, the catalyst is not typically quenched\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA299","page_number":"299","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e, carboxylic acid (COOH) end groups can react with BDO to regenerate hydroxybutyl endgroups and water, by a direct esterification reaction: OH O O RO + HO(CH2)4OH O(CH2)4OH O O RO + H2O (8.6) In a DMT-based \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA300","page_number":"300","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e. It is also possible to generate THF during the subsequent processing (extrusion and molding) of PBT by conversion of hydroxybutyl end groups to carboxylic end groups. Almost all polyesters have an analogous version of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA301","page_number":"301","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e can be used to make a variety of molecular weight resins, ranging from 17 000 to 40000 Mn (melt viscosity, at 250 ◦C, ranging from 300 to 9000 Poise). The higher-molecular weight resins are generally made by using\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA303","page_number":"303","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e. The extrusion process is carried out independently of the resin \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e process. Depending on the specific manufacturing operation, a number of methods of adding ingredients may be utilized. The ingredients may be\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA325","page_number":"325","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e to highmolecular-weight PET, dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) was the monomer used for the initial commercial manufacture. However, once high-purity TA became available, the acid process has been preferred, using lower\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA328","page_number":"328","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePOLYMERIZATION\u003c/b\u003e OF PEN The higher thermal transitions and gaseous barrier of PEN compared to PET has significant implications on SSP PEN properties and processability. Whereas pre-crystallization of PET may be conducted in a dry air\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA329","page_number":"329","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e by-products, water and EG are removed in a diffusion-controlled manner. The higher temperatures and gaseous barrier of PEN, coupled with long SSP cycles, can create much larger differences in molecular weight and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA330","page_number":"330","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e process [14]. The preformed resins or low-molecular-weight oligomers function as \u0026#39;masterbatch\u0026#39; sources, undergoing in-situ ester-interchange, leading to random copolyesters at equilibrium or copolyesters with controlled\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA335","page_number":"335","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of terephthalic acid (TA) (or dimethyl terephthalate (DMT)) as the diacid moiety and ethylene glycol as the diol. PET is now a wellknown and widely utilized polymer material that is used throughout the world to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA340","page_number":"340","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e (DP) of 2–3 and methanol. The system is then evacuated to 1 mm Hg while the temperature is maintained at ∼195 ◦C; under these conditions a low-molecular-weight oligomeric prepolymer with a glycol half-ester end group\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA362","page_number":"362","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e and applications [7–10]. Despite making significant progress in lowering PDO manufacturing cost, it was still not low enough and the unfavorable polyester business atmosphere at that time stopped further development of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA363","page_number":"363","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePOLYMERIZATION\u003c/b\u003e STAGE PTT is melt \u003cb\u003epolymerized\u003c/b\u003e by either the transesterification of PDO with dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) or by the direct esterification of PDO with purified terephthalic acid (PTA). The process is similar to that for PET\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA364","page_number":"364","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e, PDO is difficult to cyclize into oxetane because of the high ring strain. Oxetane was not found in the byproduct analysis [23]. 5 ... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e PDO/DMT Reaction \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e molar temperature/time 364 H. H. CHUAH."},{"page_id":"PA366","page_number":"366","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e PDO/DMT Reaction \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e molar temperature/time temperature/time ratio Catalyst Ipressure Catalyst Ipressure Comments Reference TPA process 1.4 Self-catalyzed 250 °C/6 h/50 psi 80 ppm Ti(OBu)4, 260 °C/3 h/2 mbar\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA368","page_number":"368","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e conditions [35]. 3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES PTT, with three methylene units in its glycol moiety, is called an odd-numbered polyester. It is often compared to the even-numbered polyesters such as PET and PBT for the odd–even\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA393","page_number":"393","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e in Research Awareness Bulletin, Shell Chemical Company, July 1993, Houston, TX, pp. 101–103. Stouffer, J. M., Blanchard, E. N. and Leffew, K. W., US Patent5 763 104 (to E.I. du Pont Nemours \u0026amp; Company), 1998. Wang, X.-S\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA401","page_number":"401","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e byproducts are non-polluting, and the polymer can be recycled. • The melt spinning process used for PET fibers is clean and economical. • The thermoplastic fiber is tough, with relatively high temperature resistance. It\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA404","page_number":"404","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePolymerization\u003c/b\u003e is thus accompanied by the production of water, which is removed under elevated temperature and vacuum. Accordingly, the presence of water in the molten state will rapidly depolymerize the structure, so that thorough\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA405","page_number":"405","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e is typically accomplished either by measurement of the molten viscosity (e.g. by measuring the pressure drop through a calibrated orifice) or of the viscosity of a dilute solution of the polymer in an appropriate solvent\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA411","page_number":"411","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e and fiber extrusion. This avoids the equipment, energy and manpower needed to freeze and pelletize the polymer, dry it, and remelt it. In large plants that operate continuously for months at a time, huge quantities (more\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA416","page_number":"416","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e level), hole diameter and throughput, spinning speed, and cooling rate of the filaments after extrusion. In the ideal world, each fiber would have identical history and microstructure. In reality, each filament is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA426","page_number":"426","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e, so that much of the additive remains agglomerated in a separate phase. In this case, subsequent scouring of the fibers removes much of the soluble PEG, leaving microscopic C C OCH2CH2O O (OCH2CH2O)x O C O n C O m Figure\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA459","page_number":"459","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e conditions [38]. From Wick, G., \u0026#39;Characterization of PET Polymer for Bottle Manufacturing\u0026#39;, presentation given at the Society ofPlastics Engineers, Benelux Seminar, May 20–21, 1980, Amsterdam, and reproduced with\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA483","page_number":"483","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e process, such as temperature, residence time, deposits of degraded polymer or the presence of oxygen. Degradation of polyesters and the generation of chromophores are thermally effected [29b, 29c, 39]. The mechanism of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA505","page_number":"505","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e process. Commercial solid-state \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e process systems are usually composed of a crystallizer and a \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e reactor. First, melt-\u003cb\u003epolymerized\u003c/b\u003e chips are fed into the crystallizer unit and crystallized to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA552","page_number":"552","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e is performed in the “solid state”. The kinetics of solid-state \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e are diffusion controlled. After solid-stating, the resin is compounded with glass fiber to produce the reinforced pellet that is supplied for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA568","page_number":"568","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e) + (n−1)HOCH2CH2OH EG For the \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e, either in the melt or solid phase, the reaction is driven to the polymer by removing ethylene glycol. The \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e reaction is typically catalyzed by solutions\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA569","page_number":"569","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e greater than 1 if the time, temperature or ethylene glycol concentration is insufficient to complete the transesterification. The polycondensation catalysts present in the PET are sufficient, if active, to form BHET from\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA570","page_number":"570","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of PET occurred with Whinfield in 1941 [12]. Commercial PET was formed by using dimethyl terephthalate because the dimethyl ester could be purified by distillation. Terephthalic acid purification was too inadequate to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA735","page_number":"735","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e (DP) 121, 195, 197, 205, 404 LCP/PET blends 685, 685t degree of randomness (RD) 488 degree of transesterification 684 depolymerization 124–31, 126t, 130f cyclic polyester oligomers, formation via 131–4 feed costs 578t\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZgxgZ5vfxTkC\u0026pg=PA735\u0026vq=polymerization"},{"page_id":"PA738","page_number":"738","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e 685, 685t Hoffman–Weeks plots 685f kinetic parameters 689t Lewis acids as ether cleavage catalysts 720t Lexan 22 lightfastness 484 liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) 252, 645 structure–thermal property correlations 645 see\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZgxgZ5vfxTkC\u0026pg=PA738\u0026vq=polymerization"},{"page_id":"PA739","page_number":"739","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of 134–9 oligomeric PBT cyclics, ring-opening \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of 135f oligomers 235, 237f formation 340 orientation function 647 Ozawa equation 687 packaging, barrier properties in 486–7 Paphen PKFE 529 partially oriented\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZgxgZ5vfxTkC\u0026pg=PA739\u0026vq=polymerization"},{"page_id":"PA740","page_number":"740","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of 136 ring-opening \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e of 138 PBT–PC blends, impact-modified 310–13, 312t PBT–PC–MBS blend 311, 312f PBT–PET blends 308 PBT–polycarbonate blends 308–10, 309f PC–ABS 315 PCT 269, 271, 275f, 284, 408, 541\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZgxgZ5vfxTkC\u0026pg=PA740\u0026vq=polymerization"},{"page_id":"PA742","page_number":"742","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e 31–115 processing 385–90 processing reactions 71t reaction rate constant 484t reactions with co ... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e 13 solid-stating 552, 552t speciality additives 529–31 spherulitic growth as function of temperature\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZgxgZ5vfxTkC\u0026pg=PA742\u0026vq=polymerization"},{"page_id":"PA745","page_number":"745","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e oligomeric ester cyclics 134–9 PBT cyclic oligomers 136 PET/PBT co-cyclic oligomers 137t poly(ethylene terephthalate) 31–115 PTT 362–8, 364f, 365–6t see also degree of \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e (DP) polyolefins 448 poly(phenylene\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZgxgZ5vfxTkC\u0026pg=PA745\u0026vq=polymerization"},{"page_id":"PA746","page_number":"746","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e 362–8, 364f, 365–6t rheological flow activation energies 378t side reactions and products 367–8 strain deformation and conformational changes 381–3, 382f stress–strain curves at draw temperatures below and above glass\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZgxgZ5vfxTkC\u0026pg=PA746\u0026vq=polymerization"},{"page_id":"PA747","page_number":"747","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epolymerization\u003c/b\u003e 117–19, 122, 134, 137 oligomeric PBT cyclics 135f PBT cyclic oligomers 138 Riteflex 20 roof-type preheater for annealing of PET pellets 171f Roult\u0026#39;s law 75 Rynite 17, 532–3 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 648 secondary\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ZgxgZ5vfxTkC\u0026pg=PA747\u0026vq=polymerization"}],"search_query_escaped":"polymerization"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>