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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design principles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-100%_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#100%_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>100% rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-100%_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mutually_exclusive_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutually_exclusive_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Mutually exclusive elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutually_exclusive_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plan_outcomes,_not_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan_outcomes,_not_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Plan outcomes, not actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plan_outcomes,_not_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Product_breakdown_structure_(PBS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_breakdown_structure_(PBS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Product breakdown structure (PBS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Product_breakdown_structure_(PBS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feature-driven_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feature-driven_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Feature-driven development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feature-driven_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Level_of_detail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Level_of_detail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Level of detail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Level_of_detail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Work_package" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_package"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Work package</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_package-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WBS_dictionary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WBS_dictionary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>WBS dictionary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WBS_dictionary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coding_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coding_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Coding scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coding_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminal_element" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminal_element"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Terminal element</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminal_element-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consistent_to_norms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistent_to_norms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Consistent to norms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistent_to_norms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werksverdelingstruktuur" title="Werksverdelingstruktuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Werksverdelingstruktuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84" title="هيكلية تقسيم العمل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيكلية تقسيم العمل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Проект на структурен план – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Проект на структурен план" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura_de_desglossament_del_treball" title="Estructura de desglossament del treball – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estructura de desglossament del treball" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Work breakdown structure" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbejdsnedbrydningsstruktur" title="Arbejdsnedbrydningsstruktur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arbejdsnedbrydningsstruktur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projektstrukturplan" title="Projektstrukturplan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Projektstrukturplan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6de_hierarhiline_struktuur" title="Tööde hierarhiline struktuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tööde hierarhiline struktuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Δομή Ανάλυσης Εργασιών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δομή Ανάλυσης Εργασιών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura_de_descomposici%C3%B3n_del_trabajo" title="Estructura de descomposición del trabajo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estructura de descomposición del trabajo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ساختار شکست کار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساختار شکست کار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organigramme_des_t%C3%A2ches_du_projet" title="Organigramme des tâches du projet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organigramme des tâches du projet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_Breakdown_Structure" title="Work Breakdown Structure – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Work Breakdown Structure" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%85%EB%AC%B4_%EB%B6%84%EC%97%85_%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0" title="업무 분업 구조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="업무 분업 구조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur_rincian_kerja" title="Struktur rincian kerja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Struktur rincian kerja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Work breakdown structure" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="מבנה תכולת העבודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבנה תכולת העבודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munkalebont%C3%A1si_szerkezet" title="Munkalebontási szerkezet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Munkalebontási szerkezet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Work breakdown structure" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_Breakdown_Structure" title="Work Breakdown Structure – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Work Breakdown Structure" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeidsnedbrytningsstruktur" title="Arbeidsnedbrytningsstruktur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arbeidsnedbrytningsstruktur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktura_podzia%C5%82u_pracy" title="Struktura podziału pracy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Struktura podziału pracy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrutura_anal%C3%ADtica_do_projeto" title="Estrutura analítica do projeto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrutura analítica do projeto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structura_de_descompunere_a_lucr%C4%83rilor" title="Structura de descompunere a lucrărilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Structura de descompunere a lucrărilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Иерархическая структура работ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иерархическая структура работ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پێکھاتەی دابەشکردنی کار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێکھاتەی دابەشکردنی کار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty%C3%B6nositus" title="Työnositus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Työnositus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Work breakdown structure" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88" title="பணி உடைப்பு கால அட்டவணை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பணி உடைப்பு கால அட்டவணை" 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searchaux" style="display:none">A deliverable-orientated breakdown of a project into smaller components.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "breakdown structures", see <a href="/wiki/Breakdown_structure_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Breakdown structure (disambiguation)">Breakdown structure</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Work_Breakdown_Structure_of_Aircraft_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Work_Breakdown_Structure_of_Aircraft_System.jpg/300px-Work_Breakdown_Structure_of_Aircraft_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Work_Breakdown_Structure_of_Aircraft_System.jpg/450px-Work_Breakdown_Structure_of_Aircraft_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Work_Breakdown_Structure_of_Aircraft_System.jpg/600px-Work_Breakdown_Structure_of_Aircraft_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Example from MIL-HDBK-881, which illustrates the first three levels of a typical aircraft system<sup id="cite_ref-SEF01_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEF01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>work-breakdown structure</b> (<b>WBS</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Deliverable" title="Deliverable">deliverable</a>-oriented breakdown of a project into smaller components. A work breakdown structure is a key project management element that organizes the team's work into manageable sections. The <a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">Project Management Body of Knowledge</a> defines the work-breakdown structure as a "hierarchical decomposition of the total <a href="/wiki/Scope_(project_management)" title="Scope (project management)">scope</a> of work to be carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Project_team" title="Project team">project team</a> to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables."<sup id="cite_ref-Kerzner_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerzner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 434">: 434 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2021§Glossary_Section_3._Definitions_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2021§Glossary_Section_3._Definitions-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A WBS provides the necessary framework for detailed cost estimation and control while providing guidance for <a href="/wiki/Schedule_(project_management)" title="Schedule (project management)">schedule</a> development and control.<sup id="cite_ref-BAH_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAH-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WBS is a hierarchical and incremental decomposition of the project into deliverables (from major ones such as phases to the smallest ones, sometimes known as work packages). It is a <a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree structure</a>, which shows a subdivision of effort required to achieve an objective, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Program_management" title="Program management">program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project" title="Project">project</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA01_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA01-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a project or contract, the WBS is developed by starting with the end objective and successively subdividing it into manageable components in terms of size, duration, and responsibility (e.g., systems, subsystems, components, <a href="/wiki/Task_(project_management)" title="Task (project management)">tasks</a>, subtasks, and work packages) which include all steps necessary to achieve the objective. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_NF_533_reporting_structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/NASA_NF_533_reporting_structure.jpg/300px-NASA_NF_533_reporting_structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/NASA_NF_533_reporting_structure.jpg/450px-NASA_NF_533_reporting_structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/NASA_NF_533_reporting_structure.jpg/600px-NASA_NF_533_reporting_structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Example of work breakdown structure applied in a NASA reporting structure<sup id="cite_ref-NASA01_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA01-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The work breakdown structure provides a common framework for the natural development of the overall planning and control of a contract and is the basis for dividing work into definable increments from which the <a href="/wiki/Statement_of_work" title="Statement of work">statement of work</a> can be developed and technical, schedule, cost, and labor hour reporting can be established.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA01_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA01-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A work breakdown structure permits the summing of subordinate costs for tasks, materials, etc., into their successively higher level "parent" tasks, materials, etc. For each element of the work breakdown structure, a description of the task to be performed is generated.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique (sometimes called a <i>system breakdown structure</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is used to define and organize the total <a href="/wiki/Scope_(project_management)" title="Scope (project management)">scope</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Project" title="Project">project</a>. </p><p>The WBS is organized around the primary products of the project (or planned outcomes) instead of the work needed to produce the products (planned actions). Since the planned outcomes are the desired ends of the project, they form a relatively stable set of categories in which the costs of the planned actions needed to achieve them can be collected. A well-designed WBS makes it easy to assign each project activity to one and only one terminal element of the WBS. In addition to its function in cost accounting, the WBS also helps map requirements from one level of system specification to another, for example, a cross-reference matrix mapping functional requirements to high level or low-level design documents. The WBS may be displayed horizontally in <a href="/wiki/Outline_(list)" title="Outline (list)">outline</a> form or vertically as a tree structure (like an organization chart).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of the WBS normally occurs at the start of a project and precedes detailed project and task planning. Through <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Progressive_elaboration"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Progressive elaboration</span></span>, an iterative process in <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a> knowledge, the details of <a href="/wiki/Project_management_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Project management plan">project management plan</a> and amount of information will increase,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and initial estimates of items such as project scope description, planning, budget, etc. will become more accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also helps the <a href="/wiki/Project_team" title="Project team">project team</a> to make the project plan with more details.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of work breakdown structure was developed with the <a href="/wiki/Program_Evaluation_and_Review_Technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Program Evaluation and Review Technique">Program Evaluation and Review Technique</a> (PERT) by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> (DoD). PERT was introduced by the U.S. Navy in 1957 to support the development of its <a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">Polaris</a> missile program.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the term "work breakdown structure" was not used, this first implementation of PERT did organize the tasks into product-oriented categories.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By June 1962, DoD, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, and the aerospace industry published a document for the PERT/COST system, which described the WBS approach.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This guide was endorsed by the Secretary of Defense for adoption by all services.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, the DoD issued "Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items" (MIL-STD-881), a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Standard" title="United States Military Standard">military standard</a> requiring the use of work breakdown structures across the DoD.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The document has been revised several times. As of May 2023, the most recent revision is F, released 13 May 2022. The version history and current revision of the standard are posted on the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) ASSIST web site.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://quicksearch.dla.mil/qsdocdetails.aspx?ident_number=36026">[1]</a> It includes WBS definitions for specific defense materiel commodity systems and addresses WBS elements that are common to all systems. </p><p>Defense Materiel Item categories from MIL-STD-881F are: </p> <ul><li>Aircraft Systems</li> <li>Electronic/Generic Systems</li> <li>Missile/Ordnance Systems</li> <li>Strategic Missile Systems</li> <li>Sea Systems</li> <li>Space Systems</li> <li>Ground Vehicle Systems</li> <li>Unmanned Maritime Systems</li> <li>Launch Vehicle Systems</li> <li>Information Systems/Defense Business Systems</li></ul> <p>The common elements identified in MIL-STD-881F, Appendix K are: Integration, assembly, test, and checkout; Systems engineering; Program management; System test and evaluation; Data; Peculiar support equipment; Common support equipment; Operational/Site activation; Contractor Logistics Support; Industrial facilities; Initial spares and repair parts. The standard also includes additional common elements unique to Space Systems, Launch Vehicle Systems, and Strategic Missile Systems. </p><p>In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Institute" title="Project Management Institute">Project Management Institute</a> (PMI) documented expanding these techniques across non-defense organizations. The <i>Project Management Body of Knowledge</i> (PMBOK) Guide provides an overview of the WBS concept, while the "Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures" is comparable to the DoD standard but is intended for more general application.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_principles">Design principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="100%_rule"><span id="100.25_rule"></span>100% rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 100% rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important design principle for work breakdown structures is called the 100% rule.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been defined as follows: </p> <dl><dd>The 100% rule states that the WBS includes 100% of the work defined by the project scope and captures all deliverables – internal, external, interim – in terms of the work to be completed, including project management. The 100% rule is one of the most important principles guiding the development, decomposition, and evaluation of the WBS. The rule applies at all levels within the hierarchy: the sum of the work at the "child" level must equal 100% of the work represented by the "parent", and the WBS should not include any work that falls outside the actual scope of the project, that is, it cannot include more than 100% of the work... It is important to remember that the 100% rule also applies to the activity level. The work represented by the activities in each work package must add up to 100% of the work necessary to complete the work package.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mutually_exclusive_elements">Mutually exclusive elements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mutually exclusive elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mutually_exclusive" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually exclusive">Mutually exclusive</a>: In addition to the 100% rule, there must be no overlap in scope definition between different elements of a work breakdown structure. This ambiguity could result in duplicated work or miscommunications about responsibility and authority. Such overlap could also confuse project cost accounting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plan_outcomes,_not_actions"><span id="Plan_outcomes.2C_not_actions"></span>Plan outcomes, not actions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plan outcomes, not actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the work breakdown structure designer attempts to capture any action-oriented details in the WBS, the designer will likely include either too many actions or too few actions. Too many actions will exceed 100% of the parent's scope, and too few will fall short of 100% of the parent's scope. The best way to adhere to the 100% rule is to define WBS elements in terms of outcomes or results, not actions. This also ensures that the WBS is not overly prescriptive of methods, allowing for greater ingenuity and creative thinking on the part of the project participants. When a project provides professional services, a common technique is to capture all planned deliverables to create a deliverable-oriented WBS.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work breakdown structures that subdivide work by project phases (e.g. preliminary design phase, critical design phase) must ensure that phases are clearly separated by a deliverable also used in defining entry and <a href="/wiki/Exit-criteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Exit-criteria">exit criteria</a> (e.g., an approved preliminary or critical <a href="/wiki/Design_review_(US_Government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Design review (US Government)">design review</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Product_breakdown_structure_(PBS)"><span id="Product_breakdown_structure_.28PBS.29"></span>Product breakdown structure (PBS)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Product breakdown structure (PBS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For new product development projects, the most common technique to ensure an outcome-oriented WBS is to use a <a href="/wiki/Product_breakdown_structure" title="Product breakdown structure">product breakdown structure</a> (PBS). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Feature-driven_development">Feature-driven development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feature-driven development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Feature-driven_development" title="Feature-driven development">Feature-driven software projects</a> may use a similar technique as the WBS, which is to use a feature breakdown structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Level_of_detail">Level of detail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Level of detail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One must decide when to stop dividing work into smaller elements. For most projects, a hierarchy of two to four levels will suffice. This will assist in determining the duration of activities necessary to produce a deliverable defined by the WBS. There are several heuristics or "rules of thumb" used when determining the appropriate duration of an activity or group of activities necessary to produce a specific deliverable defined by the WBS. </p> <ul><li>The first is the "80-hour rule" which means that no single activity or group of activities at the <a href="#Terminal_element">lowest level of detail of the WBS</a> to produce a single deliverable should be more than 80 hours of effort.</li> <li>The second rule of thumb is that no activity or group of activities at the <a href="#Terminal_element">lowest level of detail of the WBS</a> should be longer than a single reporting period. Thus if the project team is reporting progress monthly, then no single activity or series of activities should be longer than one month long.</li> <li>The last heuristic is the "if it makes sense" rule. Applying this rule of thumb, one can apply "common sense" when creating the duration of a single activity or group of activities necessary to produce a deliverable defined by the WBS.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Work_package">Work package</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Work package"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Institute" title="Project Management Institute">Project Management Institute</a>, a <b>work package</b> is the "lowest level of the work breakdown structure for which cost and duration are estimated and managed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2021§Glossary_Section_3._Definitions_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2021§Glossary_Section_3._Definitions-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A work package at the activity level is a task that: </p> <ul><li>can be realistically and confidently estimated;</li> <li>makes no sense practically to break down any further;</li> <li>can be completed in accordance with one of the heuristics defined above;</li> <li>produces a deliverable which is measurable; and</li> <li>forms a unique package of work that can be outsourced or contracted out.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="WBS_dictionary">WBS dictionary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: WBS dictionary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the WBS element names are ambiguous, a WBS dictionary can help clarify the distinctions between WBS elements. The WBS Dictionary describes each component of the WBS with <a href="/wiki/Milestone_(project_management)" title="Milestone (project management)">milestones</a>, deliverables, activities, scope, and sometimes dates, <a href="/wiki/Resource_(project_management)" title="Resource (project management)">resources</a>, costs, quality. According to the <a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Institute" title="Project Management Institute">Project Management Institute</a>, the WBS dictionary is defined as a "document that provides detailed deliverable, activity, and scheduling information about each component in the work breakdown structure." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2021§Glossary_Section_3._Definitions_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2021§Glossary_Section_3._Definitions-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coding_scheme">Coding scheme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coding scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is common for work breakdown structure elements to be numbered sequentially to reveal the hierarchical structure. The purpose of the numbering is to provide a consistent approach to identifying and managing the WBS across like systems regardless of vendor or service.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, 1.1.2 Propulsion (in the example below) identifies this item as a Level 3 WBS element, since there are three numbers separated by two <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal points</a>. A coding scheme also helps WBS elements to be recognized in any written context, such as progress tracking, scheduling, or billing, and allows for mapping to the WBS Dictionary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is a preferred practice that the <a href="/wiki/Statement_of_work" title="Statement of work">Statement of work</a> or other contract descriptive include the same section terms and hierarchical structure as the WBS. </p><p>A practical example of the WBS coding scheme is<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>1.0 Aircraft System</i> </p> <dl><dd><i>1.1 Air Vehicle</i> <dl><dd><i>1.1.1 Airframe</i> <dl><dd><i>1.1.1.1 Airframe Integration, Assembly, Test, and Checkout</i></dd> <dd><i>1.1.1.2 Fuselage</i></dd> <dd><i>1.1.1.3 Wing</i></dd> <dd><i>1.1.1.4 Empennage</i></dd> <dd><i>1.1.1.5 Nacelle</i></dd> <dd><i>1.1.1.6 Other Airframe Components 1..n (Specify)</i></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i>1.1.2 Propulsion</i></dd> <dd><i>1.1.3 Vehicle Subsystems</i></dd> <dd><i>1.1.4 Avionics</i></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i>1.2 System Engineering</i></dd> <dd><i>1.3 Program Management</i></dd> <dd><i>1.4 System Test and Evaluation</i></dd> <dd><i>1.5 Training</i></dd> <dd><i>1.6 Data</i></dd> <dd><i>1.7 Peculiar Support Equipment</i></dd> <dd><i>1.8 Common Support Equipment</i></dd> <dd><i>1.9 Operational/Site Activation</i></dd> <dd><i>1.10 Industrial Facilities</i></dd> <dd><i>1.11 Initial Spares and Repair Parts</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminal_element">Terminal element</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Terminal element"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lowest element in a <a href="/wiki/Tree_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree (data structure)">tree structure</a>, a terminal element, is one that is not further subdivided. In a Work Breakdown Structure such elements (activity or <a href="/wiki/Deliverable" title="Deliverable">deliverable</a>), also known as work packages, are the items that are <a href="/wiki/Estimation_(project_management)" title="Estimation (project management)">estimated</a> in terms of <a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">resource requirements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duration_(project_management)" title="Duration (project management)">duration</a>; linked by <a href="/wiki/Dependency_(project_management)" title="Dependency (project management)">dependencies</a>; and schedule. At the juncture of the WBS element and organization unit, control accounts and work packages are established, and performance is planned, measured, recorded, and controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A WBS can be expressed down to any level of interest. Three levels are the minimum recommended, with additional levels for and only for items of high cost or high risk,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two levels of detail at cases such as systems engineering or program management,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the standard showing examples of WBS with varying depth such as software development at points going to 5 levels<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or fire-control system to 7 levels.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consistent_to_norms">Consistent to norms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Consistent to norms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The higher WBS structure should be consistent with whatever norms or template mandates exist within the organization or domain. For example, shipbuilding for the U.S. Navy must respect that the nautical terms and their hierarchy structure put into MIL-STD<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are embedded in Naval Architecture<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that matching Navy offices and procedures have been built to match this naval architecture structure, so any significant change of WBS element numbering or naming in the hierarchy would be unacceptable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WbsConstruction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WbsConstruction.png/260px-WbsConstruction.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WbsConstruction.png/390px-WbsConstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WbsConstruction.png/520px-WbsConstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>The WBS construction technique employing the 100% rule during WBS construction</figcaption></figure> <p>The adjacent figure shows a work breakdown structure construction technique that demonstrates the 100% rule and the "progressive elaboration" technique. At WBS Level 1 it shows 100 units of work as the total scope of a project to design and build a custom bicycle. At WBS Level 2, the 100 units are divided into seven elements. The number of units allocated to each element of work can be based on effort or cost; it is not an estimate of task duration. </p><p>The three largest elements of WBS Level 2 are further subdivided at Level 3. The two largest elements at Level 3 each represent only 17% of the total scope of the project. These larger elements could be further subdivided using the <i>progressive elaboration</i> technique described above. </p><p>This is an example of the product-based approach (which might be end-product or deliverable or work-based), as compared to phased approach (which might be gated stages in a formal <a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">Systems development life cycle</a>), or forced events (e.g. quarterly updates or a fiscal year rebudgeting), or a skills/roles based approach. </p><p>WBS design can be supported by software (e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a>) to allow automatic rolling up of point values. Estimates of effort or cost can be developed through discussions among project team members. This collaborative technique builds greater insight into scope definitions, underlying assumptions, and consensus regarding the level of granularity required to manage the projects.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Arrangement_of_Work_Sections" title="Common Arrangement of Work Sections">Common Arrangement of Work Sections</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge code">Charge code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_project_management_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of project management topics">List of project management topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MECE_principle" title="MECE principle">MECE principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_breakdown_structure" title="Product breakdown structure">Product Breakdown Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_anatomy" title="Project anatomy">Project anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management_software" title="Project management software">Project management software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_planning" title="Project planning">Project planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_chart" title="Structure chart">Structure chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeblocking" title="Timeblocking">Timeblocking</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SEF01-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEF01_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dau.mil/pubs/pdf/SEFGuide%2001-01.pdf"><i>Systems Engineering Fundamentals.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211165311/http://www.dau.mil/pubs/pdf/SEFGuide%2001-01.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dap.dau.mil/glossary/pages/1637.aspx">"Glossary of Defense Acquisition Acronyms and Terms: Contract Work Breakdown Structure (CWBS)"</a>. Defense Acquisition University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Defense+Acquisition+Acronyms+and+Terms%3A+Contract+Work+Breakdown+Structure+%28CWBS%29&rft.pub=Defense+Acquisition+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdap.dau.mil%2Fglossary%2Fpages%2F1637.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWork+breakdown+structure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kerzner-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kerzner_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerzner,_Harold2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Kerzner" title="Harold Kerzner">Kerzner, Harold</a> (2009). <i>Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling</i> (10th ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-27870-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-27870-3"><bdi>978-0-470-27870-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Management%3A+A+Systems+Approach+to+Planning%2C+Scheduling%2C+and+Controlling&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-27870-3&rft.au=Kerzner%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWork+breakdown+structure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2021§Glossary_Section_3._Definitions-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2021§Glossary_Section_3._Definitions_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2021§Glossary_Section_3._Definitions_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2021§Glossary_Section_3._Definitions_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProject_Management_Institute2021">Project Management Institute 2021</a>, §Glossary Section 3. Definitions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAH-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BAH_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Booz, Allen & Hamilton <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.energy.gov/~/media/opa/powerpoint/Final_Module_2.ppt">Earned Value Management Tutorial Module 2: Work Breakdown Structure</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.energy.gov/opa/project-management/tools-and-resources/">Office of Science, Tools & Resources for Project Management</a>, science.energy.gov. Accessed 27. Dec 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA01-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA01_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA01_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA01_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">NASA (2001). NASA NPR 9501.2D. May 23, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Electronic Industries Alliance Standard <i>Systems Engineering Capability Model</i> EIA-731.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers <i>Standard for Application and Management of the Systems Engineering Process</i> IEEE Std 1220-2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/how-to-use-work-breakdown-structure-as-a-project-management-tool">"How To Use Work Breakdown Structure As A Project Management Tool"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Use+Work+Breakdown+Structure+As+A+Project+Management+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasdaq.com%2Farticles%2Fhow-to-use-work-breakdown-structure-as-a-project-management-tool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWork+breakdown+structure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A guide to project management body of knowledge</i> (Sixth Eition ed.). 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RMC publications. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-943704-04-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-943704-04-0"><bdi>978-1-943704-04-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PMP+Exam+prep&rft.pages=88&rft.edition=Ninth&rft.pub=RMC+publications&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-943704-04-0&rft.aulast=Rita&rft.aufirst=Mulcahy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWork+breakdown+structure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.projectmanagement.com/wikis/295452/Progressive-Elaboration">"Community Guide of the PMI-ACP Adaptive Planning"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+Guide+of+the+PMI-ACP+Adaptive+Planning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectmanagement.com%2Fwikis%2F295452%2FProgressive-Elaboration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWork+breakdown+structure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crosstalkonline.org/storage/issue-archives/1998/199807/199807-0-Issue.pdf">Fleming, Quentin W., Joel M. Koppelman "Earned Value Project Management" CROSSTALK: The Journal of Defense Software Engineering July 1998, p 20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haugan, Gregory T., Effective Work Breakdown Structures, pp7-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DOD and NASA Guide, PERT/COST System Design, June 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton, R. 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Haugan, Published by Management Concepts, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1567261353" title="Special:BookSources/1567261353">1567261353</a>, p.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures (Second Edition)</i>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Institute" title="Project Management Institute">Project Management Institute</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1933890134" title="Special:BookSources/1933890134">1933890134</a>, page 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swiderski, Mark A., PMP <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.workbreakdownstructure.com/work-breakdown-structure-according-to-pmbok.php">workbreakdownstructure.com</a>, PMBOK-Work Breakdown Structures. Accessed 16. June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011, ¶4.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011 Appendix A, ¶A.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011, ¶3.1.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011, ¶1.4.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011, ¶2.2.4.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011, ¶Fig.3-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011, ¶Fig.3-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011, ¶Appendix E</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmer1982" class="citation book cs1">Gilmer, Thomas (1982-08-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lF1DZ1OPJQC&q=%22work+breakdown+structure%22+wbs+navy+ship&pg=PA92"><i>Introduction to Naval Architecture</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870213182" title="Special:BookSources/9780870213182"><bdi>9780870213182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Naval+Architecture&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1982-08-04&rft.isbn=9780870213182&rft.aulast=Gilmer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lF1DZ1OPJQC%26q%3D%2522work%2Bbreakdown%2Bstructure%2522%2Bwbs%2Bnavy%2Bship%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWork+breakdown+structure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicala2020" class="citation cs2">Cicala, Gus (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4842-5635-0_6">"Developing a Work Breakdown Structure"</a>, <i>The Project Managers Guide to Microsoft Project 2019</i>, Berkeley, CA: Apress, pp. 119–148, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4842-5635-0_6">10.1007/978-1-4842-5635-0_6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-5637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-5637-4"><bdi>978-1-4842-5637-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219011411">219011411</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Project+Managers+Guide+to+Microsoft+Project+2019&rft.atitle=Developing+a+Work+Breakdown+Structure&rft.pages=119-148&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219011411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4842-5635-0_6&rft.isbn=978-1-4842-5637-4&rft.aulast=Cicala&rft.aufirst=Gus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4842-5635-0_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWork+breakdown+structure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard1999" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, Carl L. (October 1999). <i>Nuts and Bolts Series 1: How to Build a Work Breakdown Structure</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890367-12-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-890367-12-5"><bdi>1-890367-12-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuts+and+Bolts+Series+1%3A+How+to+Build+a+Work+Breakdown+Structure&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999-10&rft.isbn=1-890367-12-5&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Carl+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWork+breakdown+structure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Project Management Institute Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures, Second Edition</i>. Project Management Institute. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-933890-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-933890-13-4"><bdi>1-933890-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Management+Institute+Practice+Standard+for+Work+Breakdown+Structures%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Project+Management+Institute.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-933890-13-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWork+breakdown+structure" class="Z3988"></span> (Note: The Second Edition is an extensive re-write of the Practice Standard.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaugan2001" class="citation book cs1">Haugan, Gregory T. (October 2001). <i>Effective Work Breakdown Structures (The Project Management Essential Library Series)</i>. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56726-135-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56726-135-3"><bdi>1-56726-135-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Effective+Work+Breakdown+Structures+%28The+Project+Management+Essential+Library+Series%29&rft.pub=Berrett-Koehler+Publishers&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=1-56726-135-3&rft.aulast=Haugan&rft.aufirst=Gregory+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWork+breakdown+structure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerzner,_Harold2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Kerzner" title="Harold Kerzner">Kerzner, Harold</a> (2009). <i>Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling</i> (10th ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-27870-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-27870-3"><bdi>978-0-470-27870-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Management%3A+A+Systems+Approach+to+Planning%2C+Scheduling%2C+and+Controlling&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-27870-3&rft.au=Kerzner%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWork+breakdown+structure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProject_Management_Institute2021" class="citation book cs1">Project Management Institute (2021). <i>A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide)</i>. Project Management Institute (7th ed.). Newtown Square, PA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62825-664-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62825-664-2"><bdi>978-1-62825-664-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+the+project+management+body+of+knowledge+%28PMBOK+guide%29&rft.place=Newtown+Square%2C+PA&rft.edition=7th&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-62825-664-2&rft.au=Project+Management+Institute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWork+breakdown+structure" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Dennis P. (August 2008). <i>Building Your Project Work Breakdown Structure -- Visualizing Your Objectives, Deliverables, Activities and Schedule"</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-42006969-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-42006969-3"><bdi>978-1-42006969-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Your+Project+Work+Breakdown+Structure+--+Visualizing+Your+Objectives%2C+Deliverables%2C+Activities+and+Schedule%22.&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008-08&rft.isbn=978-1-42006969-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Dennis+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWork+breakdown+structure" class="Z3988"></span> (Note: This new book is essentially a facilitator's guide for planning a project based on the WBS.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanghera2019" class="citation book cs1">Sanghera, Paul (2019). <i>PMP in Depth</i> (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4842-3910-0">10.1007/978-1-4842-3910-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-3910-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-3910-0"><bdi>978-1-4842-3910-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:115295269">115295269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PMP+in+Depth&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A115295269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4842-3910-0&rft.isbn=978-1-4842-3910-0&rft.aulast=Sanghera&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWork+breakdown+structure" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work_breakdown_structure&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Work_breakdown_structures" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Work breakdown structures">Work breakdown structures</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planningengineer.net/how-to-create-work-breakdown-structure-wbs-using-standard-division-of-work/">how to create work breakdown structure WBS using standard Division of work</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-0800-0899/MIL_STD_881A_886/">EverySpec.Com copies of MIL-HDBK-881 versions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quicksearch.dla.mil/qsDocDetails.aspx?ident_number=36026">ASSIST entry for MIL-HDBK-881C </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.dau.mil/CourseWare/1_9/rem/summary_L7.html">Defense Acquisition University ACQ101 Summary for Work Breakdown Structures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.workbreakdownstructure.com/how-to-make-a-work-breakdown-structure.php">How to Make a Work Breakdown Structure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530070122/http://evm.nasa.gov/docs/Handbooks/Sched_Mgmt_Jan_10/Special_Publication_NASA_WBS_Hdbk_%20Jan_2010.docx">NASA Work Breakdown Structure Handbook, NASA/SP-2010-3404, January 2010</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_systems_engineering" title="Biological systems engineering">Biological systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_systems_engineering" title="Cognitive systems engineering">Cognitive systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_systems_engineering" title="Enterprise systems 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specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">System integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_review" title="Design review">Design review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_systems_engineering" title="System of systems engineering">System of systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System lifecycle">System lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model" title="V-model">V-Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">Systems development life cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">Quality function deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">System dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Modeling Language">Systems Modeling Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems modeling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Work breakdown structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_S._Blanchard" title="Benjamin S. Blanchard">Benjamin S. Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Chestnut" title="Harold Chestnut">Harold Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolt_Fabrycky" title="Wolt Fabrycky">Wolt Fabrycky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grosz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_David_Hall_III" title="Arthur David Hall III">Arthur David Hall III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hitchins" title="Derek Hitchins">Derek Hitchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Machol" title="Robert E. Machol">Robert E. Machol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Francis_Shea" title="Joseph Francis Shea">Joseph Francis Shea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. 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