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href="#Education_and_academic_career_(1977–1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Education and academic career (1977–1996)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_academic_career_(1977–1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career_(1996–2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career_(1996–2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political career (1996–2017)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career_(1996–2017)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career (1996–2017) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career_(1996–2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_(1996–2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_(1996–2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (1996–2003)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_(1996–2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clarity_of_referendum_question" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clarity_of_referendum_question"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Clarity of referendum question</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clarity_of_referendum_question-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_reference_re_secession_of_Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_reference_re_secession_of_Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Supreme Court reference re secession of Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_reference_re_secession_of_Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Three letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_International_Conference_on_Federalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_International_Conference_on_Federalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>First International Conference on Federalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_International_Conference_on_Federalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clarity_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clarity_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span><i>Clarity Act</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clarity_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_federalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_federalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Views on federalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_federalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gomery_inquiry_and_2004_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gomery_inquiry_and_2004_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gomery inquiry and 2004 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gomery_inquiry_and_2004_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_the_Environment_(2004–2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_the_Environment_(2004–2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Minister of the Environment (2004–2006)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_the_Environment_(2004–2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006_Liberal_leadership_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006_Liberal_leadership_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>2006 Liberal leadership election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006_Liberal_leadership_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(2006–2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(2006–2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Leader of the Official Opposition (2006–2008)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(2006–2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Parliamentary Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_discord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_discord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Internal discord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_discord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_federal_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_federal_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>2008 federal election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_federal_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_parliamentary_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_parliamentary_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.4</span> <span>2008 parliamentary dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_parliamentary_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Post-leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(2015–2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(2015–2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Minister of Foreign Affairs (2015–2017)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(2015–2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_career_(2017–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_career_(2017–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diplomatic career (2017–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_career_(2017–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electoral record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_Degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_Degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honorary Degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_Degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stéphane Dion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ستيفان ديون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستيفان ديون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Стэфан Марыс Дыён – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стэфан Марыс Дыён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Стэфан Марыс Дыён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стэфан Марыс Дыён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Stéphane Dion" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stéphane Dion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stéphane Dion" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="استفان دیون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استفان دیون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stéphane Dion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%ED%8C%90_%EB%94%94%EC%98%B9" title="스테판 디옹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스테판 디옹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="סטפן דיון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטפן דיון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_Dion" title="Stephanus Dion – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stephanus Dion" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ستيفان ديون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستيفان ديون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stéphane Dion" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stéphane Dion" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stéphane Dion" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Stéphane Dion" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дион, Стефан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дион, Стефан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stéphane Dion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stéphane Dion" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stéphane Dion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஸ்ரொபோன் டியோன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஸ்ரொபோன் டியோன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stéphane Dion" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стефан Діон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стефан Діон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%87%A1%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E7%BF%81" title="斯特凡·迪翁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯特凡·迪翁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q366456#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian politician (born 1955)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/His_Excellency" class="mw-redirect" title="His Excellency">His Excellency</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">the Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Stéphane Dion</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Foreign_Minister_St%C3%A9phane_Dion_-_2016_(28405975206)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Canadian_Foreign_Minister_St%C3%A9phane_Dion_-_2016_%2828405975206%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Canadian_Foreign_Minister_St%C3%A9phane_Dion_-_2016_%2828405975206%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Canadian_Foreign_Minister_St%C3%A9phane_Dion_-_2016_%2828405975206%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Canadian_Foreign_Minister_St%C3%A9phane_Dion_-_2016_%2828405975206%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Canadian_Foreign_Minister_St%C3%A9phane_Dion_-_2016_%2828405975206%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Canadian_Foreign_Minister_St%C3%A9phane_Dion_-_2016_%2828405975206%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="1691" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Dion in 2016</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Canada_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of Canada to France">Canadian Ambassador to France and Monaco</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span> <br />1 June 2022</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Hudon" title="Isabelle Hudon">Isabelle Hudon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Special Envoy of Canada<br />to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span> <br />1 May 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_ambassadors_to_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian ambassadors to Germany">Canadian Ambassador to Germany</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 May 2017 – 1 June 2022</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Gervais-Vidricaire" title="Marie Gervais-Vidricaire">Marie Gervais-Vidricaire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Isabelle Poupart (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 November 2015 – 10 January 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Rob Nicholson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 December 2006 – 10 December 2008</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Bill Graham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada#Leaders" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Leader of the Liberal Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 December 2006 – 10 December 2008</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">Michael Ignatieff</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Bill Graham (interim)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Michael Ignatieff</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_and_Climate_Change_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment and Climate Change (Canada)">Minister of the Environment</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 July 2004 – 6 February 2006</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="David Anderson (British Columbia politician)">David Anderson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Rona Ambrose</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_and_Youth_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth (Canada)">Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 January 1996 – 11 December 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Marcel Massé</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pierre Pettigrew</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada">President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 January 1996 – 11 December 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Jean Chrétien</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Marcel Massé</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Denis Coderre</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Saint-Laurent (federal electoral district)">Saint-Laurent</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent_(federal_electoral_district)#Members_of_Parliament" title="Saint-Laurent (federal electoral district)">Saint-Laurent—Cartierville</a>; 1996–2015)</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 March 1996 – 6 February 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Maheu" title="Shirley Maheu">Shirley Maheu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuella_Lambropoulos" title="Emmanuella Lambropoulos">Emmanuella Lambropoulos</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Stéphane Maurice Dion</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1955-09-28</span>) </span>28 September 1955<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 69)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Canada</li><li>France</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Janine_Krieber" title="Janine Krieber">Janine Krieber</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1986)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Laval University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A9phane_Dion_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stéphane Dion's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St%C3%A9phane_Dion_Signature.svg/128px-St%C3%A9phane_Dion_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St%C3%A9phane_Dion_Signature.svg/192px-St%C3%A9phane_Dion_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St%C3%A9phane_Dion_Signature.svg/256px-St%C3%A9phane_Dion_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="89" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stéphane Maurice Dion</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[stefan<span class="wrap"> </span>mɔʁis<span class="wrap"> </span>djɔ̃]</a></span>; born 28 September 1955) is a Canadian diplomat, academic and former politician who has been the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Canada_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of Canada to France">Canadian ambassador to France and Monaco</a> since 2022 and special envoy to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> since 2017. Dion was <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a> and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> from 2006 to 2008. He served in cabinets as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs">intergovernmental affairs minister</a> (1996–2003), <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Environment_and_Climate_Change" title="Minister of Environment and Climate Change">environment minister</a> (2003–2006), and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">foreign affairs minister</a> (2015–2017). </p><p>Before entering politics, Dion was a professor of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a>. His research focused on <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>. Throughout his tenure in government, Dion held a number of portfolios. He was first named <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_and_Youth_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth (Canada)">Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs</a> by Prime Minister Chrétien in 1996, following the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">1995 Quebec sovereignty referendum</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Reference_question" title="Reference question">reference question</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>, produced <i><a href="/wiki/Reference_Re_Secession_of_Quebec" title="Reference Re Secession of Quebec">Reference Re Secession of Quebec</a></i> and his <i><a href="/wiki/Clarity_Act" title="Clarity Act">Clarity Act</a></i>, which provided guidelines for subsequent referendums. He returned to the <a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">backbench</a> in 2003 when Paul Martin became the prime minister and dropped a number of ministers in an effort to disassociate himself from the former Chrétien government. After the <a href="/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="2004 Canadian federal election">2004 election</a> however, he returned to Cabinet as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Environment_and_Climate_Change_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Environment and Climate Change (Canada)">Minister of Environment</a>, where he was in charge of implementing the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> and chaired <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">COP 11/CMP 1</a> when <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">UN climate conference</a> in 2005. </p><p>The Liberal government lost the <a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="2006 Canadian federal election">2006 election</a> and Martin resigned as leader. <a href="/wiki/2006_Liberal_leadership_bid_by_St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="2006 Liberal leadership bid by Stéphane Dion">Dion campaigned</a> to replace him and subsequently won the <a href="/wiki/2006_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">party leadership election</a>. Dion ran on an environmental platform in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008 federal election</a>, but was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservatives</a> led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> in one of the Liberals' worst electoral showings. After a subsequent <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Canadian_parliamentary_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–09 Canadian parliamentary dispute">parliamentary dispute</a>, he was replaced as leader by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a>. Dion continued to sit as the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Saint-Laurent (federal electoral district)">Saint-Laurent</a>. In 2015, the Liberal Party returned to power and Dion was named <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>, serving until 2017, when he left politics to enter the diplomatic service. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_and_personal_life">Early and personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early and personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dion was born on 28 September 1955 in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, the second of five children. His mother, Denyse (née Kormann),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a real-estate agent born in <a href="/wiki/Paris,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris, France">Paris, France</a>, and his father, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Dion" title="Léon Dion">Léon Dion</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> academic. Dion holds dual citizenship in France because of his French-born mother.<sup id="cite_ref-ctv_citizenship_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctv_citizenship-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dion was raised in a modest home on boulevard Liégeois in <a href="/wiki/Sillery,_Quebec_City" title="Sillery, Quebec City">Sillery</a>, today part of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>. While growing up, he remembers being taunted for his family's <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> in a society which was then predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-straight_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-straight-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dion was involved with the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">sovereignty movement</a>, first as a teenager attending a Jesuit college in Quebec City,<sup id="cite_ref-prize_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later as a university student campaigning for <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Louise_Beaudoin" title="Louise Beaudoin">Louise Beaudoin</a> in the 1976 election.<sup id="cite_ref-powercouple_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powercouple-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dion described his experience as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Because the party was there... I wanted to challenge my dad... the way to become an adult sometimes is to say the contrary to your father. Each evening, I would try out a new argument I had heard on the separatist network and my father was demolishing it... My father very quietly and very respectfully was refuting me, without insulting me.<sup id="cite_ref-prize_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Dion has said that his involvement as "an activist for the separatist cause" ended during a five-hour discussion with a federalist household while he was going door-to-door for the PQ, but he did not openly commit to federalism until much later. At the time of the <a href="/wiki/1980_Quebec_referendum" title="1980 Quebec referendum">1980 referendum</a>, his sentiments were neutral. In his own words, the 'no' victory left him "neither moved nor outraged. To tell the truth, I felt no particular feeling." (<i>Moi, je ne me sentais ni ému ni révolté. À vrai dire, je n'éprouvais aucun sentiment particulier.</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Quixote_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quixote-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He studied political science at <a href="/wiki/Laval_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Laval University">Université Laval</a> in the department co-founded by his father;<sup id="cite_ref-Dion_contre_Dion_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dion_contre_Dion-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was also where he met his future wife, <a href="/wiki/Janine_Krieber" title="Janine Krieber">Janine Krieber</a>, a fellow student in the same program. In April 1986, Stéphane Dion married Krieber, and later the same year, they travelled to <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> to adopt their only child, Jeanne Krieber-Dion.<sup id="cite_ref-DionUnmasked_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DionUnmasked-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife is an "expert in strategic studies and counter-terrorism issues,"<sup id="cite_ref-straight_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-straight-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who teaches political science and sociology at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_Saint-Jean" title="Royal Military College Saint-Jean">Royal Military College Saint-Jean</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu" title="Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu">Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_academic_career_(1977–1996)"><span id="Education_and_academic_career_.281977.E2.80.931996.29"></span>Education and academic career (1977–1996)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and academic career (1977–1996)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Dion obtained BA and MA degrees in 1977 and 1979 respectively (his master's thesis presented an analysis of the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> electoral strategies<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), he and Krieber departed together for France. </p><p>Dion spent four years in Paris, living with Janine in the <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a> district and studying public administration under the supervision of noted sociologist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Crozier" title="Michel Crozier">Michel Crozier</a>. After receiving a doctorate (<i><a href="/wiki/Doctorat" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorat">doctorat d'état</a></i>) in sociology from the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Institute_of_Political_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Institute of Political Studies">Institut d'études politiques de Paris</a> (commonly known as Sciences Po), Dion worked briefly as a teaching assistant at the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Moncton" title="Université de Moncton">Université de Moncton</a> in 1984 before moving on to the Université de Montréal to assume an assistant professor position.<sup id="cite_ref-Political_scientist_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Political_scientist-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dion taught there from 1984 to January 1996, specializing in public administration and organizational analysis and theory, and was a guest scholar at the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> in Washington, D.C., during a 1990–91 sabbatical leave.<sup id="cite_ref-1996Ministry_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1996Ministry-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a> in 1990, Dion directed his intellectual inquiry towards an analysis of Quebec nationalism. His decisive conversion to federalism, as he later recounted to journalist Michel Vastel, occurred as he was preparing for a presentation in Washington: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I sat down at my computer at 11 o'clock, and, at noon, I had a text that was so interesting that the Americans wanted to publish it. It was on that day that I realized I was truly a federalist. (<i>Je me suis assis devant mon ordinateur à 11 h et, à midi, j'avais un texte tellement intéressant que les Américains ont voulu le publier. C'est ce jour-là que je me suis rendu compte que j'étais vraiment fédéraliste.</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Quixote_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quixote-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In this period, the sovereignty movement had begun to promote the idea that federalism was inefficient for Quebec due to the duplication and overlap between the two levels of government. An expert in public administration, Dion emerged as a key figure in publicly criticizing this line of argument. His appearances on <i>Le Point</i>, a <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_de_Radio-Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Télévision de Radio-Canada">Télévision de Radio-Canada</a> current affairs program, brought him to the attention of <a href="/wiki/Aline_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Aline Chrétien">Aline Chrétien</a>, who in the days following the close referendum defeat urged her husband, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, to recruit him.<sup id="cite_ref-prize_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1987 and 1995, Dion published a number of books and articles on political science, public administration and management.<sup id="cite_ref-DionBibliography_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DionBibliography-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collection of Dion's speeches and writings on Canadian unity was published under the title <i>Straight Talk</i> (<i>Le pari de la franchise</i>) in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-StraightTalk_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraightTalk-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dion was also a guest scholar at the <i>Laboratoire d'économie publique de Paris</i> from 1994 to 1995, a co-editor of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Political_Science" title="Canadian Journal of Political Science">Canadian Journal of Political Science</a> from 1990 to 1993, and a research fellow at the Canadian Centre for Management Development (now part of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_School_of_Public_Service" title="Canada School of Public Service">Canada School of Public Service</a>) from 1990 to 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-1996Ministry_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1996Ministry-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career_(1996–2017)"><span id="Political_career_.281996.E2.80.932017.29"></span>Political career (1996–2017)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career (1996–2017)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_(1996–2003)"><span id="Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_.281996.E2.80.932003.29"></span>Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (1996–2003)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (1996–2003)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In anticipation of <a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_35th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 35th Canadian Parliament">by-elections in early 1996</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> appointed two new "<a href="/wiki/Star_candidate" title="Star candidate">star candidates</a>" from Quebec — Stéphane Dion and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pierre Pettigrew</a> – to Cabinet. On 25 January 1996, Dion was named <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs</a>, Pettigrew was named <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_International_Cooperation_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for International Cooperation (Canada)">Minister for International Cooperation</a>, and both were sworn into the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">Queen's Privy Council for Canada</a>. </p><p>Chrétien felt safe in appointing Dion to Cabinet because Dion was slated to run in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Saint-Laurent (federal electoral district)">Saint-Laurent—Cartierville</a>, the second-safest Liberal riding in Quebec. In 25 March by-election, he was easily elected. This was not without precedent; in 1941, <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a> had appointed <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a> to Cabinet after nominating him to run in a safe Quebec riding. Dion would hold the riding in <a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">general election of 1997</a>, and was re-elected again in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="2000 Canadian federal election">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="2004 Canadian federal election">2004</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="2006 Canadian federal election">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="2011 Canadian federal election">2011</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 elections</a>. Dion continued to serve as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs</a> until the end of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(collective_executive)" title="Ministry (collective executive)">ministry</a> on 12 December 2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clarity_of_referendum_question">Clarity of referendum question</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clarity of referendum question"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his responsibilities as Intergovernmental Affairs minister in the <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> government, Dion was tasked with challenging the arguments of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a> much more vigorously than in the pre-referendum period. The people of Quebec voted against the sovereignty option by a razor-thin margin (50.58% to 49.42%). Many federalists in Ottawa were caught off-guard by the results and believed that the referendum results would have no legal standing under Canadian law. The strongest complaints were on the presumed ambiguity of the 1995 question and that Quebec had tabled a law reserving the right for the National Assembly to declare independence unilaterally if constitutional negotiations with the Government of Canada failed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supreme_Court_reference_re_secession_of_Quebec">Supreme Court reference re secession of Quebec</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Supreme Court reference re secession of Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 September 1996, Dion submitted three questions to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> constituting the Supreme Court <a href="/wiki/Reference_re_Secession_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference re Secession of Quebec">Reference re Secession of Quebec</a>: </p> <ol><li>Under the Constitution of Canada, can the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly</a>, legislature, or government of Quebec effect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally?</li> <li>Does international law give the National Assembly, legislature, or government of Quebec the right to effect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally? In this regard, is there a right to self-determination under international law that would give the National Assembly, legislature or government of Quebec the right to effect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally?</li> <li>In the event of a conflict between domestic and international law on the right of the National Assembly, legislature, or government of Quebec to effect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally, which would take precedence in Canada?</li></ol> <p>As soon as these questions were made public, both parties of the National Assembly, the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> and numerous federalists denounced Ottawa's gesture. An <i><a href="/wiki/Act_respecting_the_exercise_of_the_fundamental_rights_and_prerogatives_of_the_Qu%C3%A9bec_people_and_the_Qu%C3%A9bec_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Act respecting the exercise of the fundamental rights and prerogatives of the Québec people and the Québec State">Act respecting the exercise of the fundamental rights and prerogatives of the Québec people and the Québec State</a></i> was passed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> government two days after the <i>Clarity Act</i> had been introduced in the Canadian House of Commons. </p><p>On 20 August 1998, the Supreme Court answered, concluding that Quebec does not have the right to secede unilaterally under Canadian or international law. However, the federal government would have to enter into negotiations with the Quebec government if Quebecers expressed a clear will to secede. It confirmed that the Canadian Parliament had the power to determine whether or not a referendum question was clear enough to trigger such negotiations. The Canadian constitution would remain in effect until terms of secession were agreed to by all parties involved, and these terms would have to respect principles of democracy, minority and individual rights as outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian constitution">Canadian constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Government of Quebec and the Government of Canada publicly stated that they were very pleased with the opinion of the Supreme Court, which stated both that Quebec could not legally separate <a href="/wiki/Unilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilateral">unilaterally</a> from Canada and that the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> would have a 'political obligation' to enter into separation negotiations with Quebec in the event that a clear majority of its populace were to vote in favour of independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three_letters">Three letters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Three letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court reference launched a public debate between Dion and members of the Parti Québécois government in open letters published in the press.<sup id="cite_ref-PCO_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCO-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-letter2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-letter3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a>'s open letter to the Premier of New Brunswick, <a href="/wiki/Frank_McKenna" title="Frank McKenna">Frank McKenna</a>, in 1997 defending the legality of a unilateral secession, Dion wrote the first of three open letters to leaders in the sovereignty movement. Dion challenged three assertions that Bouchard had made: that a unilateral declaration of independence is supported by international law; that a majority of "50% plus one" was a sufficient threshold for secession; and that international law would protect the territorial integrity of Quebec following a secession. Against the first assertion, Dion argued that the vast majority of international law experts "believe that the right to declare secession unilaterally does not belong to constituent entities of a democratic country such as Canada."<sup id="cite_ref-PCO_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCO-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regard to the simple majority argument, Dion argued that due to the momentous changes to Quebecers' lives that would result from secession, a simple majority that could disappear in the face of difficulties would be insufficient to ensure the political legitimacy of the sovereigntist project. In regard to the territorial integrity of Quebec, Dion retorts that "there is neither a paragraph nor a line in international law that protects Quebec's territory but not Canada's. International experience demonstrates that the borders of the entity seeking independence can be called into question, sometimes for reasons based on democracy."<sup id="cite_ref-PCO_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCO-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dion's second open letter, to Quebec's intergovernmental affairs minister <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Brassard" title="Jacques Brassard">Jacques Brassard</a>, came on 19 November 1997. Dion expanded upon his earlier arguments against the territorial integrity of Quebec following secession by highlighting the inconsistency in the argument that Canada is divisible but Quebec is not. Secondly, Dion underscored that without recognition by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> and when opposed by a strong minority of citizens, a <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_declaration_of_independence" title="Unilateral declaration of independence">unilateral declaration of independence</a> faces much difficulty in gaining international recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-letter2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Dion's third open letter to Premier Lucien Bouchard came on 25 August 1998, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Reference_re_Secession_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference re Secession of Quebec">Supreme Court ruling on Secession</a> had been handed down. He criticized the Quebec premier for accepting some aspects of the ruling (such as the political obligation for the Government of Canada to negotiate secession following a clear expression of will from the people of Quebec) and not other sections of the ruling (such as the need for a clear majority on a clear question and the unconstitutionality of a unilateral declaration of independence). In regard to the ruling, Dion makes three claims: that the federal government has a role in the selection of the question and the level of support required for it to pass, that secession can only be achieved through negotiation rather than a "unilateral declaration of independence", and that the terms of negotiation could not be decided solely by the Government of Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-letter3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_International_Conference_on_Federalism">First International Conference on Federalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First International Conference on Federalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dion organized and hosted the First International Conference on Federalism in <a href="/wiki/Mont_Tremblant" title="Mont Tremblant">Mont Tremblant</a> in October 1999 to foster international support for the cause of <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> in Canada. Quebec sovereigntist leaders were granted a prominent role in the conference and used their floor time to denounce Canadian federalism to an international audience to the great annoyance of their federalist host. But Dion's views got a big boost during the closing speech by United States President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. Clinton appeared to echo the <a href="/wiki/Reference_re_Secession_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference re Secession of Quebec">Supreme Court Reference</a>, warning that "when a people thinks it should be independent in order to have a meaningful political existence, serious questions should be asked.... Are minority rights as well as majority rights respected? How are we going to co-operate with our neighbours?". Clinton argued that federalism allows peoples seeking recognition of their identity a way to do so without isolating themselves in a nation-state. The speech laid to rest any doubts about the U.S. position on the legality and desirability of unilateral secession in Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A9phane_Dion_(Chapleau_cartoon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/St%C3%A9phane_Dion_%28Chapleau_cartoon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>"No, Mr Dion, it's not paranoia, people really do hate you!" (cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Serge_Chapleau" title="Serge Chapleau">Serge Chapleau</a>, 1997)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clarity_Act"><i>Clarity Act</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clarity Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court reference and three letters formed the basis for the <i><a href="/wiki/Clarity_Act" title="Clarity Act">Clarity Act</a></i> (Bill C-20) presented by Dion to the House of Commons on 13 December 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation established the conditions under which the Government of Canada would enter into negotiations that might lead to secession following a vote by one of the provinces. It stipulated that in order to lead to separation negotiations, a referendum on independence in a given province would have to have "clearly" (according to the judgement of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>) framed its question to voters in terms of independence, and that the result would have to be a "clear majority" in favour, rather than a "50% plus one" majority.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was passed by the House on 15 March 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_federalism">Views on federalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Views on federalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dion has often been described in Quebec as a <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a> centralist due to his strong defence of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federalism</a> and forceful arguments against Quebec sovereigntists. However, his position on federalism is far more nuanced. It would be most accurate to describe him as a federal autonomist. While Dion supports cooperation, flexibility, and interdependence in the Canadian federation, he unequivocally argues against jurisdictional intrusion, stating </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]he Constitution must be respected. We must do away with the all-too-convenient excuse that a given governmental initiative responds to a need that is too urgent to be stymied by issues of "jurisdiction". Infringement of jurisdiction creates confusion which damages the quality of public policy.</p></blockquote> <p>Dion's position on provincial rights is not only the result of respect for the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a>, but also a strategy to prevent the "joint decision trap" in which the capacity of a government's ability to act is restricted by the need for approval from the other constituent governments. </p><p>Dion has contested the political concentration on the division of powers between the federal and provincial governments, arguing that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[I]dentity, rather than the division of powers, that is at the source of our unity problem. Francophone Quebecers want the assurance that their language and culture can flourish with the support of other Canadians. They want to feel that their language and culture are seen by other Canadians as an important asset, rather than a burden. They want the assurance that they can be both Quebecers and Canadians, and that they don't have to choose between Quebec and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-official_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the same vein, Dion was the planner of the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Social_Union_Framework_Agreement" title="Social Union Framework Agreement">Social Union Framework Agreement</a>, which, according to rabble.ca journalist Duncan Cameron, limited the national spending jurisdiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Dion has described Quebec's <a href="/wiki/Bill_101" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill 101">Bill 101</a> as "a great law".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gomery_inquiry_and_2004_election">Gomery inquiry and 2004 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gomery inquiry and 2004 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dion had a prominent role within the Chrétien administration at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Sponsorship_scandal" title="Sponsorship scandal">sponsorship scandal</a>, and his position as "National Unity" minister (an unofficial term for the Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs) made him a figure of particular interest to the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Gomery_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomery Commission">Commission of Inquiry into the Sponsorship Program and Advertising Activities</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Gomery_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomery Commission">Gomery Commission</a>). He stated before the Gomery Commission that although in mid-2001 he was aware of the disproportionately large percentage of sponsorship funds going to Quebec, he was never directly involved in the administration of the program.<sup id="cite_ref-GomeryTestimony_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GomeryTestimony-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Dion had been critical of the program while in cabinet, and openly doubted that it would do much to sway Quebecers from sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with most of the other ministers in the Chrétien cabinet, Dion was exonerated of all responsibility in the affair in the Phase I report of the <a href="/wiki/Gomery_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomery Commission">Gomery Commission</a>: </p> <dl><dd>"On the evidence there is no basis for attributing blame or responsibility to any other Minister of the Chrétien Cabinet [excepting Jean Chrétien and <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Gagliano" title="Alfonso Gagliano">Alfonso Gagliano</a>], since they, like all members of Parliament, were not informed of the initiatives being authorized by Mr. [Jean] <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pelletier" title="Jean Pelletier">Pelletier</a> and their funding from the Unity Reserve."<sup id="cite_ref-GomeryPhase1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GomeryPhase1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In early 2007, after winning the Liberal Party leadership, Dion suggested that <a href="/wiki/Marc-Yvan_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Marc-Yvan Côté">Marc-Yvan Côté</a>'s lifetime ban against rejoining the party may have been an excessive punishment for Côté's involvement in the scandal. He later clarified his remarks, saying that he would not take any steps to reinstate Côté's party membership and that such reinstatement would probably not occur. Dion has also defended Jean Pelletier, saying that the former Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> had "served the country well for decades."<sup id="cite_ref-Sponsorship_Forgiveness_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sponsorship_Forgiveness-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Côté_clarification_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Côté_clarification-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a>'s assumption of the office of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a>, Dion was dropped from Cabinet as part of a general effort to dissociate the new Liberal government from the outgoing Chrétien administration. He was also criticized by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lapierre" title="Jean Lapierre">Jean Lapierre</a>, Martin's new Quebec Lieutenant. Lapierre was a Quebec nationalist and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> and his views on intergovernmental relations differed significantly from Dion's. At one stage in the buildup to the 2004 election, Lapierre described Dion's Clarity Act as "useless", and although Manitoba Premier <a href="/wiki/Gary_Doer" title="Gary Doer">Gary Doer</a> said the legislation was "extremely popular" in Western Canada, Martin defended Lapierre by saying that the Act would make little difference under his administration. An unconfirmed CTV report in 2004 claimed that Martin's organizers were planning a nomination challenge in Dion's riding.<sup id="cite_ref-2004Election_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2004Election-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_the_Environment_(2004–2006)"><span id="Minister_of_the_Environment_.282004.E2.80.932006.29"></span>Minister of the Environment (2004–2006)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Minister of the Environment (2004–2006)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 July 2004, Paul Martin appointed Dion the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment (Canada)">Minister of the Environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after his appointment, a <i><a href="/wiki/Globe_and_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Globe and Mail">Globe and Mail</a></i> article described Dion as being "bent on transforming the environment dossier from the traditional tree-hugger's last stand into a forward-thinking economic portfolio.".<sup id="cite_ref-AnotherColour_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnotherColour-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dion championed a "new industrial revolution" focused on "environmentally sustainable technologies and products",<sup id="cite_ref-DionCalgarySpeech_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DionCalgarySpeech-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he sought to nurture a collaborative relationship with big business rather than a confrontational one.<sup id="cite_ref-RockyRide_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RockyRide-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His maiden speech before the Calgary Chamber of Commerce illustrates just how accommodating he was ready to be: "Calgary is one of Canada's most impressive economic engines.... Alberta could soon be the second-largest oil-exporting jurisdiction on Earth, behind Saudi Arabia. This is tremendous blessing for Canada."<sup id="cite_ref-DionCalgarySpeech_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DionCalgarySpeech-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2005, Dion nominated oil and gas executive Allan Amey to head up the government's $1-billion Clean Fund, the largest single element in Dion's Kyoto implementation strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-CleanFund_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CleanFund-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dion's ministry declined to protect Sakinaw and Cultus <a href="/wiki/Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">sockeye salmon</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Species_at_Risk_Act" title="Species at Risk Act">Species at Risk Act</a> because it "could cost the sockeye fishing industry $125 million in lost revenue by 2008,"<sup id="cite_ref-SARA1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SARA1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to some criticism from environmentalists.<sup id="cite_ref-SARA2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SARA2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dion earned high praise for his work chairing the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">U.N. Climate Change summit (COP 11/MOP 1)</a> in Montreal in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-DionPraised_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DionPraised-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, when Dion's record as environment minister was under scrutiny in the closing days of the Liberal leadership campaign, former <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Club of Canada">Sierra Club of Canada</a> director and current leader of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green Party of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_May" title="Elizabeth May">Elizabeth May</a> came to his defence, calling him a "very very good environment minister."<sup id="cite_ref-VeryVeryGoodMinister_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VeryVeryGoodMinister-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government did not make significant progress towards reducing Canada's <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> during Dion's brief tenure in office.<sup id="cite_ref-DionDeboulonner_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DionDeboulonner-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2005, Dion unveiled his "Project Green" to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">combat climate change</a>, but the program was immediately criticized by some environmental groups for being too timid and for lacking in meaningful regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-SuzukiReport_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SuzukiReport-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johanne Gélinas, Canada's environment commissioner, criticized the government's stewardship of marine areas and national parks, as well as its efforts to ensure the safety of drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelinas1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelinas1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gelinas2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelinas2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ECSlammed_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECSlammed-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2006, after the Liberals had been defeated and the Conservatives had taken over the reins of government, Dion said that Canada would very likely not be able to reach its targets under the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>. Nevertheless, he argued that this was missing the point: </p> <dl><dd>"Everyone is saying target, target. But ... it is to be more than to reach a target. It's to change the economy. It's to have resource productivity, energy efficiency when we know that energy will be the next crisis for the economy of the world.... All my ministries will be green. Maybe I'll make one department of industry and the environment – a department of sustainability. That's not a commitment, but if you want to change the mind, you have to change structure...."<sup id="cite_ref-KyotoTargetsImpossible_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KyotoTargetsImpossible-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006_Liberal_leadership_election">2006 Liberal leadership election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2006 Liberal leadership election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2006_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election</a> and <a href="/wiki/2006_Liberal_leadership_bid_by_St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="2006 Liberal leadership bid by Stéphane Dion">2006 Liberal leadership bid by Stéphane Dion</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A9phane_Dion_rally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/St%C3%A9phane_Dion_rally.jpg/250px-St%C3%A9phane_Dion_rally.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/St%C3%A9phane_Dion_rally.jpg/375px-St%C3%A9phane_Dion_rally.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/St%C3%A9phane_Dion_rally.jpg/500px-St%C3%A9phane_Dion_rally.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Dion, surrounded by supporters, at the <a href="/wiki/2006_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2006 Liberal leadership convention</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stéphane Dion announced his candidacy on 7 April, the day of the official beginning of the Liberal leadership race.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His leadership campaign was referred to as the three-pillar approach. This approach focused on social justice, economic prosperity, and environmental sustainability, and a claim that a combination of these pillars would bring Canada into the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said that his campaign would focus on <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> of the economy and creating a "hyper-educated" Canadian workforce in order to compete with China.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dion was a lower-key figure during most of the leadership race, with much of the media and political attention being centred on the race's two most high-profile candidates, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">Ontario New Democratic Party</a> premier <a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Bob Rae</a>. Federal <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">NDP</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a> described Dion as "A man of principle and conviction and therefore almost certain not to be elected leader of the Liberal party."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For much of the campaign, front-runner Ignatieff had the strongest support in Dion's home province of Quebec. Dion's level of support was similar to that of former Ontario cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kennedy" title="Gerard Kennedy">Gerard Kennedy</a>, both candidates being in a distant third or fourth place, though still significantly higher than the other four leadership contestants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 2 December 2006, at the Liberal Party leadership convention, Dion finished third after the first ballot, garnering 17.8 per cent of the delegates. After the second ballot, Kennedy threw his support behind Dion. Earlier, the two leadership contenders had allegedly struck a pact in which the first off the ballot would throw his support to the other. Pundits said that this surprise move had caught the Ignatieff and Rae strategists off guard.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the totals of the third ballot were released, Dion held a narrow lead with 37 per cent, followed closely by Ignatieff with 34.5%. Rae, with only 28.5 per cent, freed his delegates, many of whom backed Dion, as did former leadership candidates <a href="/wiki/Ken_Dryden" title="Ken Dryden">Ken Dryden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Volpe" title="Joe Volpe">Joe Volpe</a>. On the fourth ballot, Dion captured 54.7 per cent of votes cast and was declared the leader of the Liberal Party of Canada. </p><p>After the election win, Federal NDP leader Jack Layton urged Dion to renounce his dual citizenship with France saying that "I would prefer that a leader of a party hold only Canadian citizenship, because one represents many Canadians, and for me that means that it's better to remain the citizen of one country."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dion dismissed such calls.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(2006–2008)"><span id="Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_.282006.E2.80.932008.29"></span>Leader of the Official Opposition (2006–2008)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Leader of the Official Opposition (2006–2008)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baitan_Nur_Mosque_Inauguration_-_St%C3%A9phane_Dion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baitan_Nur_Mosque_Inauguration_-_St%C3%A9phane_Dion.jpg/220px-Baitan_Nur_Mosque_Inauguration_-_St%C3%A9phane_Dion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baitan_Nur_Mosque_Inauguration_-_St%C3%A9phane_Dion.jpg/330px-Baitan_Nur_Mosque_Inauguration_-_St%C3%A9phane_Dion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baitan_Nur_Mosque_Inauguration_-_St%C3%A9phane_Dion.jpg/440px-Baitan_Nur_Mosque_Inauguration_-_St%C3%A9phane_Dion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Masroor_Ahmad" title="Mirza Masroor Ahmad">Mirza Masroor Ahmad</a> (left), leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Community">Ahmadiyya Muslim Community</a>, with Stéphane Dion (right), who was one of multiple party leaders to attend the grand opening of <a href="/wiki/Baitun_Nur" class="mw-redirect" title="Baitun Nur">Baitun Nur</a>, the largest mosque in Canada on 5 July 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>As rumours circulated of a possible election in early 2007, Dion bolstered the image of a Liberal Party renewed and healed of its internal divisions by appointing many of his former leadership rivals to key campaign positions. Ignatieff was named deputy leader, Rae and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Brison" title="Scott Brison">Scott Brison</a> became platform development co-chairs, Kennedy was named special adviser for election readiness and renewal, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Hall_Findlay" title="Martha Hall Findlay">Martha Hall Findlay</a> was charged with platform outreach, and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Dryden" title="Ken Dryden">Ken Dryden</a>, who received special acknowledgement from Dion for being "the heart of our party", was tasked "to be everywhere".<sup id="cite_ref-Liberal_Campaign_Appointments_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liberal_Campaign_Appointments-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early January 2007, Dion made a leadership decision in regards to <a href="/wiki/Wajid_Khan_(Canadian_politician)" title="Wajid Khan (Canadian politician)">Wajid Khan</a>, a Liberal MP who was serving as a Middle-East adviser to the Prime Minister. Dion thought it was inappropriate for a member of the Official Opposition to be serving the government so he told Khan to give up the position. Dion was confident that Khan would stay with the caucus and give up advising the Prime Minister,<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_Won't_Defect_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_Won't_Defect-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Khan chose to cross the floor, and join the Conservative caucus instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_Defects_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_Defects-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 January 2007, Dion unveiled the remainder of <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_39th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 39th Parliament of Canada">his shadow cabinet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shadow_Cabinet_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shadow_Cabinet-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after Dion led the Liberal caucus in its rejection of the 2007 Conservative budget, arguing that it failed Canadians on economic prosperity, social justice and environmental sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-BudgetOpposed_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BudgetOpposed-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, the Conservatives would launch a series of attack ads aimed directly at Dion, attacking his leadership abilities and record as environment minister.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar ads attacking Dion would appear in November over statements that Dion would prefer new spending on health care and social programs to the tax cuts introduced by the Conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A9phane_Dion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St%C3%A9phane_Dion.jpg/220px-St%C3%A9phane_Dion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St%C3%A9phane_Dion.jpg/330px-St%C3%A9phane_Dion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St%C3%A9phane_Dion.jpg/440px-St%C3%A9phane_Dion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Dion at a public town hall meeting in Oakville, Ontario</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parliamentary_Opposition">Parliamentary Opposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Parliamentary Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dion_speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dion_speech.jpg/220px-Dion_speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dion_speech.jpg/330px-Dion_speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dion_speech.jpg/440px-Dion_speech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>Stéphane Dion addresses a crowd during the <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_Federal_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Canadian Federal Election">2008 Canadian Federal Election</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 February, Dion tabled a motion challenging the Conservatives to reaffirm Canada's commitment to the Kyoto Protocol, attempting to capitalize on a 2002 letter in which Prime Minister Harper described the Accord as a "socialist scheme" that is based on "tentative and contradictory scientific evidence" and designed to suck money out of rich countries.<sup id="cite_ref-ReaffirmKyoto_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReaffirmKyoto-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tory environment minister <a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">John Baird</a> responded by blaming the Liberals for what he described as a "shameful record over 13 years of inaction on the environment,"<sup id="cite_ref-ReaffirmKyoto_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReaffirmKyoto-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Harper said that his government would "stabilize emissions."<sup id="cite_ref-ClimateConsequences_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClimateConsequences-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dion's non-binding motion passed on 5 February.<sup id="cite_ref-ReaffirmKyotoVote_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReaffirmKyotoVote-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 February, Dion's Liberals, together with Bloc Québécois and NDP members of Parliament, voted down a Harper government proposal to extend two controversial provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Terrorism_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act"><i>Anti-Terrorism Act</i></a> for another three years. Dion argued that the measures — which allowed police to arrest and detain terror suspects for three days without a warrant and which allowed judges to force witnesses to testify in terror cases — "have done nothing to fight against terrorism" and "have not been helpful and have continued to create some risk for civil liberties."<sup id="cite_ref-TerrorVote_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TerrorVote-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 April 2007, Dion announced that the Liberals would not run a candidate against Green Party leader Elizabeth May in the Nova Scotia riding of <a href="/wiki/Central_Nova" title="Central Nova">Central Nova</a> (then represented by Conservative <a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">Peter MacKay</a>) in return for the Green Party leader's agreement not to run a Green candidate in Dion's riding of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Laurent—Cartierville">Saint-Laurent—Cartierville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal was criticized by the Conservatives and the NDP (Layton had rejected earlier attempts by May to cut a "backroom" deal with his party<sup id="cite_ref-Jack_Layton_on_deal_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jack_Layton_on_deal-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elizabeth_May_on_deal_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elizabeth_May_on_deal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and also by some within the Liberal Party.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dion later gave reassurance that the controversial deal was "an exceptional circumstance where Liberal voters are invited to help her [May] to win against Peter MacKay."<sup id="cite_ref-No_More_Favours_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No_More_Favours-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 November 2007, Dion released a policy plan, that he compared to the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> under former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>. Dion mentioned that his party will tackle <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">poverty in Canada</a> in order to create a "greener", "richer" and "fairer" Canada. He set up targets to reduce general poverty by 30 percent and child poverty by 50 percent as well as helping working families with work rewards as well as increasing the Canada Child Tax benefit, increasing guaranteed revenues for seniors.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2008, Dion and Ignatieff went to <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to visit a provincial reconstruction team. The visit was supposed to be secret, but was leaked to the public by Conservative junior minister <a href="/wiki/Helena_Guergis" title="Helena Guergis">Helena Guergis</a>. After his return, Dion angrily criticized Guergis' action, saying that she put him at risk for being attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>. In a letter to Harper, Dion demanded Guergis' resignation or firing, saying that Guergis committed a "gross breach of Canadian security" that raised doubts about her fitness for Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 June 2008, Stéphane Dion voted to implement a program which would "allow <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objectors">conscientious objectors</a>...to a war not sanctioned by the United Nations...to...remain in Canada..."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_discord">Internal discord</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Internal discord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first federal by-elections contested by the Liberals under Dion's leadership took place on 18 September 2007, in three Quebec ridings: <a href="/wiki/Roberval%E2%80%94Lac-Saint-Jean" title="Roberval—Lac-Saint-Jean">Roberval—Lac-Saint-Jean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outremont_(electoral_district)" title="Outremont (electoral district)">Outremont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Hyacinthe%E2%80%94Bagot" title="Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot">Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot</a>. The party's candidates were defeated by large margins in all three races. The <a href="/wiki/2007_Outremont_by-election" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Outremont by-election">Outremont by-election</a> was deemed a crucial test for Dion's leadership by some pundits, as it had been held by the Liberals almost uninterruptedly since 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-Outremont_a_test_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outremont_a_test-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others said it was a "poor measure of where the parties really stand."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dion's handpicked candidate <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Coulon" title="Jocelyn Coulon">Jocelyn Coulon</a>, who was selected over <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was defeated by the NDP's <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mulcair" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Mulcair">Thomas Mulcair</a>. A Dion aide blamed the Outremont by-election on several factors, including poor organization, lack of communications, and lack of a clear policy on Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Halifax Chronicle-Herald reported that unidentified "Dion loyalists" were accusing Michael Ignatieff supporters of undermining by-election efforts. Though Ignatieff phoned up Dion to deny the allegations, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i> suggested that the report had a negative impact on the Liberals' morale, citing the NDP's widening lead after the article's release.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undaunted, Dion declared: "From this defeat, we can learn something and work together as a united party."<sup id="cite_ref-Quebec_by-elections_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quebec_by-elections-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 September 2007, Liberal Party national director Jamie Carroll sparked controversy when, during discussions about whether francophone Quebecers should be hired in order to appeal to francophone voters, he commented: "Do we also have to hire people from the Chinese community to represent the Chinese community?" Carroll argued that the comment was taken out of context, but it nevertheless raised the hackles of many Liberals in Quebec, prompting calls from MPs <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(Canadian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pablo Rodríguez (Canadian politician)">Pablo Rodriguez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liza_Frulla" title="Liza Frulla">Liza Frulla</a> for Carroll to be fired. Stéphane Dion stood by Carroll's version of events and rejected calls for Carroll's dismissal.<sup id="cite_ref-Dion_defends_Carroll_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dion_defends_Carroll-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 October, a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> press release announced Carroll's resignation and commended him for his "loyalty to our leader and to our party".<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_resigns_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll_resigns-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proulx" title="Marcel Proulx">Marcel Proulx</a> resigned as Dion's <a href="/wiki/Quebec_lieutenant" title="Quebec lieutenant">Quebec lieutenant</a> hours before the Harper government's throne speech, taking the fall for the three by-election losses. Dion first approached Montreal MPs <a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Denis Coderre</a> and Pablo Rodriguez to succeed Proulx, but they declined. That evening he named Senator <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Hervieux-Payette" title="Céline Hervieux-Payette">Céline Hervieux-Payette</a> to the vacant post.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Party was divided on whether or not the government should be toppled on a confidence vote regarding the <a href="/wiki/Throne_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Throne Speech">Throne Speech</a>, Dion mentioned in a statement in the House of Commons on 17 October that the Liberals will support the Throne Speech but with major amendments including the Kyoto Protocol and the end of mission in Afghanistan by 2009 and had criticized the government on several aspects including the economy, seniors and child poverty, the crime policy, the Senate reform. The latter amendment proposal was rejected by the NDP, who favoured an immediate end to the mission. Dion explained the decision as that Canadians are not willing to have a third election in just over three years.<sup id="cite_ref-ThroneSpeech2007_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThroneSpeech2007-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Liberal members abstained from voting on the Throne Speech on 24 October 2007, which passed 126–79.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Liberal Party won three of four by-elections held on 17 March 2008, as Dion's former leadership rivals Bob Rae and Martha Hall Findlay won convincing victories in <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto Centre">Toronto Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willowdale_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Willowdale (federal electoral district)">Willowdale</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Murray" title="Joyce Murray">Joyce Murray</a> was narrowly elected in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Quadra" title="Vancouver Quadra">Vancouver Quadra</a>. The Conservatives won a fourth contest in the northern <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> riding of <a href="/wiki/Desneth%C3%A9%E2%80%94Missinippi%E2%80%94Churchill_River" title="Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River">Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River</a>, which the Liberals had narrowly taken in the previous election. Dion declared the results a victory for his party, while also conceding that some Liberal support was lost to the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some journalists described the outcome as a mixed result for both the Liberal Party and Dion's leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008_federal_election">2008 federal election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2008 federal election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008 Canadian federal election</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberal_rally_Brampton_2008_election_82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Liberal_rally_Brampton_2008_election_82.jpg/300px-Liberal_rally_Brampton_2008_election_82.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Liberal_rally_Brampton_2008_election_82.jpg/450px-Liberal_rally_Brampton_2008_election_82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Liberal_rally_Brampton_2008_election_82.jpg/600px-Liberal_rally_Brampton_2008_election_82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Dion makes a speech on 10 October 2008, in <a href="/wiki/Brampton_West_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Brampton West (federal electoral district)">Brampton West</a>. Former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, seen here standing behind Dion, was among notable Liberals at this rally.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2008, as part of a measure for cutting greenhouse emissions, Dion called for a carbon price. He also praised a similar measure introduced and approved by the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> government in the 2008 provincial budget as well as the province of Quebec that introduced a carbon-based tax which revenues will be used for green technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-CTVcarbon_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTVcarbon-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics from other parties as well as some Liberal MPs said that the concept would be "too confusing, expensive and politically risky".<sup id="cite_ref-Carboncritic_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carboncritic-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan received support from <a href="/wiki/David_Suzuki" title="David Suzuki">David Suzuki</a> who added on CTV's Question Period that: "To oppose the carbon tax plan, it's just nonsense. It's certainly the way we got to go".<sup id="cite_ref-suzuki_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzuki-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2008, Dion unveiled the new policy called the "Green Shift" and explained that this <a href="/wiki/Tax_shift" title="Tax shift">tax shift</a> would create an <a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">ecotax</a> on carbon while reducing personal and corporate income taxes. He stated that the taxation on carbon would generate up to $15 billion per year in revenues to offset the reduction in income tax revenue. The plan was immediately criticized by Prime Minister Harper, who described it as a tax grab and compared it to the <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Program" title="National Energy Program">National Energy Program</a> that the federal Liberal government adopted in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-harpercarbon_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harpercarbon-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dioncarbon_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dioncarbon-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 September 2008, NDP leader <a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a> also criticized the Green Shift, saying that it would hurt consumers, would be nothing more than a nuisance for energy producers, and evaluates emission equally across all sectors instead of maximizing reductions where the cost is lowest. Layton further noted that Dion's proposal does not set a target for reducing emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the end of the campaign, Dion had an interview with CTV Halifax's anchor <a href="/wiki/Steve_Murphy_(Canadian_news_anchor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Murphy (Canadian news anchor)">Steve Murphy</a>, where Dion asked the host three times to restart the interview because he didn't understand the mixed tense and timing of a question about the economy: "If you were Prime Minister now, what would you have done about the economy and this crisis that Mr. Harper has not done?" Murphy initially agreed not to air it but network executives decided to release it, generating controversy. On election night, Dion angrily refused to speak to the CTV reporters scrumming around him, saying "The last one I want to speak first [sic] is CTV – you understand that?"<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Liberals lost support on 14 October federal election, being reduced to 77 seats, down from 103 won in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="2006 Canadian federal election">2006</a> election. They captured only 26.2 per cent of the popular vote — two points lower than the disastrous showing in <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984</a> under <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> and only four points ahead of the party's worst ever result in <a href="/wiki/1867_Canadian_federal_election" title="1867 Canadian federal election">1867</a>. Dion became the first Liberal Opposition Leader to fail to make a net gain in seats at his first election since Lester B. Pearson in <a href="/wiki/1958_Canadian_federal_election" title="1958 Canadian federal election">1958</a>. Dion said that the party lost because he did not get the Liberal message out, and took responsibility saying "If people are asking why, it's because I failed."<sup id="cite_ref-Dion_quits_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dion_quits-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dion added that he never had a chance to establish his personal image with voters because of the Conservative ads depicting him as a "dithering egghead". Liberal veterans described Dion as a "lone wolf" who dismissed suggestions from his senior advisers to avoid using the Green Shift as an election platform. A party insider also said that Dion was reluctant to emphasize the Liberal team because he felt that he was being overshadowed by leadership rival <a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Bob Rae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 October, Dion announced his resignation as leader, pending the election of his successor, "because I failed."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008_parliamentary_dispute">2008 parliamentary dispute</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2008 parliamentary dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Canadian_parliamentary_dispute" title="2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute">2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute</a></div> <p>In November 2008, the Conservative government provided the House of Commons with a fiscal update, which included <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <a href="/wiki/Money_bill" title="Money bill">money bills</a> are <a href="/wiki/Matters_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Matters of confidence">matters of confidence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the opposition was forced to consider whether to accept the motion or bring down the government. The update was ultimately rejected by the opposition parties on the grounds that it lacked any fiscal stimulus during the <a href="/wiki/Economic_crisis_of_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic crisis of 2008">ongoing economic crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than force a new election, Liberals and NDP reached a deal to form a minority <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_political_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Canadian political dispute">coalition government</a>, with support from the Bloc Québécois.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the agreement, Dion would have been the Prime Minister until May, when the Liberal Party would elect his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dion sent a letter of the plan to Governor General <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a>, and the opposition had scheduled a non-confidence motion for 8 December 2008. To draw public support, Prime Minister Harper and Dion both addressed the nation on 3 December 2008. Dion's Liberal rebuttal, however, was considered poor in production quality and delivered late to the networks, and some believed that this had undermined support for the coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 December 2008, the Governor General granted Prime Minister Harper's request to suspend parliament until January 2009, thereby delaying a scheduled non-confidence vote and the likely defeat of the Conservative government.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly afterwards, Dion came under increasing pressure from the party to immediately step down as Liberal leader.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 December, Dion announced that he would resign the leadership as soon as an interim leader was chosen by caucus; his resignation took effect two days later, upon the selection of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> as interim leader. This made Dion the second permanent Liberal leader in Canadian history not to become Prime Minister, after <a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Edward Blake</a> in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his retirement, Dion became the shortest serving non-interim leader of the Liberal Party since Confederation—serving for approximately four months less time (740 days to 855 days) of the next shortest serving leader, Paul Martin (2003–2006). Dion delivered a farewell speech on 2 May 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/2009_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2009 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">Liberal Party leadership convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-leadership">Post-leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Post-leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A9phane_Dion_at_Carleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/St%C3%A9phane_Dion_at_Carleton.jpg/220px-St%C3%A9phane_Dion_at_Carleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/St%C3%A9phane_Dion_at_Carleton.jpg/330px-St%C3%A9phane_Dion_at_Carleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/St%C3%A9phane_Dion_at_Carleton.jpg/440px-St%C3%A9phane_Dion_at_Carleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Dion speaks at <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a> on 27 October 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ignatieff appointed a smaller <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_40th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 40th Parliament of Canada">shadow cabinet</a> after being named interim leader and did not give Dion a critical role within it.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of Ignatieff's time as leader Dion stayed out of the limelight, working quietly in his riding and expressing his views privately to Ignatieff.<sup id="cite_ref-shadows_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shadows-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2009, it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Denis Coderre</a>, Ignatieff's <a href="/wiki/Quebec_lieutenant" title="Quebec lieutenant">Quebec lieutenant</a>, was attempting to oust Dion and fellow Montreal-area MPs <a href="/wiki/Raymonde_Folco" title="Raymonde Folco">Raymonde Folco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lise_Zarac" title="Lise Zarac">Lise Zarac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Patry" title="Bernard Patry">Bernard Patry</a> for the next election, with the hope of replacing them with <a href="/wiki/Star_candidate" title="Star candidate">star candidates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Coderre ended up resigning as Quebec Lieutenant during this time over conflicting views with Ignatieff and his inner circle.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="2011 Canadian federal election">2011 election</a>, the Liberal Party placed third in a federal election for the first time in Canadian history.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dion was one of just seven Liberal MPs re-elected in his home province, he won 43.43 per cent of the popular in his riding which was the highest vote share for a Liberal in Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/41st_Canadian_Parliament" title="41st Canadian Parliament">41st Parliament</a>, Dion had a much more prominent role within the Liberal caucus than he had after his resignation as leader in 2008. Interim Liberal leader <a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Bob Rae</a> appointed Dion as the Liberals Critic for Intergovernmental Affairs and spokesman for la Francophonie.<sup id="cite_ref-shadows_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shadows-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month after the election Dion attended the NDP's federal convention as the observer for the Liberal Party, at that time he called on NDP leader not to appease separatists as a way to maintain his party's support in Quebec. He also criticized the NDP's policy that 50-per-cent-plus-one in a referendum would justify Quebec separating from Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2011, Dion was awarded with the Fray International Sustainability Award at Fray International Symposium in Mexico, for his work and advocacy towards sustainable development.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(2015–2017)"><span id="Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_.282015.E2.80.932017.29"></span>Minister of Foreign Affairs (2015–2017)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Minister of Foreign Affairs (2015–2017)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Justin_Trudeau_government" title="Foreign policy of the Justin Trudeau government">Foreign policy of the Justin Trudeau government</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_and_Canadian_Foreign_Minister_Dion_Shake_Hands_Before_Their_Meeting_at_NATO_Ministerial_(23340939012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Secretary_Kerry_and_Canadian_Foreign_Minister_Dion_Shake_Hands_Before_Their_Meeting_at_NATO_Ministerial_%2823340939012%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_and_Canadian_Foreign_Minister_Dion_Shake_Hands_Before_Their_Meeting_at_NATO_Ministerial_%2823340939012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Secretary_Kerry_and_Canadian_Foreign_Minister_Dion_Shake_Hands_Before_Their_Meeting_at_NATO_Ministerial_%2823340939012%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Kerry_and_Canadian_Foreign_Minister_Dion_Shake_Hands_Before_Their_Meeting_at_NATO_Ministerial_%2823340939012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Secretary_Kerry_and_Canadian_Foreign_Minister_Dion_Shake_Hands_Before_Their_Meeting_at_NATO_Ministerial_%2823340939012%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Kerry_and_Canadian_Foreign_Minister_Dion_Shake_Hands_Before_Their_Meeting_at_NATO_Ministerial_%2823340939012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4268" data-file-height="2845" /></a><figcaption>Stéphane Dion with U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> in Brussels, Belgium, 1 December 2015</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 election</a> was a resounding victory for Justin Trudeau's Liberal Party, and Dion was comfortably re-elected to an eighth term representing the newly reformulated <a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Saint-Laurent (federal electoral district)">Saint-Laurent</a> riding.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 November 2015, Dion was appointed the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> in <a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Ministry" title="29th Canadian Ministry">Justin Trudeau's cabinet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CbCTrudeauCabinet2015-11-04_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CbCTrudeauCabinet2015-11-04-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dion was also named as chair of the cabinet's committee on environment and climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Redemption_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redemption-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a senior cabinet minister, Dion was third in the order of succession.<sup id="cite_ref-Cabinet_name_changes_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cabinet_name_changes-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his first foreign policy statements included a call to diffuse <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>-<a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> tensions in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Nimr al-Nimrs</a> execution.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a March 2016 speech at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a>, Dion used "responsible conviction" – a term syncretized from the work of German sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> – to describe the Trudeau government's foreign policy. Dion sought re-engagement with the world, including authoritarian regimes such as <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and a focus on <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Dion indicated that Canada would oppose <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> for Canadians imprisoned abroad and would change <a href="/wiki/Operation_Impact" title="Operation Impact">its contribution to the fight</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> from providing airstrikes to providing <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Special_Operations_Forces_Command" title="Canadian Special Operations Forces Command">special forces</a> trainers. Dion also tied the concept of responsible conviction to continuing some policies of the previous <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> government in a modified manner, such as continuing its <a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">maternal and newborn health</a> initiative but with new funding for <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a>. He also justified continuing a $15 billion sale of <a href="/wiki/Light_armored_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Light armored vehicle">light armored vehicles</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> despite its <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">human rights abuses</a> to protect Canadian jobs and preserve Canada's credibility in signing major international deals, but committed to reassessing the rules on Canadian export permits so that future deals would conform to Canadian interests such as human rights promotion. Dion ended his speech by rejecting the concept of Canada as an <a href="/wiki/Honest_broker" title="Honest broker">honest broker</a>, because that term had become too associated with <a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">moral relativism</a> and lack of conviction, instead saying that Canada had to be "a fair-minded and determined peace builder."<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dion was dropped entirely from the cabinet in Prime Minister Trudeau's 10 January 2017 cabinet shuffle and replaced as Minister of Foreign Affairs by <a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a>. The move, which was bitterly resented by Dion, was seen in part as a response to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States President-elect</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s incoming <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">presidency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomatic_career_(2017–present)"><span id="Diplomatic_career_.282017.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Diplomatic career (2017–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Diplomatic career (2017–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dion announced his retirement from politics, making no mention of either potential position, in a statement released shortly after the cabinet shuffle.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He confirmed, in his farewell speech to the House of Commons on 31 January 2017, that he had accepted the position of Ambassador to the EU and Germany instead of accepting an offer from the Université de Montréal.<sup id="cite_ref-ret_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ret-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His resignation from Parliament officially took effect on 6 February 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dion served as Ambassador to Germany until 1 June 2022, when he was appointed Canada's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_ambassadors_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian ambassadors to France">Ambassador to France and Monaco</a> while retaining his role as special envoy to the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_record">Electoral record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Electoral record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:758px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 Canadian federal election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Saint-Laurent (federal electoral district)">Saint-Laurent</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span></th> <th width="90px">Expenditures </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td><b>Stéphane Dion</b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,832</td> <td style="text-align:right;">61.6</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+18.74</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #6495ED; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a></td> <td>Jimmy Yu</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,867</td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.5</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.39</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Alain Ackad</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,646</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.5</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-17.57</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a></td> <td>Pascal-Olivier Dumas-Dubreuil</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,879</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.7</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-1.73</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #99C955; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a></td> <td>John Tromp</td> <td style="text-align:right;">977</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.4</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.31</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #CD5C5C; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a></td> <td>Fernand Deschamps</td> <td style="text-align:right;">129</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3</td> <td style="text-align:right;">–</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes/ </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">40,330</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">100.0  </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap"> </span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total rejected ballots </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">409</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Turnout </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">40,739</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Eligible voters </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">69,078</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Elections_Canada" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:668px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="2011 Canadian federal election">2011 Canadian federal election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Laurent—Cartierville">Saint-Laurent—Cartierville</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td><b>Stéphane Dion</b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,726</td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.43</td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Marias Ximena Florez</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,948</td> <td style="text-align:right;">29.28</td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #6495ED; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a></td> <td>Svetlana Litvin Fayad</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,124</td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.46</td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a></td> <td>William Fayad</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,981</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.3</td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #99C955; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a></td> <td>Tim Landry</td> <td style="text-align:right;">857</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #CD5C5C; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a></td> <td>Fernand Deschamps</td> <td style="text-align:right;">176</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.43</td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap"> 100.0%</span><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130115142853/http://www.elections.ca/scripts/pss/candidates.aspx?L=e&ED=24066&EV=34&EV_TYPE=1&PC=&Prov=QC&ProvID=24&MapID=&QID=8&PageID=17&TPageID=">Elections Canada</a></small> </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:668px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008 Canadian federal election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Laurent—Cartierville">Saint-Laurent—Cartierville</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td><b>Stéphane Dion</b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,095</td> <td style="text-align:right;">61.7%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #6495ED; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a></td> <td>Dennis Galiatsatos</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,999</td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.2%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+4.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a></td> <td>Jacques Lachaine</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,611</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.3%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-3.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Jérôme Rodrigues</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,654</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.0%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #CD5C5C; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a></td> <td>Fernand Deschamps</td> <td style="text-align:right;">299</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.7%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.3% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">40,658</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">100.0% </span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total rejected ballots </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">454</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Turnout </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">41,112</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap"> %</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:668px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="2006 Canadian federal election">2006 Canadian federal election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Laurent—Cartierville">Saint-Laurent—Cartierville</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td><b>Stéphane Dion</b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,412</td> <td style="text-align:right;">59.8%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-7.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a></td> <td>William Fayad</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,192</td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.6%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #6495ED; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a></td> <td>Ishrat Alam</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,590</td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.2%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+7.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Liz Elder</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,279</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.7%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #99C955; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a></td> <td>Gilles Mercier</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,810</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.3%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #CD5C5C; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a></td> <td>Fernand Deschamps</td> <td style="text-align:right;">177</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.1% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">42,460</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">100.0% </span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:758px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_Canadian_federal_election/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" title="Template:2004 Canadian federal election/Saint-Laurent—Cartierville"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2004_Canadian_federal_election/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" title="Template talk:2004 Canadian federal election/Saint-Laurent—Cartierville"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2004_Canadian_federal_election/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2004 Canadian federal election/Saint-Laurent—Cartierville"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="2004 Canadian federal election">2004 Canadian federal election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Laurent—Cartierville">Saint-Laurent—Cartierville</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span></th> <th width="90px">Expenditures </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stéphane Dion</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">28,107</td> <td style="text-align:right;">66.82</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−6.51</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$56,588 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a></td> <td>William Fayad</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,261</td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.26</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+4.04</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$9,302 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Zaid Mahayni</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,630</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.25</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+3.85</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$11,340 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #6495ED; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a></td> <td>Marc Rahmé</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,606</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.20</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−3.32</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$10,128 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #99C955; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a></td> <td>Almaz Aladass</td> <td style="text-align:right;">875</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.08</td> <td style="text-align:right;"></td> <td style="text-align:right;">$0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #D2B48C; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Party_(Canada)" title="Marijuana Party (Canada)">Marijuana</a></td> <td>Alex Néron</td> <td style="text-align:right;">298</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.71</td> <td style="text-align:right;">–</td> <td style="text-align:right;">none listed </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #CD5C5C; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a></td> <td>Fernand Deschamps</td> <td style="text-align:right;">125</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.30</td> <td style="text-align:right;"></td> <td style="text-align:right;">none listed </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #DC143C; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Action_Party" title="Canadian Action Party">Canadian Action</a></td> <td>Ken Fernandez</td> <td style="text-align:right;">84</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.20</td> <td style="text-align:right;"></td> <td style="text-align:right;">$116 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #FF6347; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist</a></td> <td>Nilda Vargas</td> <td style="text-align:right;">78</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.19</td> <td style="text-align:right;"></td> <td style="text-align:right;">$647 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">42,064 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">100.00</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total rejected ballots </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">400</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Turnout </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">42,464 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">54.28</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Electors on the lists </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">78,238</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><i>Percentage change figures are factored for redistribution. Conservative Party percentages are contrasted with the combined Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative figures from 2000. Sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/scripts/OVR2004/default.html">Official Results, Elections Canada</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/scripts/webpep/fin/select_election.aspx?entity=1&lang=e">Financial Returns, Elections Canada</a>.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:758px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2000_Canadian_federal_election/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" title="Template:2000 Canadian federal election/Saint-Laurent—Cartierville"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2000_Canadian_federal_election/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" title="Template talk:2000 Canadian federal election/Saint-Laurent—Cartierville"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2000_Canadian_federal_election/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2000 Canadian federal election/Saint-Laurent—Cartierville"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="2000 Canadian federal election">2000 Canadian federal election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Laurent—Cartierville">Saint-Laurent—Cartierville</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span></th> <th width="90px">Expenditures </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stéphane Dion</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">32,861</td> <td style="text-align:right;">73.58</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+3.44</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$44,754 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a></td> <td>Yves Beauregard</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,838</td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.07</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.35</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$11,158 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #9999FF; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a></td> <td>J. Pierre Rouleau</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,308</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.17</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−8.74</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$876 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #5F9EA0; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Alliance</a></td> <td>Kaddis R. Sidaros</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,909</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.27</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+2.89</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$8,762 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Piper Elizabeth Huggins</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,070</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.40</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.56</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$908 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #CD5C5C; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a></td> <td>Jean-Paul Bedard</td> <td style="text-align:right;">234</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.52</td> <td style="text-align:right;"></td> <td style="text-align:right;">$10 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #DC143C; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Action_Party" title="Canadian Action Party">Canadian Action</a></td> <td>Ken Fernandez</td> <td style="text-align:right;">232</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.52</td> <td style="text-align:right;"></td> <td style="text-align:right;">$3,062 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #FF6347; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist</a></td> <td>Oscar Chavez</td> <td style="text-align:right;">206</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.46</td> <td style="text-align:right;"></td> <td style="text-align:right;">$187 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">44,658 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">100.00</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total rejected ballots </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">642</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Turnout </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">45,300 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">63.06 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">−13.90</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Electors on the lists </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">71,836</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Canadian Alliance percentages are contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party</a> figures from 1997. Sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rep/off/37g&document=table12&lang=e#ontario">Official Results, Elections Canada</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/scripts/ecCandidates2/Default.asp?L=E&Page=ElectionMenu&EL=226">Financial Returns, Elections Canada</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:758px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1997_Canadian_federal_election/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" title="Template:1997 Canadian federal election/Saint-Laurent—Cartierville"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1997_Canadian_federal_election/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" title="Template talk:1997 Canadian federal election/Saint-Laurent—Cartierville"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1997_Canadian_federal_election/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1997 Canadian federal election/Saint-Laurent—Cartierville"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997 Canadian federal election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Laurent—Cartierville">Saint-Laurent—Cartierville</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span></th> <th width="90px">Expenditures </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stéphane Dion</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,598</td> <td style="text-align:right;">70.14</td> <td style="text-align:right;">–</td> <td style="text-align:right;">$39,617 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #9999FF; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a></td> <td>Jean-Martin Masse</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,861</td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.91</td> <td style="text-align:right;"></td> <td style="text-align:right;">$17,038 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a></td> <td>Yves Beauregard</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,276</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.72</td> <td style="text-align:right;"></td> <td style="text-align:right;">$20,834 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Jeff Itcush</td> <td style="text-align:right;">910</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.84</td> <td style="text-align:right;"></td> <td style="text-align:right;">$850 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #3CB371; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a></td> <td>Hagop Karlozian</td> <td style="text-align:right;">681</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.38</td> <td style="text-align:right;"></td> <td style="text-align:right;">$1,907 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">49,326 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">100.00</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total rejected ballots </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">781</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Turnout </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">50,107 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">76.96</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Electors on the lists </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">65,105</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rep/off/dec3097&document=res_table12&lang=e">Official Results, Elections Canada</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/eccandidates/district.asp?ran=79705.57&objectType=start&action=select&electionID=191&ul=1">Financial Returns, Elections Canada</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:758px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9">Canadian federal by-election, <a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_35th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 35th Canadian Parliament">25 March 1996</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent%E2%80%94Cartierville" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Laurent—Cartierville">Saint-Laurent—Cartierville</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span></th> <th width="90px">Expenditures </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td><b>Stéphane Dion</b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,336</td> <td style="text-align:right;">79.3</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+9.5</td> <td style="text-align:right;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a></td> <td>Michel Sarra-Bournet</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.9</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-3.8</td> <td style="text-align:right;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #9999FF; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a></td> <td>G. Garo Toubi</td> <td style="text-align:right;">699</td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.9</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+6.5</td> <td style="text-align:right;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #3CB371; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a></td> <td>Shaul Petel</td> <td style="text-align:right;">441</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.6</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></td> <td>Carole Caron</td> <td style="text-align:right;">229</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.9%</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Sara Mayo</td> <td style="text-align:right;">212</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.8%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-1.2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">26,917</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">100.0%</span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:white"> <td style="color:black;background:#EA6D6A; width:16px; border-top:border-top:1px solid darkgray;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-top:border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> <b>hold</b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right;border-top:border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:border-top:1px solid darkgray;">+6.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="border-top:1px solid darkgray;">By-election due to the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Maheu" title="Shirley Maheu">Shirley Maheu</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> on 31 January 1996. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honorary_Degrees">Honorary Degrees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Honorary Degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stephane Dion has received many <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary Degrees</a>, These Include</li></ul> <dl><dt>Honorary Degrees</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Location </th> <th style="width:20%;">Date </th> <th style="width:40%;">School </th> <th style="width:20%;">Degree </th></tr> <tr> <td>Spain</td> <td><b>13 November 2002</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_University_of_Madrid" title="Charles III University of Madrid">Charles III University of Madrid</a></td> <td>Doctorate<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_in_2017" title="List of foreign ministers in 2017">List of foreign ministers in 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenoit_Aubin" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Benoit Aubin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/stephane-dion-profile">"Stéphane Dion (Profile)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St%C3%A9phane+Dion+%28Profile%29&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Benoit+Aubin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fstephane-dion-profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctv_citizenship-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ctv_citizenship_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCTV.ca_news_staff2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV.ca news staff</a> (5 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208043449/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061205/dion_dual_061205/20061205?hub=TopStories">"Stéphane Dion says he'll keep dual citizenship"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061205/dion_dual_061205/20061205?hub=TopStories">the original</a> on 8 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=St%C3%A9phane+Dion+says+he%27ll+keep+dual+citizenship&rft.date=2006-12-05&rft.au=CTV.ca+news+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctv.ca%2Fservlet%2FArticleNews%2Fstory%2FCTVNews%2F20061205%2Fdion_dual_061205%2F20061205%3Fhub%3DTopStories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-straight-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-straight_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-straight_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHa,_Tu_Thanh2006" class="citation news cs1">Ha, Tu Thanh (6 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/straight-shooter-looks-to-lead/article1102600/?page=all">"Straight shooter looks to lead"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131141756/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/straight-shooter-looks-to-lead/article1102600/?page=all">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Straight+shooter+looks+to+lead&rft.date=2006-09-06&rft.au=Ha%2C+Tu+Thanh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fstraight-shooter-looks-to-lead%2Farticle1102600%2F%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prize-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prize_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prize_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prize_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiebel2006" class="citation news cs1">Diebel, Linda (13 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vancouver.indymedia.org/?q=node/2064">"Can Stéphane Dion reel in the prize?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(link not available)</span>. <i>The Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174711/http://vancouver.indymedia.org/?q=node%2F2064">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Can+St%C3%A9phane+Dion+reel+in+the+prize%3F&rft.date=2006-08-13&rft.aulast=Diebel&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvancouver.indymedia.org%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F2064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-powercouple-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-powercouple_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAUBIN" class="citation web cs1">AUBIN, BENOIT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.macleans.ca/article/2007/1/22/ottawas-new-power-couple">"OTTAWA'S NEW POWER COUPLE | Maclean's | JAN. 22nd 2007"</a>. <i>Maclean's | The Complete Archive</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116210645/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/2007/1/22/ottawas-new-power-couple">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s+%7C+The+Complete+Archive&rft.atitle=OTTAWA%27S+NEW+POWER+COUPLE+%7C+Maclean%27s+%7C+JAN.+22nd+2007&rft.aulast=AUBIN&rft.aufirst=BENOIT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.macleans.ca%2Farticle%2F2007%2F1%2F22%2Fottawas-new-power-couple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quixote-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quixote_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quixote_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVastel1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Vastel, Michel (15 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032949/http://www.lactualite.com/article.jsp?content=20061202_204502_5092">"Dion Quichotte mission impossible"</a>. <i>L'actualité</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lactualite.com/article.jsp?content=20061202_204502_5092">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27actualit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Dion+Quichotte+mission+impossible&rft.date=1997-04-15&rft.aulast=Vastel&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lactualite.com%2Farticle.jsp%3Fcontent%3D20061202_204502_5092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span> (en français seulement)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dion_contre_Dion-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dion_contre_Dion_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobitaille2006" class="citation news cs1">Robitaille, Antoine (9 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/canada/124521/dion-contre-dion">"Dion contre Dion"</a>. <i>Le Devoir</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131121921/http://www.ledevoir.com/politique/canada/124521/dion-contre-dion">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Devoir&rft.atitle=Dion+contre+Dion&rft.date=2006-12-09&rft.aulast=Robitaille&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Fpolitique%2Fcanada%2F124521%2Fdion-contre-dion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DionUnmasked-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DionUnmasked_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich2006" class="citation news cs1">Heinrich, Jeff (9 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307175330/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=05e7577b-b571-4b19-a2b9-4b416c54bdb0&p=1">"Stéphane Dion, unmasked"</a>. <i>The Gazette</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=05e7577b-b571-4b19-a2b9-4b416c54bdb0&p=1">the original</a> on 7 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=St%C3%A9phane+Dion%2C+unmasked&rft.date=2006-12-09&rft.aulast=Heinrich&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fmontrealgazette%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D05e7577b-b571-4b19-a2b9-4b416c54bdb0%26p%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDion1979" class="citation journal cs1">Dion, Stéphane (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpus.ulaval.ca/entities/publication/ec02762e-0eb3-413d-a94c-2c09e26af44d/full">"La dimension temporelle de l'action partisane : l'étude d'un cas : le débat au sein du parti québécois sur les modalités d'accession à l'indépendance"</a>. <i>Thèses et mémoires</i>. Université Laval. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794%2F51231">20.500.11794/51231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Th%C3%A8ses+et+m%C3%A9moires&rft.atitle=La+dimension+temporelle+de+l%27action+partisane+%3A+l%27%C3%A9tude+d%27un+cas+%3A+le+d%C3%A9bat+au+sein+du+parti+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+sur+les+modalit%C3%A9s+d%27accession+%C3%A0+l%27ind%C3%A9pendance&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11794%2F51231&rft.aulast=Dion&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpus.ulaval.ca%2Fentities%2Fpublication%2Fec02762e-0eb3-413d-a94c-2c09e26af44d%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Political_scientist-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Political_scientist_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/stephane-dion-political-scientist">"Stéphane Dion: political scientist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329135604/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/stephane-dion-political-scientist">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St%C3%A9phane+Dion%3A+political+scientist&rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fentry%2Fstephane-dion-political-scientist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1996Ministry-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1996Ministry_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1996Ministry_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrivy_Council_Office1996" class="citation news cs1">Privy Council Office (25 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819173233/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/default.asp?Language=E">"Prime Minister announces new Ministry"</a>. Government of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/default.asp?Language=E&Page=archivechretien&Sub=NewsReleases&Doc=news_re19960125220_e.htm">the original</a> on 19 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prime+Minister+announces+new+Ministry&rft.date=1996-01-25&rft.au=Privy+Council+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pco-bcp.gc.ca%2Fdefault.asp%3FLanguage%3DE%26Page%3Darchivechretien%26Sub%3DNewsReleases%26Doc%3Dnews_re19960125220_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DionBibliography-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DionBibliography_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Parliament2006" class="citation web cs1">Library of Parliament (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080313172457/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Redirect.aspx?BrowserType=ia_archiver&BronkenLink=&Querrystring=404%3Bhttp%3A//www.parl.gc.ca/INFORMATION/ABOUT/PEOPLE/KEY/BIBLIO.ASP%3FLANGUAGE%3DE%26PARAM%3D182">"Dion, Stéphane: Selected Publications"</a>. Government of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/INFORMATION/ABOUT/PEOPLE/KEY/BIBLIO.ASP?LANGUAGE=E&PARAM=182">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(link not available)</span> on 13 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dion%2C+St%C3%A9phane%3A+Selected+Publications&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Library+of+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FINFORMATION%2FABOUT%2FPEOPLE%2FKEY%2FBIBLIO.ASP%3FLANGUAGE%3DE%26PARAM%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StraightTalk-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StraightTalk_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDion1999" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dion, Stéphane</a> (November 1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/straighttalkonca00dion/page/256"><i>Straight Talk</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(print)</span>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/straighttalkonca00dion/page/256">256</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1856-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1856-8"><bdi>0-7735-1856-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Straight+Talk&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1999-11&rft.isbn=0-7735-1856-8&rft.aulast=Dion&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstraighttalkonca00dion%2Fpage%2F256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupreme_Court_of_Canada1998" class="citation web cs1">Supreme Court of Canada (20 August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1643/index.do">"Reference re Secession of Quebec"</a>. Supreme Court of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418174831/https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1643/index.do">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reference+re+Secession+of+Quebec&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft.date=1998-08-20&rft.au=Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscc-csc.lexum.com%2Fscc-csc%2Fscc-csc%2Fen%2Fitem%2F1643%2Findex.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCO-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PCO_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCO_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCO_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDion1997" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Dion, Stéphane (11 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040920054437/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/default.asp?Language=E&Page=PressRoom&Sub=OpenLetters&Doc=19970811_e.htm">"Letter to Premier Lucien Bouchard Concerning his Position on a Unilateral Declaration of Independence"</a> (Press release). Ministry of Intergovernmental Affairs Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/default.asp?Language=E&Page=pressroom&Sub=OpenLetters&Doc=19970811_e.htm">the original</a> on 20 September 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+Premier+Lucien+Bouchard+Concerning+his+Position+on+a+Unilateral+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Intergovernmental+Affairs+Canada&rft.date=1997-08-11&rft.aulast=Dion&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pco-bcp.gc.ca%2Faia%2Fdefault.asp%3FLanguage%3DE%26Page%3Dpressroom%26Sub%3DOpenLetters%26Doc%3D19970811_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letter2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-letter2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDion1997" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Dion, Stéphane (19 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040920053824/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/default.asp?Language=E&Page=PressRoom&Sub=OpenLetters&Doc=19971119_e.htm">"Letter to Mr. Jacques Brassard in Response to his Ministerial Statement on the Territorial Integrity of Quebec"</a> (Press release). Ministry of Intergovernmental Affairs Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/default.asp?Language=E&Page=pressroom&Sub=OpenLetters&Doc=19971119_e.htm">the original</a> on 20 September 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+Mr.+Jacques+Brassard+in+Response+to+his+Ministerial+Statement+on+the+Territorial+Integrity+of+Quebec&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Intergovernmental+Affairs+Canada&rft.date=1997-11-19&rft.aulast=Dion&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pco-bcp.gc.ca%2Faia%2Fdefault.asp%3FLanguage%3DE%26Page%3Dpressroom%26Sub%3DOpenLetters%26Doc%3D19971119_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letter3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-letter3_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter3_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDion1998" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Dion, Stéphane (25 August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040920053948/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/default.asp?Language=E&Page=PressRoom&Sub=OpenLetters&Doc=19980825_e.htm">"Letter to Premier Lucien Bouchard on the Need to Respect the Supreme Court's Decision in its Entirety"</a> (Press release). Ministry of Intergovernmental Affairs Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/default.asp?Language=E&Page=pressroom&Sub=OpenLetters&Doc=19980825_e.htm">the original</a> on 20 September 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Government of Canada Privy Council Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510131357/http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/prb9942-e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Clarifying+the+Clarity+Act&rft.date=2011-07-08&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fopinion%2Fclarifying-the-clarity-act%2Farticle586395%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=federal&doc=constitution/clarityact/ClarityAct_e.htm">"Clarity Act"</a>. Government of Canada Privy Council Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207062905/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=federal&doc=constitution/clarityact/ClarityAct_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clarity+Act&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada+Privy+Council+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pco-bcp.gc.ca%2Faia%2Findex.asp%3Flang%3Deng%26page%3Dfederal%26doc%3Dconstitution%2Fclarityact%2FClarityAct_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-official-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-official_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDion1998" class="citation web cs1">Dion, Stéphane (28 May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stephanedion.ca/?q=en/Issues-Canada-980528Praxis">"My Praxis of Federalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Notes for an address at the Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207114014/http://stephanedion.ca/?q=en/Issues-Canada-980528Praxis">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Praxis+of+Federalism&rft.date=1998-05-28&rft.aulast=Dion&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstephanedion.ca%2F%3Fq%3Den%2FIssues-Canada-980528Praxis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/comment/article/719622">"Hébert: Language law to face foe from within"</a>. <i>thestar.com</i>. Toronto. 2 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018214916/http://www.thestar.com/comment/article/719622">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=thestar.com&rft.atitle=H%C3%A9bert%3A+Language+law+to+face+foe+from+within&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fcomment%2Farticle%2F719622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GomeryTestimony-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GomeryTestimony_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomery,_John_H.2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gomery" title="John Gomery">Gomery, John H.</a> (25 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061017005204/http://www.gomery.ca/documents/transcripts/en/2005/02/2005221370.pdf">"Volume 62"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Commission of Inquiry into the Sponsorship Program and Advertising Activities</i>. pp. 10897–10909. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gomery.ca/documents/transcripts/en/2005/02/2005221370.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commission+of+Inquiry+into+the+Sponsorship+Program+and+Advertising+Activities&rft.atitle=Volume+62&rft.pages=10897-10909&rft.date=2005-01-25&rft.au=Gomery%2C+John+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gomery.ca%2Fdocuments%2Ftranscripts%2Fen%2F2005%2F02%2F2005221370.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news2/canadavotes/leadersparties/leaders-dion.html">"Stéphane Dion, inconspicuous achiever"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328020759/http://www.cbc.ca/news2/canadavotes/leadersparties/leaders-dion.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>Dion testified he was aware of the unusually large amounts of money going to Quebec under the sponsorship program but he knew nothing about the way the program was administered and said he had been critical from the outset of the idea that it would do anything to sway the minds of Quebecers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=St%C3%A9phane+Dion%2C+inconspicuous+achiever&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews2%2Fcanadavotes%2Fleadersparties%2Fleaders-dion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GomeryPhase1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GomeryPhase1_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomery,_John_H.2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gomery" title="John Gomery">Gomery, John H.</a> (31 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060623182243/http://www.gomery.ca/en/phase1report/summary/ES_assigning%20responsibility_v01.pdf">"Phase I Report: Who is Responsible?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Commission of Inquiry into the Sponsorship Program and Advertising Activities</i>. p. 77. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gomery.ca/en/phase1report/summary/ES_assigning%20responsibility_v01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commission+of+Inquiry+into+the+Sponsorship+Program+and+Advertising+Activities&rft.atitle=Phase+I+Report%3A+Who+is+Responsible%3F&rft.pages=77&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.au=Gomery%2C+John+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gomery.ca%2Fen%2Fphase1report%2Fsummary%2FES_assigning%2520responsibility_v01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sponsorship_Forgiveness-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sponsorship_Forgiveness_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryden2007" class="citation news cs1">Bryden, Joan (24 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130115132317/http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2007/01/24/3438868.html">"Dion could welcome back some sponsorship organizers"</a>. <i>CNews</i>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Press">CP</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2007/01/24/3438868.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNews&rft.atitle=Dion+could+welcome+back+some+sponsorship+organizers&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft.aulast=Bryden&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnews.canoe.ca%2FCNEWS%2FCanada%2F2007%2F01%2F24%2F3438868.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Côté_clarification-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Côté_clarification_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkTaber2007" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Campbell; Taber, Jane (25 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/dion-backtracks-on-return-of-party-exile/article677838/">"Dion backtracks on return of party exile"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131143312/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/dion-backtracks-on-return-of-party-exile/article677838/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Dion+backtracks+on+return+of+party+exile&rft.date=2007-01-25&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft.au=Taber%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fdion-backtracks-on-return-of-party-exile%2Farticle677838%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2004Election-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2004Election_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCTV_News_Staff2004" class="citation news cs1">CTV News Staff (16 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901190610/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20040216/doer_west_040215?s_name=&no_ads=">"Doer: PM's Quebec policy hinders Grits in West: Doer"</a>. <i>CTV News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20040216/doer_west_040215?s_name=&no_ads=">the original</a> on 1 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTV+News&rft.atitle=Doer%3A+PM%27s+Quebec+policy+hinders+Grits+in+West%3A+Doer&rft.date=2004-02-16&rft.au=CTV+News+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctv.ca%2Fservlet%2FArticleNews%2Fstory%2FCTVNews%2F20040216%2Fdoer_west_040215%3Fs_name%3D%26no_ads%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourcommons.ca/members/en/stephane-dion(460)/roles">"Roles – Hon. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Ignatieff%2C+Dion+to+launch+bids+this+week&rft.date=2006-04-04&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft.au=Karen+Howlett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fignatieff-dion-to-launch-bids-this-week%2Farticle706296%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_News2006" class="citation news cs1">CBC News (5 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061211020718/http://www.cbc.ca/sunday/dion.html">"INTERVIEW: Stéphane Dion"</a>. <i>CBC.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/sunday/dion.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(television transcript)</span> on 11 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC.ca&rft.atitle=INTERVIEW%3A+St%C3%A9phane+Dion&rft.date=2006-11-05&rft.au=CBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fsunday%2Fdion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Campbell (17 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/leadership-contenders-define-issues/article20408720/">"Leadership contenders define issues"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160210010932/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/leadership-contenders-define-issues/article20408720/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Leadership+contenders+define+issues&rft.date=2006-02-17&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fleadership-contenders-define-issues%2Farticle20408720%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Democratic_Party2006" class="citation web cs1">New Democratic Party (12 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061219135954/http://www.ndp.ca/page/4283">"Jack Layton's keynote address to NDP convention"</a>. <i>New Democratic Party of Canada</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndp.ca/page/4283">the original</a> on 19 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Democratic+Party+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Jack+Layton%27s+keynote+address+to+NDP+convention&rft.date=2006-09-12&rft.au=New+Democratic+Party&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndp.ca%2Fpage%2F4283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205095949/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061202/liberal_balloting_061202/20061202?hub=TopStories">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Gesture' might have helped trigger Dion win"</a>. Montreal: CTV.ca. 2 December 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061202/liberal_balloting_061202/20061202?hub=TopStories">the original</a> on 5 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Gesture%27+might+have+helped+trigger+Dion+win&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=CTV.ca&rft.date=2006-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctv.ca%2Fservlet%2FArticleNews%2Fstory%2FCTVNews%2F20061202%2Fliberal_balloting_061202%2F20061202%3Fhub%3DTopStories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Wilson2006" class="citation news cs1">Jennifer Wilson (8 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/parliament39/mps-dualcitizenship.html">"The 39th Parliament MPs and dual citizenship"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627114311/https://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/parliament39/mps-dualcitizenship.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=The+39th+Parliament+MPs+and+dual+citizenship&rft.date=2006-12-08&rft.au=Jennifer+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews2%2Fbackground%2Fparliament39%2Fmps-dualcitizenship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/dual-citizenship-and-stephane-dion/article1111585/">"Opinion: Dual citizenship and Stéphane Dion"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. 8 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627114316/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/dual-citizenship-and-stephane-dion/article1111585/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Dual+citizenship+and+St%C3%A9phane+Dion&rft.date=2006-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fopinion%2Fdual-citizenship-and-stephane-dion%2Farticle1111585%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/dion-dismisses-call-to-give-up-french-citizenship-1.585149">"Dion dismisses call to give up French citizenship"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. 5 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627114311/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/dion-dismisses-call-to-give-up-french-citizenship-1.585149">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Dion+dismisses+call+to+give+up+French+citizenship&rft.date=2006-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fdion-dismisses-call-to-give-up-french-citizenship-1.585149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liberal_Campaign_Appointments-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liberal_Campaign_Appointments_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_News2006" class="citation news cs1">CBC News (19 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/dion-taps-former-rivals-for-election-roles-1.624172">"Dion taps former rivals for election roles"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083840/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/dion-taps-former-rivals-for-election-roles-1.624172">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Dion+taps+former+rivals+for+election+roles&rft.date=2006-12-19&rft.au=CBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fdion-taps-former-rivals-for-election-roles-1.624172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan_Won't_Defect-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khan_Won't_Defect_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_news2007" class="citation news cs1">CBC news (5 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/liberal-mp-with-tory-advisory-role-will-not-defect-dion-1.681979">"Liberal MP with Tory advisory role will not defect: Dion"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407131743/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/liberal-mp-with-tory-advisory-role-will-not-defect-dion-1.681979">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Liberal+MP+with+Tory+advisory+role+will+not+defect%3A+Dion&rft.date=2007-01-05&rft.au=CBC+news&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fliberal-mp-with-tory-advisory-role-will-not-defect-dion-1.681979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan_Defects-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khan_Defects_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_news2007" class="citation news cs1">CBC news (5 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ontario-mp-khan-leaves-liberals-to-join-tories-1.633168">"Ontario MP Khan leaves Liberals to join Tories"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407131817/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ontario-mp-khan-leaves-liberals-to-join-tories-1.633168">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Ontario+MP+Khan+leaves+Liberals+to+join+Tories&rft.date=2007-01-05&rft.au=CBC+news&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fontario-mp-khan-leaves-liberals-to-join-tories-1.633168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shadow_Cabinet-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shadow_Cabinet_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2007" class="citation news cs1">Fitzpatrick, Meagan (18 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213182756/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=e8562350-ddf0-4d70-b302-d6f763c4df7f&k=84522">"Dion names mix of old and new to shadow cabinet"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=e8562350-ddf0-4d70-b302-d6f763c4df7f&k=84522">the original</a> on 13 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Dion+names+mix+of+old+and+new+to+shadow+cabinet&rft.date=2007-01-18&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Meagan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fnationalpost%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3De8562350-ddf0-4d70-b302-d6f763c4df7f%26k%3D84522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BudgetOpposed-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BudgetOpposed_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Post2007" class="citation news cs1">National Post (20 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213175656/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=bd1ec741-6b16-4359-8b06-4fff3889d30b">"Opposition leaders weigh in"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=bd1ec741-6b16-4359-8b06-4fff3889d30b">the original</a> on 13 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Opposition+leaders+weigh+in&rft.date=2007-03-20&rft.au=National+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fnationalpost%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3Dbd1ec741-6b16-4359-8b06-4fff3889d30b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/tories-launch-attack-ads-aimed-at-dion-1.642528">"Tories launch attack ads aimed at Dion"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 29 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407121625/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/tories-launch-attack-ads-aimed-at-dion-1.642528">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tories+launch+attack+ads+aimed+at+Dion&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftories-launch-attack-ads-aimed-at-dion-1.642528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/new-set-of-tory-ads-take-aim-at-dion-leadership-1.262611">"New set of Tory ads take aim at Dion leadership"</a>. CTV.ca News. 2 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306062941/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071102/tory_ads_071102?s_name=&no_ads=">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+set+of+Tory+ads+take+aim+at+Dion+leadership&rft.pub=CTV.ca+News&rft.date=2007-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fnew-set-of-tory-ads-take-aim-at-dion-leadership-1.262611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReaffirmKyoto-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReaffirmKyoto_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReaffirmKyoto_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_News2007" class="citation news cs1">CBC News (1 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.631675">"Dion calls on Tories to recommit to Kyoto"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407131705/http://www.cbc.ca/m/touch/canada/story/1.631675">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=MPs+vote+against+extending+anti-terrorism+measures&rft.date=2007-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmps-vote-against-extending-anti-terrorism-measures-1.662367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/liberals-agree-not-to-run-candidate-against-green-leader-1.639778">"Liberals agree not to run candidate against Green leader"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. 12 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204103723/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/liberals-agree-not-to-run-candidate-against-green-leader-1.639778">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Liberals+agree+not+to+run+candidate+against+Green+leader&rft.date=2007-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fliberals-agree-not-to-run-candidate-against-green-leader-1.639778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jack_Layton_on_deal-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jack_Layton_on_deal_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNDP2007" class="citation news cs1">NDP (13 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070418134707/http://www.ndp.ca/page/5139">"Jack Layton on the Liberal – Green deal"</a>. <i>NDP</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/topics/news/politics/story.html?id=a642d575-a284-4a6b-be50-61afadb5236e&k=47443">the original</a> on 7 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Outremont+by-election+a+test+for+Dion&rft.date=2007-09-15&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft.au=Leblanc%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Foutremont-by-election-a-test-for-dion%2Farticle18145262%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Not the final verdict on Dion". <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. 19 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Not+the+final+verdict+on+Dion&rft.date=2007-09-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesuburban.com/blogs/cohen_confidential_with_mike_cohen/the-time-had-indeed-come-for-st-phane-dion-to/article_2b878254-d748-11e6-85ad-6bb536a1944b.html">"The time had indeed come for Stéphane Dion to leave politics"</a>. 10 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710120450/http://www.thesuburban.com/blogs/cohen_confidential_with_mike_cohen/the-time-had-indeed-come-for-st-phane-dion-to/article_2b878254-d748-11e6-85ad-6bb536a1944b.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+time+had+indeed+come+for+St%C3%A9phane+Dion+to+leave+politics&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesuburban.com%2Fblogs%2Fcohen_confidential_with_mike_cohen%2Fthe-time-had-indeed-come-for-st-phane-dion-to%2Farticle_2b878254-d748-11e6-85ad-6bb536a1944b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaber2007" class="citation news cs1">Taber, Jane (20 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/montrealers-slam-dions-handling-of-campaign/article1082936/">"Montrealers slam Dion's handling of campaign"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Discreet+signs+of+a+mutiny&rft.date=2007-09-22&rft.aulast=Offman&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fnationalpost%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D1d6cea03-674f-463b-a674-3c8afce3c4fc%26k%3D91630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quebec_by-elections-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quebec_by-elections_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.654051">"Liberals shut out in Quebec byelections"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. 17 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407130138/http://www.cbc.ca/m/touch/canada/montreal/story/1.654051">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Liberals+shut+out+in+Quebec+byelections&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Famp%2F1.654051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dion_defends_Carroll-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dion_defends_Carroll_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/dion-rejects-calls-for-removal-of-party-s-director-1.685894">"Dion rejects calls for removal of party's director"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. 28 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407120030/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/dion-rejects-calls-for-removal-of-party-s-director-1.685894">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Dion+rejects+calls+for+removal+of+party%27s+director&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fdion-rejects-calls-for-removal-of-party-s-director-1.685894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll_resigns-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_resigns_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCTV_news2007" class="citation news cs1">CTV news (10 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/carroll-resigns-as-liberal-party-s-national-director-1.259583">"Carroll resigns as Liberal party's national director"</a>. <i>CTV</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012022757/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071010/liberal_carroll_071010/20071010">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTV&rft.atitle=Carroll+resigns+as+Liberal+party%27s+national+director&rft.date=2007-10-10&rft.au=CTV+news&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcarroll-resigns-as-liberal-party-s-national-director-1.259583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.654049">"Dion names senator as Quebec lieutenant; 2 MPs refuse job"</a>. CBCNews.ca. 16 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407121611/http://www.cbc.ca/m/touch/canada/story/1.654049">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dion+names+senator+as+Quebec+lieutenant%3B+2+MPs+refuse+job&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Famp%2F1.654049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThroneSpeech2007-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThroneSpeech2007_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCTV_News2007" class="citation news cs1">CTV News (17 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/harper-gives-dion-another-election-challenge-1.260530">"Harper gives Dion another election challenge"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017201828/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071016/throne_speech_071017/20071017?hub=TopStories">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Harper+gives+Dion+another+election+challenge&rft.date=2007-10-17&rft.au=CTV+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fharper-gives-dion-another-election-challenge-1.260530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCTV_News2007" class="citation news cs1">CTV News (24 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/throne-speech-passes-liberals-abstain-from-voting-1.261372">"Throne speech passes, Liberals abstain from voting"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/topics/news/politics/story.html?id=b5cb5481-a3e4-4dbd-8d71-debd38f4a31b&k=85925">the original</a> on 7 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Liberals+win+in+Toronto%2C+B.C.%2C+lose+in+Sask.&rft.date=2007-03-18&rft.au=Gloria+Galloway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fliberals-win-in-toronto-bc-lose-in-sask%2Farticle958355%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryden2007" class="citation news cs1">Bryden, Joan (18 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118155014/http://www.680news.com/news/national/article.jsp?content=n0318154A">"Mixed byelection results prolong Liberal angst over election timing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.680news.com/news/national/article.jsp?content=n0318154A">the original</a> on 18 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mixed+byelection+results+prolong+Liberal+angst+over+election+timing&rft.date=2007-03-18&rft.aulast=Bryden&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.680news.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Farticle.jsp%3Fcontent%3Dn0318154A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTVcarbon-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CTVcarbon_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCTV2008" class="citation news cs1">CTV (14 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/dion-calls-for-a-price-on-carbon-but-not-a-tax-1.282554">"Dion calls for a price on carbon, but not a tax"</a>. CTV.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080318131915/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080314/dion_carbon_080314/20080314">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dion+calls+for+a+price+on+carbon%2C+but+not+a+tax&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft.au=CTV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fdion-calls-for-a-price-on-carbon-but-not-a-tax-1.282554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carboncritic-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carboncritic_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCTV2008" class="citation news cs1">CTV (15 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/dion-says-canadians-willing-to-accept-carbon-tax-1.296046">"Dion says Canadians willing to accept carbon tax"</a>. CTV.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080519204926/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080515/Stephane_Dion_080515/20080515">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dion+says+Canadians+willing+to+accept+carbon+tax&rft.date=2008-05-15&rft.au=CTV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fdion-says-canadians-willing-to-accept-carbon-tax-1.296046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suzuki-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suzuki_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCTV2008" class="citation news cs1">CTV (18 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/suzuki-slams-ndp-tories-backs-dion-s-carbon-tax-1.296690">"Suzuki slams NDP, Tories, backs Dion's carbon tax"</a>. CTV.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603010140/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080518/carbontax_liberals_080518/20080518">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Suzuki+slams+NDP%2C+Tories%2C+backs+Dion%27s+carbon+tax&rft.date=2008-05-18&rft.au=CTV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fsuzuki-slams-ndp-tories-backs-dion-s-carbon-tax-1.296690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harpercarbon-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harpercarbon_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCTV2008" class="citation news cs1">CTV (20 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/pm-liberal-carbon-plan-will-screw-canadians-1.303683">"PM: Liberal carbon plan will 'screw' Canadians"</a>. CTV.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090102223119/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080620/dion_drummond_080620?s_name=&no_ads=">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PM%3A+Liberal+carbon+plan+will+%27screw%27+Canadians&rft.date=2008-06-20&rft.au=CTV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpm-liberal-carbon-plan-will-screw-canadians-1.303683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dioncarbon-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dioncarbon_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCTV2008" class="citation news cs1">CTV (21 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/carbon-tax-about-canada-s-future-dion-1.303967">"Carbon tax about Canada's future: Dion"</a>. CTV.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090102223124/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080622/dion_ct_080622/20080622?hub=TopStories">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Carbon+tax+about+Canada%27s+future%3A+Dion&rft.date=2008-06-21&rft.au=CTV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcarbon-tax-about-canada-s-future-dion-1.303967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGloria_Galloway2008" class="citation news cs1">Gloria Galloway (11 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/layton-lays-into-green-shift/article1061159/">"Layton lays into Green Shift"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Montreal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131141751/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/layton-lays-into-green-shift/article1061159/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Layton+lays+into+Green+Shift&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft.au=Gloria+Galloway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Flayton-lays-into-green-shift%2Farticle1061159%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021084852/http://www.thestar.com/printArticle/519056">"Print Article"</a>. <i>Thestar.com</i>. Toronto. 17 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/printArticle/519056">the original</a> on 21 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thestar.com&rft.atitle=Print+Article&rft.date=2008-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2FprintArticle%2F519056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dion_quits-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dion_quits_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonoguore2008" class="citation news cs1">Bonoguore, Tenille (20 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/dion-quits-but-to-remain-at-the-helm-until-may/article1064344/">"Dion quits, but to remain at the helm until May"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308142820/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/dion-quits-but-to-remain-at-the-helm-until-may/article1064344/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Dion+quits%2C+but+to+remain+at+the+helm+until+May&rft.date=2008-10-20&rft.aulast=Bonoguore&rft.aufirst=Tenille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fdion-quits-but-to-remain-at-the-helm-until-may%2Farticle1064344%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaber,_Jane2008" class="citation news cs1">Taber, Jane (16 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/dion-ignored-advisers-advice-preferring-to-act-as-a-lone-wolf/article661439/">"Dion ignored advisers' advice, preferring to act as 'a lone wolf'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131141748/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/dion-ignored-advisers-advice-preferring-to-act-as-a-lone-wolf/article661439/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Dion+ignored+advisers%27+advice%2C+preferring+to+act+as+%27a+lone+wolf%27&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft.au=Taber%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fdion-ignored-advisers-advice-preferring-to-act-as-a-lone-wolf%2Farticle661439%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittingtonCampion-Smith2008" class="citation news cs1">Whittington, Les; Campion-Smith, Bruce (21 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/News/Canada/article/520942">"Dion out as Liberal leader"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107165144/http://www.thestar.com/News/Canada/article/520942">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Dion+out+as+Liberal+leader&rft.date=2008-10-21&rft.aulast=Whittington&rft.aufirst=Les&rft.au=Campion-Smith%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2FNews%2FCanada%2Farticle%2F520942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampion-SmithWhittington2008" class="citation news cs1">Campion-Smith, Bruce; Whittington, Les (20 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/federalelection/article/520583">"Dion resigns but will remain as leader for now"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110313094318/http://www.thestar.com/federalelection/article/520583">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Dion+resigns+but+will+remain+as+leader+for+now&rft.date=2008-10-20&rft.aulast=Campion-Smith&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Whittington%2C+Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Ffederalelection%2Farticle%2F520583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208004824/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20081126/party_budgets_081126/20081126?hub=CTVNewsAt11">"Flaherty to slash public funding for federal parties"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CTV_News" title="CTV News">CTV News</a></i>. 26 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20081126/party_budgets_081126/20081126?hub=CTVNewsAt11">the original</a> on 8 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTV+News&rft.atitle=Flaherty+to+slash+public+funding+for+federal+parties&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctv.ca%2Fservlet%2FArticleNews%2Fstory%2FCTVNews%2F20081126%2Fparty_budgets_081126%2F20081126%3Fhub%3DCTVNewsAt11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20051108.wdates1108/BNStory/National/">"Factsheet: When might we vote?"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. 23 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220123517/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20051108.wdates1108/BNStory/National/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Factsheet%3A+When+might+we+vote%3F&rft.date=2005-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FRTGAM.20051108.wdates1108%2FBNStory%2FNational%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/opposition-parties-won-t-support-tory-economic-update-1.700769">"Opposition parties won't support Tory economic update"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. 27 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210070616/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/11/27/question-period.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=NDP+surge+in+Quebec+wipes+out+Bloc&rft.date=2011-05-02&rft.aulast=Payton&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fndp-surge-in-quebec-wipes-out-bloc-1.991369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2011" class="citation news cs1">Bailey, Ian (19 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/former-liberal-leader-dion-makes-appearance-at-ndp-convention/article583658/">"Former Liberal leader Dion makes appearance at NDP convention"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921080416/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/former-liberal-leader-dion-makes-appearance-at-ndp-convention/article583658/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Former+Liberal+leader+Dion+makes+appearance+at+NDP+convention&rft.date=2011-06-19&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fformer-liberal-leader-dion-makes-appearance-at-ndp-convention%2Farticle583658%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flogen.org/?p=20&sp=1&bio=Dion">"Hon. Stéphane Dion is awarded with Fray International Sustainability Award in Mexico"</a>. <i>flogen.org</i>. FLOGEN Star OUTREACH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927102032/https://www.flogen.org/?p=20&sp=1&bio=Dion">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flogen.org&rft.atitle=Hon.+St%C3%A9phane+Dion+is+awarded+with+Fray+International+Sustainability+Award+in+Mexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flogen.org%2F%3Fp%3D20%26sp%3D1%26bio%3DDion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenberg2015" class="citation news cs1">Goldenberg, Joel (21 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesuburban.com/news/city_news/dion-wins-easily-in-st-laurent/article_37374f4d-1ad0-5d78-a38c-4c3f9ff8e4d7.html">"Dion wins easily in St. Laurent"</a>. <i>The Suburban</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811080817/http://www.thesuburban.com/news/city_news/dion-wins-easily-in-st-laurent/article_37374f4d-1ad0-5d78-a38c-4c3f9ff8e4d7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Suburban&rft.atitle=Dion+wins+easily+in+St.+Laurent&rft.date=2015-10-21&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesuburban.com%2Fnews%2Fcity_news%2Fdion-wins-easily-in-st-laurent%2Farticle_37374f4d-1ad0-5d78-a38c-4c3f9ff8e4d7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CbCTrudeauCabinet2015-11-04-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CbCTrudeauCabinet2015-11-04_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/full-list-of-justin-trudeau-s-cabinet-1.3300699">"Full list of Justin Trudeau's cabinet 31-member cabinet includes 15 women, attempt at regional balance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 4 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403163026/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/full-list-of-justin-trudeau-s-cabinet-1.3300699">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Full+list+of+Justin+Trudeau%27s+cabinet+31-member+cabinet+includes+15+women%2C+attempt+at+regional+balance&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ffull-list-of-justin-trudeau-s-cabinet-1.3300699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redemption-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Redemption_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWherry,_Aaron2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Wherry, Aaron (4 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/the-redemption-of-stephane-dion/">"The redemption of Stéphane Dion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=The+redemption+of+St%C3%A9phane+Dion&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft.au=Wherry%2C+Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fottawa%2Fthe-redemption-of-stephane-dion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cabinet_name_changes-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cabinet_name_changes_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor,_Janyce2015" class="citation web cs1">McGregor, Janyce (7 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-cabinet-fine-print-details-buried-1.3307475">"Justin Trudeau's cabinet: 6 changes found in the fine print"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107133135/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-cabinet-fine-print-details-buried-1.3307475">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justin+Trudeau%27s+cabinet%3A+6+changes+found+in+the+fine+print&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2015-11-07&rft.au=McGregor%2C+Janyce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-cabinet-fine-print-details-buried-1.3307475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/news/world/canada-decries-mass-execution-in-saudi-arabia-which-killed-47/">"Canada decries mass execution in Saudi Arabia which killed 47 - Maclean's"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108175918/http://www.macleans.ca/news/world/canada-decries-mass-execution-in-saudi-arabia-which-killed-47/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+decries+mass+execution+in+Saudi+Arabia+which+killed+47+-+Maclean%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fcanada-decries-mass-execution-in-saudi-arabia-which-killed-47%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchfield2016" class="citation news cs1">Blanchfield, Mike (29 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalnews.ca/news/2605134/responsible-conviction-will-drive-canadas-foreign-policy-dion/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Responsible conviction' will drive Canada's foreign policy: Dion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_News" title="Global News">Global News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826180256/http://globalnews.ca/news/2605134/responsible-conviction-will-drive-canadas-foreign-policy-dion/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=%27Responsible+conviction%27+will+drive+Canada%27s+foreign+policy%3A+Dion&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft.aulast=Blanchfield&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F2605134%2Fresponsible-conviction-will-drive-canadas-foreign-policy-dion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/stephane-dion-how-ethics-inspires-liberal-foreign-policy/">"Stéphane Dion: On 'responsible conviction' and Liberal foreign policy – Maclean's"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a></i>. 29 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426032201/http://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/stephane-dion-how-ethics-inspires-liberal-foreign-policy/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=St%C3%A9phane+Dion%3A+On+%27responsible+conviction%27+and+Liberal+foreign+policy+%E2%80%93+Maclean%27s&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fottawa%2Fstephane-dion-how-ethics-inspires-liberal-foreign-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFife2017" class="citation news cs1">Fife, Robert (9 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/trudeau-to-shuffle-cabinet-before-trump-inauguration/article33554223/">"Trudeau prepares for the Trump era with cabinet shuffle"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110094510/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/trudeau-to-shuffle-cabinet-before-trump-inauguration/article33554223/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Trudeau+prepares+for+the+Trump+era+with+cabinet+shuffle&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft.aulast=Fife&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-to-shuffle-cabinet-before-trump-inauguration%2Farticle33554223%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Analysis: Philip Authier, <i>Stéphane Dion abruptly quits as Trudeau bolsters cabinet to face Trump era</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/stephane-dion-quits-political-life-after-being-dumped-from-trudeau-cabinet">[1]</a>, Montreal Gazette, 11 January 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteuter-Martin2017" class="citation news cs1">Steuter-Martin, Marilla (11 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/stephane-dion-politics-career-cabinet-minister-1.3929794">"Stéphane Dion steps away from politics, calls career 'an incredible adventure'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404115708/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/stephane-dion-politics-career-cabinet-minister-1.3929794">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=St%C3%A9phane+Dion+steps+away+from+politics%2C+calls+career+%27an+incredible+adventure%27&rft.date=2017-01-11&rft.aulast=Steuter-Martin&rft.aufirst=Marilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fstephane-dion-politics-career-cabinet-minister-1.3929794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ret-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ret_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/dion-mccallum-china-ambassador-1.3960087">"Stéphane Dion accepts role as ambassador to EU and Germany, as he and John McCallum depart House | CBC News"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404120205/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/dion-mccallum-china-ambassador-1.3960087">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St%C3%A9phane+Dion+accepts+role+as+ambassador+to+EU+and+Germany%2C+as+he+and+John+McCallum+depart+House+%7C+CBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fdion-mccallum-china-ambassador-1.3960087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parliamentarians/en/members/Stephane-Dion(460)/Roles">"Roles – Hon. Stéphane Dion – Current and Past – Members of Parliament – House of Commons of Canada"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155724/http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parliamentarians/en/members/Stephane-Dion(460)/Roles">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roles+%E2%80%93+Hon.+St%C3%A9phane+Dion+%E2%80%93+Current+and+Past+%E2%80%93+Members+of+Parliament+%E2%80%93+House+of+Commons+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParliamentarians%2Fen%2Fmembers%2FStephane-Dion%28460%29%2FRoles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2022/06/01/prime-minister-announces-appointment-honourable-stephane-dion-canadas">"Prime Minister announces appointment of the Honourable Stéphane Dion as Canada's Ambassador to France"</a>. <i>Prime Minister of Canada</i>. 1 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019101848/https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2022/06/01/prime-minister-announces-appointment-honourable-stephane-dion-canadas">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prime+Minister+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Prime+Minister+announces+appointment+of+the+Honourable+St%C3%A9phane+Dion+as+Canada%27s+Ambassador+to+France&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpm.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fnews-releases%2F2022%2F06%2F01%2Fprime-minister-announces-appointment-honourable-stephane-dion-canadas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/Scripts/vis/candidates?L=e&ED=24068&EV=41&EV_TYPE=1&PC=&PROV=QC&PROVID=24&MAPID=&QID=8&PAGEID=17&TPAGEID=&PD=&STAT_CODE_ID=-1">"Elections Canada – Confirmed candidates for Saint-Laurent, 30 September 2015"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003035657/http://www.elections.ca/Scripts/vis/candidates?L=e&ED=24068&EV=41&EV_TYPE=1&PC=&PROV=QC&PROVID=24&MAPID=&QID=8&PAGEID=17&TPAGEID=&PD=&STAT_CODE_ID=-1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elections+Canada+%E2%80%93+Confirmed+candidates+for+Saint-Laurent%2C+30+September+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.ca%2FScripts%2Fvis%2Fcandidates%3FL%3De%26ED%3D24068%26EV%3D41%26EV_TYPE%3D1%26PC%3D%26PROV%3DQC%26PROVID%3D24%26MAPID%3D%26QID%3D8%26PAGEID%3D17%26TPAGEID%3D%26PD%3D%26STAT_CODE_ID%3D-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045200/http://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand%2Fcanlim&document=index&lang=e">"Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/canlim&document=index&lang=e">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elections+Canada+%E2%80%93+Preliminary+Election+Expenses+Limits+for+Candidates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.ca%2Fcontent2.aspx%3Fsection%3Dcan%26dir%3Dcand%2Fcanlim%26document%3Dindex%26lang%3De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC" class="citation web cs1">CBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504105533/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canadavotes2011/map/fullscreen.html">"Canada Votes"</a>. <i>Canada Votes 2011 – CBC</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canadavotes2011/map/fullscreen.html#/98">the original</a> on 4 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+Votes+2011+%E2%80%93+CBC&rft.atitle=Canada+Votes&rft.au=CBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcanadavotes2011%2Fmap%2Ffullscreen.html%23%2F98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uc3m.es/ss/Satellite/UC3MInstitucional/en/TextoMixta/1371219411404/">"Prof. D. Stéphane Dion | UC3M"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160552/https://www.uc3m.es/ss/Satellite/UC3MInstitucional/en/TextoMixta/1371219411404/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prof.+D.+St%C3%A9phane+Dion+%26%23124%3B+UC3M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uc3m.es%2Fss%2FSatellite%2FUC3MInstitucional%2Fen%2FTextoMixta%2F1371219411404%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C3%A9phane+Dion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Dion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Maheu" title="Shirley Maheu">Shirley Maheu</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Saint-Laurent (federal electoral district)">Saint-Laurent—Cartierville</a> </b><br />1996–2015 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Constituency abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Saint-Laurent (federal electoral district)">Saint-Laurent</a> </b><br />2015–2017 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-top: 5px solid #EA6D6A" colspan="3"><b>26th Ministry – Cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th colspan="3">Cabinet posts (2) </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Predecessor </th> <th scope="col" style="width:290px;text-align:center;">Office </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Successor </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Marcel Massé</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_and_Youth_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth (Canada)">Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs</a></b><br />1996–2003 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pierre Pettigrew</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Marcel Massé</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada">President of the Privy Council</a></b><br />1996–2003 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Denis Coderre</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-top: 5px solid #EA6D6A" colspan="3"><b>27th Ministry – Cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th colspan="3">Cabinet post (1) </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Predecessor </th> <th scope="col" style="width:290px;text-align:center;">Office </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Successor </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="David Anderson (British Columbia politician)">David Anderson</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_and_Climate_Change_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment and Climate Change (Canada)">Minister of the Environment</a></b><br />2004–2006 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Rona Ambrose</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Bill Graham</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Interim</i></span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> </b><br />2006–2008 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Bill Graham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />2006–2008 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-top: 5px solid #EA6D6A" colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Ministry" title="29th Canadian Ministry">29th Ministry</a> – Cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th colspan="3">Cabinet post (1) </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Predecessor </th> <th scope="col" style="width:290px;text-align:center;">Office </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Successor </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Rob Nicholson</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></b><br />2015–2017 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Gervais-Vidricaire" title="Marie Gervais-Vidricaire">Marie Gervais-Vidricaire</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_ambassadors_to_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian ambassadors to Germany">Ambassador to Germany</a> </b><br />2017–2022 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Isabelle Poupart (acting)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Canada_to_the_European_Union" title="List of ambassadors of Canada to the European Union">Special Envoy to the European Union and Europe</a> </b><br />2017–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Incumbent</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Hudon" title="Isabelle Hudon">Isabelle Hudon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Canada_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of Canada to France">Ambassador to France and Monaco</a> </b><br />2022–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberal_Party_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Template:Liberal Party of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Liberal Party of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal Party of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberal_Party_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliated parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Liberal_Association" title="New Brunswick Liberal Association">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Liberal_Party" title="Nova Scotia Liberal Party">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island_Liberal_Party" title="Prince Edward Island Liberal Party">Prince Edward Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Alberta</a> (1905–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BC_United" title="BC United">British Columbia</a> (1903–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party" title="Manitoba Liberal Party">Manitoba</a> (1870–WW1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Territories_Liberal_Party" title="North-West Territories Liberal Party">North-West Territories</a> (1898–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">Ontario</a> (1867–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec</a> (1867–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatchewan Liberal Party">Saskatchewan</a> (1905–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Liberal_Party" title="Yukon Liberal Party">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg/50px-Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg/75px-Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg/100px-Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Duncan_McKenzie" title="Daniel Duncan McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deputy Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Copps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Goodale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_elections" title="Liberal Party of Canada leadership elections">Leadership elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1919 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1948 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1958 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1968</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/1980_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1980 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1980</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1984 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1990 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2003 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2009 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Ministry" title="2nd Canadian Ministry">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Canadian_Ministry" title="8th Canadian Ministry">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Canadian_Ministry" title="12th Canadian Ministry">King I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Canadian_Ministry" title="14th Canadian Ministry">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Canadian_Ministry" title="16th Canadian Ministry">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Canadian_Ministry" title="17th Canadian Ministry">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Canadian_Ministry" title="19th Canadian Ministry">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Canadian_Ministry" title="20th Canadian Ministry">P. E. Trudeau I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Canadian_Ministry" title="22nd Canadian Ministry">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Canadian_Ministry" title="23rd Canadian Ministry">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Canadian_Ministry" title="26th Canadian Ministry">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Canadian_Ministry" title="27th Canadian Ministry">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Ministry" title="29th Canadian Ministry">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shadow cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_39th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 39th Parliament of Canada">Graham/Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_40th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 40th Parliament of Canada">Dion/Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_41st_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Parliament of Canada">Rae/Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary election<br />candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1867_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1867 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1878_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1878 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1887_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1887 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1891_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1891 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1896_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1896 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1900_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1900 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1904_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1904 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1908_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1908 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1911_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1911 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1917_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1917 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1921_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1921 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1925_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1925 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1926_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1926 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1930_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1930 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1935_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1935 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1940_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1940 Canadian federal election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1945_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1945 Canadian federal election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1949_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1949 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1957_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1957 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1958_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1958 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1962_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1962 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1963_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1963 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1965_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1965 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1968_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1968 Canadian federal election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1972_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1972 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1974_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1974 Canadian federal election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1979 Canadian federal election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1980 Canadian federal election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1984 Canadian federal election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1988 Canadian federal election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2004 Canadian federal election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2015 Canadian federal election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2021_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2021 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Liberal Party of Canada">Predecessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Liberal Party of Canada">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Grits" title="Clear Grits">Clear Grits</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span>–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_canadien_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Institut canadien de Montréal">Institut canadien de Montréal</a> (1844–80)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_canadien" title="Parti canadien">Parti canadien</a></span></span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>–38)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Parti rouge</a></span></span> (1848–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(pre-Confederation_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)">Reformers</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1830</span>–54)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_in_pre-confederation_Newfoundland" title="Liberal parties in pre-confederation Newfoundland">in Newfoundland</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Protectionist" title="Liberal Protectionist">Liberal Protectionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Progressive" title="Liberal-Progressive">Liberal-Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Labour_(Canada)" title="Liberal–Labour (Canada)">Liberal–Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurier_Liberals" title="Laurier Liberals">Laurier Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Unionist" title="Liberal–Unionist">Liberal–Unionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Progressive" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberal Progressive">National Liberal Progressive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2008_Canadian_federal_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_2008A" title="Template:Canadian federal election, 2008A"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_election,_2008A" title="Template talk:Canadian federal election, 2008A"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_2008A" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal election, 2008A"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2008_Canadian_federal_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008 Canadian federal election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Outgoing: <a href="/wiki/39th_Canadian_Parliament" title="39th Canadian Parliament">Conservative minority</a></li> <li>Result: <a href="/wiki/40th_Canadian_Parliament" title="40th Canadian Parliament">Conservative minority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Bloc Québécois candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Action_Party" title="Canadian Action Party">Canadian Action</a> (<a href="/wiki/Connie_Fogal" class="mw-redirect" title="Connie Fogal">Connie Fogal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage</a> (Ron Gray, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miguel_Figueroa" title="Miguel Figueroa">Miguel Figueroa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Communist Party of Canada candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Conservative Party of Canada candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_May" title="Elizabeth May">Elizabeth May</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Green Party of Canada candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Independent candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">Independent candidates</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stéphane Dion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian</a> (Dennis Young, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Libertarian Party of Canada candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Party_(Canada)" title="Marijuana Party (Canada)">Marijuana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blair_Longley" title="Blair Longley">Blair Longley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Party_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Marijuana Party candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a> (Anna Di Carlo)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democrats</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="New Democratic Party candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Canadian_Party" title="Progressive Canadian Party">Progressive Canadian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Stevens" title="Sinclair Stevens">Sinclair Stevens</a>)</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Bold</b> indicates parties with members elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>.</span> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Results of the 2008 Canadian federal election">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election_by_riding" title="Results of the 2008 Canadian federal election by riding">Results by riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2008 Canadian federal election">Newspaper endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2008 Canadian federal election">Opinion polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Timeline of the 2008 Canadian federal election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandalpedia" title="Scandalpedia">Scandalpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anything_But_Conservative" title="Anything But Conservative">Anything But Conservative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_foreign_affairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_foreign_affairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Ministers of foreign affairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries of state for external affairs (1909–83)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murphy_(Canadian_politician)" title="Charles Murphy (Canadian politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Roche" title="William James Roche">Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Earle_Smith" title="Sidney Earle Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Charles_Green" title="Howard Charles Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald_(politician)" title="Flora MacDonald (politician)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">MacGuigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of external affairs (1983–95)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McDougall" title="Barbara McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of foreign affairs (1995–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Emerson" title="David Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cannon" title="Lawrence Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Fast" title="Ed Fast">Fast</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne" title="François-Philippe Champagne">Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Garneau" title="Marc Garneau">Garneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Joly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_the_environment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_the_Environment" title="Template:CA-Ministers of the Environment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_the_Environment" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of the Environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_the_Environment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of the Environment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_the_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ministers of the environment</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment (Canada)">Ministers of the environment</a> (1971–76)<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Davis_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jack Davis (Canadian politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Sauvé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">J. Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a> (acting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of fisheries and the environment (1976–79)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of state (environment) (1977–79)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Marchand" title="Leonard Marchand">L. Marchand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment (Canada)">Ministers of the environment</a> (1979–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Marchand" title="Leonard Marchand">L. Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Fraser" title="John Allen Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caccia" title="Charles Caccia">Caccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Blais-Grenier" title="Suzanne Blais-Grenier">Blais-Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McMillan_(Canadian_politician)" title="Thomas McMillan (Canadian politician)">McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Oberle_Sr." title="Frank Oberle Sr.">Oberle</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotret" title="Robert de Cotret">de Cotret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Charest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_H._Vincent" title="Pierre H. Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Copps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Marchi_(politician)" title="Sergio Marchi (politician)">Marchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Stewart" title="Christine Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="David Anderson (British Columbia politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prentice" title="Jim Prentice">Prentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kent" title="Peter Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Aglukkaq" title="Leona Aglukkaq">Aglukkaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment (Canada)">Ministers of the environment and climate change</a> (2015–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McKenna" title="Catherine McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wilkinson" title="Jonathan Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Guilbeault" title="Steven Guilbeault">Guilbeault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>From 1971 to 1976 the minister of the environment was also the minister of fisheries.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Template:CA-Presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Template talk:CA-Presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="President of the King's Privy Council for Canada">Presidents of the Privy Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnston_Fergusson_Blair" title="Adam Johnston Fergusson Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenny" title="Edward Kenny">Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McDonald_(politician)" title="Hugh McDonald (politician)">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Seth_Huntington" title="Lucius Seth Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-%C3%89douard_Cauchon" title="Joseph-Édouard Cauchon">Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Rodrigue_Masson" title="Louis-Rodrigue Masson">Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Alfred_Mousseau" title="Joseph-Alfred Mousseau">Mousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_McLelan" title="Archibald McLelan">McLelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_Colby" title="Charles Carroll Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bullock_Ives" title="William Bullock Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste-R%C3%A9al_Angers" title="Auguste-Réal Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Rowell" title="Newton Rowell">Rowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Calder" title="James Alexander Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Normand" title="Louis-Philippe Normand">Normand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St-Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Dorion" title="Noël Dorion">Dorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lamontagne" title="Maurice Lamontagne">Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Gordon" title="Walter L. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">D. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Baker_(Canadian_politician)" title="Walter Baker (Canadian politician)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Pinard" title="Yvon Pinard">Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Hnatyshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blais" title="Pierre Blais">Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Massé</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Coderre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chong" title="Michael Chong">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Van_Loan" title="Peter Van Loan">Van Loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9e_Verner" title="Josée Verner">Verner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Penashue" title="Peter Penashue">Penashue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Lebel" title="Denis Lebel">Lebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Monsef" title="Maryam Monsef">Monsef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karina_Gould" title="Karina Gould">Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_LeBlanc" title="Dominic LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Blair_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Blair (politician)">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harjit_Sajjan" title="Harjit Sajjan">Sajjan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_intergovernmental_affairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Intergovernmental Affairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Intergovernmental Affairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Intergovernmental Affairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_intergovernmental_affairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs">Ministers of intergovernmental affairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State (Federal-Provincial Relations) (1977–91)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Reid" title="John Mercer Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Jarvis" title="William H. Jarvis">Jarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Murray" title="Lowell Murray">Murray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs (1991–93)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister responsible for Federal-Provincial Relations (1993)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs">Ministers of Intergovernmental Affairs</a> (1993–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Massé</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chong" title="Michael Chong">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Van_Loan" title="Peter Van Loan">Van Loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9e_Verner" title="Josée Verner">Verner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Penashue" title="Peter Penashue">Penashue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Lebel" title="Denis Lebel">Lebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_LeBlanc" title="Dominic LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_LeBlanc" title="Dominic LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template talk:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leaders of the Official Opposition in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Duncan_McKenzie" title="Daniel Duncan McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Graydon" title="Gordon Graydon">Graydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">Bracken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Starr_(politician)" title="Michael Starr (politician)">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Gauthier" title="Michel Gauthier">Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Canadian politician)">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Hill_(politician)" title="Grant Hill (politician)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nycole_Turmel" title="Nycole Turmel">Turmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mulcair" title="Tom Mulcair">Mulcair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Justin_Trudeau_(2015–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Justin_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Template:Justin Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Justin_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Template talk:Justin Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Justin_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Justin Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Justin_Trudeau_(2015–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Ministry" title="29th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Justin_Trudeau" title="Premiership of Justin Trudeau">2015–present</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand" title="Anita Anand">Anita Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Anandasangaree" title="Gary Anandasangaree">Gary Anandasangaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Beech" title="Terry Beech">Terry Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Claude_Bibeau" title="Marie-Claude Bibeau">Marie-Claude Bibeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Blair_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Blair (politician)">Bill Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne" title="François-Philippe Champagne">François-Philippe Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Duclos" title="Jean-Yves Duclos">Jean-Yves Duclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Fraser_(politician)" title="Sean Fraser (politician)">Sean Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karina_Gould" title="Karina Gould">Karina Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Guilbeault" title="Steven Guilbeault">Steven Guilbeault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Hajdu" title="Patty Hajdu">Patty Hajdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Holland" title="Mark Holland">Mark Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hussen" title="Ahmed Hussen">Ahmed Hussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudie_Hutchings" title="Gudie Hutchings">Gudie Hutchings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marci_Ien" title="Marci Ien">Marci Ien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Mélanie Joly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Khera" title="Kamal Khera">Kamal Khera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_LeBlanc" title="Dominic LeBlanc">Dominic LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Lebouthillier" title="Diane Lebouthillier">Diane Lebouthillier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_MacAulay" title="Lawrence MacAulay">Lawrence MacAulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_MacKinnon" title="Steven MacKinnon">Steven MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soraya_Martinez_Ferrada" title="Soraya Martinez Ferrada">Soraya Martinez Ferrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Miller_(politician)" title="Marc Miller (politician)">Marc Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ng" title="Mary Ng">Mary Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harjit_Sajjan" title="Harjit Sajjan">Harjit Sajjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginette_Petitpas_Taylor" title="Ginette Petitpas Taylor">Ginette Petitpas Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Qualtrough" title="Carla Qualtrough">Carla Qualtrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ara_Saks" title="Ya'ara Saks">Ya'ara Saks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascale_St-Onge" title="Pascale St-Onge">Pascale St-Onge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Sudds" title="Jenna Sudds">Jenna Sudds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filomena_Tassi" title="Filomena Tassi">Filomena Tassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechie_Valdez" title="Rechie Valdez">Rechie Valdez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Vandal" title="Dan Vandal">Dan Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Virani" title="Arif Virani">Arif Virani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wilkinson" title="Jonathan Wilkinson">Jonathan Wilkinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Alghabra" title="Omar Alghabra">Omar Alghabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navdeep_Bains" title="Navdeep Bains">Navdeep Bains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bennett" title="Carolyn Bennett">Carolyn Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Boissonnault" title="Randy Boissonnault">Randy Boissonnault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Brison" title="Scott Brison">Scott Brison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Carr" title="Jim Carr">Jim Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardish_Chagger" title="Bardish Chagger">Bardish Chagger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stéphane Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_Duncan" title="Kirsty Duncan">Kirsty Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Foote" title="Judy Foote">Judy Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Fortier" title="Mona Fortier">Mona Fortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Garneau" title="Marc Garneau">Marc Garneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Ralph Goodale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Hehr" title="Kent Hehr">Kent Hehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Jaczek" title="Helena Jaczek">Helena Jaczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Jordan" title="Bernadette Jordan">Bernadette Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lametti" title="David Lametti">David Lametti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCallum" title="John McCallum">John McCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McKenna" title="Catherine McKenna">Catherine McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Mendicino" title="Marco Mendicino">Marco Mendicino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaryAnn_Mihychuk" title="MaryAnn Mihychuk">MaryAnn Mihychuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Monsef" title="Maryam Monsef">Maryam Monsef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Morneau" title="Bill Morneau">Bill Morneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Murray" title="Joyce Murray">Joyce Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_O%27Regan" title="Seamus O'Regan">Seamus O'Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Philpott" title="Jane Philpott">Jane Philpott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Rodriguez_(Canadian_politician)" title="Pablo Rodriguez (Canadian politician)">Pablo Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deb_Schulte" title="Deb Schulte">Deb Schulte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarjeet_Sohi" title="Amarjeet Sohi">Amarjeet Sohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Tootoo" title="Hunter Tootoo">Hunter Tootoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Jody Wilson-Raybould</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Paul_Martin_(2003–2006)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martin_Ministry" title="Template:Martin Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martin_Ministry" title="Template talk:Martin Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martin_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martin Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Paul_Martin_(2003–2006)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/27th_Canadian_Ministry" title="27th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a> (2003–2006)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Alcock" title="Reg Alcock">Reg Alcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="David Anderson (British Columbia politician)">David Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Augustine" title="Jean Augustine">Jean Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Austin_(politician)" title="Jack Austin (politician)">Jack Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauril_B%C3%A9langer" title="Mauril Bélanger">Mauril Bélanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bennett" title="Carolyn Bennett">Carolyn Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Blondin-Andrew" title="Ethel Blondin-Andrew">Ethel Blondin-Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Bradshaw" title="Claudette Bradshaw">Claudette Bradshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Brison" title="Scott Brison">Scott Brison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aileen_Carroll" title="Aileen Carroll">Aileen Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chan_(politician)" title="Raymond Chan (politician)">Raymond Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Denis Coderre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Comuzzi" title="Joe Comuzzi">Joe Comuzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Cotler" title="Irwin Cotler">Irwin Cotler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stéphane Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjal_Dosanjh" title="Ujjal Dosanjh">Ujjal Dosanjh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Dryden" title="Ken Dryden">Ken Dryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Efford" title="John Efford">John Efford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Emerson" title="David Emerson">David Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Fontana" title="Joe Fontana">Joe Fontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liza_Frulla" title="Liza Frulla">Liza Frulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Godfrey" title="John Godfrey">John Godfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Ralph Goodale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Bill Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albina_Guarnieri" title="Albina Guarnieri">Albina Guarnieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Ianno" title="Tony Ianno">Tony Ianno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Keyes" title="Stan Keyes">Stan Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Knutson" title="Gar Knutson">Gar Knutson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lapierre" title="Jean Lapierre">Jean Lapierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCallum" title="John McCallum">John McCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_McGuire" title="Joe McGuire">Joe McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">Anne McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Andy Mitchell (politician)">Andy Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Owen_(politician)" title="Stephen Owen (politician)">Stephen Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rey_Pagtakhan" title="Rey Pagtakhan">Rey Pagtakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Paradis" title="Denis Paradis">Denis Paradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Peterson" title="Jim Peterson">Jim Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pierre Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pratt_(politician)" title="David Pratt (politician)">David Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Regan" title="Geoff Regan">Geoff Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Lucienne Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Saada" title="Jacques Saada">Jacques Saada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Scherrer" title="Hélène Scherrer">Hélène Scherrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Scott_(politician)" title="Andy Scott (politician)">Andy Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Sgro" title="Judy Sgro">Judy Sgro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Speller" title="Bob Speller">Bob Speller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belinda_Stronach" title="Belinda Stronach">Belinda Stronach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Valeri" title="Tony Valeri">Tony Valeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Volpe" title="Joe Volpe">Joe Volpe</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Jean_Chrétien_(1993–2003)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chr%C3%A9tien_Ministry" title="Template:Chrétien Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chr%C3%A9tien_Ministry" title="Template talk:Chrétien Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chr%C3%A9tien_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chrétien Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Jean_Chrétien_(1993–2003)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/26th_Canadian_Ministry" title="26th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> (1993–2003)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="David Anderson (British Columbia politician)">David Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Augustine" title="Jean Augustine">Jean Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Lloyd Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Baker_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Baker (Canadian politician)">George Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Bevilacqua" title="Maurizio Bevilacqua">Maurizio Bevilacqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Blondin-Andrew" title="Ethel Blondin-Andrew">Ethel Blondin-Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Boudreau" title="Bernie Boudreau">Bernie Boudreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Boudria" title="Don Boudria">Don Boudria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Bradshaw" title="Claudette Bradshaw">Claudette Bradshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Byrne_(politician)" title="Gerry Byrne (politician)">Gerry Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Caplan" title="Elinor Caplan">Elinor Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Carstairs" title="Sharon Carstairs">Sharon Carstairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cauchon" title="Martin Cauchon">Martin Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chan_(politician)" title="Raymond Chan (politician)">Raymond Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Denis Coderre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">David Collenette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Sheila Copps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_DeVillers" title="Paul DeVillers">Paul DeVillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Dhaliwal" title="Herb Dhaliwal">Herb Dhaliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dingwall" title="David Dingwall">David Dingwall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stéphane Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Drouin" title="Claude Drouin">Claude Drouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Duhamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Duhamel">Ronald Duhamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Dupuy" title="Michel Dupuy">Michel Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Easter" title="Wayne Easter">Wayne Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Eggleton" title="Art Eggleton">Art Eggleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Fairbairn" title="Joyce Fairbairn">Joyce Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Finestone" title="Sheila Finestone">Sheila Finestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Fry" title="Hedy Fry">Hedy Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Gagliano" title="Alfonso Gagliano">Alfonso Gagliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Gerrard" title="Jon Gerrard">Jon Gerrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Ralph Goodale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Graham" title="Alasdair Graham">Alasdair Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Bill Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Irwin" title="Ron Irwin">Ron Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kilgour" title="David Kilgour">David Kilgour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Knutson" title="Gar Knutson">Gar Knutson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_MacAulay" title="Lawrence MacAulay">Lawrence MacAulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_MacLaren_(politician)" title="Roy MacLaren (politician)">Roy MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Mahoney" title="Steve Mahoney">Steve Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">John Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Marchi_(politician)" title="Sergio Marchi (politician)">Sergio Marchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Marleau" title="Diane Marleau">Diane Marleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Marcel Massé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCallum" title="John McCallum">John McCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">Anne McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Mifflin" title="Fred Mifflin">Fred Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Minna" title="Maria Minna">Maria Minna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Andy Mitchell (politician)">Andy Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Nault" title="Bob Nault">Bob Nault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Normand" title="Gilbert Normand">Gilbert Normand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Owen_(politician)" title="Stephen Owen (politician)">Stephen Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rey_Pagtakhan" title="Rey Pagtakhan">Rey Pagtakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Paradis" title="Denis Paradis">Denis Paradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug Peters">Doug Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Peterson" title="Jim Peterson">Jim Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pierre Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Robichaud" title="Fernand Robichaud">Fernand Robichaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Lucienne Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Rock" title="Allan Rock">Allan Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Scott_(politician)" title="Andy Scott (politician)">Andy Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Stewart" title="Christine 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9929952">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1487460/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbRdJtp9jRqFgM4Qgy8G3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/132004615">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88667170">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12382032q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06077096?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dion, Stéphane"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57186386500">Scopus</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032875541">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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