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<span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pollution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Air pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_and_industrial_waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_and_industrial_waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Domestic and industrial waste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_and_industrial_waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_waste_by_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_waste_by_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Nuclear waste by Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_waste_by_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مسائل زیست‌محیطی در افغانستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسائل زیست‌محیطی در افغانستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AF_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%90_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%DB%90" title="په افغانستان کې د چاپېریال ساتنې مسئلې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په افغانستان کې د چاپېریال ساتنې مسئلې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆப்கானித்தானில் சுற்றுச்சூழல் பிரச்சினைகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆப்கானித்தானில் சுற்றுச்சூழல் பிரச்சினைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ปัญหาสิ่งแวดล้อมในประเทศอัฟกานิสถาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปัญหาสิ่งแวดล้อมในประเทศอัฟกานิสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5381263#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waste_management_in_Afghanistan&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Afghanistan">Waste management in Afghanistan</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Environmental_work_decreases_impact_on_Afghanistan%27s_natural_and_cultural_resources_100515-A-CE099-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Environmental_work_decreases_impact_on_Afghanistan%27s_natural_and_cultural_resources_100515-A-CE099-001.jpg/250px-Environmental_work_decreases_impact_on_Afghanistan%27s_natural_and_cultural_resources_100515-A-CE099-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Environmental_work_decreases_impact_on_Afghanistan%27s_natural_and_cultural_resources_100515-A-CE099-001.jpg/375px-Environmental_work_decreases_impact_on_Afghanistan%27s_natural_and_cultural_resources_100515-A-CE099-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Environmental_work_decreases_impact_on_Afghanistan%27s_natural_and_cultural_resources_100515-A-CE099-001.jpg/500px-Environmental_work_decreases_impact_on_Afghanistan%27s_natural_and_cultural_resources_100515-A-CE099-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qalat,_Zabul_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalat, Zabul Province">Qalat, Zabul Province</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Environmental issues in Afghanistan</b> are monitored by the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They predate the political turmoil of the past few decades. <a href="/wiki/Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Forests">Forests</a> have been depleted by centuries of <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a>, practices which have only increased with modern population growth. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, environmental conservation and economic concerns are not at odds; with over 44% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">population</a> dependent on <a href="/wiki/Herding" title="Herding">herding</a> or farming,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> welfare of the environment is critical to the economic welfare of the people. In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> released a report ranking Afghanistan as the lowest among non-African nations in deaths from environmental hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-who_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Afghanistan" title="Climate change in Afghanistan">Climate change in Afghanistan</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Afghanistan&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temperature_Bar_Chart_Asia-Afghanistan--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Temperature_Bar_Chart_Asia-Afghanistan--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png/220px-Temperature_Bar_Chart_Asia-Afghanistan--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Temperature_Bar_Chart_Asia-Afghanistan--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png/330px-Temperature_Bar_Chart_Asia-Afghanistan--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Temperature_Bar_Chart_Asia-Afghanistan--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png/440px-Temperature_Bar_Chart_Asia-Afghanistan--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>Graph showing <a href="/wiki/Temperature_anomaly" title="Temperature anomaly">temperature change</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> between 1901 and 2021.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> has led to a temperature increase of 1.8 °C since 1950. This has caused far-reaching <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">impacts</a> on <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, culminating from overlapping interactions of <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> (due to changes in the climate system), <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and conflict">conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Afghanistan">agricultural dependency</a>, and severe socio-economic hardship. </p><p>Due to a combination of political, geographic, and social factors, Afghanistan is one of the most vulnerable nations to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country ranks as the 7th least prepared to manage the impacts of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Combined with infrequent <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of earthquakes in Afghanistan">earthquakes</a>, climate-related disasters such as <a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Afghanistan" title="Floods in Afghanistan">floods</a>, flash floods, <a href="/wiki/2015_Afghanistan_avalanches" title="2015 Afghanistan avalanches">avalanches</a> and heavy snowfalls on average affect over 200,000 people every year,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing massive losses of lives, livelihoods and properties.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Afghanistan_NRC_2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Afghanistan_NRC_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These interacting factors, particularly protracted conflicts which erode and challenge the ability to handle, adapt to and plan for climate change at individual and national levels, often turn climate change risks and hazards into disasters. </p><p>Although the country itself contributes only very little to global warming with regards to <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, droughts due to climate change affect and will affect Afghanistan to a high degree. </p> As of 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> (ADB) has committed more than $900 million,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for irrigation and agriculture infrastructure projects to help with <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a>, and enhancement of <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources management</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">climate resilience approach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deforestation">Deforestation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Deforestation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Valleys_of_Afghanistan" title="Valleys of Afghanistan">Valleys of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Stopping_timber_smuggling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Stopping_timber_smuggling.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Stopping_timber_smuggling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Stopping_timber_smuggling.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Stopping_timber_smuggling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Stopping_timber_smuggling.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Stopping_timber_smuggling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> soldiers observing <a href="/wiki/Illegal_timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal timber">illegal timber</a> smuggling in 2009, which has been commonly done through the <a href="/wiki/Narang_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Narang Valley">Narang Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kunar_Province" title="Kunar Province">Kunar Province</a> into neighboring <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bull_walks_at_the_foot_of_a_mountain_during_the_construction_of_a_dam_near_Combat_Operating_Post_Mizan_in_Zabul,_Afghanistan,_July_1,_2011_110701-A-UJ825-009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_bull_walks_at_the_foot_of_a_mountain_during_the_construction_of_a_dam_near_Combat_Operating_Post_Mizan_in_Zabul%2C_Afghanistan%2C_July_1%2C_2011_110701-A-UJ825-009.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_bull_walks_at_the_foot_of_a_mountain_during_the_construction_of_a_dam_near_Combat_Operating_Post_Mizan_in_Zabul%2C_Afghanistan%2C_July_1%2C_2011_110701-A-UJ825-009.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_bull_walks_at_the_foot_of_a_mountain_during_the_construction_of_a_dam_near_Combat_Operating_Post_Mizan_in_Zabul%2C_Afghanistan%2C_July_1%2C_2011_110701-A-UJ825-009.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5329" data-file-height="3552" /></a><figcaption>A location in <a href="/wiki/Zabul_Province" title="Zabul Province">Zabul Province</a> of Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Felling</a> has been made illegal all over Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unknown_individuals_axing_down_trees_in_Nangarhar,_allege_residents_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unknown_individuals_axing_down_trees_in_Nangarhar,_allege_residents-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to NEPA, only about 1.5% of the country is forested.<sup id="cite_ref-TOLO-184225_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOLO-184225-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have put the figure at 2.1% (or 1,350,000 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some steps have been taken in recent years to plant trees in the urban areas of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afghanistan had a <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 8.85/10, ranking it 15th globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afghans have historically depended on forests for <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a> and the revenue generated by export of <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a>, which grow in natural woodlands in the central and northern regions. The <a href="/wiki/Badghis_Province" title="Badghis Province">Badghis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takhar_Province" title="Takhar Province">Takhar</a> provinces have lost more than 50% of pistachio woodland. In the past many have used wood for fuel, and those such as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a> have cleared trees which could have provided hiding places for ambushes from the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>. Further, the use of the woodlands for grazing ground and the collection of nuts for export apparently prevent new pistachio trees from growing.<sup id="cite_ref-unep_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unep-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_castle_082.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_castle_082.jpg/220px-The_castle_082.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_castle_082.jpg/330px-The_castle_082.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_castle_082.jpg/440px-The_castle_082.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. marines">U.S. marines</a> outside the Citadel of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Farah,_Afghanistan" title="Farah, Afghanistan">Farah</a> in 2004.</figcaption></figure> <p>Afghanistan has lost nearly half of its forests.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denser forests in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_Province" title="Nangarhar Province">Nangarhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunar_Province" title="Kunar Province">Kunar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuristan_Province" title="Nuristan Province">Nuristan</a> and other provinces are at risk from <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> harvesting by timber mafia. Although the <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> is illegal, profits from exporting the timber to neighboring Pakistan are very high.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for this is that Pakistani government has its forests tightly protected so the timber mafia are busy cutting down trees in Afghanistan instead. The timber makes its way not only to <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> but also to <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, where most of it is used to make expensive furniture. The Afghan government has formed special park rangers to monitor and stop these activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Unknown_individuals_axing_down_trees_in_Nangarhar,_allege_residents_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unknown_individuals_axing_down_trees_in_Nangarhar,_allege_residents-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As forest cover decrease, the land becomes less and less productive, threatening the livelihood of the rural population and the floods are washing the agricultural lands and destroying the houses. Loss of vegetation also creates a higher risk of floods, which not only endanger the people, but cause <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> and decrease the amount of land available for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. To reverse this destruction, MAIL is attempting to turn Afghanistan green again by planting millions of trees every spring, particularly on 10 March, which is recognized as national tree plantation day in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KCET_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCET-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Afghanistan" title="Wildlife of Afghanistan">Wildlife of Afghanistan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> is illegal in Afghanistan because much of the country's wildlife is at risk of being extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exotic birds and wild animals continue to be smuggled out of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-TOLO-181845_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOLO-181845-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014 around 5,000 birds were smuggled out of Afghanistan, which included <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">geese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Afghanistan and the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Society" title="Wildlife Conservation Society">Wildlife Conservation Society</a> began a three-year project to protect wildlife and habitats in <a href="/wiki/Band-e_Amir_National_Park" title="Band-e Amir National Park">Band-e Amir National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_National_Park" title="Wakhan National Park">Wakhan National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wildlands_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildlands-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightmatter_snowleopard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lightmatter_snowleopard.jpg/170px-Lightmatter_snowleopard.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lightmatter_snowleopard.jpg/255px-Lightmatter_snowleopard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lightmatter_snowleopard.jpg/340px-Lightmatter_snowleopard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grus_leucogeranus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Grus_leucogeranus.jpg/170px-Grus_leucogeranus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Grus_leucogeranus.jpg/255px-Grus_leucogeranus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Grus_leucogeranus.jpg/340px-Grus_leucogeranus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siberian_crane" title="Siberian crane">Siberian crane</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endangered_species">Endangered species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Endangered species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear</a> (<i>Ursus thibetanus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">Falcon</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houbara_bustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Houbara bustard">Houbara bustard</a> (<i>Chlamydotis undulata</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_sheep" title="Marco Polo sheep">Marco Polo sheep</a> (<i>Ovis ammon polii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor</a> (<i>Capra falconeri</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_crane" title="Siberian crane">Siberian crane</a> (<i>Grus leucogeranus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard</a> (<i>Uncia uncia</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial</a> (<i>Ovis orientalis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat</a> (<i>Capra aegagrus</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-TOLO-181845_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOLO-181845-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critically_endangered_species">Critically endangered species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Critically endangered species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_crake" title="Corn crake">Corn crake</a> (<i>Crex crex</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_imperial_eagle" title="Eastern imperial eagle">Eastern imperial eagle</a> (<i>Aquilla heliaca</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_spotted_eagle" title="Greater spotted eagle">Greater spotted eagle</a> (<i>Aquilla clanga</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kestrel" title="Lesser kestrel">Lesser kestrel</a> (<i>Falco naumanni</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_duck" title="Marbled duck">Marbled duck</a> (<i>Marmaronetta angustirostris</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_fish_eagle" title="Pallas's fish eagle">Pallas's fish eagle</a> (<i>Haliaeetus leucoryphus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociable_lapwing" title="Sociable lapwing">Sociable lapwing</a> (<i>Vanellus gregaria</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-headed_duck" title="White-headed duck">White-headed duck</a> (<i>Oxyura leucocephala</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-eyed_pigeon" title="Yellow-eyed pigeon">Yellow-eyed pigeon</a> (<i>Columba hodgsonii</i>)</li></ul> <p>Little is known about the status of the <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamander</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Batrachuperus_mustersi" class="mw-redirect" title="Batrachuperus mustersi">Batrachuperus mustersi</a></i>, which is found only in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_management">Water management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Water management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Afghanistan" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Afghanistan">List of dams and reservoirs in Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Afghanistan" title="List of rivers of Afghanistan">List of rivers of Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_in_Afghanistan" title="Water supply in Afghanistan">Water supply in Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flood_prevention_-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flood_prevention_-a.jpg/220px-Flood_prevention_-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flood_prevention_-a.jpg/330px-Flood_prevention_-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flood_prevention_-a.jpg/440px-Flood_prevention_-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>A typical <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a> built for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most of Afghanistan's <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> flow by fast-flowing <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Afghanistan" title="List of rivers of Afghanistan">rivers</a> into neighboring countries.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This benefits those countries but not Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary threat to Afghanistan's <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_in_Afghanistan" title="Water supply in Afghanistan">water supply</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Afghanistan" title="Drought in Afghanistan">drought</a> in parts of the country, which often creates food shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting agricultural crises between 1995 and 2001 have driven many thousands of families from rural to urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-droughtmap_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-droughtmap-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to drought, deep wells for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> have been drilled which decreased the under ground water level, further draining groundwater resources, which rely on rain for replenishment.<sup id="cite_ref-KCET_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCET-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To fix these problems, more <a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Afghanistan" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Afghanistan">dams and reservoirs</a> are being built all across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, only around 67% of the population of Afghanistan has access to clean <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This number is expected to steadily increase in the future,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially after the <a href="/wiki/Qosh_Tepa_Canal" title="Qosh Tepa Canal">Qosh Tepa Canal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shahtoot_Dam" title="Shahtoot Dam">Shahtoot Dam</a> are completed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1998 and 2003, about 99% of the <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a> wetlands were dry, another result of continued drought and lack of <a href="/wiki/Water_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water management">water management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wetlands_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wetlands-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wetlands, an important habitat for breeding and migrant waterfowl including the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_pelican" title="Dalmatian pelican">dalmatian pelican</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marbled_teal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbled teal">marbled teal</a>, have provided water for agricultural <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> for at least 5,000 years. They are fed by the <a href="/wiki/Helmand_River" title="Helmand River">Helmand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farah_River" title="Farah River">Farah</a> rivers, which ran at 98% below average in drought years between 2001 and 2003. As in other areas of the country, the loss of natural vegetation resulted in soil erosion; here, <a href="/wiki/Sandstorms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandstorms">sandstorms</a> submerged as many as 100 villages by 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-unep_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unep-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kajaki_Dam_and_spillway_in_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kajaki_Dam_and_spillway_in_2012.jpg/220px-Kajaki_Dam_and_spillway_in_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kajaki_Dam_and_spillway_in_2012.jpg/330px-Kajaki_Dam_and_spillway_in_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kajaki_Dam_and_spillway_in_2012.jpg/440px-Kajaki_Dam_and_spillway_in_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kajaki_Dam" title="Kajaki Dam">Kajaki Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand Province</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Spillway" title="Spillway">spillway</a> (on the right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the major <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">water reservoirs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a> include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab-i_Istada" title="Ab-i Istada">Ab-i Istada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nawa_District" title="Nawa District">Nawa District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Province" title="Ghazni Province">Ghazni Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band-e_Amir_National_Park" title="Band-e Amir National Park">Band-e Amir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yakawlang_District" title="Yakawlang District">Yakawlang District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bamyan_Province" title="Bamyan Province">Bamyan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaqmaqtin_Lake" title="Chaqmaqtin Lake">Chaqmaqtin Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_District" title="Wakhan District">Wakhan District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahla_Dam" title="Dahla Dam">Dahla Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shah_Wali_Kot_District" title="Shah Wali Kot District">Shah Wali Kot District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darunta_Dam" title="Darunta Dam">Darunta Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_Province" title="Nangarhar Province">Nangarhar Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamun_Lake" title="Hamun Lake">Hamun Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chahar_Burjak_District" title="Chahar Burjak District">Chahar Burjak District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nimruz_Province" title="Nimruz Province">Nimruz Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajaki_Dam" title="Kajaki Dam">Kajaki Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kajaki_District" title="Kajaki District">Kajaki District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Khan_Dam" title="Kamal Khan Dam">Kamal Khan Dam</a> in Chahar Burjak District of Nimruz Province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naghlu_Dam" title="Naghlu Dam">Naghlu Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surobi_District,_Kabul" title="Surobi District, Kabul">Surobi District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Province" title="Kabul Province">Kabul Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qargha_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Qargha Reservoir">Qargha Reservoir</a> in Kabul Province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salma_Dam" title="Salma Dam">Salma Dam</a> (Afghan-India Friendship Dam) in <a href="/wiki/Chishti_Sharif_District" title="Chishti Sharif District">Chishti Sharif District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Herat_Province" title="Herat Province">Herat Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardeh_Band_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardeh Band Dam">Sarda Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andar_District" title="Andar District">Andar District</a> of Ghazni Province and <a href="/wiki/Sharana_District" title="Sharana District">Sharana District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paktika_Province" title="Paktika Province">Paktika Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_wa_Arus_Dam" title="Shah wa Arus Dam">Shah wa Arus Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shakardara_District" title="Shakardara District">Shakardara District</a> of Kabul Province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band-e_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Band-e Sultan">Sultan Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jaghatu_District,_Ghazni" title="Jaghatu District, Ghazni">Jaghatu District</a> of Ghazni Province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorkul" title="Zorkul">Zorkul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_District" title="Wakhan District">Wakhan District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan Province</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution">Pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabul_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kabul_City.jpg/220px-Kabul_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kabul_City.jpg/330px-Kabul_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kabul_City.jpg/440px-Kabul_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>The city of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> has the highest <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> in Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2002, over 5 million Afghan citizens that were residing in <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Iran" title="Afghans in Iran">Iran</a> have returned to Afghanistan. Many of them settled in <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khost" title="Khost">Khost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> and other <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Afghanistan" title="List of cities in Afghanistan">Afghan cities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_pollution">Air pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Air pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air pollution in Afghanistan's major <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Afghanistan" title="List of cities in Afghanistan">cities</a> is becoming a serious problem to public health.<sup id="cite_ref-TOLO-184225_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOLO-184225-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents of Kabul suffer the most from air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 2,000 Kabul residents die from air pollution each year.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large number of vehicles in the city is the main reason for this.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nationally, an estimated 5,000 people die from air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources have given a much higher number of deaths in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vehicles are also blamed for the air pollution in the other cities.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_and_industrial_waste">Domestic and industrial waste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Domestic and industrial waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Afghanistan has long lacked a proper sewage system.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> found that a lack of waste management systems was creating dangerous conditions in several urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-unep_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unep-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kabul's districts 5 and 6, household and medical waste was discarded on streets. Human waste was contained in open sewers, which flowed into the <a href="/wiki/Kabul_River" title="Kabul River">Kabul River</a> and contaminated the city's drinking water. </p><p>Urban dumpsites have been used in lieu of managed <a href="/wiki/Landfills" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfills">landfills</a> in Kabul, Kandahar and Herat, often without protection of nearby rivers and groundwater supplies. <a href="/wiki/Medical_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical waste">Medical waste</a> from hospitals is sometimes disposed in the dumpsites with the rest of the cities' waste, contaminating water and air with <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a>. </p><p>Lack of sewage management is not unique to Kabul. In urban areas, open sewers are common while wastewater treatment is not. Much of the urban water supply is contaminated by <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a> and other bacteria. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oil_refineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refineries">Oil refineries</a> are another source of water contamination. In Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif, crude oil spills and leaks are uncontained and unsafe levels of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> reach residential water supplies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_waste_by_Pakistan">Nuclear waste by Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nuclear waste by Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, the Afghan government stated that it was investigating allegation that Pakistan had dumped <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear waste</a> in southern Afghanistan during the Taliban rule in the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan">Environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Geography of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Health in Afghanistan">Health in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Afghanistan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template talk:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afghanistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Pre-Islamic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Yabghus of Tokharistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Islamic conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Central Asia">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">Siege of Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" title="Afghan–Sikh Wars">Afghan–Sikh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqqawists" title="Saqqawists">Saqqawists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Emirate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Daoud's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Afghanistan (1992–present)">since 1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">First Islamic Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">2001 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Second Islamic Emirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_topic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">European influence</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Graveyard_of_empires" title="Graveyard of empires">Graveyard of empires</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan" title="War in Afghanistan">Wars in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Afghanistan" title="Subdivisions of Afghanistan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Borders of Afghanistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Afghanistan" title="Climate change in Afghanistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of earthquakes in Afghanistan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Afghanistan" title="Extreme points of Afghanistan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of volcanoes in Afghanistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Afghanistan" title="Wildlife of Afghanistan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Health in Afghanistan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Persian (Dari)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="1964 Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Afghanistan">Current provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Afghanistan" title="Chief Justice of Afghanistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghani (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan" title="Communications in Afghanistan">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Energy in Afghanistan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Afghanistan" title="Mining in Afghanistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Afghanistan" title="Taxation in Afghanistan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Afghanistan" title="Tourism in Afghanistan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Transport in Afghanistan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Afghanistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali (Pashtun life)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Afghanistan" title="Poetry of Afghanistan">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War rugs">War rugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Afghanistan" title="Bibliography of Afghanistan">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afghanistan" title="Category:Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_issues_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_issues_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Environmental issues in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Azerbaijan" title="Environmental issues in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bangladesh" title="Environmental issues in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bhutan" title="Environmental issues in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brunei" title="Environmental issues in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Egypt" title="Environmental issues in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia" title="Environmental issues in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iraq" title="Environmental issues in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Israel" title="Environmental issues in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Jordan" title="Environmental issues in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Kazakhstan" title="Environmental issues in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Kuwait" title="Environmental issues in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Environmental issues in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Laos" title="Environmental issues in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Malaysia" title="Environmental issues in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mongolia" title="Environmental issues in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Myanmar" title="Environmental issues in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Nepal" title="Environmental issues in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Environmental issues in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Singapore" title="Environmental issues in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Environmental issues in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Syria" title="Environmental issues in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Tajikistan" title="Environmental issues in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkmenistan" title="Environmental issues in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Environmental issues in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Vietnam" title="Environmental issues in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Yemen" title="Environmental issues in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li>In Hanoi alone, 350,000 - 400,000 m3 of wastewater and 1,000 m3 of waste are discharged directly into rivers and streams every day, and only 10% of them have been treated.</li> <li>In Ho Chi Minh City, for example, Thanh Luong industrial park, up to 500,000 m3 of wastewater is discharged every day.</li> <li>BINH MINH WATER distributor <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nuockhoanglaviehanoi.com/">nước khoáng lavie</a> in Ha Noi. August 24, 2024.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan&oldid=1236377652#Domestic_and_industrial_waste">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan&oldid=1236377652#Domestic_and_industrial_waste</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:Environment of Afghanistan">Environment of Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Health in Afghanistan">Health in Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_issues_by_country" title="Category:Environmental issues by country">Environmental issues by country</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 July 2024, at 10:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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