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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origin and spiritual significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_spiritual_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Written representations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Written_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Written representations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Written_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_and_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_and_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>East and Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_and_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_various_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_various_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Representation in various scripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_various_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Brahmic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Brahmic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Northern Brahmic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Brahmic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Brahmic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Brahmic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Southern Brahmic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Brahmic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Brahmic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Brahmic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Non-Brahmic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Brahmic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vedas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brahmanas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahmanas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Brahmanas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahmanas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aitareya_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aitareya_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.1</span> <span>Aitareya Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aitareya_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Upanishads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chandogya_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chandogya_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2.1</span> <span>Chandogya Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chandogya_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katha_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katha_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2.2</span> <span>Katha Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katha_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maitri_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maitri_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2.3</span> <span>Maitri Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maitri_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mundaka_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mundaka_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2.4</span> <span>Mundaka Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mundaka_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandukya_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandukya_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2.5</span> <span>Mandukya Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandukya_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shvetashvatara_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2.6</span> <span>Shvetashvatara Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shvetashvatara_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ganapati_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ganapati_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2.7</span> <span>Ganapati Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ganapati_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ramayana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhagavad_Gita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhagavad_Gita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span><i>Bhagavad Gita</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhagavad_Gita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Puranas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaishnava_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnava_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Vaishnava traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnava_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaiva_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaiva_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Shaiva traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaiva_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shakta_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shakta_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Shakta traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shakta_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Other texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yoga_Sutra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga_Sutra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Yoga Sutra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga_Sutra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chaitanya_Charitamrita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaitanya_Charitamrita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Chaitanya Charitamrita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaitanya_Charitamrita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tibetan_Buddhism_and_Vajrayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibetan_Buddhism_and_Vajrayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Tibetan Buddhism and Vajrayana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibetan_Buddhism_and_Vajrayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Japanese Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A-un" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-un"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span><i>A-un</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-un-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niō_guardian_kings_and_komainu_lion-dogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niō_guardian_kings_and_komainu_lion-dogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span><i>Niō</i> guardian kings and <i>komainu</i> lion-dogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niō_guardian_kings_and_komainu_lion-dogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thelema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thelema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Thelema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thelema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Modern reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_meditation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_meditation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In meditation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_meditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Om</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%85_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="أوم (هندوسية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوم (هندوسية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%81" title="ওঁ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ওঁ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%81" title="ওঁ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Ом (мантра) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ом (мантра)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%90" title="ॐ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ॐ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Ом (мантра) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ом (мантра)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BC%80" title="ༀ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ༀ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_(mantra)" title="Om (mantra) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Om (mantra)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93m" title="Óm – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Óm" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum" title="Aum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_(silp)" title="Om (silp) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Om (silp)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9%CE%BC_(%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AE)" title="Ωμ (ιερή συλλαβή) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ωμ (ιερή συλλαβή)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_(mantro)" title="Om (mantro) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Om (mantro)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_(mantra)" title="Om (mantra) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Om (mantra)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85)" title="ام (هندوئیسم) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ام (هندوئیسم)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%CC%90" title="Om̐ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Om̐" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AB%90" title="ૐ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ૐ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%B4_(%EB%A7%8C%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC)" title="옴 (만트라) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="옴 (만트라)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B4_(%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1)" title="Օմ (մանտրա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օմ (մանտրա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%90" title="ॐ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ॐ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%BAm" title="Aúm – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aúm" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_(induismo)" title="Om (induismo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Om (induismo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D_(%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%94)" title="אום (מנטרה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אום (מנטרה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%93%E0%B2%82" title="ಓಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಓಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85" title="اوم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اوم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum" title="Aum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%89%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ओउ्म् – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ओउ्म्" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%82" title="ഓം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%90" title="ॐ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॐ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აუმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აუმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_(mantra)" title="Om (mantra) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Om (mantra)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AB%90" title="ૐ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ૐ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%90" title="ॐ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ॐ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0_(%E8%81%96%E9%9F%B3)" title="オーム (聖音) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーム (聖音)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum" title="Aum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D" title="ଓମ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଓମ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%AE" title="ਓਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra_Om" title="Mantra Om – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mantra Om" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum" title="Aum – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Ом (мантра) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ом (мантра)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%90" title="ॐ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ॐ" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum" title="Aum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85" title="اوم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اوم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93m" title="Óm – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Óm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum" title="Aum – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum" title="Aum – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Aum" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum" title="Aum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om-tavu" title="Om-tavu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Om-tavu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum" title="Aum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஓம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B)" title="Ом (мантрасы) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ом (мантрасы)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%93%E0%B0%82" title="ఓం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఓం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="โอม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Ом (мантра) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ом (мантра)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85" title="اوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%B5" title="唵 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="唵" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%B5" title="唵 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="唵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%B5" title="唵 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="唵" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184128#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Om&id=1280915788&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOm"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOm"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Om&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Om_(symbol)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Om" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184128" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sacred sound in Indian religions</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Aum" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aum (disambiguation)">Aum (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Om_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Om (disambiguation)">Om (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/220px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/330px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/440px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption><i>Om</i> <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">ligature</a> in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:004_Gopura,_Aum_Sign_(26596636998).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/004_Gopura%2C_Aum_Sign_%2826596636998%29.jpg/250px-004_Gopura%2C_Aum_Sign_%2826596636998%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/004_Gopura%2C_Aum_Sign_%2826596636998%29.jpg/330px-004_Gopura%2C_Aum_Sign_%2826596636998%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/004_Gopura%2C_Aum_Sign_%2826596636998%29.jpg/500px-004_Gopura%2C_Aum_Sign_%2826596636998%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5888" data-file-height="3925" /></a><figcaption><i>Om</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">ௐ</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil script</a> with a <i><a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">trishula</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Sri_Veeramakaliamman_Temple" title="Sri Veeramakaliamman Temple">Sri Veeramakaliamman Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>; <i>Om</i> appears frequently as an <a href="/wiki/Religious_image" title="Religious image">icon</a> in temples (<i><a href="/wiki/Kovil" title="Kovil">kovils</a></i>) and spiritual retreats</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Mandala_with_Om_symbol_at_Hindu_temple_in_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Golden_Mandala_with_Om_symbol_at_Hindu_temple_in_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Golden_Mandala_with_Om_symbol_at_Hindu_temple_in_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Golden_Mandala_with_Om_symbol_at_Hindu_temple_in_Malaysia.jpg/330px-Golden_Mandala_with_Om_symbol_at_Hindu_temple_in_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Golden_Mandala_with_Om_symbol_at_Hindu_temple_in_Malaysia.jpg/440px-Golden_Mandala_with_Om_symbol_at_Hindu_temple_in_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">rangoli</a></i> featuring <i>Om</i> surrounded by stylised <a href="/wiki/Peafowl#Indian_peafowl" title="Peafowl">peacocks</a>; <i>Om</i> often features prominently in the religious art and iconography of <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OM_in_Rakhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/OM_in_Rakhi.jpg/220px-OM_in_Rakhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/OM_in_Rakhi.jpg/330px-OM_in_Rakhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/OM_in_Rakhi.jpg/440px-OM_in_Rakhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">rakhi</a></i> in the shape of <i>Om</i></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <p><i><b>Om</b></i> (or <i><b>Aum</b></i>; <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8d\/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%81.wav\/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%81.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-\u0993\u0981.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%81.wav/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%81.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q9610_(ben)-Titodutta-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%81.wav" title="File:LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-ওঁ.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">ॐ, ओम्</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Oṃ, Auṃ</i></span>, ISO 15919: <i>Ōṁ</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Polysemous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysemous">polysemous</a> symbol representing a sacred sound, syllable, <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">invocation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its written form is the most important symbol in the Hindu religion.<sup id="cite_ref-wilke4352_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilke4352-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the essence of the supreme Absolute,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consciousness,<sup id="cite_ref-james4822_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james4822-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holdrege19962_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holdrege19962-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-merriam-webster.com2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster.com2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>,</i> or the cosmic world.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Leeming_20052_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Leeming_20052-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-annette2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annette2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, <i>Om</i> serves as a sonic representation of the divine, a standard of <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> authority and a central aspect of <a href="/wiki/Soteriological" class="mw-redirect" title="Soteriological">soteriological</a> doctrines and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the basic tool for meditation in the yogic path to <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-annette2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annette2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is described as the goal of all the Vedas.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Om</i> emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Literature">Vedic corpus</a> and is said to be an encapsulated form of <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda"><i>Samavedic</i></a> chants or songs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a sacred spiritual incantation made before and during the recitation of spiritual texts, during <i><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a></i> and private prayers, in ceremonies of rites of passage (<i><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">samskara</a></i>) such as weddings, and during meditative and spiritual activities such as <a href="/wiki/Pranava_yoga" title="Pranava yoga">Pranava yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-David_White_20112_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_White_20112-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_Studholme_20122_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_Studholme_20122-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is part of the iconography found in ancient and medieval era manuscripts, temples, monasteries, and spiritual retreats in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a syllable, it is often chanted either independently or before a spiritual recitation and during <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> in Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Indian_Mantra_pp._2442_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Indian_Mantra_pp._2442-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lipner2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipner2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The syllable <i>Om</i> is also referred to as <b>Onkara (Omkara)</b> and <b>Pranava</b> among <a href="#Common_names_and_synonyms">many other names</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Misra20182_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misra20182-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_names_and_synonyms">Common names and synonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common names and synonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The syllable <i>Om</i> is referred to by many names, including: </p> <ul><li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Praṇava</i></span></i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">प्रणव</span></span>); literally, "fore-sound", referring to <i>Om</i> as the primeval sound.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Oṅkāra</i></span></i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ओङ्कार</span></span>) or <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">oṃkāra</i></span></i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ओंकार</span></span>); literally, "<i>Om</i>-maker", denoting the first source of the sound <i>Om</i> and connoting the <a href="/wiki/Creationism#Hinduism" title="Creationism">act of creation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i><span title="Punjabi-language text"><i lang="pa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Oṅkār</a></i></span></i> (<span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ੴ or ਇੱਕ ਓਅੰਕਾਰ</span></span>); literally, "one <i>Om</i>-maker", and an <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God#Sikhism" title="Names of God">epithet of God</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>. (see <a href="#Sikhism">below</a>).</li></ul></li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Udgītha</i></span></i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">उद्गीथ</span></span>); meaning "song, chant", a word found in <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a> and <i>bhasya</i> (commentaries) based on it. It is also used as a name of the syllable Om in Chandogya Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Akṣara</a></i></span></i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अक्षर</span></span>); literally, "imperishable, immutable", and also "letter of the alphabet" or "syllable". <ul><li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ekākṣara</i></span></i>; literally, "one letter of the alphabet", referring to its representation as a single <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">ligature</a>. (see <a href="#Written_representations">below</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_spiritual_significance">Origin and spiritual significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin and spiritual significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The etymological origins of <i>ōm</i> <i>(aum)</i> have long been discussed and disputed, with even the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> having proposed multiple <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> etymologies for <i>aum</i>, including: from "<i>ām</i>" (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">आम्</span></span>; "yes"), from "<i>ávam</i>" (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">आवम्</span></span>; "that, thus, yes"), and from the Sanskrit roots "<i>āv-</i>" (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अव्</span></span>; "to urge") or "<i>āp-</i>" (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">आप्</span></span>; "to attain").<sup id="cite_ref-PSSOM_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSSOM-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bloomfield" title="Maurice Bloomfield">Maurice Bloomfield</a> proposed an origin from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> introductory <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a> "<i>*au</i>" with a function similar to the Sanskrit particle "atha" (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अथ</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-PSSOM_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSSOM-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, contemporary <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Asko Parpola</a> proposes a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Dravidian</a> "<i>*ām</i>" meaning "'it is so', 'let it be so', 'yes'", a contraction of "<i>*ākum</i>", cognate with modern <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> "<i>ām</i>" (<span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஆம்</span></span>) meaning "yes".<sup id="cite_ref-PSSOM_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSSOM-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRoH_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRoH-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Tamil_dialect" title="Jaffna Tamil dialect">Jaffna Tamil dialect</a> spoken in Sri Lanka, <i>aum'</i> is the word for yes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Regardless of its original meaning, the syllable <i>Om</i> evolves to mean many abstract ideas even in the earliest Upanishads. <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> and other scholars state that these philosophical texts recommend <i>Om</i> as a basic tool for meditation<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and explain the various meanings that the syllable may hold in the mind of one meditating, ranging from "artificial and senseless" to the "highest concepts such as the cause of the Universe, essence of life, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a>, and Self-knowledge".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deussenmeaningofom_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deussenmeaningofom-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The syllable <i>Om</i> is first mentioned in the Upanishads. It has been associated with various concepts, such as "cosmic sound", "mystical syllable", "affirmation to something divine", or as symbolism for abstract spiritual concepts in the Upanishads.<sup id="cite_ref-annette2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annette2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a> layers of Vedic texts, the syllable is so widespread and linked to knowledge, that it stands for the "whole of Veda".<sup id="cite_ref-annette2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annette2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbolic foundations of <i>Om</i> are repeatedly discussed in the oldest layers of the early Upanishads.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</a> of Rig Veda, in section 5.32, suggests that the three phonetic components of <i>Om</i> (<i>a</i> + <i>u</i> + <i>m</i>) correspond to the three stages of cosmic creation, and when it is read or said, it celebrates the creative powers of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-annette2_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annette2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the eight anuvaka of the Taittiriya Upanishad, which consensus research indicates was formulated around the same time or preceding Aitareya Brahmana, the sound Aum is attributed to reflecting the inner part of the word Brahman. Put another way, it is the Brahman, in the form of a word.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brahmana layer of Vedic texts equates <i>Om</i> with <i>bhur-bhuvah-svah</i>, which symbolizes "the whole Veda". They offer various shades of meaning to <i>Om</i>, such as it being "the universe beyond the sun", or that which is "mysterious and inexhaustible", or "the infinite language, the infinite knowledge", or "essence of breath, life, everything that exists", or that "with which one is liberated".<sup id="cite_ref-annette2_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annette2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a>, the poetical Veda, orthographically maps <i>Om</i> to the audible, the musical truths in its numerous variations (<i>Oum</i>, <i>Aum</i>, <i>Ovā Ovā Ovā Um</i>, etc.) and then attempts to extract <a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">musical meters</a> from it.<sup id="cite_ref-annette2_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annette2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When occurring within spoken <a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical Sanskrit</a>, the syllable is subject to the normal rules of <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit grammar</a>, with the additional peculiarity that the initial <i>o</i> of "<i>Om</i>" is the <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a#Sanskrit_grammar" title="Guṇa">guṇa</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">vowel grade</a> of <i>u</i>, not the <a href="/wiki/V%E1%B9%9Bddhi" title="Vṛddhi">vṛddhi</a> grade, and is therefore pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthong</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowel</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[oː]</a></span>), ie. <i>ōm</i> not <i>aum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whitney1950_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitney1950-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the final <i>m</i> is often <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilated</a> into the preceding vowel as <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasalisation</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">raṅga</i></span>). As a result, <i>Om</i> is regularly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[õː]</a></span> in the context of Sanskrit. </p><p>However, this <i>o</i> reflects the older <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> <i>au</i>, which at that stage in the language's history had not yet <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongised</a> to <i>o</i>. This being so, the syllable <i>Om</i> is often <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaically</a> considered as consisting of three <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>: "a-u-m".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, some denominations maintain the archaic diphthong <i>au</i> viewing it to be more authentic and closer to the language of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>. </p><p>In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, particularly the Vedic <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmanas</a>, the vowel is often <i><a href="/wiki/Pluti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluti">pluta</a></i> ("three times as long"), <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">indicating a length</a> of three <a href="/wiki/Morae" class="mw-redirect" title="Morae">morae</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">trimātra</i></span>), that is, the time it takes to say three <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic weight">light syllables</a>. Additionally, a diphthong becomes <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">pluta</i></span> with the prolongation of its first vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitney1950_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitney1950-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <i>e</i> and <i>o</i> undergo <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">pluti</i></span> they typically revert to the original diphthongs with the initial <i>a</i> prolonged,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> realised as an <a href="/wiki/Overlong_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Overlong vowel">overlong</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">open back unrounded vowel</a> (<i>ā̄um</i> or <i>a3um</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ɑːːum]</a></span>). This extended duration is emphasised by denominations who regard it as more authentically Vedic, such as <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>. </p><p>However, <i>Om</i> is also attested in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> without <i><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit#Pluti" title="Vedic Sanskrit">pluta</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many languages related to or influenced by Classical Sanskrit, such as <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, share its pronunciation of <i>Om</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[õː]</a></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[oːm]</a></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Written_representations">Written representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Written representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg/220px-Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg/330px-Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg/440px-Shiva_as_the_Lord_of_Dance_LACMA_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="3694" /></a><figcaption>Statue depicting <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a> dancing in a posture resembling the Devangari ligature for <i>Om</i>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a> argued that the <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a> statue represents <i>Om</i> as a symbol of the entirety of "consciousness, universe" and "the message that God is within a person and without"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> or <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> representations are found <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphically</a> on sculpture dating from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a> and on ancient coins in regional scripts throughout South Asia. <i>Om</i> is represented in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> as <b><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ओम्</span></span></b>, composed of four elements: the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari#Vowels" title="Devanagari">vowel letter</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">अ</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">a</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari#Vowel_diacritics" title="Devanagari">vowel diacritic</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ो</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">o</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari#Consonants" title="Devanagari">consonant letter</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">म</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">m</i></span>), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></i> stroke <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">्</span> which indicates the absence of an implied final vowel. Historically, the combination <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ओ</span> represented a diphthong, often transcribed as <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">au</i></span>, but it now represents a long vowel, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ō</i></span>. (See <a href="#Pronunciation">above</a>.) The syllable is sometimes written <b><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ओ३म्</span></span></b>, where <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">३</span> (i.e., the digit "3") explicitly indicates <i><a href="/wiki/Pluti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluti">pluta</a></i> ('three times as long') which is otherwise only implied. For this same reason <i>Om</i> may also be written <b><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ओऽम्</span></span></b> in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, with the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a></i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ऽ</span>) being used to indicate prolonging the vowel sound. (However, this differs from the usage of the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">avagraha</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, where it would instead indicate the <a href="/wiki/Prodelision" title="Prodelision">prodelision</a> of the initial vowel.) <i>Om</i> may also be written <b><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ओं</span></span></b>, with an <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvāra</a></i></span> reflecting the pronunciation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[õː]</a></span> in languages such as Hindi. In languages such as <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> <i>Om</i> may be written <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اوم</span>‎</b> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, although speakers of these languages may also use Devanagari representations. </p><p>The commonly seen representation of the syllable <i>Om,</i> <b><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa"><span style="font-size:120%">ॐ</span></span></span></b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a> in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, combining <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">अ</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">a</i></span>) with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">उ</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">u</i></span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chandrabindu</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ँ">ँ</a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṃ</i></span>). In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, the symbol is encoded at <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_(Unicode_block)" title="Devanagari (Unicode block)">U+</a>0950</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ॐ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">DEVANAGARI OM</span> and at <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs" title="Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs">U+</a>1F549</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">🕉</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">OM SYMBOL</span> as a "generic symbol independent of Devanagari font". </p><p>In some South Asian <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a>, the <i>Om</i> symbol has been simplified further. In <a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali and Assamese</a> <i>Om</i> is written simply as <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ওঁ</span></b> without an additional curl. In languages such as <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> differences in pronunciation compared to Sanskrit have made the addition of a curl for <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">u</i></span> redundant. Although the spelling is simpler, the pronunciation remains <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[õː]</a></span>. Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <i>Om</i> is written as <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ଓଁ</span></b> without an additional diacritic. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a>, <i>Om</i> is written as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ௐ</span>, a ligature of <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஓ</span></span> (<i>ō</i>) and <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ம்</span></span> (<i>m</i>), while in <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a>, <i>Om</i> is written simply as the letter for <i>ō</i> followed by <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">anusvāra</i></span> (<span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">ಓಂ</span></span>, <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఓం</span></span>, and <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഓം</span></span>, respectively). </p><p>There have been proposals that the <i>Om</i> syllable may already have had written representations in <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>, dating to before the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>. A proposal by Deb (1921) held that the <i><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">monogrammatic</a> representation of the syllable <i>Om</i>, wherein two Brahmi /o/ characters (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+11011</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𑀑</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">BRAHMI LETTER O</span>) were superposed crosswise and the 'm' was represented by dot.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commentary in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> (1922) considers this theory questionable and unproven.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/A._B._Walawalkar" title="A. B. Walawalkar">A. B. Walawalkar</a> (1951) proposed that <i>Om</i> was represented using the Brahmi symbols for "A", "U", and "M" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226570325">.mw-parser-output .script-brahmi{font-family:"Noto Sans Brahmi","Segoe UI Historic"}</style><span class="script-brahmi">𑀅𑀉𑀫</span>), and that this may have influenced the unusual <a href="/wiki/Epigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigraphic">epigraphical</a> features of the symbol <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ॐ</span> for <i>Om</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Parker_(author)" title="Henry Parker (author)">Parker</a> (1909) wrote that an "Aum monogram", distinct from the swastika, is found among <a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_inscriptions_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka">inscriptions in Sri Lanka</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Anuradhapura era</a> coins, dated from the 1st to 4th centuries CE, which are embossed with <i>Om</i> along with other symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_and_Southeast_Asia">East and Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: East and Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Om</i> symbol, with <a href="/wiki/Epigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigraphic">epigraphical</a> variations, is also found in many <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> countries. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the <i>Om</i> symbol is widely conflated with that of the <a href="/wiki/Unalome" class="mw-redirect" title="Unalome">unalome</a>; originally a representation of the Buddha's <a href="/wiki/Urna" title="Urna">urna</a> curl and later a symbol of the path to <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>, it is a popular <a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">yantra</a> in Southeast Asia, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. It frequently appears in <a href="/wiki/Yantra_tattooing" title="Yantra tattooing"><i>sak yant</i></a> religious tattoos, and has been a part of various flags and official emblems such as in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_Thailand#Fourth_reign" title="Royal Standard of Thailand">Thong Chom Klao</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">King Rama IV</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1851–1868</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the present-day <a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms of Cambodia">royal arms of Cambodia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> adopted the symbol since the 1st century during the <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Kingdom of Funan</a>, where it is also seen on artefacts from <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Borei_and_Phnom_Da" title="Angkor Borei and Phnom Da">Angkor Borei</a>, once the capital of Funan. The symbol is seen on numerous Khmer statues from <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a> to <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> periods and still in used until the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Khmer language blog articles; historical claims need scholarly sources, preferably in English (August 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, <i>Om</i> is typically <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> as either <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%94%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:唵">唵</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">ǎn</span></i>) or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%97%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:嗡">嗡</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">wēng</span></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation_in_various_scripts">Representation in various scripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Representation in various scripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Brahmic">Northern Brahmic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Northern Brahmic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 10pt;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Script </th> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali-Assamese</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ওঁ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bengali_Om.svg/40px-Bengali_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bengali_Om.svg/60px-Bengali_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bengali_Om.svg/80px-Bengali_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ॐ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/40px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/60px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/80px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ओम्</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_AUM_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Devanagari_AUM_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D.svg/40px-Devanagari_AUM_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Devanagari_AUM_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D.svg/60px-Devanagari_AUM_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Devanagari_AUM_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D.svg/120px-Devanagari_AUM_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jain_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain symbol">Jain symbol</a>) </td> <td>ꣽ </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_ja%C3%AFn_black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Om_ja%C3%AFn_black.svg/40px-Om_ja%C3%AFn_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Om_ja%C3%AFn_black.svg/60px-Om_ja%C3%AFn_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Om_ja%C3%AFn_black.svg/120px-Om_ja%C3%AFn_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ੴ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ek_onkar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ek_onkar.svg/40px-Ek_onkar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ek_onkar.svg/60px-Ek_onkar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ek_onkar.svg/80px-Ek_onkar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ੴ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EK_ONKAR_GURMUKH%C3%8E_0A74.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/EK_ONKAR_GURMUKH%C3%8E_0A74.svg/40px-EK_ONKAR_GURMUKH%C3%8E_0A74.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/EK_ONKAR_GURMUKH%C3%8E_0A74.svg/60px-EK_ONKAR_GURMUKH%C3%8E_0A74.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/EK_ONKAR_GURMUKH%C3%8E_0A74.svg/80px-EK_ONKAR_GURMUKH%C3%8E_0A74.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1124829174">.mw-parser-output .script-Lepc{font-family:"Mingzat","Noto Sans Lepcha"}</style><span class="script-Lepc" style="font-size: 100%;">ᰣᰨᰵ</span>‎ </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepcha_Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lepcha_Om.svg/40px-Lepcha_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lepcha_Om.svg/60px-Lepcha_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lepcha_Om.svg/80px-Lepcha_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a> </td> <td><span lang="lif" style="line-height:2.1em; font-family:'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase';">ᤀᤥᤱ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limbu_Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Limbu_Om.svg/40px-Limbu_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Limbu_Om.svg/60px-Limbu_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Limbu_Om.svg/120px-Limbu_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30500" data-file-height="25125" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei Mayek</a> (Anji) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259558396">.mw-parser-output .script-Mtei,.mw-parser-output .script-mtei,.mw-parser-output .script-meetei_mayek,.mw-parser-output .script-meithei{font-family:"Noto Sans Meetei Mayek","Eeyek","Eeyek Unicode","Nirmala UI"}</style><span class="script-meetei_mayek">ꫲ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_-_Anji_in_Meetei_Mayek.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Om_-_Anji_in_Meetei_Mayek.svg/40px-Om_-_Anji_in_Meetei_Mayek.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Om_-_Anji_in_Meetei_Mayek.svg/60px-Om_-_Anji_in_Meetei_Mayek.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Om_-_Anji_in_Meetei_Mayek.svg/80px-Om_-_Anji_in_Meetei_Mayek.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15750" data-file-height="26375" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009394919">.mw-parser-output .script-Modi{font-family:"Noto Sans Modi"}</style><span class="script-Modi" style="font-size: 100%;">𑘌𑘽</span>‎ </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_Modi_script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Om_in_Modi_script.svg/40px-Om_in_Modi_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Om_in_Modi_script.svg/60px-Om_in_Modi_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Om_in_Modi_script.svg/120px-Om_in_Modi_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ଓ‍ଁ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Odia_Om_symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Odia_Om_symbol.png/40px-Odia_Om_symbol.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Odia_Om_symbol.png/60px-Odia_Om_symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Odia_Om_symbol.png/80px-Odia_Om_symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="112" data-file-height="139" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ଓ‍ଁ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Odia_Om_sign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Odia_Om_sign.svg/40px-Odia_Om_sign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Odia_Om_sign.svg/60px-Odia_Om_sign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Odia_Om_sign.svg/80px-Odia_Om_sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a> </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡝꡡꡏ</span><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009413895">.mw-parser-output .script-Newa{font-family:"Noto Sans Newa"}</style><span class="script-Newa" style="font-size: 100%;">𑑉</span>‎ </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_Pracalit(Newa)_script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Om_in_Pracalit%28Newa%29_script.svg/40px-Om_in_Pracalit%28Newa%29_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Om_in_Pracalit%28Newa%29_script.svg/60px-Om_in_Pracalit%28Newa%29_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Om_in_Pracalit%28Newa%29_script.svg/80px-Om_in_Pracalit%28Newa%29_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ranjana_om.svg/40px-Ranjana_om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ranjana_om.svg/60px-Ranjana_om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ranjana_om.svg/80px-Ranjana_om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009416381">.mw-parser-output .script-Shrd{font-family:"Noto Sans Sharada"}</style><span class="script-Shrd" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em;">𑇄</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_Sharada_script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Om_in_Sharada_script.svg/40px-Om_in_Sharada_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Om_in_Sharada_script.svg/60px-Om_in_Sharada_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Om_in_Sharada_script.svg/80px-Om_in_Sharada_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21375" data-file-height="28625" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237544205">.mw-parser-output .script-siddham{font-family:"Noto Sans Siddham","Sans Serif Collection","Muktamsiddham","ApSiddham","MuktamsiddhamG"}</style><span class="script-siddham">𑖌𑖼</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_Siddham_script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Om_in_Siddham_script.svg/40px-Om_in_Siddham_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Om_in_Siddham_script.svg/60px-Om_in_Siddham_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Om_in_Siddham_script.svg/120px-Om_in_Siddham_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21000" data-file-height="24500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009416805">.mw-parser-output .script-Soyo{font-family:"Noto Sans Soyombo"}</style><span class="script-Soyo" style="font-size: 100%;">𑩐𑩖𑪖</span>‎ </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyombo_Om_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Soyombo_Om_symbol.svg/40px-Soyombo_Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Soyombo_Om_symbol.svg/60px-Soyombo_Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Soyombo_Om_symbol.svg/120px-Soyombo_Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:16px; line-height: 2.1em; font-family: 'Noto Sans Takri' ;">𑚈𑚫</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_Takri_script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Om_in_Takri_script.svg/40px-Om_in_Takri_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Om_in_Takri_script.svg/60px-Om_in_Takri_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Om_in_Takri_script.svg/80px-Om_in_Takri_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="81250" data-file-height="81250" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a>) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ༀ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TibAum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/TibAum.svg/40px-TibAum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/TibAum.svg/60px-TibAum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/TibAum.svg/80px-TibAum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="132" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta, Mithilakshar</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009417386">.mw-parser-output .script-Tirh{font-family:"Noto Sans Tirhuta"}</style><span class="script-Tirh" style="font-size: 100%;">𑓇</span>‎ </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_Tirhuta_script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Om_in_Tirhuta_script.svg/40px-Om_in_Tirhuta_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Om_in_Tirhuta_script.svg/60px-Om_in_Tirhuta_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Om_in_Tirhuta_script.svg/80px-Om_in_Tirhuta_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="81250" data-file-height="81250" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009417386" /><span class="script-Tirh" style="font-size: 100%;">𑨀𑨆𑨵</span>‎ </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Brahmic">Southern Brahmic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Southern Brahmic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 10pt;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Script </th> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226572168">.mw-parser-output .script-bali{font-family:"Noto Sans Balinese","Tantular Bali","Noto Serif Balinese","Aksara Bali"}</style><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬒᬁ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modre_symbol_Omkara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Modre_symbol_Omkara.png/40px-Modre_symbol_Omkara.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Modre_symbol_Omkara.png/60px-Modre_symbol_Omkara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Modre_symbol_Omkara.png/120px-Modre_symbol_Omkara.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese script">Burmese</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1204105569">.mw-parser-output .script-myanmar{line-height:100%;font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar",Pyidaungsu,"Myanmar Text",Myanmar3,Myanmar2,Myanmar1,Padauk,mm3web,TharLon,"Masterpiece Uni Sans",Parabaik,Yunghkio,Thanlwin,"Win Uni Innwa","MyMyanmar Unicode","WinUni Innwa"}</style><span class="script-myanmar">ဥုံ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_Burmese_script.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Om_in_Burmese_script.png/40px-Om_in_Burmese_script.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Om_in_Burmese_script.png/60px-Om_in_Burmese_script.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Om_in_Burmese_script.png/80px-Om_in_Burmese_script.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="174" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄃𑄮𑄀</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_Chakma_script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Om_in_Chakma_script.svg/40px-Om_in_Chakma_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Om_in_Chakma_script.svg/60px-Om_in_Chakma_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Om_in_Chakma_script.svg/80px-Om_in_Chakma_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a> </td> <td><span lang="cjm" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Noto Sans Cham', 'Code2000';">ꨅꩌ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_Cham_script.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Om_in_Cham_script.png/40px-Om_in_Cham_script.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Om_in_Cham_script.png/60px-Om_in_Cham_script.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Om_in_Cham_script.png/80px-Om_in_Cham_script.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a> (Homkar) </td> <td><span lang="cjm" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Noto Sans Cham', 'Code2000';">ꨀꨯꨱꩌ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cham_Homkar_(Om)_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cham_Homkar_%28Om%29_symbol.svg/40px-Cham_Homkar_%28Om%29_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cham_Homkar_%28Om%29_symbol.svg/60px-Cham_Homkar_%28Om%29_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cham_Homkar_%28Om%29_symbol.svg/80px-Cham_Homkar_%28Om%29_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27625" data-file-height="30000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009024055">.mw-parser-output .script-grantha{font-family:"Noto Serif Grantha","Noto Sans Grantha"}</style><span class="script-grantha">𑍐</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_Grantha_script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Om_in_Grantha_script.svg/40px-Om_in_Grantha_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Om_in_Grantha_script.svg/60px-Om_in_Grantha_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Om_in_Grantha_script.svg/80px-Om_in_Grantha_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a> </td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦎꦴꦀ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simbol_aum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Simbol_aum.png/40px-Simbol_aum.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Simbol_aum.png/60px-Simbol_aum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Simbol_aum.png/80px-Simbol_aum.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ಓಂ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kannada_OM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kannada_OM.svg/40px-Kannada_OM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kannada_OM.svg/60px-Kannada_OM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kannada_OM.svg/80px-Kannada_OM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246997541">.mw-parser-output .script-kawi{font-family:"Noto Sans Kawi","Tantular Kawi","Krisna Aksara"}</style><span class="script-kawi" style="font-size: 100%;">𑼐𑼀</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KAWI_LETTER_OM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/KAWI_LETTER_OM.png/40px-KAWI_LETTER_OM.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/KAWI_LETTER_OM.png/60px-KAWI_LETTER_OM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/KAWI_LETTER_OM.png/80px-KAWI_LETTER_OM.png 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866755443">.mw-parser-output .script-khmer{font-family:"Khmer Busra","Khmer Mondulkiri","Khmer OS","Khmer OS Battambang","Khmer OS Boker","Khmer OS Content","Khmer OS Fasthand","Khmer OS Freehand","Khmer OS Metal Chrieng","Khmer OS Muol","Khmer OS Muol Pali","Khmer OS Siemreap","Khmer OS System","Khmer Oureang","Khmer Ratanakiri","KH Freehand","Kh Metal Chrieng","Kh Bokor",Hanuman,"Noto Sans Khmer","Noto Serif Khmer","Khmer UI","Leelawadee UI",DaunPenh}</style><span class="script-khmer">ឱំ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_Khmer_script.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Om_in_Khmer_script.png/40px-Om_in_Khmer_script.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Om_in_Khmer_script.png/60px-Om_in_Khmer_script.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Om_in_Khmer_script.png/80px-Om_in_Khmer_script.png 2x" data-file-width="102" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unalome" class="mw-redirect" title="Unalome">Unalome</a>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" /><span class="script-khmer">៚</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khmer_Sacred_Symbol,_Om_or_Unalom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khmer_Sacred_Symbol%2C_Om_or_Unalom.svg/40px-Khmer_Sacred_Symbol%2C_Om_or_Unalom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khmer_Sacred_Symbol%2C_Om_or_Unalom.svg/60px-Khmer_Sacred_Symbol%2C_Om_or_Unalom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khmer_Sacred_Symbol%2C_Om_or_Unalom.svg/80px-Khmer_Sacred_Symbol%2C_Om_or_Unalom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ໂອໍ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_Lao_script.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Om_in_Lao_script.png/40px-Om_in_Lao_script.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Om_in_Lao_script.png/60px-Om_in_Lao_script.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Om_in_Lao_script.png/120px-Om_in_Lao_script.png 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ഓം</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malayalam_Om.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Malayalam_Om.png/40px-Malayalam_Om.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Malayalam_Om.png/60px-Malayalam_Om.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Malayalam_Om.png/80px-Malayalam_Om.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ඕම්</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinhala_Om_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sinhala_Om_symbol.svg/40px-Sinhala_Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sinhala_Om_symbol.svg/60px-Sinhala_Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sinhala_Om_symbol.svg/80px-Sinhala_Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="156" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1193359075">.mw-parser-output .script-sunda{font-family:"Sundanese Unicode 2013","Noto Sans Sundanese","Sundanese Unicode"}</style><span lang="su" class="script-sunda" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᮇᮀ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Lanna</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279614930">.mw-parser-output .script-tai_tham{font-family:"Lanna Alif","Lanna Unicode UI","Talom","SYYDAI01","A Tai Tham KH New V3","A Tai Tham KH New","A Tai Tham KH","Tai Tham LN"}</style><span class="script-tai_tham">ᩒᩴ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ௐ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_Om.svg/40px-Tamil_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_Om.svg/60px-Tamil_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_Om.svg/80px-Tamil_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ఓం</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_telugu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Om_in_telugu.svg/40px-Om_in_telugu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Om_in_telugu.svg/60px-Om_in_telugu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Om_in_telugu.svg/80px-Om_in_telugu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="118" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">โอํ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_Om_symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thai_Om_symbol.png/40px-Thai_Om_symbol.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thai_Om_symbol.png/60px-Thai_Om_symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thai_Om_symbol.png/80px-Thai_Om_symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="158" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a> (Khomut) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">๛</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_Khomut_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Thai_Khomut_symbol.svg/40px-Thai_Khomut_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Thai_Khomut_symbol.svg/60px-Thai_Khomut_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Thai_Khomut_symbol.svg/80px-Thai_Khomut_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="131" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-Brahmic">Non-Brahmic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Non-Brahmic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 10pt;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Script </th> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">Ōm̐</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اوم</span><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%94%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:唵">唵</a></span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_cinese.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Om_cinese.svg/40px-Om_cinese.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Om_cinese.svg/60px-Om_cinese.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Om_cinese.svg/80px-Om_cinese.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">옴</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Korean_Om.svg/40px-Korean_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Korean_Om.svg/60px-Korean_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Korean_Om.svg/80px-Korean_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:阿吽">阿吽</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">オーム</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_Katakana(Japanese).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Om_in_Katakana%28Japanese%29.svg/40px-Om_in_Katakana%28Japanese%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Om_in_Katakana%28Japanese%29.svg/60px-Om_in_Katakana%28Japanese%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Om_in_Katakana%28Japanese%29.svg/80px-Om_in_Katakana%28Japanese%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="138" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchu_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu script">Manchu </a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᢀᠣ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Ali Gali</a>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᢀᠣᠸᠠ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_in_Mongolian_script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Om_in_Mongolian_script.svg/40px-Om_in_Mongolian_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Om_in_Mongolian_script.svg/60px-Om_in_Mongolian_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Om_in_Mongolian_script.svg/80px-Om_in_Mongolian_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1065318431">.mw-parser-output .Tangut{font-family:"Tangut Yinchuan","Tangut N4694","New Tangut","New Tangut Std","Tangut TWU","TH-Tshyn-P1","TH-Feon-B","Noto Serif Tangut"}</style><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗙫</span><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TANGUT_IDEOGRAPH-1766B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/TANGUT_IDEOGRAPH-1766B.svg/40px-TANGUT_IDEOGRAPH-1766B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/TANGUT_IDEOGRAPH-1766B.svg/60px-TANGUT_IDEOGRAPH-1766B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/TANGUT_IDEOGRAPH-1766B.svg/80px-TANGUT_IDEOGRAPH-1766B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:18px; line-height:inherit; font-family:'Noto Sans Thaana, A_Waheed';">އޮމ</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OM_in_divehi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/OM_in_divehi.svg/40px-OM_in_divehi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/OM_in_divehi.svg/60px-OM_in_divehi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/OM_in_divehi.svg/80px-OM_in_divehi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="81250" data-file-height="81250" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009391962">.mw-parser-output .script-Wara{font-family:"Noto Sans Warang Citi"}</style><span class="script-Wara" style="font-size: 100%;">𑣿</span>‎ </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shukla_Warang_Citi_Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shukla_Warang_Citi_Om.svg/40px-Shukla_Warang_Citi_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shukla_Warang_Citi_Om.svg/60px-Shukla_Warang_Citi_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shukla_Warang_Citi_Om.svg/80px-Shukla_Warang_Citi_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/250px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/330px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/500px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption><i>Om</i> appears frequently in Hindu texts and scriptures, notably appearing in the first verse of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px 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title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <i>Om</i> is one of the most important spiritual sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-wilke4352_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilke4352-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Hindu_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu text">Hindu texts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-annette2_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annette2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is often chanted either independently or before a mantra, as a sacred spiritual incantation made before and during the recitation of spiritual texts, during <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> and private prayers, in ceremonies of rites of passages (<a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">sanskara</a>) such as weddings, and during meditative and spiritual activities such as <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-David_White_20112_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_White_20112-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_Studholme_20122_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_Studholme_20122-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is the most sacred syllable symbol and <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the ultimate reality, consciousness or <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self within).<sup id="cite_ref-David_Leeming_20052_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Leeming_20052-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-james4822_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james4822-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holdrege19962_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holdrege19962-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Shabda</a> Brahman</i> (Brahman as sound) and believed to be the primordial sound (<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">pranava</i></span>) of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedas">Vedas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vedas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Om</i> came to be used as a standard utterance at the beginning of mantras, chants or citations taken from the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayatri mantra">Gayatri mantra</a>, which consists of a verse from the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> Samhita (<a href="/wiki/Mandala_3" title="Mandala 3">RV 3</a>.62.10), is prefixed not just by <i>Om</i> but by <i>Om</i> followed by the formula <i>bhūr bhuvaḥ svaḥ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwpage17_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwpage17-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such recitations continue to be in use in Hinduism, with many major incantations and ceremonial functions beginning and ending with <i>Om</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lipner2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipner2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brahmanas">Brahmanas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Brahmanas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Aitareya_Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aitareya Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</a> (7.18.13) explains <i>Om</i> as "an acknowledgment, melodic confirmation, something that gives momentum and energy to a hymn".<sup id="cite_ref-wilke4352_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilke4352-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Om</i> is the agreement (<i>pratigara</i>) with a hymn. Likewise is <i>tathā</i> = 'so be it' [the agreement] with a [worldly] song (gāthā) [= the applause]. But <i>Om</i> is something divine, and <i>tathā</i> is something human. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Aitareya Brahmana, 7.18.13<sup id="cite_ref-wilke4352_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilke4352-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upanishads">Upanishads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Upanishads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_syllable_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Om_syllable_script.jpg/220px-Om_syllable_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Om_syllable_script.jpg/330px-Om_syllable_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Om_syllable_script.jpg/440px-Om_syllable_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption><i>Ōṃ</i> is given many meanings and layers of symbolism in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, including "the sacred sound, the <i>Yes!</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the <i>udgitha</i> (song of the universe), the infinite, the all encompassing, the whole world, the truth, <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">the Ultimate Reality</a>, the finest essence, <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">the cause of the universe</a>, the essence of life, the <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātman</a></i>, the vehicle of deepest knowledge, and <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">self-knowledge</a> (<i>ātma <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Jñāna">jñāna</a></i>)".<sup id="cite_ref-deussenmeaningofom_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deussenmeaningofom-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Chandogya_Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chandogya Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a> is one of the oldest Upanishads of Hinduism. It opens with the recommendation that "let a man meditate on Om".<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller11_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller11-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It calls the syllable <i>Om</i> as <i>udgitha</i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">उद्गीथ</span></span>; song, chant), and asserts that the significance of the syllable is thus: the essence of all beings is earth, the essence of earth is water, the essence of water are the plants, the essence of plants is man, the essence of man is speech, the essence of speech is the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, the essence of the Rigveda is the Samaveda, and the essence of Samaveda is the <i>udgitha</i> (song, <i>Om</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen11_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen11-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ṛc</i></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ऋच्</span></span>) is speech, states the text, and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sāman</i></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">सामन्</span></span>) is breath; they are pairs, and because they have love for each other, speech and breath find themselves together and mate to produce a song.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller11_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller11-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen11_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen11-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest song is <i>Om</i>, asserts section 1.1 of Chandogya Upanishad. It is the symbol of awe, of reverence, of threefold knowledge because <i>Adhvaryu</i> invokes it, the <i>Hotr</i> recites it, and <i>Udgatr</i> sings it.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen11_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen11-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patrick_Olivelle_2014_page_171-185_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patrick_Olivelle_2014_page_171-185-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second volume of the first chapter continues its discussion of syllable <i>Om</i>, explaining its use as a struggle between <i><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a></i> (gods) and <i><a href="/wiki/Asuras" class="mw-redirect" title="Asuras">Asuras</a></i> (demons).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen12_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen12-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Max Muller states that this struggle between gods and demons is considered allegorical by ancient <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> scholars, as good and evil inclinations within man, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller12_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller12-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legend in section 1.2 of Chandogya Upanishad states that gods took the <i>Udgitha</i> (song of <i>Om</i>) unto themselves, thinking, "with this <i>song</i> we shall overcome the demons".<sup id="cite_ref-hume12_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume12-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The syllable <i>Om</i> is thus implied as that which inspires the good inclinations within each person.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller12_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller12-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hume12_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume12-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandogya Upanishad's exposition of syllable <i>Om</i> in its opening chapter combines etymological speculations, symbolism, metric structure and philosophical themes.<sup id="cite_ref-Patrick_Olivelle_2014_page_171-185_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patrick_Olivelle_2014_page_171-185-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad, the meaning and significance of <i>Om</i> evolves into a philosophical discourse, such as in section 2.10 where <i>Om</i> is linked to the Highest Self,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and section 2.23 where the text asserts <i>Om</i> is the essence of three forms of knowledge, <i>Om</i> is <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and "Om is all this [observed world]".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Katha_Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Katha Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a> is the legendary story of a little boy, <a href="/wiki/Nachiketa" title="Nachiketa">Nachiketa</a>, the son of sage <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="sa-Latn">Vājaśravasa</span></span>, who meets <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a>, the Vedic deity of death. Their conversation evolves to a discussion of the nature of man, knowledge, <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self) and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (liberation).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In section 1.2, Katha Upanishad characterises knowledge (<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Vidya_(philosophy)" title="Vidya (philosophy)">vidyā</a></i></span>) as the pursuit of the good, and ignorance (<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Avidyā (Hinduism)">avidyā</a></i></span>) as the pursuit of the pleasant.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller121_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller121-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It teaches that the essence of the Veda is to make man liberated and free, look past what has happened and what has not happened, free from the past and the future, beyond good and evil, and one word for this essence is the word <i>Om</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen1214_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen1214-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>The word which all the Vedas proclaim,<br /> That which is expressed in every <a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapas (Sanskrit)">Tapas</a> (penance, austerity, meditation),<br /> That for which they live the life of a <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharin</a>,<br /> Understand that word in its essence: <b>Om! that is the word.</b><br /> Yes, this syllable is <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>,<br /> This syllable is the highest.<br /> He who knows that syllable,<br /> Whatever he desires, is his. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Katha Upanishad 1.2.15-1.2.16<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen1214_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen1214-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Maitri_Upanishad">Maitri Upanishad</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Maitri Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Pahari_painting_of_an_OM_containing_deities,_c.1780-1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_Pahari_painting_of_an_OM_containing_deities%2C_c.1780-1800.jpg/220px-A_Pahari_painting_of_an_OM_containing_deities%2C_c.1780-1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_Pahari_painting_of_an_OM_containing_deities%2C_c.1780-1800.jpg/330px-A_Pahari_painting_of_an_OM_containing_deities%2C_c.1780-1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_Pahari_painting_of_an_OM_containing_deities%2C_c.1780-1800.jpg/440px-A_Pahari_painting_of_an_OM_containing_deities%2C_c.1780-1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pahari_painting" title="Pahari painting">Pahari painting</a> of <i>Om</i> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ओं</span></span>), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780-1800</span>, decorated with deities: <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Shakti</a> (could be <a href="/wiki/Matrika#Vaishnavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Vaishnavi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Siddhidatri" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhidatri">Siddhidatri</a>); <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> seated upon <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a> (Vishnu-Shiva fusion deity); <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a> as a representation of the <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> (top-to-bottom, left-to-right)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya Upanishad</a> in sixth <i>Prapathakas</i> (lesson) discusses the meaning and significance of <i>Om</i>. The text asserts that <i>Om</i> represents Brahman-Atman. The three roots of the syllable, states the Maitri Upanishad, are <i>A</i> + <i>U</i> + <i>M</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller64_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller64-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sound is the body of Self, and it repeatedly manifests in three: </p> <ul><li>as gender-endowed body – feminine, masculine, neuter;</li> <li>as light-endowed body – <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Aditya</a>;</li> <li>as deity-endowed body – Brahma, Rudra,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Vishnu;</li> <li>as mouth-endowed body – <i>garhapatya</i>, <i>dakshinagni</i>, and <i>ahavaniya</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>F<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>as knowledge-endowed body – <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Saman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>G<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>as world-endowed body – <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bhūr</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bhuvaḥ</i></span>, and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">svaḥ</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>H<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>as time-endowed body – past, present, and future;</li> <li>as heat-endowed body – <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">breath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agni_(Ayurveda)" title="Agni (Ayurveda)">fire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Sun</a>;</li> <li>as growth-endowed body – food, water, and <a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Moon</a>;</li> <li>as thought-endowed body – <a href="/wiki/Buddhi" title="Buddhi">intellect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">mind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Citta" class="mw-redirect" title="Citta">psyche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller64_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller64-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cowell64_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cowell64-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Brahman exists in two forms – the material form, and the immaterial formless.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The material form is changing, unreal. The immaterial formless is not changing, real. The immortal formless is truth, the truth is the Brahman, the Brahman is the light, the light is the Sun which is the syllable <i>Om</i> as the Self.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>I<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The world is <i>Om</i>, its light is Sun, and the Sun is also the light of the syllable <i>Om</i>, asserts the Upanishad. Meditating on <i>Om</i>, is acknowledging and meditating on the Brahman-Atman (Self).<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller64_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller64-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mundaka_Upanishad">Mundaka Upanishad</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mundaka Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Yantra_with_Tamil_Om_symbol_in_center,_at_a_Mariamman_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_Yantra_with_Tamil_Om_symbol_in_center%2C_at_a_Mariamman_Temple.jpg/220px-A_Yantra_with_Tamil_Om_symbol_in_center%2C_at_a_Mariamman_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_Yantra_with_Tamil_Om_symbol_in_center%2C_at_a_Mariamman_Temple.jpg/330px-A_Yantra_with_Tamil_Om_symbol_in_center%2C_at_a_Mariamman_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_Yantra_with_Tamil_Om_symbol_in_center%2C_at_a_Mariamman_Temple.jpg/440px-A_Yantra_with_Tamil_Om_symbol_in_center%2C_at_a_Mariamman_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yantra">Shri Yantra</a> with <i>Om</i> (<span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ௐ</span></span>) at its center, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Mariamman_Temple,_Singapore" title="Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore">Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">yantras</a> are frequently used as aids in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu meditation">Hindu meditation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka Upanishad</a> in the second <i>Mundakam</i> (part), suggests the means to knowing the Atman and the Brahman are meditation, self-reflection, and introspection and that they can be aided by the symbol <i>Om</i>. It uses a bow and arrow analogy, where the bow symbolizes the focused mind, the arrow symbolizes the self (Atman), and the target represents the ultimate reality (Brahman).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>That which is flaming, which is subtler than the subtle,<br /> on which the worlds are set, and their inhabitants –<br /> That is the indestructible Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>J<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> It is life, it is speech, it is mind. That is the real. It is immortal.<br /> It is a mark to be penetrated. Penetrate It, my friend.<br /> <br /> Taking as a bow the great weapon of the Upanishad,<br /> one should put upon it an arrow sharpened by meditation,<br /> Stretching it with a thought directed to the essence of That,<br /> Penetrate<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>K<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Imperishable as the mark, my friend.<br /> <br /> <b>Om</b> is the bow, the arrow is the Self, Brahman the mark,<br /> By the undistracted man is It to be penetrated,<br /> One should come to be in It,<br /> as the arrow becomes one with the mark. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mundaka Upanishad 2.2.2 – 2.2.4<sup id="cite_ref-roberthume22_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthume22-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, in his review of the Mundaka Upanishad, states <i>Om</i> as a symbolism for <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mandukya_Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mandukya Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</a> opens by declaring, "<i>Om</i>!, this syllable is this whole world".<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, it presents various explanations and theories on what it means and signifies.<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discussion is built on a structure of "four fourths" or "fourfold", derived from <i>A</i> + <i>U</i> + <i>M</i> + "silence" (or without an element).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humefull_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Om</i> as all states of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Time</a>. <dl><dd>In verse 1, the Upanishad states that time is threefold: the past, the present and the future, that these three are <i>Om</i>. The four fourth of time is that which transcends time, that too is <i>Om</i> expressed.<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><i>Om</i> as all states of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> . <dl><dd>In verse 2, states the Upanishad, everything is Brahman, but Brahman is Atman (the Self), and that the Atman is fourfold.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnston summarizes these four states of Self, respectively, as seeking the physical, seeking inner thought, seeking the causes and spiritual consciousness, and the fourth state is realizing oneness with the Self, the Eternal.<sup id="cite_ref-johnston_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnston-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><i>Om</i> as all states of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a>. <dl><dd>In verses 3 to 6, the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates four states of consciousness: wakeful, dream, deep sleep, and the state of <i>ekatma</i> (being one with Self, the oneness of Self).<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These four are <i>A</i> + <i>U</i> + <i>M</i> + "without an element" respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><i>Om</i> as all of <a href="/wiki/Vidya_(philosophy)" title="Vidya (philosophy)">Knowledge</a>. <dl><dd>In verses 9 to 12, the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates fourfold etymological roots of the syllable <i>Om</i>. It states that the first element of <i>Om</i> is <i>A</i>, which is from <i>Apti</i> (obtaining, reaching) or from <i>Adimatva</i> (being first).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second element is <i>U</i>, which is from <i>Utkarsa</i> (exaltation) or from <i>Ubhayatva</i> (intermediateness).<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_95-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third element is <i>M</i>, from <i>Miti</i> (erecting, constructing) or from <i>Mi Minati, or apīti</i> (annihilation).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth is without an element, without development, beyond the expanse of universe. In this way, states the Upanishad, the syllable Om is indeed the Atman (the self).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_94-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humefull_95-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Shvetashvatara_Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Shvetashvatara Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, in verses 1.14 to 1.16, suggests meditating with the help of syllable <i>Om</i>, where one's perishable body is like one fuel-stick and the syllable <i>Om</i> is the second fuel-stick, which with discipline and diligent rubbing of the sticks unleashes the concealed fire of thought and awareness within. Such knowledge, asserts the Upanishad, is the goal of Upanishads.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen116_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen116-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text asserts that <i>Om</i> is a tool of meditation empowering one to know the God within oneself, to realize one's Atman (Self).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganesha-aum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ganesha-aum.jpg/220px-Ganesha-aum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ganesha-aum.jpg/330px-Ganesha-aum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ganesha-aum.jpg/440px-Ganesha-aum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>The Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> is sometimes referred to as "<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">oṃkārasvarūpa</i></span>" (<i>Omkara</i> is his form) and used as the symbol for <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishadic</a> concept of Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ganapati_Upanishad">Ganapati Upanishad</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ganapati Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ganesha#Om" title="Ganesha">Ganesha § Om</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ganapati_Atharva%C5%9B%C4%ABr%E1%B9%A3a" title="Ganapati Atharvaśīrṣa">Ganapati Upanishad</a> asserts that Ganesha is same as Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, all deities, the universe, and <i>Om</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes199523–24_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes199523–24-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(O Lord Ganapati!) You are (the Trimurti) <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Mahesa</a>. You are <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>. You are fire [<a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>] and air [<a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vāyu</i></span></a>]. You are the sun [<a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sūrya</i></span></a>] and the moon [<a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandrama</a>]. You are <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. You are (the three worlds) Bhuloka [earth], Antariksha-loka [space], and <a href="/wiki/Swarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Swarga">Swargaloka</a> [heaven]. You are Om. (That is to say, You are all this). </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gaṇapatya Atharvaśīrṣa 6<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaraswati1987127_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraswati1987127-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmana">Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmana" title="Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana">Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana</a>, a Samavedic text, outlines a story where those who chant Om can achieve the same rewards as deities. However, the gods are concerned about humans ascending to their realm. To address this concern, a compromise is reached between the gods and Death. Humans can attain immortality, but it involves relinquishing their physical bodies to Death. This immortality entails an extended celestial existence after a long earthly life, where the practitioner aspires to acquire a divine self (atman) in a non-physical form, allowing them to reside eternally in the heavenly realm.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramayana">Ramayana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ramayana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> is identified with <i>Om</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> saying to Rama: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"You are the sacrificial performance. You are the sacred syllable <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vashat</i></span> (on hearing which the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Adhvaryu</i></span> priest casts the oblation to a deity into the sacrificial fire). You are the mystic syllable <i>OM</i>. You are higher than the highest. People neither know your end nor your origin nor who you are in reality. You appear in all created beings in the cattle and in <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">brahmana</i></span>s. You exist in all quarters, in the sky, in mountains and in rivers."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ramayana#Yuddha_Kanda" title="Ramayana">Ramayana, Yuddha Kanda</a>, Sarga 117<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhagavad_Gita"><i>Bhagavad Gita</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bhagavad Gita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahma,_Vishnu,_and_Shiva_within_an_OM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Brahma%2C_Vishnu%2C_and_Shiva_within_an_OM.jpg/220px-Brahma%2C_Vishnu%2C_and_Shiva_within_an_OM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Brahma%2C_Vishnu%2C_and_Shiva_within_an_OM.jpg/330px-Brahma%2C_Vishnu%2C_and_Shiva_within_an_OM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Brahma%2C_Vishnu%2C_and_Shiva_within_an_OM.jpg/440px-Brahma%2C_Vishnu%2C_and_Shiva_within_an_OM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of <i>Om</i> from a <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> manuscript, 1795, decorated with <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murtis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> to the left, <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> (could be <a href="/wiki/Matrika#Maheshwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Maheshwari</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chandrabindu</a> point, and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> (holding a <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">trishula</a>) to the right</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, mentions the meaning and significance of <i>Om</i> in several verses. According to Jeaneane Fowler, verse 9.17 of the Bhagavad Gita synthesizes the competing dualistic and monist streams of thought in Hinduism, by using "<i>Om</i> which is the symbol for the indescribable, impersonal <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-jfowler164_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfowler164-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Of this universe, I am the Father; I am also the Mother, the Sustainer, and the Grandsire. I am the purifier, the goal of knowledge, the <b>sacred syllable <i>Om</i></b>. I am the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Ṛig Veda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sāma Veda</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur Veda</a>." </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>, Bhagavad Gita 9.17<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jfowler164_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfowler164-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The significance of the sacred syllable in the Hindu traditions, is similarly highlighted in other verses of the <i>Gita</i>, such as verse 17.24 where the importance of <i>Om</i> during prayers, charity and meditative practices is explained as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-jfowler271_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfowler271-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Therefore, uttering <b>Om</b>, the acts of <a href="/wiki/Yagna" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagna">yagna</a> (fire ritual), <a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">dāna</a> (charity) and <a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapas (Sanskrit)">tapas</a> (austerity) as enjoined in the scriptures, are always begun by those who study the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>." </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bhagavad Gita 17.24<sup id="cite_ref-jfowler271_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfowler271-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranas">Puranas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Puranas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The medieval era texts of Hinduism, such as the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> adopt and expand the concept of <i>Om</i> in their own ways, and to their own theistic sects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vaishnava_traditions">Vaishnava traditions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Vaishnava traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i> equates the recitation of <i>Om</i> with obeisance to Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a></i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Om</i> is the representation of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>, and represents the union of the three gods, viz. <i>A</i> for <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <i>U</i> for <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <i>M</i> for <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i> (9.14.46-48) identifies the <i>Pranava</i> as the root of all Vedic mantras, and describes the combined letters of <i>a-u-m</i> as an invocation of seminal birth, <a href="/wiki/Religious_initiation_rites" title="Religious initiation rites">initiation</a>, and the performance of sacrifice (<a href="/wiki/Yaj%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Yajña">yajña</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shaiva_traditions">Shaiva traditions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Shaiva traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_Symbol_at_Kanaka_Durga_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Om_Symbol_at_Kanaka_Durga_Temple.jpg/220px-Om_Symbol_at_Kanaka_Durga_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Om_Symbol_at_Kanaka_Durga_Temple.jpg/330px-Om_Symbol_at_Kanaka_Durga_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Om_Symbol_at_Kanaka_Durga_Temple.jpg/440px-Om_Symbol_at_Kanaka_Durga_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><i>Om</i> symbol with a <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">trishula</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Durga_Temple" title="Kanaka Durga Temple">Kanaka Durga Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> traditions, the <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i> highlights the relation between deity <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and the <i>Pranava</i> or <i>Om</i>. Shiva is declared to be <i>Om</i>, and that <i>Om</i> is Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, an epithet of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> is <a href="/wiki/Omkareshwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omkareshwar">Omkareshwar</a>, the Lord, <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>, of oṃkāra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shakta_traditions">Shakta traditions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Shakta traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">thealogy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a> traditions, <i>Om</i> connotes the female divine energy, <a href="/wiki/Adi_Parashakti" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Parashakti">Adi Parashakti</a>, represented in the <a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a>: <i>A</i> for the creative energy (the <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> of Brahma), <a href="/wiki/Mahasaraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasaraswati">Mahasaraswati</a>, <i>U</i> for the preservative energy (the Shakti of Vishnu), <a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalakshmi">Mahalakshmi</a>, and <i>M</i> for the destructive energy (the Shakti of Shiva), <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a>. The 12th book of the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a></i> describes the <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddess</a> as the mother of the Vedas, the <i>Adya Shakti</i> (primal energy, primordial power), and the essence of the <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayatri mantra">Gayatri mantra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_texts">Other texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha_and_Krishna_on_a_single_lotus_within_an_%22Om%22_sign_surr_Wellcome_V0045039.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Radha_and_Krishna_on_a_single_lotus_within_an_%22Om%22_sign_surr_Wellcome_V0045039.jpg/220px-Radha_and_Krishna_on_a_single_lotus_within_an_%22Om%22_sign_surr_Wellcome_V0045039.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Radha_and_Krishna_on_a_single_lotus_within_an_%22Om%22_sign_surr_Wellcome_V0045039.jpg/330px-Radha_and_Krishna_on_a_single_lotus_within_an_%22Om%22_sign_surr_Wellcome_V0045039.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Radha_and_Krishna_on_a_single_lotus_within_an_%22Om%22_sign_surr_Wellcome_V0045039.jpg/440px-Radha_and_Krishna_on_a_single_lotus_within_an_%22Om%22_sign_surr_Wellcome_V0045039.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2371" data-file-height="3223" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> intertwined with an <i>Om</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ওঁ</span>) and surrounded by scenes from their life</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yoga_Sutra">Yoga Sutra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Yoga Sutra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aphoristic verse 1.27 of Pantanjali's <i><a href="/wiki/Yogasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogasutra">Yogasutra</a></i> links <i>Om</i> to <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> practice, as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">तस्य वाचकः प्रणवः ॥२७॥</span></span><br /> His word is <b>Om</b>. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Yogasutra 1.27<sup id="cite_ref-charlesj_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charlesj-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnston_(Theosophist)" title="Charles Johnston (Theosophist)">Johnston</a> states this verse highlights the importance of <i>Om</i> in the meditative practice of yoga, where it symbolises the three worlds in the Self; the three times – past, present, and future eternity; the three divine powers – creation, preservation, and transformation in one Being; and three essences in one Spirit – immortality, omniscience, and joy. It is, asserts Johnston, a symbol for the perfected Spiritual Man.<sup id="cite_ref-charlesj_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charlesj-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chaitanya_Charitamrita">Chaitanya Charitamrita</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Chaitanya Charitamrita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnava</a> traditions, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is revered as <a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a>, the Supreme Lord himself, and <i>Om</i> is interpreted in light of this. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Charitamrita" title="Chaitanya Charitamrita">Chaitanya Charitamrita</a></i>, <i>Om</i> is the sound representation of the Supreme Lord. <i>A</i> is said to represent <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> (Vishnu), <i>U</i> represents <a href="/wiki/Srimati" class="mw-redirect" title="Srimati">Srimati</a> <a href="/wiki/Radharani" class="mw-redirect" title="Radharani">Radharani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalakshmi">Mahalakshmi</a>), and <i>M</i> represents <a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jiva</a>, the Self of the devotee.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jainism">Jainism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaipur_Jain_Aum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Jaipur_Jain_Aum.jpg/220px-Jaipur_Jain_Aum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Jaipur_Jain_Aum.jpg/330px-Jaipur_Jain_Aum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Jaipur_Jain_Aum.jpg/440px-Jaipur_Jain_Aum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Painting illustrating the Jain <i>Om</i> symbol, from Jaipur, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1840</span></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Jainism and non-creationism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols#Om" title="Jain symbols">Jain symbols § Om</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <i>Om</i> is considered a condensed form of reference to the <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1ca-Parame%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhi" title="Pañca-Parameṣṭhi">Pañca-Parameṣṭhi</a> by their initials <i>A+A+A+U+M</i> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">o<a href="/wiki/Pluti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluti">3</a></i></span><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">m</i></span></i>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dravyasamgraha" title="Dravyasamgraha">Dravyasamgraha</a> quotes a <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> line:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Glasenapp1999410–411_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Glasenapp1999410–411-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Prakrit languages collective text"><span lang="pra-Deva">ओम एकाक्षर पञ्चपरमेष्ठिनामादिपम् तत्कथमिति चेत अरिहंता असरीरा आयरिया तह उवज्झाया मुणियां</span></span><br /> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Oma ekākṣara pañca-parameṣṭhi-nāmā-dipam tatkathamiti cheta "arihatā asarīrā āyariyā taha uvajjhāyā muṇiyā".</i></span><br /> <i>AAAUM</i> [or just "Om"] is the one syllable short form of the initials of the five supreme beings [<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pañca-parameṣṭhi</i></span>]: "<a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">Ashariri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upajjhaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Upajjhaya">Upajjhaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Muni</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>By extension, the Om symbol is also used in Jainism to represent the first five lines of the <a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar mantra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most important part of the daily prayer in the Jain religion, which honours the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Pañca-Parameṣṭhi</i></span>. These five lines are (in English): "(1.) veneration to the Arhats, (2.) veneration to the perfect ones, (3.) veneration to the masters, (4.) veneration to the teachers, (5.) veneration to all the monks in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Glasenapp1999410–411_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Glasenapp1999410–411-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Om</i> is often used in some later schools of Buddhism, for example Tibetan Buddhism, which was influenced by Hinduism and Tantra.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>, <i>Om</i> is often <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese character</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%94%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:唵">唵</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ǎn</i></span>) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%97%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:嗡">嗡</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wēng</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetan_Buddhism_and_Vajrayana">Tibetan Buddhism and Vajrayana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Tibetan Buddhism and Vajrayana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OM_MANI_PADME_HUM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/OM_MANI_PADME_HUM.svg/250px-OM_MANI_PADME_HUM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/OM_MANI_PADME_HUM.svg/330px-OM_MANI_PADME_HUM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/OM_MANI_PADME_HUM.svg/500px-OM_MANI_PADME_HUM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>The mantra <i>om mani padme hum</i> written in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a> on the petals of a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_lotus_in_religious_art#Buddhism" title="Sacred lotus in religious art">sacred lotus</a> around the syllable <a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">hrih</a> at the center; <i>Om</i> is written on the top petal in white</figcaption></figure> <p>In Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <i>Om</i> is often placed at the beginning of mantras and <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">dharanis</a>. Probably the most well known mantra is "<a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a>", the six syllable mantra of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> of compassion, <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a>. This mantra is particularly associated with the four-armed <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ṣaḍākṣarī</i></span> form of Avalokiteśvara. Moreover, as a seed syllable (<i><a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABja" title="Bīja">Bīja</a> mantra</i>), <i>Om</i> is considered sacred and holy in <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Buddhism">Esoteric Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars interpret the first word of the mantra <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ</i></span> to be <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">auṃ</i></span>, with a meaning similar to Hinduism – the totality of sound, existence, and consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-carlolsenb_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlolsenb-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Oṃ</i></span> has been described by the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> as "composed of three pure letters, A, U, and M. These symbolize the impure <a href="/wiki/Three_Vajras" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Vajras">body, speech, and mind</a> of everyday unenlightened life of a practitioner; they also symbolize the pure exalted body, speech and mind of an enlightened Buddha".<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Simpkins, <i>Om</i> is a part of many mantras in Tibetan Buddhism and is a symbolism for wholeness, perfection, and the infinite.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Japanese Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kannonshoji_Azuchi_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kannonshoji_Azuchi_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg/250px-Kannonshoji_Azuchi_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kannonshoji_Azuchi_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg/330px-Kannonshoji_Azuchi_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kannonshoji_Azuchi_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg/500px-Kannonshoji_Azuchi_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4650" data-file-height="3100" /></a><figcaption>Nio statues in Kyoto prefecture of Japan, are interpreted as saying the start (open mouth) and the end (closed mouth) of syllable "AUM"<sup id="cite_ref-adrian_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adrian-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-helenbaroni_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helenbaroni-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A-un"><i>A-un</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: A-un"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></div> <p>The term <i><b>A-un</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:阿吽">阿吽</a></span></span>)</span> is the transliteration in Japanese of the two syllables "<i>a</i>" and "<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">hūṃ</i></span>", written in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">अहूँ</span>. In Japanese, it is often <a href="/wiki/Conflation" title="Conflation">conflated</a> with the syllable <i>Om</i>. The original Sanskrit term is composed of two letters, the first (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">अ</span>) and the last (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ह</span>) letters of the Devanagari <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Devanagari#Vowel_diacritics" title="Devanagari">diacritics</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a>) on the latter indicating the "-<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ūṃ</i></span>" of "<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">hūṃ</i></span>". Together, they symbolically represent the beginning and the end of all things.<sup id="cite_ref-jaanus_a-un_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaanus_a-un-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Mikky%C5%8D" title="Mikkyō">Mikkyō</a></i> Buddhism, the letters represent the beginning and the end of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is comparable to <a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega" title="Alpha and Omega">Alpha and Omega</a>, the first and last letters of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, similarly adopted by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to symbolise Christ as the beginning and end of all. </p><p>The term <i>a-un</i> is used figuratively in some Japanese expressions as "<i>a-un</i> breathing"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">阿吽の呼吸</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">a-un no kokyū</i></span>)</span> or "<i>a-un</i> relationship"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">阿吽の仲</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">a-un no naka</i></span>)</span>, indicating an inherently harmonious relationship or <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">nonverbal communication</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Niō_guardian_kings_and_komainu_lion-dogs"><span id="Ni.C5.8D_guardian_kings_and_komainu_lion-dogs"></span><i>Niō</i> guardian kings and <i>komainu</i> lion-dogs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Niō guardian kings and komainu lion-dogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Niō">Niō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Komainu" title="Komainu">Komainu</a></div> <p>The term is also used in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Buddhist architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinto_architecture" title="Shinto architecture">Shinto</a> to describe the paired statues common in Japanese religious settings, most notably the <i><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Niō">Niō</a></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">仁王</span></span>) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Komainu" title="Komainu">komainu</a></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">狛犬</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-jaanus_a-un_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaanus_a-un-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One (usually on the right) has an open mouth regarded by Buddhists as symbolically speaking the "A" syllable; the other (usually on the left) has a closed mouth, symbolically speaking the "Un" syllable. The two together are regarded as saying "<i>A-un</i>". The general name for statues with an open mouth is <i>agyō</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">阿形</span></span>, lit. "a" shape)</span>, that for those with a closed mouth <i>ungyō</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">吽形</span></span>, lit. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'un' shape")</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-jaanus_a-un_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaanus_a-un-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Niō">Niō</a> statues in Japan, and their equivalent in East Asia, appear in pairs in front of Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Torana" title="Torana">temple gates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a>, in the form of two fierce looking guardian kings (<i><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-adrian_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adrian-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-helenbaroni_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helenbaroni-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Komainu" title="Komainu">Komainu</a>, also called lion-dogs, found in Japan, Korea and China, also occur in pairs before Buddhist temples and public spaces, and again, one has an open mouth (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Agyō</i></span>), the other closed (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ungyō</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="title"><div>Some <i>a-un</i> pairs</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iwaya_Jinja_Komainu_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An ungyō komainu"><img alt="An ungyō komainu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Iwaya_Jinja_Komainu_2.JPG/135px-Iwaya_Jinja_Komainu_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Iwaya_Jinja_Komainu_2.JPG/202px-Iwaya_Jinja_Komainu_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Iwaya_Jinja_Komainu_2.JPG/270px-Iwaya_Jinja_Komainu_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <i>ungyō</i> komainu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iwaya_Jinja_Komainu_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An agyō komainu"><img alt="An agyō komainu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Iwaya_Jinja_Komainu_1.JPG/135px-Iwaya_Jinja_Komainu_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Iwaya_Jinja_Komainu_1.JPG/202px-Iwaya_Jinja_Komainu_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Iwaya_Jinja_Komainu_1.JPG/270px-Iwaya_Jinja_Komainu_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <i>agyō</i> komainu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horyu-ji15s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ungyō Niō at the Central Gate of Hōryū-ji"><img alt="Ungyō Niō at the Central Gate of Hōryū-ji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Horyu-ji15s3200.jpg/120px-Horyu-ji15s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Horyu-ji15s3200.jpg/180px-Horyu-ji15s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Horyu-ji15s3200.jpg/240px-Horyu-ji15s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="4200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Ungyō</i> Niō at the Central Gate of Hōryū-ji</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horyu-ji14s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Agyō Niō at the Central Gate of Hōryū-ji"><img alt="Agyō Niō at the Central Gate of Hōryū-ji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Horyu-ji14s3200.jpg/120px-Horyu-ji14s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Horyu-ji14s3200.jpg/180px-Horyu-ji14s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Horyu-ji14s3200.jpg/240px-Horyu-ji14s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="4200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Agyō</i> Niō at the Central Gate of Hōryū-ji</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ek_onkar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ek_onkar.svg/200px-Ek_onkar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ek_onkar.svg/300px-Ek_onkar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ek_onkar.svg/400px-Ek_onkar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption><i>Ik Onkar</i> of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ik Onkar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ਇੱਕ ਓਅੰਕਾਰ</span>; iconically represented as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ੴ</span>) are the first words of the <a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a>, which is the opening verse of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, the Sikh scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-M-W_Ik_Onkar_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W_Ik_Onkar-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combining the numeral one ("<i>Ik</i>") and "<i>Onkar</i>", <i>Ik Onkar</i> literally means "one <i>Om </i>";<sup id="cite_ref-gulati285_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulati285-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>L<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these words are a statement that there is "one God",<sup id="cite_ref-Sikhism_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sikhism-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> understood to refer to the "absolute <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> unity of God"<sup id="cite_ref-M-W_Ik_Onkar_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W_Ik_Onkar-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and implying "singularity in spite of the seeming multiplicity of existence".<sup id="cite_ref-wazirsingh_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wazirsingh-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>M<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Pashaura Singh, <i>Onkar</i> is used frequently as invocation in Sikh scripture; it is the foundational word (<i><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">shabad</a></i>), the seed of Sikh scripture, and the basis of the "whole creation of time and space".<sup id="cite_ref-pashaura227_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pashaura227-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ik Onkar</i> is a significant <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God#Sikhism" title="Names of God">name of God</a> in the Guru Granth Sahib and <a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a>, states Kohli, and occurs as "<i>Aum</i>" in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> and where it is understood as the abstract representation of three worlds (<i><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Trailokya</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sskohli39_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sskohli39-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Wazir Singh, <i>Onkar</i> is a "variation of <i>Om</i> (<i>Aum</i>) of the ancient Indian scriptures (with a change in its orthography), implying the unifying <i>seed-force</i> that evolves as the universe".<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> wrote a poem entitled <i>Onkar</i> in which, states Doniger, he "attributed the origin and sense of speech to the Divinity, who is thus the Om-maker".<sup id="cite_ref-M-W_Ik_Onkar_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W_Ik_Onkar-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><i>Onkar</i> ('the Primal Sound') created <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <i>Onkar</i> fashioned the consciousness,<br /> From <i>Onkar</i> came mountains and ages, <i>Onkar</i> produced the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>,<br /> By the grace of <i>Onkar</i>, people were saved through the divine word,<br /> By the grace of <i>Onkar</i>, they were liberated through the teachings of the Guru. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ramakali Dakkhani, <a href="/wiki/Adi_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Granth">Adi Granth</a> 929-930, Translated by Pashaura Singh<sup id="cite_ref-pashaura227_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pashaura227-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>"Onkar" is the primordial sound/word. It is the soundless word (<i>anahat naad</i> or <i>anahad naad</i>). It is both the source as well as manifestation of the source. "Onkar" pervades the entire creation. The soundless sound is present everywhere and inside everything including us. In Sikhism, the Guru Granth Sahib is manifested form of this "Onkar". Hence, the Guru Granth Sahib is called "Shabad Guru". Shabad (word) is Guru and Guru itself is the Primordial Sound "Onkar" (God).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thelema">Thelema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Thelema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For both symbolic and <a href="/wiki/English_Qabalah" class="mw-redirect" title="English Qabalah">numerological</a> reasons, <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a> adapted <i>aum</i> into a <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">magical formula</a>, <i>AUMGN</i>, adding a silent 'g' (as in the word '<a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a>') and a nasal 'n' to the <i>m</i> to form the <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">compound letter</a> 'MGN'; the 'g' makes explicit the silence previously only implied by the terminal 'm' while the 'n' indicates nasal vocalisation connoting the breath of life and together they connote knowledge and generation. Together these letters, <i>MGN</i>, have a numerological value of <a href="/wiki/Thelema#93" title="Thelema">93</a>, a number with <a href="/wiki/Polysemy" title="Polysemy">polysemic</a> significance in Thelema. <i>Om</i> appears in this extended form throughout Crowley's <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">magical</a> and philosophical writings, notably appearing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_XV,_The_Gnostic_Mass" title="Liber XV, The Gnostic Mass">Gnostic Mass</a></i>. Crowley discusses its symbolism briefly in section F of <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Samekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Samekh">Liber Samekh</a></i> and in detail in chapter 7 of <i><a href="/wiki/Magick_(Book_4)" title="Magick (Book 4)">Magick (Book 4)</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_reception">Modern reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Modern reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Brahmic script <i>Om</i>-ligature has become widely recognized in Western <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a> since the 1960s, mostly in its standard <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> form (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">ॐ</span>), but the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <i>Om</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535" /><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ༀ</span>) has also gained limited currency in popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_meditation">In meditation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: In meditation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pranava_yoga" title="Pranava yoga">Pranava yoga</a></div> <p>Meditating and chanting of <i>Om</i> can be done by first concentrating on a picture of <i>Om</i> and then effortlessly mentally chanting the mantra. Meditating and mental chanting have been said<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to improve the physiological state of the person by increasing alertness and sensory sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumarNagendraManjunathNaveen20102–5_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarNagendraManjunathNaveen20102–5-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_in_Buddhism" title="A in Buddhism">A in Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABjamantra" title="Bījamantra">Bījamantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Religious symbol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As used in the <a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Sulaiman" title="Stele of Sulaiman">Stele of Sulaiman</a>, dated to 1348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Used for example in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, although speakers of these languages may also use Brahmic representation such as Devanagari.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As used in the <a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Sulaiman" title="Stele of Sulaiman">Stele of Sulaiman</a>, dated to 1348.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-upper-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Praṇava Upaniṣad in <a href="/wiki/Gopatha_Brahmana" title="Gopatha Brahmana">Gopatha Brāhmaṇa</a> 1.1.26 and Uṇādisūtra 1.141/1.142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>, <a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" title="Aṣṭādhyāyī">Aṣṭādhyāyī</a> 6.1.95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad</i></span> 8-12, composed in Classical Sanskrit, which describes <i>Om</i> as having three <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">mātra</i></span>s corresponding to the three letters a-u-m</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in the early 19th-century manuscript above <i>Om</i> is written <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अउ३म्</span></span> with "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">अउ</span>" as ligature as in ॐ without <a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chandrabindu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">later called Shiva</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">this is a reference to the three major Vedic <a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">fire rituals</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">this is a reference to the three major <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">this is a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">three worlds</a> of the Vedas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit original, quote: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">द्वे वाव ब्रह्मणो रूपे मूर्तं चामूर्तं च । अथ यन्मूर्तं तदसत्यम् यदमूर्तं तत्सत्यम् तद्ब्रह्म तज्ज्योतिः यज्ज्योतिः स आदित्यः स वा एष ओमित्येतदात्माभवत्</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume translates this as "imperishable Aksara", Max Muller translates it as "indestructible Brahman"; see: <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <i>The Upanishads</i>, Part 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/36/mode/2up">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, Oxford University Press, page 36 and Robert Hume, "Thirteen Principal Upanishads" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n387/mode/2up">[1]</a>, page 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Sanskrit word used is <i>Vyadh</i>, which means both "penetrate" and "know"; Robert Hume uses penetrate, but mentions the second meaning; see: Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n387/mode/2up">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, <i>Thirteen Principal Upanishads</i>, Oxford University Press, page 372 with footnote 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote: "While Ek literally means One, Onkar is the equivalent of the Hindu "Om" (Aum), the one syllable sound representing the holy trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva - the God in His entirety."<sup id="cite_ref-gulati285_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulati285-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote: "the 'a,' 'u,' and 'm' of aum have also been explained as signifying the three principles of creation, sustenance and annihilation. ... aumkār in relation to existence implies plurality, ... but its substitute Ik Onkar definitely implies singularity in spite of the seeming multiplicity of existence. ..."<sup id="cite_ref-wazirsingh_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wazirsingh-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote: "Ik Aumkara is a significant name in Guru Granth Sahib and appears in the very beginning of Mul Mantra. It occurs as Aum in the Upanishads and in Gurbani, the Onam Akshara (the letter Aum) has been considered as the abstract of three worlds (p. 930). According to Brihadaranyaka Upanishad "Aum" connotes both the transcendent and immanent Brahman."<sup id="cite_ref-sskohli39_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sskohli39-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. Infobase Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">319–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeck2012" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/824698506"><i>Sonic liturgy: ritual and music in Hindu tradition</i></a>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-108-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-108-2"><bdi>978-1-61117-108-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/824698506">824698506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+liturgy%3A+ritual+and+music+in+Hindu+tradition&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F824698506&rft.isbn=978-1-61117-108-2&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F824698506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilke4352-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilke4352_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilke4352_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilke4352_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilke4352_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkeMoebus2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilke, Annette; Moebus, Oliver (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC&pg=PA435"><i>Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism</i></a>. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110181593" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110181593"><bdi>978-3110181593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+and+Communication%3A+An+Aesthetic+Cultural+History+of+Sanskrit+Hinduism&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3110181593&rft.aulast=Wilke&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft.au=Moebus%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9wmYz_OtZ_gC%26pg%3DPA435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-james4822-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-james4822_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-james4822_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Om", <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823931804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823931804">978-0823931804</a>, page 482</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holdrege19962-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holdrege19962_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holdrege19962_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoldrege1996" class="citation book cs1">Holdrege, Barbara A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnUFxccJ4igC"><i>Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1640-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1640-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-1640-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veda+and+Torah%3A+Transcending+the+Textuality+of+Scripture&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1640-2&rft.aulast=Holdrege&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnUFxccJ4igC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merriam-webster.com2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merriam-webster.com2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/om">Om</a>". <i>Merriam-Webster</i> (2013), Pronounced: \ˈōm\</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Leeming_20052-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_Leeming_20052_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Leeming_20052_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Leeming (2005), <i>The Oxford Companion to World Mythology</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195156690" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195156690">978-0195156690</a>, page 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hajime Nakamura, <i>A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy</i>, Part 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120819634" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120819634">978-8120819634</a>, page 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-annette2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-annette2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annette2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annette2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annette2_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annette2_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annette2_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annette2_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annette2_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus (2011), <i>Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism</i>, De Gruyter, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110181593" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110181593">978-3110181593</a>, pages 435–456</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeretyMcKean2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Gerety, Moore; McKean, Finnian (20 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/17467527"><i>This Whole World Is OM: Song, Soteriology, and the Emergence of the Sacred Syllable</i></a> (Thesis). Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1746-7527">1746-7527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=This+Whole+World+Is+OM%3A+Song%2C+Soteriology%2C+and+the+Emergence+of+the+Sacred+Syllable&rft.inst=Harvard+University%2C+Graduate+School+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft.issn=1746-7527&rft.aulast=Gerety&rft.aufirst=Moore&rft.au=McKean%2C+Finnian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fhandle%2F1%2F17467527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKudelska2019" class="citation book cs1">Kudelska, Marta (1 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/63055"><i>Why Is There I Rather Than It?</i></a>. Peter Lang D. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3726%2Fb17932">10.3726/b17932</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-84429-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-84429-8"><bdi>978-3-631-84429-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Is+There+I+Rather+Than+It%3F&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+D&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3726%2Fb17932&rft.isbn=978-3-631-84429-8&rft.aulast=Kudelska&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peterlang.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F63055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shlokam.org/texts/katha-1-2-15/">"Kathopanishad- Verse 15 - kathopanishad-1-2-15-sarve vedā - in Sanskrit with English Transliteration, Meaning and Commentary by Adi Shankaracharya (Sankara Bhashya)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kathopanishad-+Verse+15+-+kathopanishad-1-2-15-sarve+ved%C4%81+-+in+Sanskrit+with+English+Transliteration%2C+Meaning+and+Commentary+by+Adi+Shankaracharya+%28Sankara+Bhashya%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshlokam.org%2Ftexts%2Fkatha-1-2-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_White_20112-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_White_20112_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_White_20112_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David White (2011), <i>Yoga in Practice</i>, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691140865" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691140865">978-0691140865</a>, pp. 104–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander_Studholme_20122-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_Studholme_20122_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_Studholme_20122_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Studholme (2012), <i>The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra</i>, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791453902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791453902">978-0791453902</a>, pages 1–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993), <i>Elements of Hindu Iconography</i>, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120808775" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120808775">978-8120808775</a>, p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sehdev Kumar (2001), <i>A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170173489" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170173489">978-8170173489</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Indian_Mantra_pp._2442-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Indian_Mantra_pp._2442_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a> (1963), <i>The Indian Mantra</i>, Oriens, Vol. 16, pp. 244–297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lipner2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lipner2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lipner2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Lipner" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Lipner">Julius Lipner</a> (2010), <i>Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415456760" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415456760">978-0415456760</a>, pp. 66–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misra20182-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Misra20182_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMisra2018" class="citation book cs1">Misra, Nityanand (25 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e89eDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104"><i>The Om Mala: Meanings of the Mystic Sound</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 104–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-87471-85-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-87471-85-6"><bdi>978-93-87471-85-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Om+Mala%3A+Meanings+of+the+Mystic+Sound&rft.pages=104-&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft.isbn=978-93-87471-85-6&rft.aulast=Misra&rft.aufirst=Nityanand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De89eDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=OM&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0">OM</a>". <i>Sanskrit English Dictionary</i>, University of Köln, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), Pranava, <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823931804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823931804">978-0823931804</a>, page 522</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, <i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</i>, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 74-75, 347, 364, 667</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diana Eck (2013), <i>India: A Sacred Geography</i>, Random House, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385531924" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385531924">978-0385531924</a>, page 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R Mehta (2007), <i>The Call of the Upanishads</i>, Motilal Barnarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120807495" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120807495">978-8120807495</a>, page 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=omkara&trans=Translate&direction=AU">Omkara</a>, <i>Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i>, University of Koeln, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CK Chapple, W Sargeant (2009), <i>The Bhagavad Gita</i>, Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438428420" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438428420">978-1438428420</a>, page 435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n123/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, page 12 with footnote 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSSOM-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSSOM_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSSOM_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSSOM_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParpola1981" class="citation journal cs1">Parpola, Asko (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/store/article/view/49902">"On the Primary Meaning and Etymology of the Sacred Syllable ōm"</a>. <i>Studia Orientalia Electronica</i>. <b>50</b>: <span class="nowrap">195–</span>214. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2323-5209">2323-5209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Orientalia+Electronica&rft.atitle=On+the+Primary+Meaning+and+Etymology+of+the+Sacred+Syllable+%C5%8Dm&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=2323-5209&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Fstore%2Farticle%2Fview%2F49902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRoH-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PRoH_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParpola2015" class="citation book cs1">Parpola, Asko (2015). <i>The Roots of Hinduism : the Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190226909" title="Special:BookSources/9780190226909"><bdi>9780190226909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Hinduism+%3A+the+Early+Aryans+and+the+Indus+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780190226909&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n111/mode/2up"><i>Chandogya Upanishad</i></a>, Oxford University Press, pages 1-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deussenmeaningofom-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deussenmeaningofom_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deussenmeaningofom_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, <i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</i>, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 67-85, 227, 284, 308, 318, 361-366, 468, 600-601, 667, 772</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, <i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</i>, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grimes (1995), <i>Ganapati: The Song of Self</i>, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791424391" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791424391">978-0791424391</a>, pages 78-80 and 201 footnote 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/vedas/aitereya/the_aitareya_brahmanam_of_the_rigveda__s.pdf">Aitareya Brahmana 5.32</a>, Rig Veda, pages 139-140 (Sanskrit); for English translation: See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Berriedale_Keith1920" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Berriedale Keith (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSgYAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Aitareya and Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇas of the Rigveda</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aitareya+and+Kau%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABtaki+Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87as+of+the+Rigveda&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Arthur+Berriedale+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSgYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/page/n87/mode/2up?view=theater">"Aitareya &Taittiriya Upanishads with Shankara Bhashya - English"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aitareya+%26Taittiriya+Upanishads+with+Shankara+Bhashya+-+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English%2Fpage%2Fn87%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitney1950-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitney1950_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitney1950_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1950" class="citation book cs1">Whitney, William Dwight (1950). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sanskrit_Grammar_(Whitney)"><i>Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language, and the older Dialects, of Veda and Brahmana</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 12, <span class="nowrap">27–</span>28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Grammar%3A+Including+both+the+Classical+Language%2C+and+the+older+Dialects%2C+of+Veda+and+Brahmana&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=12%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=William+Dwight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FSanskrit_Grammar_%28Whitney%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osho (2012). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LpJ1CAAAQBAJ&dq=aum+three&pg=PT546">The Book of Secrets</a></i>, unpaginated. Osho International Foundation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880507707" title="Special:BookSources/9780880507707">9780880507707</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mehta, Kiran K. (2008). <i>Milk, Honey and Grapes</i>, p.14. Puja Publications, Atlanta. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438209159" title="Special:BookSources/9781438209159">9781438209159</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Misra, Nityanand (2018). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e89eDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22om%22+%22three%22&pg=PT287">The Om Mala</a></i>, unpaginated. Bloomsbury Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789387471856" title="Special:BookSources/9789387471856">9789387471856</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vālmīki; trans. Mitra, Vihārilāla (1891). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLlIAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22om%22+%22three%22&pg=PA61">The Yoga-vásishtha-mahárámáyana of Válmiki, Volume 1</a></i>, p.61. Bonnerjee and Company. [ISBN unspecified].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKobayashi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kobayashi, Masato (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gengo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/masatok/Kobayashi_Ast8_2.pdf">"Pāṇini's Phonological Rules and Vedic: Aṣṭādhyāyī 8.2*"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Indological Studies</i>. <b>18</b>: 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indological+Studies&rft.atitle=P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini%27s+Phonological+Rules+and+Vedic%3A+A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB+8.2%2A&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kobayashi&rft.aufirst=Masato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgengo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2Fmasatok%2FKobayashi_Ast8_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Campbell (1949), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hero_with_a_Thousand_Faces" title="The Hero with a Thousand Faces">The Hero with a Thousand Faces</a></i>, 108f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeb1921" class="citation journal cs1">Deb, Harit Krishna (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97555#page/313/">"The Svastika and the Oṁkāra"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.atitle=The+Svastika+and+the+O%E1%B9%81k%C4%81ra&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Deb&rft.aufirst=Harit+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F97555%23page%2F313%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F110365a0">"Research Items: The Swastika, Gammadion, Fylfot"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>110</b> (2758): 365. September 1922. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F110365a0">10.1038/110365a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4114094">4114094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Research+Items%3A+The+Swastika%2C+Gammadion%2C+Fylfot&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2758&rft.pages=365&rft.date=1922-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4114094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F110365a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F110365a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bMzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PAPA365">The Swastika</a></i>, p. PA365, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy2011" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Ankita (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003025656/https://mrane.com/images/bramhi.pdf"><i>Rediscovering the Brahmi Script</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bombay: Industrial Design Center, IDC, IIT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrane.com/images/bramhi.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+the+Brahmi+Script&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Industrial+Design+Center%2C+IDC%2C+IIT&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Ankita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrane.com%2Fimages%2Fbramhi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span> See the section, "Ancient Symbols".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKak1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kak, SC (1990). "Indus and Brahmi: Further Connections". <i>Cryptologia</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">169–</span>183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0161-119091864878">10.1080/0161-119091864878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cryptologia&rft.atitle=Indus+and+Brahmi%3A+Further+Connections&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0161-119091864878&rft.aulast=Kak&rft.aufirst=SC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParker1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parker_(author)" title="Henry Parker (author)">Parker, Henry</a> (1909). <i>Ancient Ceylon</i>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientceylon00hpar/page/428/">428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Ceylon&rft.pages=428&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParker1909" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Henry (1909). <i>Ancient Ceylon</i>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientceylon00hpar/page/490/">490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Ceylon&rft.pages=490&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deborah Wong (2001), <i>Sounding the Center: History and Aesthetics in Thai Buddhist Performance</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226905853" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226905853">978-0226905853</a>, page 292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Minahan (2009), <i>The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313344961" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313344961">978-0313344961</a>, pages 28-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamsanaga.me/2018/01/aum02.html">"ឱម: ប្រភពនៃរូបសញ្ញាឱម"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E1%9E%B1%E1%9E%98%3A+%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%B1%E1%9E%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamsanaga.me%2F2018%2F01%2Faum02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamsanaga.me/2018/01/aum01.html">"ឱម : អំណាចឱមនៅក្នុងសាសនា"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E1%9E%B1%E1%9E%98+%3A+%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B1%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamsanaga.me%2F2018%2F01%2Faum01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slife.org/om/">"Om"</a>. 10 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Om&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslife.org%2Fom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllwoodAlles2007" class="citation book cs1">Ellwood, Robert S.; Alles, Gregory D. (2007). <i>The Encyclopedia of World Religions</i>. Infobase Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">327–</span>328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438110387" title="Special:BookSources/9781438110387"><bdi>9781438110387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781438110387&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Alles%2C+Gregory+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeck1995" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L. 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Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120812611" title="Special:BookSources/9788120812611"><bdi>9788120812611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+Theology%3A+Hinduism+and+Sacred+Sound&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788120812611&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmwpage17-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmwpage17_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a> (1893), <i>Indian Wisdom</i>, Luzac & Co., London, page 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller11-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller11_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller11_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n111/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, <i>The Upanishads</i>, Part I, Oxford University Press, pages 1-3 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen11-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen11_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen11_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen11_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, <i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</i>, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 68-70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patrick_Olivelle_2014_page_171-185-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patrick_Olivelle_2014_page_171-185_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrick_Olivelle_2014_page_171-185_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Olivelle (2014), <i>The Early Upanishads</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, page 171-185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen12-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen12_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 70-71 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller12-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller12_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller12_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n111/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, <i>The Upanishads</i>, Part I, Oxford University Press, pages 4-6 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hume12-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume12_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume12_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n199/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, <i>The Thirteen Principal Upanishads</i>, Oxford University Press, pages 178-180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n111/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, <i>The Upanishads</i>, Part I, Oxford University Press, pages 4-19 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n139/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, <i>The Upanishads</i>, Part I, Oxford University Press, page 28 with footnote 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/34/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, <i>The Upanishads</i>, Part I, Oxford University Press, page 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussenintro-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 269-273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller121-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller121_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller (1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads – Part II, Dover Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486209937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486209937">978-0486209937</a>, page 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen1214-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen1214_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen1214_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, <i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</i>, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 284-286</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller64-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller64_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller64_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller64_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuller" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Muller, Max</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/306/mode/2up"><i>The Upanishads: Maitrayana-Brahmana Upanishad</i></a>. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">307–</span>308.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Upanishads%3A+Maitrayana-Brahmana+Upanishad&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fupanishads02ml%23page%2F306%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cowell64-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cowell64_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/cowellmaitriskt.pdf">Maitri Upanishad – Sanskrit Text with English Translation</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> EB Cowell (Translator), Cambridge University, <i>Bibliotheca Indica</i>, page 258-260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <i>The Upanishads</i>, Part 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/306/mode/2up">Maitrayana-Brahmana Upanishad</a>, Oxford University Press, pages 306-307 verse 6.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1980" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul, ed. (1980). <i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</i>. Vol. 1. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684"><bdi>978-8120814684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-8120814684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCowell" class="citation book cs1">Cowell, E.B. (ed.). <i>Maitri Upanishad: Sanskrit Text with English Translation</i>. Bibliotheca Indica. Translated by Cowell, E.B. Cambridge University Press. p. 258.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maitri+Upanishad%3A+Sanskrit+Text+with+English+Translation&rft.place=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.series=Bibliotheca+Indica&rft.pages=258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:sa:मैत्रायण्युपनिषत्"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/sa:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D"><i>Maitri Upanishad</i> </a></span> (in Sanskrit) – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maitri+Upanishad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a> (Translator), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Vol 2, Motilal Banarsidass (2010 Reprint), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, pages 580-581</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eduard Roer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ff0IAAAAQAAJ">Mundaka Upanishad</a> <i>Bibliotheca Indica</i>, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, page 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roberthume22-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roberthume22_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n393/mode/2up">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 372-373</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Johnston, The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom, (1920–1931), <i>The Mukhya Upanishads</i>, Kshetra Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1495946530" title="Special:BookSources/978-1495946530">978-1495946530</a> (Reprinted in 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Mundaka%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf">Archive of Mundaka Upanishad, pages 310-311</a> from Theosophical Quarterly journal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishadssrisan00sita#page/138/mode/2up">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, in Upanishads and Sri Sankara's commentary – Volume 1: <i>The Isa Kena and Mundaka</i>, SS Sastri (Translator), University of Toronto Archives, page 144 with section in 138-152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussenfull-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_94-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_94-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, <i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</i>, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, pages 605-637</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-humefull-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_95-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_95-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_95-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHume1921" class="citation cs2">Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n411/mode/2up"><i>The Thirteen Principal Upanishads</i></a>, Oxford University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">391–</span>393</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirteen+Principal+Upanishads&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E393&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthirteenprincipa028442mbp%23page%2Fn411%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnston-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johnston_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Johnston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Mandukya%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf">The Measures of the Eternal – Mandukya Upanishad</a> Theosophical Quarterly, October, 1923, pages 158-162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen116-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen116_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/236/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, <i>The Upanishads</i>, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHume1921" class="citation book cs1">Hume, Robert (1921). "Shvetashvatara Upanishad 1.14 – 1.16". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n417/"><i>The Thirteen Principal Upanishads</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 396-397 with footnotes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shvetashvatara+Upanishad+1.14+%E2%80%93+1.16&rft.btitle=The+Thirteen+Principal+Upanishads&rft.pages=396-397+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthirteenprincipa028442mbp%23page%2Fn417%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimes1995" class="citation book cs1">Grimes, John A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aoqB4n95pSoC"><i>Ganapati: Song of the Self</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2439-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2439-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-2439-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ganapati%3A+Song+of+the+Self&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2439-1&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaoqB4n95pSoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlter2004" class="citation book cs1">Alter, Stephen (2004). <i>Elephas Maximus: a portrait of the Indian Elephant</i>. New Delhi: Penguin Books. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143031741" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143031741"><bdi>978-0143031741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elephas+Maximus%3A+a+portrait+of+the+Indian+Elephant&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0143031741&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes199523–24-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes199523–24_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimes1995">Grimes (1995)</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraswati1987127-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaraswati1987127_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaraswati1987">Saraswati (1987)</a>, p. 127, In <a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda</a>'s numbering system, this is <i>upamantra</i> 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerety2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gerety, Finnian M. M. 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Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120827523" title="Special:BookSources/9788120827523"><bdi>9788120827523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantric+Revisionings%3A+New+Understandings+of+Tibetan+Buddhism+and+Indian+Religion&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788120827523&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXXgy1WvZCI0C%26q%3Dvajrayana%2Btantra%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/Library/Vajrayana-Buddhism">"Vajrayana Buddhism Origins, Vajrayana Buddhism History, Vajrayana Buddhism Beliefs"</a>. <i>www.patheos.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dover Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsofnorthernbu00gett/page/29">29</a>, <span class="nowrap">191–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25575-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25575-0"><bdi>978-0-486-25575-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+Northern+Buddhism%3A+Their+History+and+Iconography&rft.pages=29%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25575-0&rft.aulast=Getty&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsofnorthernbu00gett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGyatso" class="citation web cs1">Gyatso, Tenzin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/tib/omph.htm">"On the meaning of: OM MANI PADME HUM - The jewel is in the lotus or praise to the jewel in the lotus"</a>. <i>Internet Sacred Text Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Palgrave Macmillan. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61534-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61534-2"><bdi>978-0-230-61534-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Elegies&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61534-2&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-W_Ik_Onkar-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M-W_Ik_Onkar_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M-W_Ik_Onkar_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M-W_Ik_Onkar_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&pg=PA500"><i>Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions</i></a>. Merriam-Webster. p. 500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+encyclopedia+of+world+religions&rft.pages=500&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZP_f9icf2roC%26pg%3DPA500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gulati285-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gulati285_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gulati285_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGulati2008" class="citation book cs1">Gulati, Mahinder (2008). <i>Comparative Religious And Philosophies: Anthropomorphlsm And Divinity</i>. Atlantic. pp. <span class="nowrap">284–</span>285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126909025" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126909025"><bdi>978-8126909025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Religious+And+Philosophies%3A+Anthropomorphlsm+And+Divinity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.pub=Atlantic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8126909025&rft.aulast=Gulati&rft.aufirst=Mahinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sikhism-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sikhism_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Singh, Khushwant</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5LSvkQvvmAMC&pg=PA114">"The Sikhs"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kitagawa" title="Joseph Kitagawa">Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo</a> (ed.). <i>The religious traditions of Asia: religion, history, and culture</i>. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1762-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1762-5"><bdi>0-7007-1762-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sikhs&rft.btitle=The+religious+traditions+of+Asia%3A+religion%2C+history%2C+and+culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7007-1762-5&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5LSvkQvvmAMC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wazirsingh-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wazirsingh_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wazirsingh_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1969" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Wazir (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWM9AAAAIAAJ&q=substitute+ekankar"><i>Aspects of Guru Nanak's philosophy</i></a>. Lahore Book Shop. p. 20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Guru+Nanak%27s+philosophy&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Lahore+Book+Shop&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Wazir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWM9AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsubstitute%2Bekankar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pashaura227-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pashaura227_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pashaura227_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Singh, Pashaura (2014). "Gurmat: The Teachings of the Gurus". In Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199699308" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199699308"><bdi>978-0199699308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gurmat%3A+The+Teachings+of+the+Gurus&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199699308&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sskohli39-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sskohli39_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sskohli39_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohli1993" class="citation book cs1">Kohli, S.S. (1993). <i>The Sikh and Sikhism</i>. Atlantic. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-71563368" title="Special:BookSources/81-71563368"><bdi>81-71563368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+and+Sikhism&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Atlantic&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=81-71563368&rft.aulast=Kohli&rft.aufirst=S.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1969" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Wazir (1969). "Guru Nanak's philosophy". <i>Journal of Religious Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Guru+Nanak%27s+philosophy&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Wazir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrowley" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Aleister. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/oto/lib813.htm"><i>Liber Samekh</i></a>. Internet Sacred Text Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liber+Samekh&rft.pub=Internet+Sacred+Text+Archive&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Aleister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Foto%2Flib813.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrowley" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Aleister. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/oto/aba/chap7.htm"><i>Magick in Theory and Practice - Chapter 7</i></a>. Internet Sacred Text Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magick+in+Theory+and+Practice+-+Chapter+7&rft.pub=Internet+Sacred+Text+Archive&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Aleister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Foto%2Faba%2Fchap7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1997" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Aleister (1997). <i>Magick : Liber ABA, book four, parts I–IV</i> (Second revised ed.). San Francisco, CA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877289197" title="Special:BookSources/9780877289197"><bdi>9780877289197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magick+%3A+Liber+ABA%2C+book+four%2C+parts+I%E2%80%93IV&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.edition=Second+revised&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780877289197&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Aleister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2016" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Aleister (2016). <i>Liber XV : Ecclesiae Gnosticae Catholicae Canon Missae</i>. Gothenburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788393928453" title="Special:BookSources/9788393928453"><bdi>9788393928453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liber+XV+%3A+Ecclesiae+Gnosticae+Catholicae+Canon+Missae&rft.place=Gothenburg&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788393928453&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Aleister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMesserle" class="citation web cs1">Messerle, Ulrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231191837/http://om.pinkproton.org/pictures/">"Graphics of the Sacred Symbol OM"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://om.pinkproton.org/pictures/">the original</a> on 31 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graphics+of+the+Sacred+Symbol+OM&rft.aulast=Messerle&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fom.pinkproton.org%2Fpictures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarNagendraManjunathNaveen20102–5-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumarNagendraManjunathNaveen20102–5_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumarNagendraManjunathNaveen2010">Kumar et al. 2010</a>, pp. 2–5.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumarNagendraManjunathNaveen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, S.; Nagendra, H.R.; Manjunath, N.K.; Naveen, K.V.; Telles, S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952121">"Meditation on OM: Relevance from ancient texts and contemporary science"</a>. <i>International Journal of Yoga</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-6131.66771">10.4103/0973-6131.66771</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952121">2952121</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20948894">20948894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Yoga&rft.atitle=Meditation+on+OM%3A+Relevance+from+ancient+texts+and+contemporary+science&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2952121%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20948894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0973-6131.66771&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Nagendra%2C+H.R.&rft.au=Manjunath%2C+N.K.&rft.au=Naveen%2C+K.V.&rft.au=Telles%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2952121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaraswati1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Saraswati, Chinmayananda</a> (1987). <i>Glory of Ganesha</i>. Bombay: Central Chinmaya Mission Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8175973589" title="Special:BookSources/978-8175973589"><bdi>978-8175973589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glory+of+Ganesha&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Central+Chinmaya+Mission+Trust&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-8175973589&rft.aulast=Saraswati&rft.aufirst=Chinmayananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVon_Glasenapp1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Glasenapp" title="Helmuth von Glasenapp">Von Glasenapp, Helmuth</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC"><i>Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion</i></a> [<i>Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation</i>] (in German). Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.). <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1376-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1376-6"><bdi>81-208-1376-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Jainismus%3A+Eine+Indische+Erlosungsreligion&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-208-1376-6&rft.aulast=Von+Glasenapp&rft.aufirst=Helmuth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzEzXDk0v6sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Om&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrancke1915" class="citation journal cs1">Francke, A. H. (1915). "The Meaning of the "Om-mani-padme-hum" Formula". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>47</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00048425">10.1017/S0035869X00048425</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189337">25189337</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170755544">170755544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+the+%22Om-mani-padme-hum%22+Formula&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E397-%3C%2Fspan%3E404&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170755544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25189337%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00048425&rft.aulast=Francke&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGurjarLadhakeThakare2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gurjar, A. A.; Ladhake, S. A.; Thakare, A. P. (2009). "Analysis of Acoustic of "OM " Chant to Study It's [<i>sic</i>] Effect on Nervous System". <i>International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">363–</span>367. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.186.8652">10.1.1.186.8652</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Computer+Science+and+Network+Security&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Acoustic+of+%22OM+%22+Chant+to+Study+It%27s%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+Effect+on+Nervous+System&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E367&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.186.8652%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Gurjar&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft.au=Ladhake%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Thakare%2C+A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumarGuleriaKhetrapal2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Uttam; Guleria, Anupam; Khetrapal, Chunni Lal (2015). "Neuro-cognitive aspects of "OM" sound/syllable perception: A functional neuroimaging study". <i>Cognition and Emotion</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">432–</span>441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02699931.2014.917609">10.1080/02699931.2014.917609</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24845107">24845107</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20292351">20292351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognition+and+Emotion&rft.atitle=Neuro-cognitive+aspects+of+%22OM%22+sound%2Fsyllable+perception%3A+A+functional+neuroimaging+study&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E432-%3C%2Fspan%3E441&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20292351%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24845107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02699931.2014.917609&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Uttam&rft.au=Guleria%2C+Anupam&rft.au=Khetrapal%2C+Chunni+Lal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStein2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Stein, Joel (4 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebuddhasaidiamawake.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Just-Say-Om-Printout-TIME.pdf">"Just say Om"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Time Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Just+say+Om&rft.date=2003-08-04&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebuddhasaidiamawake.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F12%2FJust-Say-Om-Printout-TIME.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTellesNagarathnaNagendra1995" class="citation journal cs1">Telles, S.; Nagarathna, R.; Nagendra, H. R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijpp.com/IJPP%20archives/1995_39_4/418-420.pdf">"Autonomic changes during "OM" meditation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology</i>. <b>39</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">418–</span>420. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5499">0019-5499</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8582759">8582759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Physiology+and+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Autonomic+changes+during+%22OM%22+meditation&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E418-%3C%2Fspan%3E420&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8582759&rft.issn=0019-5499&rft.aulast=Telles&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Nagarathna%2C+R.&rft.au=Nagendra%2C+H.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijpp.com%2FIJPP%2520archives%2F1995_39_4%2F418-420.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVivekanda" class="citation cs1">Vivekanda. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 3/Bhakti-Yoga/The Mantra: Om: Word and Wisdom"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_Swami_Vivekananda/Volume_3/Bhakti-Yoga/The_Mantra:_Om:_Word_and_Wisdom"><i>The Mantra: Om: Word and Wisdom</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mantra%3A+Om%3A+Word+and+Wisdom&rft.au=Vivekanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOm" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism_topics" title="Template:Jainism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism_topics" title="Template talk:Jainism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px_Jainism_topics445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:In-jain-o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/20px-In-jain-o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/30px-In-jain-o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/40px-In-jain-o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="217" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhashila" title="Siddhashila">Siddhashila</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Jainism" title="Death in Jainism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">Ajiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudgala" title="Pudgala">Pudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_epistemology" title="Jain epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_karma_in_Jainism" title="Causes of karma in Jainism">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Karma_(Jainism)" title="Types of Karma (Jainism)">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_(Jainism)" title="Kashaya (Jainism)">Kashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">Ratnatraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Samsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Asrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvara" title="Samvara">Samvara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bispanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bispanthi">Bispanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji Panth">Kanji Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Sangha">Mula Sangha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balatkara_Gana" title="Balatkara Gana">Balatkara Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtha_Sangha" title="Kashtha Sangha">Kashtha Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_Panth" title="Taran Panth">Taran Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_Terapanth" title="Digambara Terapanth">Terapanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapaniya">Yapaniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Svetambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetambara">Svetambara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murtipujaka" title="Murtipujaka">Murtipujaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">Gaccha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharatara_Gaccha" title="Kharatara Gaccha">Kharatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristutik_Gaccha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristutik Gaccha">Tristutik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthanakavasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthanakavasi">Sthanakavasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals" title="Jain festivals">Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshamavani" title="Kshamavani">Kshamavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamastakabhisheka" title="Mahamastakabhisheka">Mahamastakabhisheka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samayika" class="mw-redirect" title="Samayika">Samayika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals" title="Jain rituals">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadhan" title="Upadhan">Upadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Scriptures">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptamimamsa" title="Aptamimamsa">Aptamimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civaka_Cintamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Civaka Cintamani">Civaka Cintamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culamani" title="Culamani">Culamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasayapahuda" title="Kasayapahuda">Kasayapahuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Kumara_Kaviyam" title="Naga Kumara Kaviyam">Naga Kumara Kaviyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelakesi" title="Neelakesi">Neelakesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Shatkhandagama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayana_Kumara_Kaviyam" title="Udayana Kumara Kaviyam">Udayana Kumara Kaviyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valayapathi" title="Valayapathi">Valayapathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashodhara_Kaviyam" title="Yashodhara Kaviyam">Yashodhara Kaviyam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_dreams_in_Jainism" title="Auspicious dreams in Jainism">Auspicious dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhachakra" title="Siddhachakra">Siddhachakra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandavarta" title="Nandavarta">Nandavarta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Ascetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryika" title="Aryika">Aryika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshullak" title="Kshullak">Kshullak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Patil" title="Bal Patil">Bal Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandabai" title="Chandabai">Chandabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Caillat" title="Colette Caillat">Colette Caillat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampana" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampana">Hampana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Hermann Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Balbir" title="Nalini Balbir">Nalini Balbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_communities" title="Jain communities">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">Sravaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarak" title="Sarak">Sarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil Jain</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organisations13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambar_Jain_Mahasabha" title="Digambar Jain Mahasabha">Digambar Jain Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAINA" title="JAINA">JAINA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Jain_Sangathan" title="Vishwa Jain Sangathan">Vishwa Jain Sangathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Bundelkhand" title="Jainism in Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Delhi" title="Jainism in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Goa" title="Jainism in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat" title="Jainism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Haryana" title="Jainism in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Karnataka" title="Jainism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Jainism in North Karnataka">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Mumbai" title="Jainism in Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Rajasthan" title="Jainism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Jainism in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jainism in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Australia" title="Jainism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Belgium" title="Jainism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Europe" title="Jainism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Jainism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan" title="Jainism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Singapore" title="Jainism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Jainism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Non-creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Dynasties and empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santara_dynasty" title="Santara dynasty">Santara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panca-Paramesthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Panca-Paramesthi">Panca-Paramesthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigoda" title="Nigoda">Nigoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratima_(Jainism)" title="Pratima (Jainism)">Pratima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Salakapurusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">Samavasarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differences_in_Jainism" title="Sexual differences in Jainism">Sexual differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ahimsa" title="Statue of Ahimsa">Statue of Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_terms_and_concepts" title="Jain terms and concepts">Terms and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Vira Nirvana Samvat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_temples" title="List of Jain temples">Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_monks" title="List of Jain monks">Jain ascetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Digambar_Jain_ascetics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Digambar Jain ascetics">Digambar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Navboxes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gods" title="Template:Jain Gods">Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Agamas" title="Template:Jain Agamas">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gurus" title="Template:Jain Gurus">Monks & nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Jain_writers" title="Template:Modern Jain writers">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_temples" title="Template:Jain temples">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_temples_in_North_America" title="Template:Jain temples in North America">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_centres_in_West_Bengal" title="Template:Jain centres in West Bengal">Bengal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F5DEB3;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikhism645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism" title="Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism" title="Template talk:Sikhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikhism645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Gurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects<br />and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, Hill States–Sikh Wars, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_Singh_Majithia" title="Desa Singh Majithia">Desa Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_officials_of_the_Sikh_Empire" title="Foreign officials of the Sikh Empire">Foreigners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-78bdfcd464-rntk2","wgBackendResponseTime":386,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.468","walltime":"3.139","ppvisitednodes":{"value":46410,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":775632,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":174309,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":27,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":566400,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2410.858 1 -total"," 29.94% 721.737 3 Template:Reflist"," 13.75% 331.485 69 Template:Script"," 12.91% 311.154 50 Template:Cite_book"," 7.17% 172.966 32 Template:ISBN"," 5.62% 135.538 15 Template:Navbox"," 5.19% 125.059 1 Template:Navboxes"," 5.06% 121.921 2 Template:Langx"," 4.54% 109.459 42 Template:Script/doc/id-unk"," 4.33% 104.445 42 Template:Script/doc/id-unk/core"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.135","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23443767,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArthur2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArthur_Berriedale_Keith1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaroni2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBeck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Alexander_SimpkinsAnnellen_M._Simpkins2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCowell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeb1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeussen1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllwoodAlles2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsnoul2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFrancke1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerety2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeretyMcKean2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGetty1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulati2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurjarLadhakeThakare2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGyatso\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoldrege1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHume1921\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRyan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKak1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaviraja1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKobayashi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohli1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKudelska2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumarGuleriaKhetrapal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumarNagendraManjunathNaveen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalaiya\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesserle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMisra2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukundananda2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker1909\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFParpola1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParpola2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatanjali1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocher1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaraswati1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1969\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnodgrass2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwami_Narayanananda1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTellesNagarathnaNagendra1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVivekanda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Glasenapp1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitney1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkeMoebus2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"=\"] = 2,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Bo-textonly\"] = 3,\n [\"Bracket\"] = 4,\n [\"Buddhism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 2,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn-ua\"] = 14,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 2,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 40,\n [\"IPA\"] = 7,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 32,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Jainism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 34,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Large\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"MongolUnicode\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 6,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 5,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-ua\"] = 1,\n [\"Nq\"] = 1,\n [\"Phagspa\"] = 1,\n [\"Poem quote\"] = 5,\n [\"Pre-ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 1,\n [\"Script\"] = 71,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Sikhism\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Tangut\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 5,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 11,\n [\"Unichar\"] = 3,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","15.6"],["?","160","12.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","10.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","9.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","9.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getSiteLinkPageName","40","3.1"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","40","3.1"],["(for generator)","40","3.1"],["[others]","300","23.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-8669bc5c8-tttfp","timestamp":"20250318155134","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Om","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Om","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184128","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184128","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-16T16:24:48Z","dateModified":"2025-03-17T04:45:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b7\/Om_symbol.svg","headline":"sacred sound and spiritual symbol in Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism"}</script> </body> </html>