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<span>Patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Data sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_analysis_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_analysis_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Data analysis tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_analysis_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_security_and_data_privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_security_and_data_privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Data security and data privacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_security_and_data_privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_and_economic_outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_and_economic_outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Financial and economic outcomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_and_economic_outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="إدارة البيانات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدارة البيانات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veril%C9%99nl%C9%99rin_idar%C9%99edilm%C9%99si" title="Verilənlərin idarəedilməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Verilənlərin idarəedilməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_dat" title="Management dat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Management dat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheoli_data" title="Rheoli data – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rheoli data" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataforvaltning" title="Dataforvaltning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dataforvaltning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datenmanagement" title="Datenmanagement – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Datenmanagement" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesti%C3%B3n_de_datos" title="Gestión de datos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gestión de datos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="مدیریت داده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدیریت داده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestion_des_donn%C3%A9es" title="Gestion des données – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gestion des données" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC" title="데이터 관리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이터 관리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="डेटा प्रबंधन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डेटा प्रबंधन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manajemen_data" title="Manajemen data – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manajemen data" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83" title="Мәліметтерді басқару – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәліметтерді басқару" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatkezel%C3%A9s" title="Adatkezelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adatkezelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengurusan_data" title="Pengurusan data – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengurusan data" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admenistra%C3%A7on_de_dados" title="Admenistraçon de dados – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Admenistraçon de dados" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="データ管理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="データ管理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataforvaltning" title="Dataforvaltning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dataforvaltning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Управление данными – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Управление данными" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Data management" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri_y%C3%B6netimi" title="Veri yönetimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veri yönetimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA" title="ڈیٹا کی نظامت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈیٹا کی نظامت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3n_l%C3%BD_d%E1%BB%AF_li%E1%BB%87u" title="Quản lý dữ liệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quản lý dữ liệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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.trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:344px;max-width:344px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Data_lifecycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Data_lifecycle.svg/340px-Data_lifecycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Data_lifecycle.svg/510px-Data_lifecycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Data_lifecycle.svg/680px-Data_lifecycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Data_Lifecycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Data_Lifecycle.jpg/340px-The_Data_Lifecycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Data_Lifecycle.jpg/510px-The_Data_Lifecycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Data_Lifecycle.jpg/680px-The_Data_Lifecycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8900" data-file-height="2546" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The data lifecycle</div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Data management</b> comprises all <a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of academic disciplines">disciplines</a> related to handling <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> as a valuable resource, it is the practice of managing an organization's data so it can be analyzed for <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision making</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_management&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Data_management" title="Special:EditPage/Data management">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The concept of data management arose in the 1980s as technology moved from sequential processing <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (first <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched cards</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape_data_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape data storage">magnetic tape</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Random_access" title="Random access">random access</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">storage</a>. </p><p>Since it was now possible to store a discrete fact and quickly access it using random access <a href="/wiki/Disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk drive">disk</a> technology, those suggesting that data management was more important than business process management used arguments such as "a customer's home address is stored in 75 (or some other large number) places in our computer systems."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, during this period, random access processing was not competitively fast, so those suggesting "process management" was more important than "data management" used <a href="/wiki/Batch_processing" title="Batch processing">batch processing</a> time as their primary argument. </p><p>As application software evolved into real-time, <a href="/wiki/Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive">interactive</a> usage, it became obvious that both management processes were important. If the data was not well defined, the data would be mis-used in applications. If the process wasn't well defined, it was impossible to meet user needs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patterns">Patterns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_management&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Followings are common data management patterns:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Cache-aside</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_Query_Responsibility_Segregation" title="Command Query Responsibility Segregation">command query responsibility segregation</a> (CQRS)</li> <li>Event sourcing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_index" title="Database index">Index table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialized_view" title="Materialized view">Materialized view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)">Sharding</a></li> <li>Valet key</li> <li>Static content hosting</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topics">Topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_management&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Topics in data management include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Data_governance" title="Data governance">Data governance</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_asset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Data asset (page does not exist)">Data asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_governance" title="Data governance">Data governance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_trustee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Data trustee (page does not exist)">Data trustee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_custodian" title="Data custodian">Data custodian</a> or guardian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_steward" title="Data steward">Data steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Data subject">Data subject</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_strategy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Data strategy (page does not exist)">Data strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Data ethics">Data ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_architecture" title="Data architecture">Data architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataflows" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataflows">Dataflows</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Database_design" title="Database design">design</a></li> <li>Database and storage management <ul><li>Data maintenance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_administration" title="Database administration">Database administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_continuity_planning" title="Business continuity planning">Business continuity planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_storage_management" title="Hierarchical storage management">Hierarchical storage management</a></li> <li>Data <a href="/wiki/Subsetting" title="Subsetting">subsetting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">Data security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_access" title="Data access">Data access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_erasure" title="Data erasure">Data erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Data privacy">Data privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">Data security</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reference and master data <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_integration" title="Data integration">Data integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_data_management" title="Master data management">Master data management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_data" title="Reference data">Reference data</a></li></ul></li> <li>Data integration and inter-operability <ul><li>Data movement (<a href="/wiki/Extract,_transform,_load" title="Extract, transform, load">ETL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extract,_load,_transform" title="Extract, load, transform">ELT</a>)</li> <li>Data interoperability</li></ul></li> <li>Documents and content <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">Content management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records management</a></li></ul></li> <li>Data warehousing and business intelligence and analytics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Data analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">Data warehouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_mart" title="Data mart">data mart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Data analytics">Data analytics</a></li></ul></li> <li>Metadata <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_management" title="Metadata management">Metadata management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_discovery" title="Metadata discovery">Metadata discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_publishing" title="Metadata publishing">Metadata publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_registry" title="Metadata registry">Metadata registry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_quality" title="Data quality">Data quality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Data discovery">Data discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cleansing" title="Data cleansing">Data cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">Data integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_enrichment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Data enrichment (page does not exist)">Data enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_quality_assurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Data quality assurance">Data quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_data" title="Secondary data">Secondary data</a></li></ul></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_management&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LIS_SidebarPicture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LIS_SidebarPicture.png/250px-LIS_SidebarPicture.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LIS_SidebarPicture.png/375px-LIS_SidebarPicture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LIS_SidebarPicture.png/500px-LIS_SidebarPicture.png 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_library_and_information_science" title="Outline of library and information science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_library_and_information_science" title="Glossary of library and information science">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">Libraries</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information_history" title="Information history">Information</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Focus</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Archives_management" title="Archives management">Archives management</a> - <a href="/wiki/Collections_management" title="Collections management">Collections management</a> (<a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a>) - <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Data management</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">Information management</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cataloging_(library_science)" title="Cataloging (library science)">cataloguing</a>) - <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a> - <a href="/wiki/Library_management" title="Library management">Library management</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Curation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a> - <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> - <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">Documents</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Artefacts</a> - <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Interdisciplinary fields</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a> - <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">Data science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Documentation_science" title="Documentation science">Documentation science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> - <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Areas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">Academic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archival</a> - <a href="/wiki/Law_library" title="Law library">Legal</a> - <a href="/wiki/Medical_library" title="Medical library">Health</a> - <a href="/wiki/Private_library" title="Private library">Private</a> - <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public</a> - <a href="/wiki/School_library" title="School library">School</a> - <a href="/wiki/Special_library" title="Special library">Special</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Libraries" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Libraries">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Library_and_information_science" title="Category:Library and information science">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar" title="Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar" title="Template talk:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Management_fad" title="Management fad">management usage</a>, the term <i>data</i> is increasingly replaced by <i><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a></i> or even <i><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a></i> in a non-technical context. Thus data management has become <a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">information management</a> or <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">knowledge management</a>. This trend obscures the <a href="/wiki/Raw_data" title="Raw data">raw data</a> processing and renders interpretation implicit. The distinction between data and derived value is illustrated by the information ladder. However, data has staged a comeback with the popularisation of the term <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a>, which refers to the collection and analyses of massive sets of data. While big data is a recent phenomenon, the requirement for data to aid decision-making traces back to the early 1970s with the emergence of decision support systems (DSS). These systems can be considered as the initial iteration of data management for decision support.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several organisations have established data management centers (DMC) for their operations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_sources">Data sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_management&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Data sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marketers and marketing organizations have been using data collection and analysis to refine their operations for the last few decades. Marketing departments in organizations and marketing companies conduct data collection and analysis by collecting data from different data sources and analyzing them to come up with insightful data they can use for strategic decision-making (Baier et al., 2012). In the modern business environment, data has evolved into a crucial asset for businesses since businesses use data as a strategic asset that is used regularly to create a competitive advantage and improve customer experiences. Among the most significant forms of data is customer information which is a critical asset used to assess customer behavior and trends and use it for developing new strategies for improving customer experience (Ahmed, 2004). However, data has to be of high quality to be used as a business asset for creating a competitive advantage. Therefore, data governance is a critical element of data collection and analysis since it determines the quality of data while integrity constraints guarantee the reliability of information collected from data sources. Various technologies including Big Data are used by businesses and organizations to allow users to search for specific information from raw data by grouping it based on the preferred criteria marketing departments in organizations could apply for developing targeted marketing strategies (Ahmed, 2004). As technology evolves, new forms of data are being introduced for analysis and classification purposes in marketing organizations and businesses. The introduction of new gadgets such as Smartphones and new-generation PCs has also introduced new data sources from which organizations can collect, analyze and classify data when developing marketing strategies. Retail businesses are the business category that uses customer data from smart devices and websites to understand how their current and targeted customers perceive their services before using the information to make improvements and increase customer satisfaction (Cerchiello and Guidici, 2012). Analyzing customer data is crucial for businesses since it allows marketing teams to understand customer behavior and trends which makes a considerable difference during the development of new marketing campaigns and strategies. Retailers who use customer data from various sources gain an advantage in the market since they can develop data-informed strategies for attracting and retaining customers in the overly competitive business environment. Based on the information on the benefits of data collection and analysis, the following hypotheses are proposed: The sources of data used as the foundation of data collection and analysis have a considerable impact on the data analysis tools used for analyzing and categorizing data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_analysis_tools">Data analysis tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_management&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Data analysis tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organizations use various data analysis tools for discovering unknown information and insights from huge databases; this allows organizations to discover new patterns that were not known to them or extract buried information before using it to come up with new patterns and relationships (Ahmed, 2004). There are 2 main categories of data analysis tools, data mining tools and data profiling tools. Also, most commercial data analysis tools are used by organizations for extracting, transforming and loading ETL for data warehouses in a manner that ensures no element is left out during the process (Turban et al., 2008). Thus the data analysis tools are used for supporting the 3 Vs in <a href="/wiki/Big_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Data">Big Data</a>: volume, variety and velocity. Factor velocity emerged in the 1980s as one of the most important procedures in data analysis tools which was widely used by organizations for market research. The tools used to select core variables from the data that was collected from various sources and analyzed it; if the amount of data used to be too huge for humans to understand via manual observation, factor analysis would be introduced to distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data (Stewart, 1981). Organizations collect data from numerous sources including websites, emails and customer devices before conducting data analysis. Collecting data from numerous sources and analyzing it using different data analysis tools has its advantages, including overcoming the risk of method bias; using data from different sources and analyzing it using multiple analysis methods guarantees businesses and organizations robust and reliable findings they can use in decision making. On the other hand, researchers use modern technologies to analyze and group data collected from respondents in the form of images, audio and video files by applying algorithms and other analysis software Berry et al., 1997). Researchers and marketers can then use the information obtained from the new generation analysis tools and methods for forecasting, decision support and making estimations for decision making. For instance, information from different data sources on demand forecasts can help a retail business determine the amount of stock required in an upcoming season depending on data from previous seasons. The analysis can allow organizations to make data-informed decisions to gain competitive advantage in an era where all businesses and organizations are capitalizing on emerging technologies and business intelligence tools to gain competitive edges. While there are numerous analysis tools in the market, Big Data analytics is the most common and advanced technology that has led to the following hypothesis: Data analytic tools used to analyze data collected from numerous data sources determine the quality and reliability of data analysis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_security_and_data_privacy">Data security and data privacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_management&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Data security and data privacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While organizations need to use quality data collection and analysis tools to guarantee the quality and reliability of the customer data they collect, they must implement security and privacy strategies to protect the data and customer information from privacy leaks (Van Till, 2013). A study conducted by PWC indicated that more than two-thirds of retail customers prefer purchasing products and services from businesses that have data protection and privacy plans for protecting customer information. Also, the study indicated that customers trust businesses that can prove they cannot use customer data for any other purposes other than marketing. As technology and the Internet continue improving, the success of businesses using it as a platform for marketing their products will depend on how effectively they can gain and maintain the trust of customers and users. Therefore, businesses will have to introduce and implement effective data protection and privacy strategies to protect business data and customer privacy. Although developing trust between customers and businesses affects the customers’ purchasing intentions, it also has a considerable impact on long-term purchasing behaviors including how frequently customers purchase which could impact the profitability of a business in the long run. Thus, the above information leads to the following hypothesis: Implementing data security and privacy plans has a positive impact on economic and financial outcomes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financial_and_economic_outcomes">Financial and economic outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_management&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Financial and economic outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies indicate that customer transactions account for a 40% increase in the data collected annually, which means that financial data has a considerable impact on business decisions. Therefore, modern organizations are using big data analytics to identify 5 to 10 new data sources that can help them collect and analyze data for improved decision-making. Jonsen (2013) explains that organizations using average analytics technologies are 20% more likely to gain higher returns compared to their competitors who have not introduced any analytics capabilities in their operations. Also, IRI reported that the retail industry could experience an increase of more than $10 billion each year resulting from the implementation of modern analytics technologies. Therefore, the following hypothesis can be proposed: Economic and financial outcomes can impact how organizations use data analytics tools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_management&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAIR_data" title="FAIR data">FAIR data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudonymization" title="Pseudonymization">Pseudonymization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">Controlled vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_curation" title="Data curation">Data curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_retention" title="Data retention">Data retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Management_Association" title="Data Management Association">Data Management Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_management_plan" title="Data management plan">Data management plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mesh" title="Data mesh">Data mesh</a>, a domain-oriented data architecture<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Computer data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_proliferation" title="Data proliferation">Data proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Document management">Document management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_content_management" title="Enterprise content management">Enterprise content management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_storage_management" title="Hierarchical storage management">Hierarchical storage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_repository" title="Information repository">Information repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_document" title="Machine-readable document">Machine-readable document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_report" title="Performance report">Performance report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">System integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_data_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Customer data integration">Customer data integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_management" title="Identity management">Identity management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">Identity theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_theft" title="Data theft">Data theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERP_software" class="mw-redirect" title="ERP software">ERP software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRM_software" class="mw-redirect" title="CRM software">CRM software</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_management&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tableau.com/learn/articles/what-is-data-management">"What Is Data Management? Importance & Challenges | Tableau"</a>. <i>www.tableau.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tableau.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+Data+Management%3F+Importance+%26+Challenges+%7C+Tableau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tableau.com%2Flearn%2Farticles%2Fwhat-is-data-management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._A._R._Hoare" class="mw-redirect" title="C. A. R. Hoare">Hoare, C. A. R.</a> (2004) [1985]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usingcsp.com/"><i>Communicating Sequential Processes</i></a>. Prentice Hall International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-153271-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-153271-7"><bdi>978-0-13-153271-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communicating+Sequential+Processes&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-13-153271-7&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=C.+A.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usingcsp.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Mastering Cloud-Native Microservices Designing and implementing Cloud-Native Microservices for Next-Gen Apps</i>. 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789355518699" title="Special:BookSources/9789355518699"><bdi>9789355518699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+Cloud-Native+Microservices+Designing+and+implementing+Cloud-Native+Microservices+for+Next-Gen+Apps&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9789355518699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonMarjanovic2013" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Hugh J.; Marjanovic, Olivera (2013). "Big Data: The Fourth Data Management Generation". <i>Business Intelligence Journal; Seattle</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 4–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Intelligence+Journal%3B+Seattle&rft.atitle=Big+Data%3A+The+Fourth+Data+Management+Generation&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4-8&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Hugh+J.&rft.au=Marjanovic%2C+Olivera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarRamesh2010" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Sangeeth; Ramesh, Maneesha Vinodini (2010). "Lightweight Management framework (LMF) for a Heterogeneous Wireless Network for Landslide Detection". In Meghanathan, Natarajan; Boumerdassi, Selma; Chaki, Nabendu; Nagamalai, Dhinaharan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8i5qCQAAQBAJ"><i>Recent Trends in Networks and Communications: International Conferences, NeCoM 2010, WiMoN 2010, WeST 2010,Chennai, India, July 23-25, 2010. Proceedings</i></a>. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Vol. 90. Springer. p. 466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642144936" title="Special:BookSources/9783642144936"><bdi>9783642144936</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-16</span></span>. <q>4.4 Data Management Center (DMC)[:] The Data Management Center is the data center for all of the deployed cluster networks. Through the DMC, the LMF allows the user to list the services in any cluster member belonging to any cluster [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lightweight+Management+framework+%28LMF%29+for+a+Heterogeneous+Wireless+Network+for+Landslide+Detection&rft.btitle=Recent+Trends+in+Networks+and+Communications%3A+International+Conferences%2C+NeCoM+2010%2C+WiMoN+2010%2C+WeST+2010%2CChennai%2C+India%2C+July+23-25%2C+2010.+Proceedings&rft.series=Communications+in+Computer+and+Information+Science&rft.pages=466&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783642144936&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Sangeeth&rft.au=Ramesh%2C+Maneesha+Vinodini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8i5qCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/books/data-mesh">"Data Mesh: Delivering data-driven value at scale"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+Mesh%3A+Delivering+data-driven+value+at+scale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtworks.com%2Finsights%2Fbooks%2Fdata-mesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_management&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span 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