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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_Jewish_refuseniks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_Jewish_refuseniks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History of the Jewish refuseniks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_Jewish_refuseniks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of the Jewish refuseniks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_Jewish_refuseniks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hijacking_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hijacking_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hijacking incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hijacking_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crackdown_on_the_refusenik_activism_and_its_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crackdown_on_the_refusenik_activism_and_its_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Crackdown on the refusenik activism and its growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crackdown_on_the_refusenik_activism_and_its_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>International pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refusenik_as_a_word" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refusenik_as_a_word"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Refusenik as a word</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refusenik_as_a_word-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentary_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Documentary films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_and_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Books and articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Memoirs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Refusenik" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B6_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A)" title="رافض (الاتحاد السوفيتي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رافض (الاتحاد السوفيتي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Refusenik" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Refusenik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Refusenik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ref%C3%BAsenik" title="Refúsenik – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Refúsenik" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuznik_(URSS)" title="Refuznik (URSS) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Refuznik (URSS)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Refusenik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Refusenik" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="מסורב עלייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסורב עלייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Refusenik" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Refusenik" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Refusenik" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Отказник (эмиграция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отказник (эмиграция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Відмовник (еміграція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відмовник (еміграція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אסיר ציון – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אסיר ציון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E6%8B%92%E7%BB%9D%E8%80%85" title="被拒绝者 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="被拒绝者" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q126214#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Refusenik_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Refusenik (disambiguation)">Refusenik (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19730110_Soviet_refuseniks_demonstrate_at_MVD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/56/19730110_Soviet_refuseniks_demonstrate_at_MVD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>January 10, 1973. Soviet Jewish refusenik demonstration in front of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the right to emigrate to Israel, before being broken up by Soviet authorities.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Exit_Visa_Forever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Soviet_Exit_Visa_Forever.jpg/220px-Soviet_Exit_Visa_Forever.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Soviet_Exit_Visa_Forever.jpg/330px-Soviet_Exit_Visa_Forever.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Soviet_Exit_Visa_Forever.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>A rare type 2 USSR <a href="/wiki/Exit_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="Exit visa">exit visa</a>. This type of visa was issued to those who received permission to leave the USSR permanently and lost their Soviet citizenship. Many people who wanted to emigrate were unable to receive this kind of exit visa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%94_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_30_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_1991_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%94_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_30_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_1991_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%94_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_30_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_1991_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%94_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_30_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_1991_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%94_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_30_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_1991_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%94_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_30_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_1991_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%94_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_30_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_1991_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2409" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption>Letter from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs">MVD</a> to a 76-year-old man from <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Sverdlovsk</a> saying he has been refused permission to move to Israel due to "knowledge of state secrets", May 1991.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Refusenik</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">отказник</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">otkaznik</i></span>, from <i> </i>отказ<i> (otkaz)</i> 'refusal'; alternatively spelled <b>refusnik</b>) was an unofficial term for individuals—typically, but not exclusively, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Jews</a>—who were <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">denied permission to emigrate</a>, primarily to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, by the authorities of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and other countries of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>refusenik</i> is derived from the "refusal" handed down to a prospective emigrant from the Soviet authorities. </p><p>In addition to the Jews, broader categories included: </p> <ul><li>Other ethnicities, such as <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a> attempting to leave for <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> wanting to join their <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Russia and the Soviet Union">Greeks</a> <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Soviet_Greeks" title="Deportation of the Soviet Greeks">forcibly removed</a> by Stalin from <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and other southern lands to Siberia.</li> <li>Members of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">persecuted religious groups</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the Soviet Union">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Evangelical_Christians-Baptists_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists of Russia">Baptists and other Protestant groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonites" title="Russian Mennonites">Russian Mennonites</a>.</li></ul> <p>A typical basis to deny emigration was the alleged association with Soviet <a href="/wiki/State_secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="State secrets">state secrets</a>. Some individuals were labelled as foreign <a href="/wiki/Spy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy">spies</a> or potential <a href="/wiki/Seditionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seditionist">seditionists</a> who purportedly wanted to abuse Israeli <i><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right_to_return" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to return">right to return</a>) as a means of escaping punishment for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> or sedition from abroad. </p><p>Applying for an exit visa was a step noted by the KGB, so that future career prospects, always uncertain for Soviet Jews, could be impaired.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a rule, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and refuseniks were fired from their workplaces and denied employment according to their major specialty. As a result, they had to find a <a href="/wiki/Menial_job" title="Menial job">menial job</a>, such as a street sweeper, or face imprisonment on charges of <a href="/wiki/Parasitism_(social_offense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitism (social offense)">social parasitism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ban on Jewish immigration to Israel was lifted in 1971, leading to the <a href="/wiki/1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah" title="1970s Soviet Union aliyah">1970s Soviet Union aliyah</a>. The coming to power of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> in the Soviet Union in the mid-1980s, and his policies of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>, as well as a desire for better relations with the West, led to major changes, and most refuseniks were allowed to emigrate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_Jewish_refuseniks">History of the Jewish refuseniks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the Jewish refuseniks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews#Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution of Jews § Russia and the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>A large number of Soviet Jews applied for <a href="/wiki/Exit_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="Exit visa">exit visas</a> to leave the Soviet Union, especially in the period following the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>. While some were allowed to leave, many were refused permission to emigrate, either immediately or after their cases would languish for years in the OVIR (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ОВиР, Отдел Виз и Регистрации</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Otdel Viz i Registratsii</i></span>) or Office of Visas and Registration, the <a href="/wiki/MVD" class="mw-redirect" title="MVD">MVD</a> (Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs) department responsible for exit visas. In many instances, the reason given for denial was that these persons had been given access, at some point in their careers, to information vital to Soviet <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> and could not now be allowed to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-BTP2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTP2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Soviet Jews were thought to be a security liability or possible traitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_Dunner_1975._pages_69-82_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_Dunner_1975._pages_69-82-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To apply for an exit visa, the applicants (and often their entire families) would have to quit their jobs, which in turn would make them vulnerable to charges of <a href="/wiki/Parasitism_(social_offense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitism (social offense)">social parasitism</a>, a criminal offense.<sup id="cite_ref-BTP2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTP2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Jews encountered systematic, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">institutional antisemitism</a> which blocked their opportunities for advancement. Some government sectors were almost entirely off-limits to Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_Dunner_1975._pages_69-82_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_Dunner_1975._pages_69-82-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Soviet restrictions on religious education and expression prevented Jews from engaging in Jewish cultural and religious life. While these restrictions led many Jews to seek emigration,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requesting an exit visa was itself seen as an act of betrayal by Soviet authorities. Thus, prospective emigrants requested permission to emigrate at great personal risk, knowing that an official refusal would often be accompanied by dismissal from work and other forms of social ostracism and economic pressure. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the same time, strong international condemnations caused the Soviet authorities to significantly increase the emigration quota. In the years 1960 through 1970, only 4,000 people (legally) emigrated from the USSR. In the following decade, the number rose to 250,000,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to fall again by 1980. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hijacking_incident">Hijacking incident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hijacking incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dymshits%E2%80%93Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair" title="Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair">Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair</a></div> <p>In 1970, a group of 16 refuseniks (two of whom were not Jewish), organized by dissident <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Kuznetsov_(dissident)" title="Eduard Kuznetsov (dissident)">Eduard Kuznetsov</a> (who already served a seven-year term in Soviet prisons), plotted to buy all the seats for the local flight <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>-<a href="/wiki/Priozersk" title="Priozersk">Priozersk</a>, under the guise of a trip to a wedding, on a small 12-seater aircraft <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-2" title="Antonov An-2">Antonov An-2</a> (colloquially known as <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">кукурузник</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">kukuruznik</i></span>), throw out the pilots before takeoff from an intermediate stop, and fly it to Sweden, knowing they faced a huge risk of being captured or shot down. One of the participants, Mark Dymshits, was a former military pilot.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 15 June 1970, after arriving at <a href="/wiki/Rzhevka_Airport" title="Rzhevka Airport">Smolnoye (later Rzhevka) Airport</a> near Leningrad, the entire group of the "wedding guests" was arrested by the <a href="/wiki/MVD" class="mw-redirect" title="MVD">MVD</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The accused were charged with <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>, punishable by the <a href="/wiki/Death_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Death sentence">death sentence</a> under Article 64 of the Penal code of the RSFSR. Dymshits and Kuznetsov were sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>, but after international protests, it was appealed and replaced with 15 years in prison; <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Mendelevitch" title="Yosef Mendelevitch">Yosef Mendelevitch</a> and Yuri Fedorov: 15 years; Aleksey Murzhenko: 14 years; Sylva Zalmanson (Kuznetsov's wife and the only woman on trial): 10 years; Arie (Leib) Knokh: 13 years; Anatoli Altmann: 12 years; Boris Penson: 10 years; Israel Zalmanson: 8 years; Wolf Zalmanson (brother of Sylva and Israel): 10 years; Mendel Bodnya: 4 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crackdown_on_the_refusenik_activism_and_its_growth">Crackdown on the refusenik activism and its growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crackdown on the refusenik activism and its growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_emigration_from_USSR_Leningrad_trial_operation_wedding.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jewish_emigration_from_USSR_Leningrad_trial_operation_wedding.png/220px-Jewish_emigration_from_USSR_Leningrad_trial_operation_wedding.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jewish_emigration_from_USSR_Leningrad_trial_operation_wedding.png/330px-Jewish_emigration_from_USSR_Leningrad_trial_operation_wedding.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jewish_emigration_from_USSR_Leningrad_trial_operation_wedding.png/440px-Jewish_emigration_from_USSR_Leningrad_trial_operation_wedding.png 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Jewish emigration from USSR, before and after the First Leningrad Trial</figcaption></figure> <p>The affair was followed by a crackdown on the Jewish and dissident movement throughout the USSR.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Activists were arrested, makeshift centers for studying the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> were closed, and more trials followed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, strong international condemnations caused the Soviet authorities to significantly increase the emigration quota. In the years 1960 through 1970, only about 3,000 Soviet Jews had (legally) emigrated from the USSR; after the trial, in the period from 1971 to 1980 347,100 people received a visa to leave the USSR, 245,951 of them were Jews.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A leading proponent and spokesman for the refusenik rights during the mid-1970s was <a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a>. Sharansky's involvement with the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a> helped to establish the struggle for emigration rights within the greater context of the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> movement in the USSR. His arrest on charges of espionage and treason and subsequent trial contributed to international support for the refusenik cause.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_pressure">International pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuli_Edelstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Yuli_Edelstein.jpg/170px-Yuli_Edelstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Yuli_Edelstein.jpg/255px-Yuli_Edelstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Yuli_Edelstein.jpg/340px-Yuli_Edelstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yuli_Edelstein" title="Yuli Edelstein">Yuli Edelstein</a>, one of the Soviet Union's most prominent refuseniks, who served as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Knesset" title="Speaker of the Knesset">Speaker of the Knesset</a> (Israel's parliament) from 2013 to 2020</figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 October 1976, 13 Jewish refuseniks came to the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> to petition for explanations of denials of their right to emigrate from the USSR, as affirmed under the Helsinki Final Act. Failing to receive any answer, they assembled in the reception room of the Presidium on the following day. After a few hours of waiting, they were seized by the <a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">police</a>, taken outside of the city limits and beaten. Two of them were kept in police custody.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the next week, following an unsuccessful meeting between the activists' leaders and the Soviet Minister of Internal Affairs, General <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Shchelokov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Shchelokov">Nikolay Shchelokov</a>, these abuses of law inspired several demonstrations in the Soviet capital. On Monday, 25 October 1976, 22 activists, including <a href="/wiki/Mark_Azbel" title="Mark Azbel">Mark Azbel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Kandel" title="Felix Kandel">Felix Kandel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lerner" title="Alexander Lerner">Alexander Lerner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ida_Nudel" title="Ida Nudel">Ida Nudel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Shcharansky" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoly Shcharansky">Anatoly Shcharansky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Slepak" title="Vladimir Slepak">Vladimir Slepak</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Zeleny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Zeleny (page does not exist)">Michael Zeleny</a>, were arrested in Moscow on their way to the next demonstration. They were convicted of <a href="/wiki/Hooliganism" title="Hooliganism">hooliganism</a> and incarcerated in the detention center Beryozka and other penitentiaries in and around Moscow. An unrelated party, artist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Motko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Motko (page does not exist)">Victor Motko</a>, arrested in <a href="/wiki/Dzerzhinsky_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzerzhinsky Square">Dzerzhinsky Square</a>, was detained along with the protesters in recognition of his prior attempts to emigrate from the USSR. These events were covered by several British and American journalists including <a href="/wiki/David_K._Shipler" title="David K. Shipler">David K. Shipler</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Craig_R._Whitney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Craig R. Whitney (page does not exist)">Craig R. Whitney</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_S._Wren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher S. Wren (page does not exist)">Christopher S. Wren</a>. The October demonstrations and arrests coincided with the end of the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 United States presidential election</a>. On October 25, U.S. presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> expressed his support of the protesters in a telegram sent to Scharansky, and urged the Soviet authorities to release them. (See Léopold Unger, Christian Jelen, <i>Le grand retour</i>, A. Michel 1977; Феликс Кандель, <i>Зона отдыха, или Пятнадцать суток на размышление</i>, Типография Ольшанский Лтд, Иерусалим, 1979; Феликс Кандель, <i>Врата исхода нашего: Девять страниц истории</i>, Effect Publications, Tel-Aviv, 1980.) On 9 November 1976, a week after Carter won the presidential election, the Soviet authorities released all but two of the previously arrested protesters. Several more were subsequently rearrested and incarcerated or exiled to Siberia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 1 June 1978, <i>refuseniks</i> Vladimir and Maria Slepak stood on the eighth story balcony of their apartment building. By then they had been denied permission to emigrate for over 8 years. Vladimir displayed a banner that read "Let us go to our son in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>". His wife Maria held a banner that read "Visa for my son". Fellow <i>refusenik</i> and Helsinki activist Ida Nudel held a similar display on the balcony of her own apartment. They were all arrested and charged with malicious hooliganism in violation of Article 206.2 of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Code">Penal Code</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a> protested their arrests in circulars dated 5 and 15 June of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vladimir Slepak and Ida Nudel were convicted of all charges. They served 5 and 4 years in Siberian exile.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various activist organizations constituted the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jewry_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Jewry Movement">Soviet Jewry Movement</a>. Human rights organizations included the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Council_on_Soviet_Anti-Semitism" title="Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism">Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism</a> (1963), <a href="/wiki/Student_Struggle_for_Soviet_Jewry" title="Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry">Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry</a> (1964),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Council_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Bay Area Council for Soviet Jews">Bay Area Council for Soviet Jews</a> (1967), the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a> (1970),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Supporting_Soviet_Jewry" title="National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry">National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry</a> (1971). </p><p>Another major source of pressure in favor of the rights of refuseniks was the <a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_1974" title="Trade Act of 1974">1974 Trade Act</a>. Jackson–Vanik affected U.S. trade relations with countries with non-market economies (originally, countries of the Communist bloc) that restricted freedom of Jewish emigration and other human rights. As such, it was applied to the USSR. According to <a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Talisman" title="Mark E. Talisman">Mark E. Talisman</a>, those who benefited included Jewish refuseniks from the Soviet Union, as well as Hungarians, Romanians, and other citizens that sought to emigrate from their nations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refusenik_as_a_word">Refusenik as a word</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Refusenik as a word"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/refusenik" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:refusenik">refusenik</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p>Although Refusenik originally had a precise meaning –  those denied exit from the Soviet Union –  its meaning has sometimes diverged away from this sense. It began to be used to mean "outsider" for groups other than <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jews">Russian Jews</a> and later to mean "those who refuse" rather than its original sense of "those who are refused". Over time, "refusenik" has entered colloquial English for a person who refuses to do something, especially by way of protest.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> referred to himself as the first political "refusenik of Russia," after buildings of the <a href="/wiki/The_Gorbachev_Foundation" title="The Gorbachev Foundation">Gorbachev Foundation</a> were taken by the Russian government and the country's <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="Constitutional Court of Russia">high court</a> requested that Gorbachev would be forbidden from leaving the country.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is occasionally used in the UK to mean "ones who refuse to comply",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also in the U.S.,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with many people who use it being unaware of the word's origins. </p><p>However, the original meaning is preserved and used in parallel, particularly in Israeli and Jewish articles about the historical events from which it emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentary_films">Documentary films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Documentary films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2008 filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bialis" title="Laura Bialis">Laura Bialis</a> released a documentary film, <i><a href="/wiki/Refusenik_(2008_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refusenik (2008 film)">Refusenik</a></i>, chronicling the human rights struggle of the Soviet refuseniks.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wedding" title="Operation Wedding">Operation Wedding</a></i>: a 2016 documentary film by filmmaker Anat Zalmanson-Kuznetsov, about her parents story <a href="/wiki/Sylva_Zalmanson" title="Sylva Zalmanson">Sylva Zalmanson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Kuznetsov_(dissident)" title="Eduard Kuznetsov (dissident)">Eduard Kuznetsov</a>, leading characters in the <a href="/wiki/Dymshits%E2%80%93Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair" title="Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair">Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair</a>—a daring escape attempt from the USSR in 1970 that kickstarted the Soviet Jewry movement.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausreiseantrag" class="extiw" title="de:Ausreiseantrag">Ausreiseantrag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balseros" title="Balseros">Balseros</a>, Cuban citizens who are not legally allowed to migrate and who cross to Florida in improvised boats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc emigration and defection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Branover" title="Herman Branover">Herman Branover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Begun" title="Iosif Begun">Iosif Begun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishkat_Hakesher" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishkat Hakesher">Lishkat Hakesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_to_Free_Soviet_Jewry" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement to Free Soviet Jewry">Movement to Free Soviet Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_shvuyim" title="Pidyon shvuyim">Pidyon shvuyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_Zion" title="Prisoner of Zion">Prisoner of Zion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Azbel' and Grace Pierce Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGSAAAAAIAAJ&q=refusenik">Refusenik, trapped in the Soviet Union.</a> <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>, 1981. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-30226-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-30226-9">0-395-30226-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrump2013" class="citation book cs1">Crump, Thomas (2013). <i>Brezhnev and the 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Routledge Studies in the History of Russia and Eastern Europe. Routledge. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66922-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66922-6"><bdi>978-1-134-66922-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brezhnev+and+the+Decline+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+the+History+of+Russia+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-66922-6&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefusenik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhg.ru/history/14DA65B">"Злоупотребления законодательством о труде"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502043018/http://www.mhg.ru/history/14DA65B">Archived</a> 2015-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a document of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BTP2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BTP2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BTP2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/66.html">"Beyond the Pale: The Right to Emigrate II"</a>. <i>www.friends-partners.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.friends-partners.org&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Pale%3A+The+Right+to+Emigrate+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friends-partners.org%2Fpartners%2Fbeyond-the-pale%2Fenglish%2F66.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefusenik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph_Dunner_1975._pages_69-82-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_Dunner_1975._pages_69-82_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_Dunner_1975._pages_69-82_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Dunner. <i>Anti-Jewish discrimination since the end of World War II</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wh3ZUWExDEcC&dq=discrimination+against+jews+in+the+soviet+union&pg=PA75">Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey. Vol. 1.</a> Willem A. Veenhoven and Winifred Crum Ewing (Editors). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1975. Hague. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-1779-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-1779-5">90-247-1779-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-1780-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-1780-9">90-247-1780-9</a>; pages 69-82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Pinkus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52Ew77pZsNUC&dq=discrimination+against+jews+in+the+soviet+union&pg=PA229">The Jews of the Soviet Union: the history of a national minority</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, January 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38926-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38926-6">978-0-521-38926-6</a>; pp. 229-230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boris Morozov (Editor). <i>Documents on Soviet Jewish Emigration.</i> <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4911-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4911-5">978-0-7146-4911-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexeyeva1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Alexeyeva" title="Lyudmila Alexeyeva">Alexeyeva, Lyudmila</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222231247/http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/books/ALEXEEWA/alexeeva_toc.htm"><bdi lang="ru">История инакомыслия в СССР</bdi></a> [<i>The History of Dissident Movement in the USSR</i>] (in Russian). 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Евреи в Советском Союзе в 1967–85 гг"</a>. <i>Электронная еврейская энциклопедия ОРТ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%A2&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7.+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5+%D0%B2+1967%E2%80%9385+%D0%B3%D0%B3.&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft.aulast=%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feleven.co.il%2Fjews-of-russia%2Fhistory-in-ussr%2F15420%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefusenik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/student-struggle-for-soviet-jewry-sssj">"Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry (SSSJ)"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yeltsin+Transfers+Gorbachev+Foundation+Property&rft.date=1992-10-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Erlanger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F10%2F08%2Fworld%2Fyeltsin-transfers-gorbachev-foundation-property.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefusenik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/refusenik">"Refusenik"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Refusenik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Frefusenik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefusenik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/refusenik">"Refusenik"</a>. <i>Collins Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Refusenik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Frefusenik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefusenik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreeter2022" class="citation news cs1">Streeter, Kurt (23 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/23/sports/tennis/novak-djokovic-french-open-21.html">"A Saga Between Tries, Novak Djokovic Again Aims for His 21st Slam"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Saga+Between+Tries%2C+Novak+Djokovic+Again+Aims+for+His+21st+Slam&rft.date=2022-05-23&rft.aulast=Streeter&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F05%2F23%2Fsports%2Ftennis%2Fnovak-djokovic-french-open-21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefusenik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Reinherz2023" class="citation web cs1">Adam Reinherz (26 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com/russian-refusenik-and-her-filmmaker-daughter-recount-operation-wedding/">"Soviet refusenik and her filmmaker daughter recount 'Operation Wedding'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Jewish+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Soviet+refusenik+and+her+filmmaker+daughter+recount+%27Operation+Wedding%27&rft.date=2023-06-26&rft.au=Adam+Reinherz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com%2Frussian-refusenik-and-her-filmmaker-daughter-recount-operation-wedding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefusenik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenee_Ghert-Zand" class="citation web cs1">Renee Ghert-Zand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/once-heroes-of-us-jewry-soviet-refuseniks-are-largely-forgotten-not-for-long/">"Once heroes of US Jewry, Soviet Refuseniks are largely forgotten. Not for long"</a>. <i>Times of Israel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Once+heroes+of+US+Jewry%2C+Soviet+Refuseniks+are+largely+forgotten.+Not+for+long&rft.au=Renee+Ghert-Zand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fonce-heroes-of-us-jewry-soviet-refuseniks-are-largely-forgotten-not-for-long%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefusenik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/dailynews/features/20080627_The_struggle_behind_the_Iron_Curtain.html">"The struggle behind the Iron Curtain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Daily_News" title="Philadelphia Daily News">Philadelphia Daily News</a></i>. June 27, 2008. Accessed June 28, 2008. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.operation-wedding-documentary.com/">"Operation Wedding, documentary - Official website"</a>. <i>OperationWeddingDoc</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OperationWeddingDoc&rft.atitle=Operation+Wedding%2C+documentary+-+Official+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.operation-wedding-documentary.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefusenik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/refusenik-exodus-passover-soviet-union">"The Refusenik Exodus From Slavery to Freedom United the Jewish World and Brought Down the Soviet Union"</a>. <i>Tablet Magazine</i>. 2020-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tablet+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Refusenik+Exodus+From+Slavery+to+Freedom+United+the+Jewish+World+and+Brought+Down+the+Soviet+Union&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fsections%2Farts-letters%2Farticles%2Frefusenik-exodus-passover-soviet-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefusenik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_articles">Books and articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Books and articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pauline Peretz, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ojwrDwAAQBAJ&q=Let+My+People+Go:+The+Transnational+Politics+of+Soviet+Jewish">Let My People Go: The Transnational Politics of Soviet Jewish Emigration During the Cold War</a>.</i> Ethan Rundell, trans. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2015.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Soviet repression of refusenik scientists unabated. The arrest of chemist Yuri Tarnopolsky points up the continuing plight of refusenik scientists in the Soviet Union under its new leadership". <i><a href="/wiki/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News" title="Chemical & Engineering News">Chemical & Engineering News</a></i>. <b>61</b> (20): 45–47. 15 May 1983. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v061n020.p045">10.1021/cen-v061n020.p045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Soviet+repression+of+refusenik+scientists+unabated.+The+arrest+of+chemist+Yuri+Tarnopolsky+points+up+the+continuing+plight+of+refusenik+scientists+in+the+Soviet+Union+under+its+new+leadership&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=45-47&rft.date=1983-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v061n020.p045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefusenik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Galina Nizhnikov, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QbBVjwEACAAJ">Against the Kremlin Wall</a></i>. A participant's account of the Soviet Jewish women movement of the 1970s and the events surrounding the arrest and imprisonment of Ida Nudel.</li> <li>Aba Taratuta, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stdVwgEACAAJ">Cheerful Memories/Troubled Years: A Story of a Refusenik’s Family in Leningrad and its Struggle for Immigration to Israel</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoirs">Memoirs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Memoirs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Natan Sharansky, <i><a href="/wiki/Fear_No_Evil_(book)" title="Fear No Evil (book)">Fear No Evil</a>: The Classic Memoir of One Man's Triumph over a Police State</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891620-02-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-891620-02-9">1-891620-02-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Potok" title="Chaim Potok">Chaim Potok</a>, <i>Gates of November: Chronicles of the Slepak Family</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-58867-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-58867-3">0-394-58867-3</a>.</li> <li>Yuri Tarnopolsky, <i>Memoirs of 1984</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-9198-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8191-9198-1">0-8191-9198-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-9197-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8191-9197-3">0-8191-9197-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Shrayer-Petrov" title="David Shrayer-Petrov">David Shrayer-Petrov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="ru:Шраер-Петров, Давид">Шраер-Петров, Давид</a></span>), <i>Herbert and Nelly</i> (a novel, in Russian, abridged 1986; complete 1992, 2006). A saga of a refusenik family set in Moscow in the 1980s.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Refuseniks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Refuseniks">Refuseniks</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.nativ-education.org.il/history-timeline">Timeline: 30 Major events the Soviet Jewry Struggle</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samizdatcollections.library.utoronto.ca/content/timeline-jewish-movement-soviet-union">"Timeline of the Jewish Movement in the Soviet Union"</a>. <i>Project for the Study of Dissidence and Samizdat</i>. University of Toronto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+for+the+Study+of+Dissidence+and+Samizdat&rft.atitle=Timeline+of+the+Jewish+Movement+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamizdatcollections.library.utoronto.ca%2Fcontent%2Ftimeline-jewish-movement-soviet-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARefusenik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.nativ-education.org.il/home">* Let My People Go</a> – A free educational resource in English and Hebrew</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Jews in the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Jews in the Soviet Union (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews in the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_autonomy_in_Crimea" title="Jewish autonomy in Crimea">Jewish autonomy in Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a> (JAO) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish history in the JAO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Communist_Party_(Poalei_Zion)" title="Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion)">Jewish Communist Party</a> (EKP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Communist_Youth_Union" title="Jewish Communist Youth Union">Jewish Communist Youth Union</a> (EKSM)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevsektsiya" title="Yevsektsiya">Yevsektsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komzet" title="Komzet">Komzet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OZET" title="OZET">OZET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee">Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet antisemitism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1931_Menshevik_Trial" title="1931 Menshevik Trial">1931 Menshevik Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Joseph Stalin and antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zionism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Public" title="Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public">Anti-Zionist Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah" title="1970s Soviet Union aliyah">1970s Soviet Union aliyah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Refusenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymshits%E2%80%93Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair" title="Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair">Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Jewish_Colonization_in_Russia" title="Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia">Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jewry_movement" title="Soviet Jewry movement">Soviet Jewry movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Supporting_Soviet_Jewry" title="National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry">National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Struggle_for_Soviet_Jewry" title="Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry">Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Council_on_Soviet_Anti-Semitism" title="Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism">Cleveland Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativ_(Liaison_Bureau)" title="Nativ (Liaison Bureau)">Nativ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Sunday_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews">Freedom Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Chai" title="Am Yisrael Chai">Am Yisrael Chai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jews_on_Land" title="Jews on Land">Jews on Land</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Soviet_Jewry" title="The Black Book of Soviet Jewry">The Black Book of Soviet Jewry</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&oldid=1256876414">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Refusenik&oldid=1256876414</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Refuseniks" title="Category:Refuseniks">Refuseniks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aliyah" 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