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Michael Spence – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia
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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linki_zewnętrzne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Linki zewnętrzne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Spence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 46 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3" title="مايكل سبنس – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مايكل سبنس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maykl_Spens" title="Maykl Spens – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maykl Spens" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="মাইকেল স্পেন্স – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাইকেল স্পেন্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Майкл Спенс – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Майкл Спенс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Майкъл Спенс – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Майкъл Спенс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Michael_Spence" title="A. Michael Spence – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="A. Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3" title="مایکل اسپنس – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایکل اسپنس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence_(%C3%A9conomiste)" title="Michael Spence (économiste) – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Michael Spence (économiste)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="마이클 스펜스 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이클 스펜스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AC_%D5%8D%D6%83%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD" title="Մայքլ Սփենս – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մայքլ Սփենս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Michael_Spence" title="Andrew Michael Spence – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Andrew Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Michael_Spence" title="A. Michael Spence – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="A. Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="מייקל ספנס – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מייקל ספנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მაიკლ სპენსი – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაიკლ სპენსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Мајкл Спенс – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мајкл Спенс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3" title="مايكل سبنس – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مايكل سبنس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="マイケル・スペンス – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マイケル・スペンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Michael_Spence" title="A. Michael Spence – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="A. Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="مائیکل سپینس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مائیکل سپینس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Michael_Spence" title="Andrew Michael Spence – dolnoniemiecki" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Andrew Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="dolnoniemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Спенс, Майкл – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спенс, Майкл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="மைக்கேல் ஸ்பென்ஸ் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மைக்கேல் ஸ்பென்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Майкл Спенс – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Майкл Спенс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Майкл Спенс – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Майкл Спенс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3" title="میخائل سپنس – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میخائل سپنس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Michael Spence" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%BD%AD%E6%96%AF" title="迈克尔·斯彭斯 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="迈克尔·斯彭斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q157245#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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.infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Michael Spence</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Michael_Spence_-_Trento_2013_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Michael_Spence_-_Trento_2013_01.JPG/160px-Michael_Spence_-_Trento_2013_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Michael_Spence_-_Trento_2013_01.JPG/240px-Michael_Spence_-_Trento_2013_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Michael_Spence_-_Trento_2013_01.JPG/320px-Michael_Spence_-_Trento_2013_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3506" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Państwo działania </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">Stany Zjednoczone</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data i miejsce urodzenia </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap">7 listopada 1943</span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Montclair_(New_Jersey)" title="Montclair (New Jersey)">Montclair</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:LightBlue; color:black; text-align:center; font-size:90%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa; padding:3px;">Specjalność: <a href="/wiki/Ekonomia" title="Ekonomia">ekonomia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#629ed0; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Uczelnia </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Stanforda" title="Uniwersytet Stanforda">Uniwersytet Stanforda</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#629ed0; color:black; text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa;"><b>Nagrody</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nagroda_Nobla" title="Nagroda Nobla"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/45px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/60px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Banku_Szwecji_im._Alfreda_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_ekonomii" title="Laureaci Nagrody Banku Szwecji im. Alfreda Nobla w dziedzinie ekonomii">Nagroda Banku Szwecji im. Alfreda Nobla w dziedzinie ekonomii</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Michael_Spence" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Michael_Spence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Michael Spence">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Andrew Michael Spence</b> (ur. <a href="/wiki/7_listopada" title="7 listopada">7 listopada</a> <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a> w <a href="/wiki/Montclair_(New_Jersey)" title="Montclair (New Jersey)">Montclair</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">amerykański</a> ekonomista, laureat <a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Banku_Szwecji_im._Alfreda_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_ekonomii" title="Laureaci Nagrody Banku Szwecji im. Alfreda Nobla w dziedzinie ekonomii">Nagrody Banku Szwecji im. Alfreda Nobla w dziedzinie ekonomii</a> w 2001 roku (wcześniej otrzymał <a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a>, 1981). </p><p>Wykładowca na <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Stanforda" title="Uniwersytet Stanforda">Uniwersytecie Stanforda</a>. Nagrodę Banku Szwecji im. Alfreda Nobla otrzymał za prace nad analizą sytuacji rynkowych, kiedy część uczestników jest lepiej poinformowana (tzw. <a href="/wiki/Asymetria_informacji" title="Asymetria informacji">asymetria informacji</a>). Wraz z nim to wyróżnienie otrzymali <a href="/wiki/George_A._Akerlof" title="George A. Akerlof">George A. Akerlof</a> i <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Stiglitz" title="Joseph E. Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Spence&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Spence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024140252/https://www.nbportal.pl/wiedza/artykuly/historia-mysli-ekonomicznej/noblisci">Nobliści</a>. nbportal.pl. [zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbportal.pl/wiedza/artykuly/historia-mysli-ekonomicznej/noblisci">tego adresu</a> (2020-10-24)].</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Narodowy_Bank_Polski" title="Narodowy Bank Polski">Narodowy Bank Polski</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linki_zewnętrzne"><span id="Linki_zewn.C4.99trzne"></span>Linki zewnętrzne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Spence&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Linki zewnętrzne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Spence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Linki zewnętrzne"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Spence.html">Michael Spence</a> The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output table.navbox:not(.pionowy){width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{border-top:0;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy{width:250px;float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 0.4em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .before,.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .after{padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,.mw-parser-output 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.opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Nobel_Ekonomia" title="Szablon:Nobel Ekonomia"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Nobel_Ekonomia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Nobel Ekonomia (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Nobel_Ekonomia&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption"><a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Banku_Szwecji_im._Alfreda_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_ekonomii" title="Laureaci Nagrody Banku Szwecji im. Alfreda Nobla w dziedzinie ekonomii">Laureaci Nagrody Banku Szwecji im. Alfreda Nobla w dziedzinie ekonomii</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content flex"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XX wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich August von Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kantorowicz" title="Leonid Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">Meade</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Simon" title="Herbert Simon">Simon</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Schultz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lewis" title="Arthur Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Klein</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">Tobin</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">Stigler</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Debreu</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Stone</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Modigliani</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Allais</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Haavelmo</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Markowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merton_Miller" title="Merton Miller">Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Sharpe" title="William Sharpe">Sharpe</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Fogel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">North</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">Harsanyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash" title="John Forbes Nash">Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Selten</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas Jr.</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">Mirrlees</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">Vickrey</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Merton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Scholes</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Mundell</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">Heckman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">McFadden</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XXI wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/George_A._Akerlof" title="George A. Akerlof">Akerlof</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Stiglitz" title="Joseph E. Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Kahneman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Smith" title="Vernon Smith">Smith</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Engle" title="Robert Engle">Engle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Granger</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Kydland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Aumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_S._Phelps" title="Edmund S. Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Hurwicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Maskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Myerson</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Williamson" title="Oliver Williamson">Williamson</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dale_Mortensen" title="Dale Mortensen">Mortensen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Pissarides" title="Christopher Pissarides">Pissarides</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sargent" title="Thomas Sargent">Sargent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sims" title="Christopher Sims">Sims</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Roth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Shapley</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Fama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Hansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Shiller</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Tirole</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Deaton</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart" title="Oliver Hart">Hart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Holmström</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">Nordhaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Romer</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Banerjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Duflo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer">Kremer</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Milgrom" title="Paul Milgrom">Milgrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">Card</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Angrist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_Imbens" title="Guido Imbens">Imbens</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Bernanke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Dybvig" title="Philip Dybvig">Dybvig</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Goldin</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemo%C4%9Flu" title="Daron Acemoğlu">Acemoğlu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(ekonomista)" title="Simon Johnson (ekonomista)">Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Alan_Robinson" title="James Alan Robinson">Robinson</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:NobelP2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobel"><img alt="Nobel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/80px-NobelP2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/120px-NobelP2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/160px-NobelP2.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="542" /></a></span> </p> </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-p"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description">osoba</span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121184177">0000000121184177</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/4906666">4906666</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/n2009012926">n2009012926</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/129108065">129108065</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01241200">01241200</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/katalogisering/42gjldhn5chqbrn">42gjldhn5chqbrn</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16223604h">16223604h</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Universitaire_de_Documentation" title="Système Universitaire de Documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/033567506">033567506</a></span></li><li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="extiw" title="it:Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.sbn.it/af/CFIV276720">CFIV276720</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Australii" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Australii">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35264566">35264566</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/mzk2004231294">mzk2004231294</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiszpa%C5%84ska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Hiszpańska Biblioteka Narodowa">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5258751">XX5258751</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holenderska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Holenderska Biblioteka Narodowa">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/doc/thes/p070852898">070852898</a></span></li><li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiNii" class="extiw" title="jp:CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00165372">DA00165372</a></span></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" class="extiw" title="en:Open Library">Open Library</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL243061A">OL243061A</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_(Warszawa)" title="Biblioteka Narodowa (Warszawa)">PLWABN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810671929405606">9810671929405606</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/NUKAT" title="NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/n%202003028253">n2003028253</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007443732205171">987007443732205171</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_%C5%81otwy" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Łotwy">LNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000253575&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000253575</a></span></li><li><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_i_sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1na_knji%C5%BEnica_u_Zagrebu" class="extiw" title="hr:Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu">NSK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000505887&local_base=nsk10">000505887</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brazylijska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Brazylijska Biblioteka Narodowa">BLBNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acervo.bn.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000514730">000514730</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Korei" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Korei">KRNLK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librarian.nl.go.kr/LI/contents/L20101000000.do?id=KAC201210352">KAC201210352</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Litewska_Biblioteka_Narodowa_im._Martynasa_Ma%C5%BEvydasa" title="Litewska Biblioteka Narodowa im. Martynasa Mažvydasa">LIH</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lnb.libis.lt/simpleSearch.do?doSearch=1&AI001=LNB%3ACBUn%3B%3DBe">LNB:CBUn;=Be</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3978147.html">3978147</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-Spence">biography/Michael-Spence</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/andrew-michael-spence">andrew-michael-spence</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">NE.se</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/a-michael-spence">a-michael-spence</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=A._Michael_Spence">A._Michael_Spence</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0261913.xml">0261913</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=A._Michael_Spence">A._Michael_Spence</a></span></li></ul> </div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div>Identyfikatory zewnętrzne:</div> <ul><li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1153" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1153">Scopus</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7103007155">7103007155</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Spence&oldid=73522425">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Spence&oldid=73522425</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Ameryka%C5%84scy_ekonomi%C5%9Bci" title="Kategoria:Amerykańscy ekonomiści">Amerykańscy ekonomiści</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Nobli%C5%9Bci_%E2%80%93_ekonomia" title="Kategoria:Nobliści – ekonomia">Nobliści – ekonomia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Laureaci_Medalu_Batesa_Clarka" title="Kategoria:Laureaci Medalu Batesa Clarka">Laureaci Medalu Batesa Clarka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wyk%C5%82adowcy_Uniwersytetu_Stanforda" title="Kategoria:Wykładowcy Uniwersytetu Stanforda">Wykładowcy Uniwersytetu Stanforda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Urodzeni_w_1943" title="Kategoria:Urodzeni w 1943">Urodzeni w 1943</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Ludzie_urodzeni_w_Montclair" title="Kategoria:Ludzie urodzeni w Montclair">Ludzie urodzeni w Montclair</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 16 kwi 2024, 08:09.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst udostępniany na licencji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl">Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach</a>, z możliwością obowiązywania dodatkowych ograniczeń. 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