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id="toc-The_short_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Can_I_add_something_to_Wikipedia_that_I_got_from_somewhere_else?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Can_I_add_something_to_Wikipedia_that_I_got_from_somewhere_else?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Can I add something to Wikipedia that I got from somewhere else?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Can_I_add_something_to_Wikipedia_that_I_got_from_somewhere_else?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Can_I_use_an_image_from_someone_else's_Wikipedia_article_in_my_article?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Can_I_use_an_image_from_someone_else's_Wikipedia_article_in_my_article?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Can I use an image from someone else's Wikipedia article in my article?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Can_I_use_an_image_from_someone_else's_Wikipedia_article_in_my_article?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Can_I_reuse_Wikipedia's_content_somewhere_else?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Can_I_reuse_Wikipedia's_content_somewhere_else?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Can I reuse Wikipedia's content somewhere else?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Can_I_reuse_Wikipedia's_content_somewhere_else?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-What_should_I_do_if_I_find_a_copyright_violation_on_Wikipedia?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_should_I_do_if_I_find_a_copyright_violation_on_Wikipedia?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>What should I do if I find a copyright violation on Wikipedia?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-What_should_I_do_if_I_find_a_copyright_violation_on_Wikipedia?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-What_is_copyright?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_is_copyright?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>What is copyright?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-What_is_copyright?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_domain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_domain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Public domain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_domain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivative_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivative_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Derivative works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivative_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-What_is_fair_use?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_is_fair_use?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>What is fair use?</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-What_is_fair_use?-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle What is fair use? subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-What_is_fair_use?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wikipedia_and_fair_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikipedia_and_fair_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Wikipedia and fair use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikipedia_and_fair_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_considerations_for_photographers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_considerations_for_photographers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other considerations for photographers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_considerations_for_photographers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Licenses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Licenses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Licenses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-commercial_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-commercial_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Non-commercial licenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-commercial_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Educational licenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permissive_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permissive_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Permissive licenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permissive_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attribution_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attribution_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Attribution licenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attribution_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyleft_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyleft_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Copyleft licenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyleft_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creative_Commons_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creative_Commons_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Creative Commons licenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creative_Commons_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GFDL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GFDL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.2</span> <span>GFDL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GFDL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_commercial_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_commercial_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Typical commercial licenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_commercial_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">FAQ/Copyright</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A9/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ويكيبيديا:أسئلة متكررة/حقوق النشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويكيبيديا:أسئلة متكررة/حقوق النشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সততে উদিত প্ৰশ্নসমূহ/কপিৰাইট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সততে উদিত প্ৰশ্নসমূহ/কপিৰাইট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:প্রায়শ জিজ্ঞাসিত প্রশ্ন/কপিরাইট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া:প্রায়শ জিজ্ঞাসিত প্রশ্ন/কপিরাইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayuda:Preguntas_frecuentes/Derechos_de_autor" title="Ayuda:Preguntas frecuentes/Derechos de autor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ayuda:Preguntas frecuentes/Derechos de autor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguntza:Maiz_egindako_galderak/Egile_eskubideak" title="Laguntza:Maiz egindako galderak/Egile eskubideak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laguntza:Maiz egindako galderak/Egile eskubideak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ویکی‌پدیا:راهنمای حق تکثیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:راهنمای حق تکثیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:FAQ/%EC%A0%80%EC%9E%91%EA%B6%8C" title="위키백과:FAQ/저작권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과:FAQ/저작권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tanya_jawab_(Pembaca)" title="Wikipedia:Tanya jawab (Pembaca) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikipedia:Tanya jawab (Pembaca)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ויקיפדיה:שאלות ותשובות/זכויות יוצרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקיפדיה:שאלות ותשובות/זכויות יוצרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ_Hakcipta" title="Wikipedia:FAQ Hakcipta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wikipedia:FAQ Hakcipta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE/FAQ" title="Википедия:Форум/Авторское право/FAQ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Википедия:Форум/Авторское право/FAQ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F:%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_-_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="විකිපීඩියා:නිවිප්‍ර - ප්‍රකාශන හිමිකම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිපීඩියා:නිවිප්‍ර - ප්‍රකාශන හිමිකම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="వికీపీడియా:కాపీహక్కు ప్రశ్నలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వికీపీడియా:కాపీహక్కు ప్రశ్నలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Telif_haklar%C4%B1/SSS" title="Vikipedi:Telif hakları/SSS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vikipedi:Telif hakları/SSS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83%E5%B8%B8%E8%A7%81%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E8%A7%A3%E7%AD%94" title="Wikipedia:版权常见问题解答 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Wikipedia:版权常见问题解答" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11017570#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle, #f1f4fd); color:inherit;"><b>Frequently asked questions (FAQs)</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ" title="Wikipedia:FAQ">Index of FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Main" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Main">Main FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Overview" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Overview">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers">Readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Schools" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Schools">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Contributing" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Contributing">Contributing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Editing" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Editing">Editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Featured_articles" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Administrators" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Blocks" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Blocks">Blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Technical" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Technical">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Problems" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Problems">Problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Article_subjects" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Article subjects">Article subjects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categories" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categories">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Forking" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Forking">Forking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Template" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Template">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Main_Page" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Main Page">Main Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Miscellaneous" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a> <div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/wiki/Special:Search"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="22" dir="ltr"/></div><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:FAQ" name="prefix"/> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search the FAQs" class="cdx-button"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div></li></ul> </div> <p><br/> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CFAQ"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CFAQ&redirect=no">WP:CFAQ</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="The_short_version" data-mw-thread-id="h-The_short_version"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-The_short_version"></span>The short version<span data-mw-comment-end="h-The_short_version"></span></h2></div> <dl><dd>This section gives brief answers to the four most commonly asked questions about copyright on Wikipedia, with pointers to other relevant pages. The rest of this page gives a basic overview of copyright law.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Can_I_add_something_to_Wikipedia_that_I_got_from_somewhere_else?" data-mw-thread-id="h-Can_I_add_something_to_Wikipedia_that_I_got_from_somewhere_else?-The_short_version"><span id="Can_I_add_something_to_Wikipedia_that_I_got_from_somewhere_else.3F"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Can_I_add_something_to_Wikipedia_that_I_got_from_somewhere_else?-The_short_version"></span>Can I add something to Wikipedia that I got from somewhere else?<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Can_I_add_something_to_Wikipedia_that_I_got_from_somewhere_else?-The_short_version"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:COMPLIC"></span><span id="WP:Compatible_license"></span><span id="WP:Compatible_licence"></span><span id="WP:Compatibly_licensed"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:COMPLIC&redirect=no">WP:COMPLIC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Compatible_license&redirect=no">WP:Compatible license</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Compatible_licence&redirect=no">WP:Compatible licence</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Compatibly_licensed&redirect=no">WP:Compatibly licensed</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_text_from_other_sources" title="Wikipedia:Copying text from other sources">Wikipedia:Copying text from other sources</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia:Copyrights</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Wikipedia:Plagiarism</a></div> <dl><dd>The absence of a copyright notice does not mean that a work may be freely used (at the same time, copyright notices have sometimes been <a href="/wiki/Copyfraud" title="Copyfraud">incorrectly applied to uncopyrighted material</a>). If in doubt, assume you cannot use it.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>You can add any type of content if it has been made available by authors under an appropriate license (see <a href="#Licenses">below</a>). It's not enough to have a license that restricts use only to Wikipedia or prohibits commercial use; these are treated as if there was no license at all. You can also add content if it is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, as discussed <a href="#Public_domain">below</a>. If the material you would like to use is not currently licensed compatibly with Wikipedia, you may be able to obtain permission to use it. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission" title="Wikipedia:Requesting copyright permission">Requesting copyright permission</a> for details.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Only text that is licensed compatibly with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a> (CC BY-SA 4.0) or in the public domain can be freely copied onto Wikipedia (if copyright of the previously published text belongs exclusively to you, it must <i>also</i> be licensed under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> (GFDL) to comply with our <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="wmf:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a>). The Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License is not necessarily compatible with other <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> licenses. An incomplete table of licenses compatible or not with Wikipedia is shown below. Remember that inputs of Creative Commons licensed text may require attribution; point to the source in your edit summary and, if necessary, with attribution on the article's face using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:CC-notice" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:CC-notice">CC-notice</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism#Copying_material_from_free_sources" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Wikipedia:Plagiarism#Copying material from free sources</a>).</dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="table"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="CENTER" style="width:70%; text-align:center; margin-left:6em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:green; color:white;"><b>License Compatibility with Wikipedia <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1">Licenses compatible with Wikipedia</th> <th colspan="1">Licenses <i>not</i> compatible with Wikipedia </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">Creative Commons Licenses </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td> <ul><li>CC BY, all versions and ports, up to and including 4.0</li> <li>CC BY-SA 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/">CC0</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>CC BY-SA 1.0</li> <li>CC BY-NC</li> <li>CC BY-NC-ND</li> <li>CC BY-ND</li> <li>CC BY-NC-SA</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">Other Licenses </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li>GFDL <b>and</b> CC BY or CC BY-SA (not including CC-BY-SA 1.0)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>any GNU-only license (including GFDL)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For text only; please see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_copyright_tags" title="Wikipedia:File copyright tags">Wikipedia:File copyright tags</a> for licences allowed with files</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dd>More licenses are permitted for images. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_copyright_tags" title="Wikipedia:File copyright tags">Wikipedia:File copyright tags</a> for some of the licenses permitted as well as an explanation of what criteria the license must meet.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Occasionally, the question is raised about the copyright status of press releases. While press releases are by nature intended to be reproduced widely, there is no inherent permission to alter them or create derivative works based on them, or to use them for commercial purposes. Accordingly, press releases are handled like other copyrighted content. In the absence of explicit disclaimer or permission, these may not be freely reproduced.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Under very narrow circumstances, copyrighted images and text can be used without permission under the "<a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>" clause of US copyright law. Limited use of copyrighted text, for example, can be done without requiring permission from the rights holders for such things as scholarship and review. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content">Wikipedia:Non-free content</a> and <a href="#What_is_fair_use?">below</a> for more information on when and how copyrighted text and images can be used on Wikipedia.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Unless copyrighted images and text meet Wikipedia's non-free content allowance, we can't use them or create "derivative works" of them. That means we can't translate too much from a copyrighted foreign language source to include it here or prominently feature a copyrighted image inside of a picture we take (see <a href="#Derivative_works">below</a> for more explanation of derivative works).</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Facts cannot be copyrighted. It is legal to read an encyclopedia article or other work, reformulate the concepts in your own words, and submit it to Wikipedia. But be careful not to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing" title="Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing">closely paraphrase</a>; the structure, presentation, and phrasing of the information should be your own original creation. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> noted in <i><a href="/wiki/Feist_v._Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Feist v. Rural">Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service</a></i> that factual compilations of information may be protected with respect to "selection and arrangement, so long as they are made independently by the compiler and entail a minimal degree of creativity," as "[t]he compilation author typically chooses which facts to include, in what order to place them, and how to arrange the collected data so that they may be used effectively by readers."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> You can use the facts, but unless they are presented without creativity (such as an alphabetical phone directory), you may need to reorganize as well as restate them to avoid <a href="/wiki/Substantial_similarity" title="Substantial similarity">substantial similarity</a> infringement. It can be helpful in this respect to utilize multiple sources, which can provide a greater selection of facts from which to draw.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Data that is not subject to copyright may be, and indeed often should be, copied verbatim. Examples are parsed and translated example sentences in linguistics, orbital and physical parameters in astronomy, and lists of member species and their interrelationships in biological classifications. Paraphrasing or other alteration in such cases is inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:OR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:OR">original research</a> because doing so will change the data and thus invalidate the citation.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Can_I_use_an_image_from_someone_else's_Wikipedia_article_in_my_article?" data-mw-thread-id="h-Can_I_use_an_image_from_someone_else's_Wikipedia_article_in_my_article?-The_short_version"><span id="Can_I_use_an_image_from_someone_else.27s_Wikipedia_article_in_my_article.3F"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Can_I_use_an_image_from_someone_else's_Wikipedia_article_in_my_article?-The_short_version"></span>Can I use an image from someone else's Wikipedia article in my article?<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Can_I_use_an_image_from_someone_else's_Wikipedia_article_in_my_article?-The_short_version"></span></h3></div> <dl><dd>If the image is tagged as <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a>, then most probably you cannot. See the Fair use section for more details.</dd> <dd>You can for all other images released under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License</a> or a similarly free license provided you abide by the license conditions – include a link back to the wikipage for that picture or to the creator's website and license any modified version you create under the same license as the original.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Can_I_reuse_Wikipedia's_content_somewhere_else?" data-mw-thread-id="h-Can_I_reuse_Wikipedia's_content_somewhere_else?-The_short_version"><span id="Can_I_reuse_Wikipedia.27s_content_somewhere_else.3F"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Can_I_reuse_Wikipedia's_content_somewhere_else?-The_short_version"></span>Can I reuse Wikipedia's content somewhere else?<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Can_I_reuse_Wikipedia's_content_somewhere_else?-The_short_version"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reusing_Wikipedia_content" title="Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content">Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content</a></div> <dl><dd>Wikipedia's textual content is copyrighted, but you may reuse it under the terms of our licensing requirements, summarized below.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Most text in Wikipedia, excluding quotations, has been released under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 4.0 International License</a> (CC-BY-SA) and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> (GFDL) (unversioned, with no invariant sections, front-cover texts, or back-cover texts) and can therefore be reused only if you release any derived work under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License or the GFDL. This requires that, among other things, you attribute the authors and allow others to freely copy your work (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License</a> for full details).</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Some text has been imported only under CC-BY-SA and CC-BY-SA-compatible licenses and cannot be reused under GFDL; such text will be identified either on the page footer, in the page history or the discussion page of the article that utilizes the text. All text published before June 15th, 2009 on Wikipedia was released under the GFDL, and you may also use the page history to retrieve content published before that date to ensure GFDL compatibility.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>If you are unwilling or unable to use the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License or the GNU Free Documentation License for your work, use of Wikipedia content is unauthorized. Small quotations of Wikipedia content, with its source attributed, may be permissible under the "<a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>" clause of US copyright law. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia</a> for information about the proper citation of articles. No permission is needed to create a hyperlink to Wikipedia or its articles.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Images used in Wikipedia may have their own, completely independent licensing scheme. Looking at an image's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_description_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Image description page">description page</a> by clicking on the image itself should ideally tell you the copyright status of the image. Many images are either in the public domain or licensed under <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> licenses (such as the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License), but many are copyrighted and used on Wikipedia under the "<a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>" clause of US copyright law.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="What_should_I_do_if_I_find_a_copyright_violation_on_Wikipedia?" data-mw-thread-id="h-What_should_I_do_if_I_find_a_copyright_violation_on_Wikipedia?-The_short_version"><span id="What_should_I_do_if_I_find_a_copyright_violation_on_Wikipedia.3F"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-What_should_I_do_if_I_find_a_copyright_violation_on_Wikipedia?-The_short_version"></span>What should I do if I find a copyright violation on Wikipedia?<span data-mw-comment-end="h-What_should_I_do_if_I_find_a_copyright_violation_on_Wikipedia?-The_short_version"></span></h3></div> <dl><dd>We take this very seriously. We try hard to keep copyright violations out of Wikipedia, but we don't always succeed. If you are the copyright holder, go to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Request_for_immediate_removal_of_copyright_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Request for immediate removal of copyright violation">Wikipedia:Request for immediate removal of copyright violation</a>; otherwise, go to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia:Copyright problems">Wikipedia:Copyright problems</a> and report the instance in question.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="What_is_copyright?" data-mw-thread-id="h-What_is_copyright?"><span id="What_is_copyright.3F"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-What_is_copyright?"></span>What is <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>?<span data-mw-comment-end="h-What_is_copyright?"></span></h2></div> <dl><dd><b>Copyright</b> is the right that the producer of a creative work has been granted to prevent others from copying it. Unlike a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a>, however, in most places (i.e., countries) you don't have to apply for a copyright – you get one automatically every time you produce creative work.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>A creative work can be almost anything – a book, a song, a picture, a photograph, a poem, a phrase, or a fictional character. In the US, buildings built on or after December 1, 1990 are also eligible for copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>Licenses</i> may be granted to others, giving them the right to copy the work subject to certain conditions. A license is similar to a contract – the work may only be copied under the conditions given by the copyright holder or if one of the other exceptions to the copy right applies.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Copyright laws vary between countries; the relevant US law is Title 17.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Berne Convention</a> is a comprehensive international agreement on copyrights which is part of the copyright law of many nations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Copyright does <b>not</b> protect against all possible copying: both US law and the Berne Convention limit copyright scope and enable much copying without permission even if the copyright holder objects. For example, piano roll (mechanical) rights for music within the US are available under a <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_license" title="Compulsory license">compulsory license</a> with licensing rates that are set by the US Copyright Office<sup id="cite_ref-compulsory_mech_license_mcdonald_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compulsory_mech_license_mcdonald-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (to be covered by this compulsory license, the music in question must have been previously released to the public in the form of a recording at least once).<sup id="cite_ref-compulsory_mech_license_mcdonald_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compulsory_mech_license_mcdonald-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, <i>fair use</i> (in the UK, <i>fair dealing</i>) is explicitly permitted as well, as is the right to sell a licensed copy of a copyrighted work, such as a video tape or sound recording. Also, both the Berne Convention and US law require that a work have some original creativity to be eligible for a copyright monopoly. <i><a href="/wiki/Feist_Publications_v._Rural_Telephone_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service">Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service</a></i> contains some examples of US decisions about what is and isn't original, including examples such as typo correction.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"Copyright is a temporary monopoly granted by the government – it creates the legal fiction that a piece of writing or composing [...] is property and can only be sold by those who have been licensed to do so by the copyright holder". – <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that it is limited to the form of expression, not to the ideas. Thus, a book by Agatha Christie is likely to be copyrighted, but the mere idea of a detective with an accent and odd personal mannerisms would not be, nor would a story about someone claiming to be the premier consulting detective in a major city be a violation of the Conan Doyle copyrights on Sherlock Holmes stories. Ideas and facts are not copyrightable in most places, only the form of expression of them.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Public_domain" data-mw-thread-id="h-Public_domain"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Public_domain"></span>Public domain<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Public_domain"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Public_domain" title="Wikipedia:Public domain">Wikipedia:Public domain</a></div> <dl><dd>A work which is not copyrighted is in the public domain, and may be freely copied by anyone. It may have been placed in the public domain by its creator, it may be ineligible for copyright (not original enough or otherwise excluded), or the copyright may have expired: in the United States for example, almost all works published prior to 1929 are public domain because their copyright term expired and in the UK and much of Europe, all musical recordings are in the public domain 50 years after release (in the United States special laws have been passed to extend copyright for certain works beyond the normal term). See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_lengths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries' copyright lengths">List of countries' copyright lengths</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="anchor" id="US"></span> All work produced by employees of the US federal government as part of their work is public domain within the US—thus, much of the content found on US government websites (.gov and .mil) is public domain. However, the government frequently includes works on its websites which are copyrighted by someone else, and the US government can even own copyright on works which are produced by others. In other words, some US Federal websites can include works which are not in the public domain—check the copyright status before assuming something is public domain. Note also that this applies only to the US Federal government. Most state governments retain the copyright on their work (California and Florida being notable exceptions).</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Works produced by the UK government are <b>not</b> public domain; they are covered by <a href="/wiki/Crown_copyright" title="Crown copyright">Crown copyright</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Seeing something on the Internet without a copyright notice does not mean that it is in the public domain.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>If public domain work is included in a copyrighted product then the new product is not public domain. The portions of the new copyrighted work that are from a public domain source may be removed and copied without permission. For example when a public domain text is included in a Wikipedia article any additional text or new creative elements are still under CC-BY-SA and the GFDL.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Derivative_works" data-mw-thread-id="h-Derivative_works"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Derivative_works"></span>Derivative works<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Derivative_works"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:DERIVATIVE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:DERIVATIVE&redirect=no">WP:DERIVATIVE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <dl><dd>A derivative work is something that is "based on or derived from" another work. For example, the first <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_From_the_Adventures_of_Luke_Skywalker" title="Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker">Star Wars</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Novelization" title="Novelization">novelization</a> is a derivative work of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Episode_IV:_A_New_Hope" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope">Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope</a></i>. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Del_Rey_Books" title="Del Rey Books">Del Rey Books</a> required <a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm" title="Lucasfilm">Lucasfilm</a>'s permission to publish and distribute the book. The French translation of <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a></i> is a derivative of the English novel. Translator <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_M%C3%A9nard" title="Jean-François Ménard">Jean-François Ménard</a> required the permission of <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>'s agent, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Little_Literary_Agency" title="Christopher Little Literary Agency">Christopher Little Literary Agency</a>, to prepare, publish and distribute it.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>You may not distribute a derivative work of a work under copyright without the original author's permission unless your use of their content meets fair use or fair dealing (generally, a summary or analysis of something is not a derivative work, unless it reproduces the original in great detail, at which point it becomes an abridgment and not a summary).</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Taking a work in the public domain and modifying it in a significant way creates a new copyright on the resulting work. For instance, the <i><a href="/wiki/Homecoming_Saga" title="Homecoming Saga">Homecoming Saga</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> is a re-telling of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>. Therefore, the books in the <i>Homecoming</i> series can be copyrighted. <i>No Fear Shakespeare</i> is a series adapting the works of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> into modern language. Even though Shakespeare's works are public domain, the <i>No Fear Shakespeare</i> series is protected by copyright. This is true as well of the translations in the <i><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a></i> series. Although faithful translations of public domain works, they each are protected by copyright.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>However, the new work must be different from the original in order for a new copyright to apply, as a US court ruled in<i> <a href="/wiki/Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corporation">Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corporation</a></i>.</dd> <dd><i>The Bridgeman Art Library had made photographic reproductions of famous works of art from museums around the world (works already in the public domain.) The Corel Corporation used those reproductions for an educational CD-ROM without paying Bridgeman. Bridgeman claimed copyright infringement. The Court ruled that reproductions of images in the public domain are not protected by copyright if the reproductions are slavish or lacking in originality. In their opinion, the Court noted: "There is little doubt that many photographs, probably the overwhelming majority, reflect at least the modest amount of originality required for copyright protection.... But 'slavish copying', although doubtless requiring technical skill and effort, does not qualify."</i> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>This ruling only applies to two-dimensional works. For pictures of statues (which is, effectively, a translation of a three dimensional work into a two-dimensional copy) the picture taker has creative input into which angle to take the photographs from. Therefore, a new copyright is created when the picture is taken. Therefore, pictures of public domain 3D works are not free unless it was created by the uploader. In addition, in some countries such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweat_of_the_brow" title="Sweat of the brow">simple diligence</a> <i>is</i> enough for a work to be copyrightable (including reproductions of public domain works). The position of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> on this, however, is that any reproduction of a two-dimensional work in the public domain is not copyrightable, for otherwise the very purpose of the public domain would be defeated as to such works.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Pictures of copyrighted buildings are not considered derivative works, unless the country it is photographed in does not have <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama" title="Freedom of panorama">freedom of panorama</a> provisions (such as <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>). In United States copyright law though, "The copyright in an architectural work that has been constructed does not prevent the making, distributing, or public display of pictures, paintings, photographs, or other pictorial representations of the work – but only if the building in which the work is embodied is located in or ordinarily visible from a public place."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, freely licensed photos of copyrighted buildings (but <i>not</i> photos of copyrighted artwork attached to buildings) generally can be hosted on the US-based English Wikipedia regardless of where the photo was taken.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="What_is_fair_use?" data-mw-thread-id="h-What_is_fair_use?"><span id="What_is_fair_use.3F"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-What_is_fair_use?"></span>What is fair use?<span data-mw-comment-end="h-What_is_fair_use?"></span></h2></div> <dl><dd>Under certain conditions, you may copy a copyrighted work without a license from the original author. One of these limitations on the rights granted to the copyright holder is called "<a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>." A more restricted version called <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a> generally applies outside the United States.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Generally, fair use exceptions are ill-defined, and vary widely from country to country. What is fair use in one country may not be in another country.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Under <a href="/wiki/United_States_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States copyright law">US copyright law</a>, the primary things to consider when asking if something is fair use (set forth in Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 107) are:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ol><li>The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;</li> <li>The nature of the copyrighted work;</li> <li>The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and</li> <li>The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.</li></ol></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Asking yourself these questions might help you determine if something is fair use: <ol><li><i>Is it a for profit competitor or not? Is it for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research? Is the use transformative (of a different nature to the original publication)?</i></li> <li><i>Is it a highly original creative work with lots of novel ideas or a relatively unoriginal work or listing of facts? Is the work published (to a non-restricted audience)?</i> If not, fair use is much less likely.</li> <li><i>How much of the original work are you copying? Does the portion that you are copying constitute the "heart" of the work and/or its most powerful and significant part? Are you copying more or less than the minimum required for your purpose?</i> The more you exceed this minimum, the less likely the use is to be fair. <i>Are you reducing the quality or originality, perhaps by using a reduced size version?</i></li> <li><i>Does this use hurt or help the original author's ability to sell it; in particular, does it replace the market for authorized copies? Did they intend to or were they trying to make the work widely republished (as with a press release)? Are you making it easy to find and buy the work if a viewer is interested in doing so?</i></li></ol></dd></dl> <dl><dd>None of these factors alone is sufficient to make a use fair or not fair – all of them must be considered and weighed. It's routine for courts to express degrees of acceptability or unacceptability for each factor and try to come to a summary and conclusion based on the balance.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Since the 1990s, US rulings on fair use have emphasized the two questions of (1) whether the usage was for a transformative purpose (i.e. a different purpose than the original market purpose) and (2) whether the usage was appropriate with regard to community practice in the community (i.e. higher education) in which the usage took place.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Quotations are a very well known and widely used form of fair use and fair dealing and are explicitly allowed under the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Berne Convention</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>If you produce a derivative work based on fair use, your work is a fair use work. Even if you release your changes into the public domain, the original work and fair use of it remains and the net effect is fair use. To eliminate this you must make the use of the original so insubstantial that the portion used is insufficient to be covered by copyright.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>It is possible for a work to be both licensed and fair use. You may have a license which applies in one country or for one use and may make fair use in other cases. The licenses help to reduce the legal risk, by providing some assurance that there won't be legal action for the uses they cover.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>Stanford University Library – Summaries of Fair Use Cases<sup id="cite_ref-fse_1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fse_1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Giglaw – What is "Fair Use" in Copyright Law?<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nolo law center – When Copying Is Okay: The "Fair Use" Rule<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fair use – Center for Media & Social Impact<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikipedia_and_fair_use" data-mw-thread-id="h-Wikipedia_and_fair_use-What_is_fair_use?"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Wikipedia_and_fair_use-What_is_fair_use?"></span>Wikipedia and fair use<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Wikipedia_and_fair_use-What_is_fair_use?"></span></h3></div> <dl><dd>Because the database servers are located in the United States, Wikipedia is subject to US copyright law in this matter and may not host material which infringes US copyright law. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content">Wikipedia:Non-free content</a> is an evolving page offering more specific guidance about what is likely to be fair use in the Wikipedia articles and what Wikipedia policy will accept, with examples. In general, the educational and transformative nature of Wikipedia articles provides an excellent fair use case for anyone reproducing an article.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Other_considerations_for_photographers" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_considerations_for_photographers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_considerations_for_photographers"></span>Other considerations for photographers<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_considerations_for_photographers"></span></h2></div> <dl><dd>Particularly in relation to photographers a number of other considerations may also restrict your right to take or publish photographs. For example a photograph of a person may infringe their right to privacy. Similarly you may not have the right to take photographs in non-public locations. These restrictions are often mistakenly referred to as copyright infringements when in fact other laws apply.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Useful short-hand guides may be found concerning certain rights and restrictions affecting photographs taken <ul><li>in Canada at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ambientlight.ca/laws/">ambientlight.ca</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516044547/http://ambientlight.ca/wp-content/uploads/Ontario-Photography-Laws-V1.0.pdf">1 page pdf re Ontario laws</a>)</li> <li>in the United States at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krages.com/phoright.htm">www.krages.com</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krages.com/ThePhotographersRight.pdf">1 page pdf</a>)</li> <li>in the United Kingdom at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041229110805/http://www.sirimo.co.uk/ukpr.php">www.sirimo.co.uk</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050214201457/http://www.sirimo.co.uk/media/UKPhotographersRights.pdf">2 page pdf</a>)</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Licenses" data-mw-thread-id="h-Licenses"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Licenses"></span>Licenses<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Licenses"></span></h2></div> <dl><dd>A license is a permission to use a work in the way described by the license. A single work can have as many licenses as the creator decides are useful.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Example – the very widely used database MySQL is available with at least two possible licenses, one a <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> license, the other a license allowing distribution of modifications without compelling publication of source code.</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>It's very common for a copyright holder to provide licenses tailored to the needs of an individual large business customer; it's much less so for individual, and small business customers. Typically, individuals will use one of the following boilerplates:</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-commercial_licenses" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-commercial_licenses-Licenses"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-commercial_licenses-Licenses"></span>Non-commercial licenses<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-commercial_licenses-Licenses"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NONCOM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NONCOM&redirect=no">WP:NONCOM</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <dl><dd>There are many different kinds of non-commercial licenses, but generally they say something like <i>You may use, copy, or distribute this work for non-commercial purposes</i>.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Example: "Images contributed to this database by the Canadian Olympic Committee (COC) may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes without asking permission from the COC or paying copyright royalty"</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimbo</a> has prohibited the use of these<sup id="cite_ref-JW_1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JW_1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Board of the Wikimedia Foundation passed an official resolution about this in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may still be used under the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAIR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FAIR">fair use</a> in the English Wikipedia; some other projects, such as the Spanish Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Commons, prohibit them entirely.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_licenses" data-mw-thread-id="h-Educational_licenses-Licenses"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Educational_licenses-Licenses"></span>Educational licenses<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Educational_licenses-Licenses"></span></h3></div> <dl><dd>It is very common for scientific works to allow educational use. What each publisher considers to be educational varies. Some consider only schools and colleges to be educational, others include all forms of public education, including encyclopedias, to be educational.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Jimbo has prohibited the use of these.<sup id="cite_ref-JW_1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JW_1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they may still be used under the terms of fair use.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permissive_licenses" data-mw-thread-id="h-Permissive_licenses-Licenses"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Permissive_licenses-Licenses"></span>Permissive licenses<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Permissive_licenses-Licenses"></span></h3></div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Permissive_licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive licenses">Permissive licenses</a> allow for unrestricted use, modification, and distribution of a copyrighted work. The modified <a href="/wiki/BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a>, the <a href="/wiki/X11_license" class="mw-redirect" title="X11 license">X11 license</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/MIT_license" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT license">MIT license</a> are each examples of permissive licenses. These licenses seek to make it as easy as possible to reuse the licensed work: the objective is generally to make the work available and as widely used as possible, but without releasing it to the public domain. Those using permissively licensed works can relicense derivative work under more restrictive license terms.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Because of the very limited license requirements, license incompatibility problems with this type of license are relatively uncommon, so it is very easy to reuse these works.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attribution_licenses" data-mw-thread-id="h-Attribution_licenses-Licenses"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Attribution_licenses-Licenses"></span>Attribution licenses<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Attribution_licenses-Licenses"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:Attribution_licenses"></span><span id="WP:Attribution_licences"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution_licenses&redirect=no">WP:Attribution licenses</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Attribution_licences&redirect=no">WP:Attribution licences</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <dl><dd>An attribution license is a permissive license with an additional requirement of attribution of previous authors' works in any derivative work. An attribution licenses says (essentially): "You may use, copy, or distribute this work, as long as you give credit to the original author". The original "four clause" <a href="/wiki/BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a> is an example of an attribution license.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Example: "Photo by John Smith. Copyright 1999. Permission granted for free use and distribution, conditioned upon inclusion of the above attribution and copyright notice."</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyleft_licenses" data-mw-thread-id="h-Copyleft_licenses-Licenses"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Copyleft_licenses-Licenses"></span>Copyleft licenses<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Copyleft_licenses-Licenses"></span></h3></div> <dl><dd>Some licenses are called "copyleft" licenses. Essentially, they have three key properties: <ul><li>A work licensed with a copyleft license can be copied at will.</li> <li>All published derivative works must use exactly the same license as the original: if you use the work, you're forced to use the same license for your own original work as well.</li> <li>If your work is using a different license, you can't use the copyleft license, even if your work is also using a (different) copyleft licence.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd>If you don't want to accept the license of the copyleft work then you may not use the copyleft work as part of your own work.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>There is increasing awareness of the license incompatibility problem of copyleft licenses, since many people are simply trying to force reusers to publish the source of their work. This is why we, with the cooperation of the Free Software Foundation, arranged to migrate Wikipedia from the GFDL license to the CC-BY-SA license and why we recommend this license to others.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>On Wikipedia, images licensed under incompatible but similar copyleft licenses are allowed, as they can be incorporated into articles at will (as the actual text under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License and the GNU Free Documentation License just has a pointer to the image) and the only thing that can't be done is using parts of both images to create a new image (as derivatives must be under the same license).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creative_Commons_licenses" data-mw-thread-id="h-Creative_Commons_licenses-Copyleft_licenses"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Creative_Commons_licenses-Copyleft_licenses"></span>Creative Commons licenses<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Creative_Commons_licenses-Copyleft_licenses"></span></h4></div> <dl><dd>"<a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons License">Creative Commons License</a>" (CCL) may refer to one of several licenses written by <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> (founded by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a>). Most of the CCLs allow non-commercial distribution of the work if it's unmodified, but different ones allow different combinations of various features:</dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>Requiring attribution.</li> <li>Noncommercial (disallowing commercial reuse).</li> <li>No Derivative Works (prohibiting someone from distributing a derivative work).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share-alike" title="Share-alike">Share Alike</a> (copyleft) (requiring someone to distribute their derivative work under the same license).</li> <li>Some of the deprecated licences still apply full copyright to people in developed countries (Developing Nations Licence), or don't permit distribution of the whole work (Sampling Licence)</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd>All text on Wikipedia is licensed under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike 4.0 International License</a>, following a transition from the GFDL.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GFDL" data-mw-thread-id="h-GFDL-Copyleft_licenses"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-GFDL-Copyleft_licenses"></span>GFDL<span data-mw-comment-end="h-GFDL-Copyleft_licenses"></span></h4></div> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> (GFDL) is a copyleft license produced by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Example: Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or later</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Some people have complained that the GFDL is too hard to interpret and too hard for reusers of small works to comply with because the license can be longer than the work covered by the license. This reflects its origins as a license intended for manuals, not small works. There is some hope that the FSF will help to remove these problems in a future version.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Most of the text on Wikipedia is also licensed under GFDL. In order to determine whether a page is available under the GFDL, review the page footer, page history, and discussion page for attribution of single-licensed content that is not GFDL-compatible.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_commercial_licenses" data-mw-thread-id="h-Typical_commercial_licenses-Licenses"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Typical_commercial_licenses-Licenses"></span>Typical commercial licenses<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Typical_commercial_licenses-Licenses"></span></h3></div> <dl><dd>A typical commercial license is written to prohibit redistribution and limit the rights of the licensee as far as practical while still allowing them to make some use of the work. While any license is better than no license, these are often very restrictive.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>As with non-commercial and educational licenses, these may not be used on Wikipedia, although works licensed as such may be used under the guise of fair use.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_situations_by_country" title="Wikipedia:Copyright situations by country">Wikipedia:Copyright situations by country</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Further_reading" data-mw-thread-id="h-Further_reading"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Further_reading"></span>Further reading<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Further_reading"></span></h2></div> <ul><li>Dunning, Alistair. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616200932/http://www.history.ac.uk/resources/digitisation/conf2003/dunning">The law remains an ass: copyright and data protection in digitization projects</a></i> July 2003, British <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Historical_Research" title="Institute of Historical Research">Institute of Historical Research</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">archive.org</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Footnotes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Footnotes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Footnotes"></span>Footnotes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Footnotes"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Feist_v._Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Feist v. Rural">Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Service Co.</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=499&invol=340">499 U.S. 340</a> (Supreme Court of the United States 1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.today/2002.06.02-055302/http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ41.html">Copyright Claims in Architectural Works</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/">Title 17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copyrightaid.co.uk/copyright_information/berne_convention_signatories">Berne Convention signatories</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-compulsory_mech_license_mcdonald-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-compulsory_mech_license_mcdonald_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-compulsory_mech_license_mcdonald_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald" class="citation web cs1">McDonald, Heather. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120731055035/http://musicians.about.com/od/publishingandroyalties/g/Compulsory-Mechanical-License.htm">"What is a Compulsory Mechanical License"</a>. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a>. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Compulsory+Mechanical+License&rft.pub=About.com&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusicians.about.com%2Fod%2Fpublishingandroyalties%2Fg%2FCompulsory-Mechanical-License.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AFAQ%2FCopyright" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrson_Scott_Card2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> (September 7, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornery.org/essays/warwatch/2003-09-07-1.html">"MP3s Are Not the Devil"</a>. The Ornery American<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MP3s+Are+Not+the+Devil&rft.pub=The+Ornery+American&rft.date=2003-09-07&rft.au=Orson+Scott+Card&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ornery.org%2Fessays%2Fwarwatch%2F2003-09-07-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AFAQ%2FCopyright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMongello,_Marilee2004" class="citation web cs1">Mongello, Marilee (2004-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor/art.html">"The Right to Display Public Domain Images"</a>. EnglishHistory.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Right+to+Display+Public+Domain+Images&rft.pub=EnglishHistory.net&rft.date=2004-11-01&rft.au=Mongello%2C+Marilee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglishhistory.net%2Ftudor%2Fart.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AFAQ%2FCopyright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/commons:Commons_talk:When_to_use_the_PD-Art_tag%3Fdiff%3D13030130%26oldid%3D13028854" class="extiw" title="c:commons:Commons talk:When to use the PD-Art tag?diff=13030130&oldid=13028854">Statement from Deputy Director of the WMF</a> "To put it plainly, WMF's position has always been that faithful reproductions of two-dimensional public domain works of art are public domain, and that claims to the contrary represent an assault on the very concept of a public domain."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Cullen Yeager and Katherine A. Golden <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.today/2004.04.16-215647/http://articles.corporate.findlaw.com/articles/file/00106/009506">LLP: Owner vs. Architect: Who Owns the Design?</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Freedom_of_panorama" title="Wikipedia:Freedom of panorama">Wikipedia:Freedom of panorama</a> and the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:FoP-USonly" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:FoP-USonly">FoP-USonly</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> licensing tag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.html">Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 107</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAufderheide2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Aufderheide" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Aufderheide">Aufderheide, Patricia</a> (2011-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidehighered.com/views/2011/08/02/essay_calls_on_academics_to_use_their_fair_use_rights">"Myths About Fair Use"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Myths+About+Fair+Use&rft.pub=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.date=2011-08-02&rft.aulast=Aufderheide&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fviews%2F2011%2F08%2F02%2Fessay_calls_on_academics_to_use_their_fair_use_rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AFAQ%2FCopyright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fse_1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fse_1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStim" class="citation web cs1">Stim, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/fair-use/cases/">"Summaries of Fair Use Cases"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nolo_(publisher)" title="Nolo (publisher)">Nolo</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summaries+of+Fair+Use+Cases&rft.pub=Nolo&rft.aulast=Stim&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffairuse.stanford.edu%2Foverview%2Ffair-use%2Fcases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AFAQ%2FCopyright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil_Gall,_Barbara2000" class="citation web cs1">Weil Gall, Barbara (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060313144132/http://www.gigalaw.com/articles/2000-all/gall-2000-12-all.html">"What is "Fair Use" in Copyright Law?"</a>. GigaLaw.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gigalaw.com/articles/2000-all/gall-2000-12-all.html">the original</a> on 2006-03-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+%22Fair+Use%22+in+Copyright+Law%3F&rft.pub=GigaLaw.com&rft.date=2000-12&rft.au=Weil+Gall%2C+Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gigalaw.com%2Farticles%2F2000-all%2Fgall-2000-12-all.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AFAQ%2FCopyright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/fair-use-rule-copyright-material-30100.html">"The 'Fair Use' Rule: When Use of Copyrighted Material is Acceptable"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nolo_(publisher)" title="Nolo (publisher)">Nolo</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27Fair+Use%27+Rule%3A+When+Use+of+Copyrighted+Material+is+Acceptable&rft.pub=Nolo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nolo.com%2Flegal-encyclopedia%2Ffair-use-rule-copyright-material-30100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AFAQ%2FCopyright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmsimpact.org/fair-use">"Fair Use | Center for Media & Social Impact"</a>. Center for Media & Social Impact<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fair+Use+%7C+Center+for+Media+%26+Social+Impact&rft.pub=Center+for+Media+%26+Social+Impact&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmsimpact.org%2Ffair-use&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AFAQ%2FCopyright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JW_1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JW_1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JW_1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-May/023760.html">Jimbo has prohibited the use of noncommercial-only images</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Resolution:Licensing policy">Resolution:Licensing policy</a>, the Wikimedia Foundation wiki.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template talk:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Directory" title="Help:Directory">Wikipedia help pages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b>Visit the <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a></i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></i> for an interactive <abbr title="questions and answers">Q & A</abbr> forum.</b></li></ul> <hr/> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ" title="Wikipedia:FAQ">FAQs</a></b> <b><abbr title="This is a list of frequently asked questions about using and contributing to Wikipedia.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desks</a></b> <b><abbr title="Works like a library reference desk. Ask a question here and Wikipedia volunteers will try to answer it.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Noticeboards" title="Wikipedia:Noticeboards">Noticeboards</a></b> <b><abbr title="Pages where editors can ask questions and request assistance from people who are familiar with the policies and guidelines covered by each individual board.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of the most commonly used Wiki markup and templates.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of Wikipedia's directories and indexes.">(?)</abbr></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's governess and customs">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Purpose" title="Wikipedia:Purpose">Purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Principles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advice_for_parents" title="Wikipedia:Advice for parents">parental advice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Request_directory" title="Wikipedia:Request directory">Making requests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Who_writes_Wikipedia%3F" title="Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia?">Who writes Wikipedia?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reader%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Reader's index to Wikipedia">Help for readers</a> <abbr title="Concerns and questions readers may have about Wikipedia">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_book_creator_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia book creator status">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Copyright" title="Help:Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Navigation" title="Help:Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Other_languages" title="Help:Other languages">Other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Student_help" title="Help:Student help">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Viewing_media" title="Help:Viewing media">Viewing media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia">Contributing<br/>to Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Overviews and resources needed to comprehend, comment on, and edit">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_for_younger_editors" title="Wikipedia:Guidance for younger editors">Advice for young editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoiding_common_mistakes" title="Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes">Avoiding common mistakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_ruleset" title="Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset">Simplified rule-set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">"Ignore all rules"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_rules_are_principles" title="Wikipedia:The rules are principles">"The rules are principles"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Style-tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tip_of_the_day" title="Wikipedia:Tip of the day">Tip of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Your_first_article" title="Help:Your first article">Your first article</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">article wizard</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Getting_started" title="Help:Getting started">Getting started</a> <abbr title="Introductions and tutorials">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">Why create an account?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Introductions by topic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_tutorials" title="Wikipedia:Graphics tutorials">Graphics tutorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Picture tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial">IRC <span style="font-size:85%;">(live chat)</span> tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">VisualEditor user guide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Dos and don'ts">Dos and don'ts</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia policies, guidelines, and formatting standards in bullet points">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility dos and don'ts">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biography_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biography dos and don'ts">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons dos and don'ts">Biographies (living)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Categorization dos and don'ts">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Consensus dos and don'ts">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Talk dos and don'ts">Discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation dos and don'ts">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Image dos and don'ts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Lead dos and don'ts">Leads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Linking_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Linking dos and don'ts">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:List dos and don'ts">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Table_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Table dos and don'ts">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_title_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Article title dos and don'ts">Titles (of articles)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">How-to pages</a> and<br/><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">information pages</a> <abbr title="Topic specific informative and instructional pages">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">Appealing blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to deletion">Article deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations/references</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Referencing for beginners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Convert" title="Help:Convert">Convert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Minor_edit" title="Help:Minor edit">Minor edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Edit toolbar">toolbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_conflict" title="Help:Edit conflict">edit conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_image_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to image deletion">Image deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Infobox" title="Help:Infobox">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Linking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Link_color" title="Help:Link color">link color</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Logging_in" title="Help:Logging in">Logging in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">Merging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Page_name" title="Help:Page name">Page name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:How_to_move_a_page" title="Help:How to move a page">Renaming pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Redirect" title="Help:Redirect">Redirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reset_password" title="Help:Reset password">Passwords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Email_confirmation" title="Help:Email confirmation">Email confirmation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reverting" title="Help:Reverting">Reverting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Simple_guide_to_vandalism_cleanup" title="Help:Simple guide to vandalism cleanup">Simple vandalism cleanup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk pages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">archiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_(plain_and_simple)" title="Help:Archiving (plain and simple)">simple archiving</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:User_contributions" title="Help:User contributions">User contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:WP_search_protocol" title="Help:WP search protocol">WP search protocol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki markup">Coding</a> <abbr title="Wikitext information consists of the syntax used to format a page">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wiki markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Barchart" title="Help:Barchart">Barcharts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Calculation" title="Help:Calculation">Calculations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Columns" title="Help:Columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Elevation" title="Help:Elevation">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">Magic words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Musical_symbols" title="Help:Musical symbols">Music symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Table" title="Help:Table">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion">Transclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:URL" title="Help:URL">URL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Visual_file_markup" title="Help:Visual file markup">Visual files</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's directories and indexes">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Wikipedia:Contents">Contents</a> <small>(Encyclopedia proper)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Department_directory" title="Wikipedia:Department directory">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editor%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Editor's index to Wikipedia">Editor's index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Index">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Manual of Style </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tips" title="Wikipedia:Tips">Tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools">Tools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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