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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarities_in_other_operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_in_other_operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Similarities in other operating systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities_in_other_operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Initramfs&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Initramfs">Initramfs</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Temporary root file system loaded during early boot of Linux operating system</div> <p> In <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> systems, <b><code>initrd</code></b> (<i>initial <a href="/wiki/Ramdisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramdisk">ramdisk</a></i>) is a scheme for loading a temporary root <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> into <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a>, to be used as part of the <a href="/wiki/Linux_startup_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux startup process">Linux startup process</a>. <code>initrd</code> and <code>initramfs</code> (from INITial RAM File System) refer to two different methods of achieving this. Both are commonly used to make preparations before the real <a href="/wiki/Root_directory" title="Root directory">root</a> file system can be <a href="/wiki/Mount_(Unix)" title="Mount (Unix)">mounted</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale">Rationale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Initial_ramdisk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rationale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a> ship a single, generic <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> image –  one that the distribution's developers create specifically to boot on a wide variety of hardware. The <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a> for this generic kernel image are included as <a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">loadable kernel modules</a> because statically compiling many drivers into one kernel causes the kernel image to be much larger, perhaps too large to boot on computers with limited memory, or in some cases to cause boot-time crashes or other problems due to probing for nonexistent or conflicting hardware. This static-compiled kernel approach also leaves modules in kernel memory which are no longer used or needed, and raises the problem of detecting and loading the modules necessary to mount the root file system at boot time, or for that matter, deducing where or what the root file system is.<sup id="cite_ref-almesberger2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almesberger2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To further complicate matters, the root file system may be on a software <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> volume, <a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">LVM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_File_System_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Network File System (protocol)">NFS</a> (on diskless workstations), or on an encrypted partition. All of these require special preparations to mount.<sup id="cite_ref-landley2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landley2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another complication is kernel support for <a href="/wiki/Hibernate_(OS_feature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernate (OS feature)">hibernation</a>, which suspends the computer to disk by dumping an image of the entire contents of memory to a <a href="/wiki/Swap_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Swap partition">swap partition</a> or a regular file, then powering off. On next boot, this image has to be made accessible before it can be loaded back into memory. </p><p>To avoid having to hardcode handling for so many special cases into the kernel, an initial boot stage with a temporary root file-system – now dubbed <a href="/wiki/Early_user_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Early user space">early user space</a> – is used. This root file-system can contain user-space helpers which do the hardware detection, module loading and device discovery necessary to get the real root file-system mounted.<sup id="cite_ref-landley2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landley2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Initial_ramdisk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">Booting</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Linux_startup_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux startup process">Linux startup process</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mkinitcpio_31_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mkinitcpio_31_screenshot.png/260px-Mkinitcpio_31_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mkinitcpio_31_screenshot.png/390px-Mkinitcpio_31_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mkinitcpio_31_screenshot.png/520px-Mkinitcpio_31_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption><code>mkinitcpio</code>, a program to generate initramfs on <a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a> and related distributions</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dracut_output_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dracut_output_screenshot.png/260px-Dracut_output_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dracut_output_screenshot.png/390px-Dracut_output_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dracut_output_screenshot.png/520px-Dracut_output_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption><code>dracut</code>, another program to generate initramfs on some Linux distributions</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Disk_image" title="Disk image">image</a> of this initial root file system (along with the kernel image) must be stored somewhere accessible by the Linux <a href="/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloader</a> or the boot firmware of the computer. This can be the root file system itself, a <a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">boot image</a> on an <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a>, a small partition on a local disk (a <i>boot partition</i>, usually using <a href="/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2">ext2</a> or <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> file systems), or a <a href="/wiki/Trivial_File_Transfer_Protocol" title="Trivial File Transfer Protocol">TFTP</a> server (on systems that can boot from <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>). </p><p>The bootloader will load the kernel and initial root file system image into memory and then start the kernel, passing in the memory address of the image. At the end of its boot sequence, the kernel tries to determine the format of the image from its first few blocks of data, which can lead either to the initrd or initramfs scheme. </p><p>In the <b>initrd</b> scheme, the image may be a file system image (optionally compressed), which is made available in a special <a href="/wiki/Block_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Block device">block device</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">/dev/ram</span>) that is then mounted as the initial root file system.<sup id="cite_ref-almesberger_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almesberger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The driver for that file system must be compiled statically into the kernel. Many distributions originally used compressed <a href="/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2">ext2</a> file system images, while the others (including <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> 3.1) used <a href="/wiki/Cramfs" title="Cramfs">cramfs</a> in order to boot on memory-limited systems, since the cramfs image can be mounted in-place without requiring extra space for decompression. Once the initial root file system is up, the kernel executes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">/linuxrc</span> as its first process;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it exits, the kernel assumes that the real root file system has been mounted and executes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">/sbin/init</span> to begin the normal user-space boot process.<sup id="cite_ref-almesberger_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almesberger-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <b>initramfs</b> scheme (available since the Linux kernel 2.6.13), the image may be a <a href="/wiki/Cpio" title="Cpio">cpio</a> archive (optionally compressed) or a concatenation of such archives. The archive is unpacked by the kernel into a special instance of a <a href="/wiki/Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a> that becomes the initial root file system. This scheme has the advantage of not requiring an intermediate file system or block drivers to be compiled into the kernel.<sup id="cite_ref-landley_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some systems use the <a href="/wiki/Dracut_(initramfs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dracut (initramfs)">dracut</a> package to create an initramfs image.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the initramfs scheme, the kernel executes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">/init</span> as its first process that is not expected to exit.<sup id="cite_ref-landley_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some applications, initramfs can use the <b>casper</b> utility to create a writable environment using <a href="/wiki/Unionfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionfs">unionfs</a> to overlay a <a href="/wiki/Persistence_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistence layer">persistence layer</a> over a read-only root filesystem image. For example, overlay data can be stored on a <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a>, while a compressed <a href="/wiki/SquashFS" title="SquashFS">SquashFS</a> read-only image stored on a <a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">live CD</a> acts as a root filesystem.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on which algorithms were compiled statically into it, the kernel can unpack initrd/initramfs images compressed with <a href="/wiki/Gzip" title="Gzip">gzip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bzip2" title="Bzip2">bzip2</a>, <a href="/wiki/LZMA" class="mw-redirect" title="LZMA">LZMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/XZ_Utils" title="XZ Utils">XZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Oberhumer" title="Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer">LZO</a>, <a href="/wiki/LZ4_(compression_algorithm)" title="LZ4 (compression algorithm)">LZ4</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Zstandard" class="mw-redirect" title="Zstandard">zstd</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mount_preparations">Mount preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Initial_ramdisk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mount preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Linux distributions such as <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> will generate a customized initrd image which contains only whatever is necessary to boot some particular computer, such as <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Technology Attachment">ATA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> and filesystem <a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">kernel modules</a>. These typically embed the location and type of the root file system. </p><p>Other Linux distributions (such as <a href="/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedora (operating system)">Fedora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a>) generate a more generic initrd image. These start only with the device name of the root file system (or its <a href="/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier" title="Universally unique identifier">UUID</a>) and must discover everything else at boot time. In this case, the software must perform a complex cascade of tasks to get the root file system mounted: </p> <ul><li>Any hardware drivers that the boot process depends on must be loaded. A common arrangement is to pack kernel modules for common storage devices onto the initrd and then invoke a <a href="/wiki/Hotplug" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotplug">hotplug</a> agent to pull in modules matching the computer's detected hardware.</li> <li>On systems which display a <a href="/wiki/Bootsplash" title="Bootsplash">boot splash screen</a>, the video hardware must be initialized and a user-space helper started to paint animations onto the display in lockstep with the boot process.</li> <li>If the root file system is on NFS, it must then bring up the primary <a href="/wiki/Network_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Network card">network interface</a>, invoke a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a> client, with which it can obtain a DHCP lease, extract the name of the NFS share and the address of the NFS server from the lease, and mount the NFS share.</li> <li>If the root file system appears to be on a software RAID device, there is no way of knowing which devices the RAID volume spans; the standard <a href="/wiki/Mdadm" title="Mdadm">MD utilities</a> must be invoked to scan all available block devices and bring the required ones online.</li> <li>If the root file system appears to be on a <a href="/wiki/Logical_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical volume">logical volume</a>, the LVM utilities must be invoked to scan for and activate the <a href="/wiki/Volume_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume group">volume group</a> containing it.</li> <li>If the root file system is on an encrypted block device, the software needs to invoke a helper script to prompt the user to type in a passphrase and/or insert a hardware token (such as a <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart card</a> or a USB security <a href="/wiki/Dongle" title="Dongle">dongle</a>), and then create a decryption target with the <a href="/wiki/Device_mapper" title="Device mapper">device mapper</a>.</li></ul> <p>Some distributions use an <a href="/wiki/Event-driven_architecture" title="Event-driven architecture">event-driven</a> hotplug agent such as <a href="/wiki/Udev" title="Udev">udev</a>, which invokes helper programs as hardware devices, disk partitions and storage volumes matching certain rules come online. This allows discovery to run in parallel, and to progressively cascade into arbitrary nestings of LVM, RAID or encryption to get at the root file system. </p><p>When the root file system finally becomes visible, any maintenance tasks that cannot run on a mounted root file system are done, the root file system is mounted read-only, and any processes that must continue running (such as the splash screen helper and its command <a href="/wiki/Named_pipe" title="Named pipe">FIFO</a>) are hoisted into the newly mounted root file system. </p><p>The final root file system cannot simply be mounted over <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">/</span>, since that would make the scripts and tools on the initial root file system inaccessible for any final cleanup tasks: </p> <ul><li>On an initrd, the new root is mounted at a temporary mount point and rotated into place with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linux.die.net/man/8/pivot_root">pivot_root(8)</a> (which was introduced specifically for this purpose). This leaves the initial root file system at a mount point (such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">/initrd</span>) where normal boot scripts can later unmount it to free up memory held by the initrd.</li> <li>On an initramfs, the initial root file system cannot be rotated away.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, it is simply emptied and the final root file system mounted over the top.</li></ul> <p>Most initial root file systems implement <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">/linuxrc</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">/init</span> as a shell script and thus include a minimal shell (usually <a href="/wiki/Almquist_shell" title="Almquist shell">/bin/ash</a>) along with some essential user-space utilities (usually the <a href="/wiki/BusyBox" title="BusyBox">BusyBox</a> toolkit). To further save space, the shell, utilities and their supporting libraries are typically compiled with space optimizations enabled (such as with <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">gcc</a>'s "-Os" flag) and linked against <a href="/wiki/Klibc" title="Klibc">klibc</a>, a minimal version of the <a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C library</a> written specifically for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Initial_ramdisk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Installers for Linux distributions typically run entirely from an initramfs, as they must be able to host the installer interface and supporting tools before any persistent storage has been set up.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Core_Linux" title="Tiny Core Linux">Tiny Core Linux</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Puppy_Linux" title="Puppy Linux">Puppy Linux</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="it mentions initramfs (not initrd), but I wasn't able to find anything about whether it keeps it when the boot process is done (April 2012)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> can run entirely from initrd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities_in_other_operating_systems">Similarities in other operating systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Initial_ramdisk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Similarities in other operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Initial_ramdisk" title="Special:EditPage/Initial ramdisk">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since Windows Vista,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows can boot from a <a href="/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Format" title="Windows Imaging Format">WIM</a> disk image file, for which the file format is published;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is similar to the ZIP format except that it supports hard links, deduplicated chunks, and uses chunk-by-chunk compression. In this case, the whole WIM is initially loaded into RAM, followed by the kernel initialisation. Next, the loaded WIM is available as a SystemRoot with an assigned drive letter. The Windows installer uses this so it boots from BOOT.WIM, and then uses INSTALL.WIM as the collection of the Windows files to be installed. </p><p>Also, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Preinstallation_Environment" title="Windows Preinstallation Environment">Windows Preinstallation Environment</a> (Windows PE) uses the same, being a base for separate-boot versions of some antivirus and backup/disaster recovery software. </p><p>It is also possible to install Windows so that it will always boot from a WIM or VHD file placed on a physical drive. However, this is rarely used since the Windows boot loader is capable of loading the .sys files for boot-time kernel modules itself, which is the task that requires initrd in Linux. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Initial_ramdisk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NewTux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/23px-NewTux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/35px-NewTux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/47px-NewTux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracut_(initramfs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dracut (initramfs)">dracut</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/anatol/booster">booster initramfs generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_startup_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux startup process">Linux startup process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions_that_run_from_RAM" title="List of Linux distributions that run from RAM">List of Linux distributions that run from RAM</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/EFI_boot_stub">EFI boot stub</a> (Arch Linux Wiki)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Initial_ramdisk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-almesberger2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-almesberger2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlmesberger2000" class="citation cs2">Almesberger, Werner (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724162809/http://www.linuxsymposium.org/2000/booting.php">"Booting linux: the history and the future"</a>, <i>Proceedings of the Ottawa Linux Symposium</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxsymposium.org/2000/booting.php">the original</a> on 24 July 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Ottawa+Linux+Symposium&rft.atitle=Booting+linux%3A+the+history+and+the+future&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Almesberger&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxsymposium.org%2F2000%2Fbooting.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landley2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-landley2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landley2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandley2005" class="citation cs2">Landley, Rob (15 March 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://landley.net/writing/rootfs-intro.html"><i>Introducing initramfs, a new model for initial RAM disks</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+initramfs%2C+a+new+model+for+initial+RAM+disks&rft.date=2005-03-15&rft.aulast=Landley&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flandley.net%2Fwriting%2Frootfs-intro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-almesberger-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-almesberger_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-almesberger_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmesbergerLermen2000" class="citation web cs1">Almesberger, Werner; Lermen, Hans (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090928/https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/initrd.txt">"Using the initial RAM disk (initrd)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/initrd.txt">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+the+initial+RAM+disk+%28initrd%29&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Almesberger&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Lermen%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2FDocumentation%2Finitrd.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/4f671fe2f9523a1ea206f63fe60a7c7b3a56d5c7/init/do_mounts_initrd.c#L74">"linux/do_mounts_initrd.c at 4f671fe2f9523a1ea206f63fe60a7c7b3a56d5c7 · torvalds/linux · GitHub"</a>. <i>GitHub</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=linux%2Fdo_mounts_initrd.c+at+4f671fe2f9523a1ea206f63fe60a7c7b3a56d5c7+%C2%B7+torvalds%2Flinux+%C2%B7+GitHub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux%2Fblob%2F4f671fe2f9523a1ea206f63fe60a7c7b3a56d5c7%2Finit%2Fdo_mounts_initrd.c%23L74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landley-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-landley_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landley_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandley2005" class="citation web cs1">Landley, Rob (17 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt">"ramfs, rootfs, and initramfs docs, take 2"</a>. Linux kernel source tree.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ramfs%2C+rootfs%2C+and+initramfs+docs%2C+take+2&rft.pub=Linux+kernel+source+tree&rft.date=2005-10-17&rft.aulast=Landley&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2FDocumentation%2Ffilesystems%2Framfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2010" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Richard Leland (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rQRJG8s1ugQC"><i>Fedora 13: Administration, Networking, Security</i></a>. Alameda, California: Surfing Turtle Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936280-02-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936280-02-5"><bdi>978-1-936280-02-5</bdi></a>. <q>Dracut uses kernel parameters listed on the GRUB kernel command line to configure the initramfs RAM file system on the fly, providing more flexibiltity and furthercutting down on RAM file system code.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fedora+13%3A+Administration%2C+Networking%2C+Security&rft.place=Alameda%2C+California&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Surfing+Turtle+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-936280-02-5&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Richard+Leland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrQRJG8s1ugQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804162458/http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/man7/casper.7.html">"Ubuntu Manpage: casper - a hook for initramfs-tools to boot live systems"</a>. <i>manpages.ubuntu.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/man7/casper.7.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=manpages.ubuntu.com&rft.atitle=Ubuntu+Manpage%3A+casper+-+a+hook+for+initramfs-tools+to+boot+live+systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanpages.ubuntu.com%2Fmanpages%2Fprecise%2Fman7%2Fcasper.7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shawn_Powers" title="Shawn Powers">Shawn Powers</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/casper-friendly-and-persistent-ghost">"Casper, the Friendly (and Persistent) Ghost"</a>. Linux Journal. 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyungsik_Lee2013" class="citation web cs1">Kyungsik Lee (30 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://events.static.linuxfound.org/sites/events/files/lcjpcojp13_klee.pdf">"LZ4 Compression and Improving Boot Time"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>events.linuxfoundation.org</i>. p. 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=events.linuxfoundation.org&rft.atitle=LZ4+Compression+and+Improving+Boot+Time&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft.au=Kyungsik+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevents.static.linuxfound.org%2Fsites%2Fevents%2Ffiles%2Flcjpcojp13_klee.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFish2005" class="citation web cs1">Fish, Richard (6 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4857">"pivot_root from initramfs causes circular reference in mount tree"</a>. Linux Kernel Bug Tracker<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=pivot_root+from+initramfs+causes+circular+reference+in+mount+tree&rft.pub=Linux+Kernel+Bug+Tracker&rft.date=2005-07-06&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbugzilla.kernel.org%2Fshow_bug.cgi%3Fid%3D4857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarzik2002" class="citation web cs1">Garzik, Jeff (2 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2002/11/2/17">"initramfs merge, part 1 of N"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_mailing_list" title="Linux kernel mailing list">Linux kernel mailing list</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=initramfs+merge%2C+part+1+of+N&rft.pub=Linux+kernel+mailing+list&rft.date=2002-11-02&rft.aulast=Garzik&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flkml.org%2Flkml%2F2002%2F11%2F2%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://distro.ibiblio.org/tinycorelinux/concepts.html">"Tiny Core Linux - Concepts"</a>. <i>ibiblio.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibiblio.org&rft.atitle=Tiny+Core+Linux+-+Concepts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdistro.ibiblio.org%2Ftinycorelinux%2Fconcepts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Kauler" class="citation web cs1">Barry Kauler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://distro.ibiblio.org/puppylinux/puppy-5.3/release-Slacko-5.3.htm">"Puppy Linux Release Announcement"</a>. <i>ibiblio.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibiblio.org&rft.atitle=Puppy+Linux+Release+Announcement&rft.au=Barry+Kauler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdistro.ibiblio.org%2Fpuppylinux%2Fpuppy-5.3%2Frelease-Slacko-5.3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc749478%28v=ws.10%29.aspx">"Windows Imaging File Format (WIM)"</a>. <i>microsoft.com</i>. Microsoft.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Windows+Imaging+File+Format+%28WIM%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnet.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fcc749478%2528v%3Dws.10%2529.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=13096">"Download Windows Imaging File Format (WIM) from Official Microsoft Download Center"</a>. <i>Microsoft.com</i>. Microsoft.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Download+Windows+Imaging+File+Format+%28WIM%29+from+Official+Microsoft+Download+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fdownload%2Fdetails.aspx%3Fid%3D13096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Initial_ramdisk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tracker.debian.org/pkg/initramfs-tools">Debian initramfs-tools</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.debian.org/InitrdReplacementOptions">Detailed comparison</a> of initrd-generating toolkits</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/early-userspace/early_userspace_support.html">Kernel documentation</a> on early userspace support</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104033427/http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/Linux-For-Devices-Articles/Introducing-initramfs-a-new-model-for-initial-RAM-disks/">"Motivation for switch from initrd to initramfs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/Linux-For-Devices-Articles/Introducing-initramfs-a-new-model-for-initial-RAM-disks/">the original</a> on 4 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motivation+for+switch+from+initrd+to+initramfs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxfordevices.com%2Fc%2Fa%2FLinux-For-Devices-Articles%2FIntroducing-initramfs-a-new-model-for-initial-RAM-disks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInitial+ramdisk" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://landley.net/writing/rootfs-intro.html">Alt URL</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus%27s_law" title="Linus's law">Linus's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux_(mascot)" title="Tux (mascot)">Tux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linaro" title="Linaro">Linaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License#Version_2" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL v2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menuconfig" title="Menuconfig">menuconfig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux-supported_computer_architectures" title="List of Linux-supported computer architectures">Supported computer architectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_version_history" title="Linux kernel version history">Version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Linux" title="Criticism of Linux">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Developers <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Linux_Programming_Interface" title="The Linux Programming Interface">The Linux Programming Interface</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel.org" title="Kernel.org">kernel.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_mailing_list" title="Linux kernel mailing list">LKML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux conference">Linux conferences</a></li></ul></li> <li>Users <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux User Group (LUG)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debugging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CRIU" title="CRIU">CRIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ftrace" title="Ftrace">ftrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kdump_(Linux)" title="Kdump (Linux)">kdump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">Linux kernel oops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemTap" title="SystemTap">SystemTap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Packet_Filter" title="Berkeley Packet Filter">BPF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Startup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vmlinux" title="Vmlinux">vmlinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System.map" title="System.map">System.map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracut_(software)" title="Dracut (software)">dracut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Initrd">initrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initramfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Initramfs">initramfs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_interfaces" title="Linux kernel interfaces">ABIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">Linux Standard Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X32_ABI" title="X32 ABI">x32 ABI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_interfaces" title="Linux kernel interfaces">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_interfaces#SCI" title="Linux kernel interfaces">System Call<br />Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Select_(Unix)" title="Select (Unix)">select</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_(system_call)" title="Open (system call)">open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_(system_call)" title="Read (system call)">read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_(system_call)" title="Close (system call)">close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sync_(Unix)" title="Sync (Unix)">sync</a></li> <li>…</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_interfaces#Additions_to_POSIX" title="Linux kernel interfaces">Linux-only</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futex" title="Futex">futex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoll" title="Epoll">epoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_(system_call)" title="Splice (system call)">splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnotify" title="Dnotify">dnotify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inotify" title="Inotify">inotify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readahead" title="Readahead">readahead</a></li> <li>…</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_interfaces#In–kernel_APIs" title="Linux kernel interfaces">In-kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">ALSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto_API_(Linux)" title="Crypto API (Linux)">Crypto API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_uring" title="Io uring">io uring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">DRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernfs_(Linux)" title="Kernfs (Linux)">kernfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_barrier" title="Memory barrier">Memory barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_API" title="New API">New API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read-copy-update" title="Read-copy-update">RCU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video4Linux" title="Video4Linux">Video4Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IIO_Framework" title="IIO Framework">IIO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userspace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">Daemons</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>bpffs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Devfs">devfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devpts" title="Devpts">devpts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a></li> <li>hugetlbfs</li> <li>pipefs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li> <li>securityfs</li> <li>sockfs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Udev" title="Udev">udev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kmscon" title="Kmscon">Kmscon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wrapper_library" title="Wrapper library">Wrapper<br />libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libhybris" title="Libhybris">libhybris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietlibc" title="Dietlibc">dietlibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_GLIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded GLIBC">EGLIBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klibc" title="Klibc">klibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlib" title="Newlib">Newlib</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cgroups" title="Cgroups">libcgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">libdrm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">libalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evdev" title="Evdev">libevdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libusb" title="Libusb">libusb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_uring" title="Io uring">liburing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Kernel modules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueZ" class="mw-redirect" title="BlueZ">BlueZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cgroups" title="Cgroups">cgroups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_console" title="Linux console">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bcache" title="Bcache">bcache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_mapper" title="Device mapper">Device mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dm-cache" title="Dm-cache">dm-cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">dm-crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">DRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDAC_(Linux)" class="mw-redirect" title="EDAC (Linux)">EDAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evdev" title="Evdev">evdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_same-page_merging" title="Kernel same-page merging">Kernel same-page merging</a> (KSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIO_(SCSI_target)" title="LIO (SCSI target)">LIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_framebuffer" title="Linux framebuffer">Framebuffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">LVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMS_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="KMS driver">KMS driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netfilter" title="Netfilter">Netfilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlink" title="Netlink">Netlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nftables" title="Nftables">nftables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perf_(Linux)" title="Perf (Linux)">perf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLUB_(software)" title="SLUB (software)">SLUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zram" title="Zram">zram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zswap" title="Zswap">zswap</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)#Linux" title="Scheduling (computing)">Process and I/O schedulers</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Fuck_Scheduler" title="Brain Fuck Scheduler">Brain Fuck Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completely_Fair_Scheduler" title="Completely Fair Scheduler">Completely Fair Scheduler</a> (CFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_eligible_virtual_deadline_first_scheduling" title="Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling">Earliest eligible virtual deadline first</a> (EEVDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noop_scheduler" title="Noop scheduler">Noop scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O(n)_scheduler" title="O(n) scheduler">O(n) scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O(1)_scheduler" title="O(1) scheduler">O(1) scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCHED_DEADLINE" title="SCHED DEADLINE">SCHED_DEADLINE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCHED_FIFO" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED FIFO">SCHED_FIFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCHED_RR" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED RR">SCHED_RR</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Security_Modules" title="Linux Security Modules">Security Modules</a>: <a href="/wiki/AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exec_Shield" title="Exec Shield">Exec Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seccomp" title="Seccomp">seccomp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux" title="Security-Enhanced Linux">SELinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smack_(software)" title="Smack (software)">Smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomoyo_Linux" title="Tomoyo Linux">Tomoyo Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_PAM" title="Linux PAM">Linux PAM</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">802.11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">graphics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_device" title="Raw device">Raw device</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initramfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Initramfs">initramfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KernelCare" title="KernelCare">KernelCare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kexec" title="Kexec">kexec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGraft" title="KGraft">kGraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpatch" title="Kpatch">kpatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksplice" title="Ksplice">Ksplice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline Linux">Mainline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">High-performance computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INK_(operating_system)" title="INK (operating system)">INK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compute_Node_Linux" title="Compute Node Linux">Compute Node Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurm_Workload_Manager" title="Slurm Workload Manager">SLURM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTLinux" title="RTLinux">RTLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTAI" title="RTAI">RTAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenomai" title="Xenomai">Xenomai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PREEMPT_RT" title="PREEMPT RT">PREEMPT_RT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">MMU</a>-less <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9CClinux" title="ΜClinux">μClinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSXLinux" title="PSXLinux">PSXLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Virtualization" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtualization" title="Virtualization">Virtualization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">Hypervisor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine" title="Kernel-based Virtual Machine">KVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xen" title="Xen">Xen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS-level_virtualization" title="OS-level virtualization">OS-level virtualization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux-VServer" title="Linux-VServer">Linux-VServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lguest" title="Lguest">Lguest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LXC" title="LXC">LXC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVZ" title="OpenVZ">OpenVZ</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L4Linux" title="L4Linux">L4Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELinOS" title="ELinOS">ELinOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-mode_Linux" title="User-mode Linux">User-mode Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Linux" title="Cooperative Linux">coLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rangeof_use" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_range_of_use" title="Linux range of use">Range<br />of use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_desktop_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux desktop environments">Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">Embedded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_and_Linux" title="Video games and Linux">Gaming</a></li> <li>Thin client: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Terminal_Server_Project" title="Linux Terminal Server Project">LTSP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Server: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)" title="LAMP (software bundle)">LAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LYME_(software_bundle)" title="LYME (software bundle)">LYME-LYCE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux-powered_device" title="Linux-powered device">Devices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adopters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters" title="List of Linux adopters">List of Linux adopters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NewTux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/13px-NewTux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/20px-NewTux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/27px-NewTux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/16px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/24px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/32px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software 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