CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_987f5e9b02b84eef63ef41647b1b3fce/kl_about_this_book_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/atb_987f5e9b02b84eef63ef41647b1b3fce__en.js"></script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Islam.html?id=E324pQEEQQcC"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Islam.html?id=E324pQEEQQcC"/><meta name="title" content="The Oxford Dictionary of Islam"/><meta name="description" content="The dictionary focuses primarily on the 19th and 20th centuries, stressing topics of most interest to Westerners. What emerges is a highly informative look at the religious, political, and social spheres of the modern Islamic world. Naturally, readers will find many entries on topics of intense current interest, such as terrorism and the Taliban, Osama bin Laden and al-Qaida, the PLO and HAMAS. But the coverage goes well beyond recent headlines. There are biographical profiles, ranging from Naguib Mahfouz (the Nobel Prize winner from Egypt) to Malcolm X, including political leaders, influential thinkers, poets, scientists, and writers. Other entries cover major political movements, militant groups, and religious sects as well as terms from Islamic law, culture, and religion, key historical events, and important landmarks (such as Mecca and Medina). A series of entries looks at Islam in individual nations, such as Afghanistan, the West Bank and Gaza, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and the United States, and the"/><meta property="og:title" content="The Oxford Dictionary of Islam"/><meta property="og:type" content="book"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Books"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=E324pQEEQQcC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE73ybIbqgO2WKHbA9DYN5KwCeWktYFMS_e1tzJawEejsitZ_STb7EngAS7uoyC9EkwQWbYOkZHzeiVzpm6cNSinPamU8TKYRm5GC7YNIg9rrhl94RSmWI1TK_I9n2Yv3_h7jkBNh"/><link rel="image_src" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=E324pQEEQQcC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE73ybIbqgO2WKHbA9DYN5KwCeWktYFMS_e1tzJawEejsitZ_STb7EngAS7uoyC9EkwQWbYOkZHzeiVzpm6cNSinPamU8TKYRm5GC7YNIg9rrhl94RSmWI1TK_I9n2Yv3_h7jkBNh"/><script></script><style>#gbar,#guser{font-size:13px;padding-top:1px !important;}#gbar{height:22px}#guser{padding-bottom:7px !important;text-align:right}.gbh,.gbd{border-top:1px solid #c9d7f1;font-size:1px}.gbh{height:0;position:absolute;top:24px;width:100%}@media all{.gb1{height:22px;margin-right:.5em;vertical-align:top}#gbar{float:left}}a.gb1,a.gb4{text-decoration:underline !important}a.gb1,a.gb4{color:#00c !important}.gbi .gb4{color:#dd8e27 !important}.gbf .gb4{color:#900 !important} #gbar { padding:.3em .6em !important;}</style></head><body class=""><div id=gbar><nobr><a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tab=pw">Search</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/imghp?hl=en&tab=pi">Images</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://maps.google.com.sg/maps?hl=en&tab=pl">Maps</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://play.google.com/?hl=en&tab=p8">Play</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.youtube.com/?tab=p1">YouTube</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://news.google.com/?tab=pn">News</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=pm">Gmail</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://drive.google.com/?tab=po">Drive</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.google.com.sg/intl/en/about/products?tab=ph"><u>More</u> »</a></nobr></div><div id=guser width=100%><nobr><span id=gbn class=gbi></span><span id=gbf class=gbf></span><span id=gbe></span><a target=_top id=gb_70 href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print&continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DE324pQEEQQcC%26source%3Dgbs_book_other_versions_r%26hl%3Den&hl=en&ec=GAZACg" class=gb4>Sign in</a></nobr></div><div class=gbh style=left:0></div><div class=gbh style=right:0></div><div role="alert" style="position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0;"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&hl=en&output=html_text" title="Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. Accessible mode has the same essential features but works better with your reader."><img border="0" src="//www.google.com/images/cleardot.gif"alt="Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. Accessible mode has the same essential features but works better with your reader."></a></div><div class="kd-appbar"><h2 class="kd-appname"><a href="/books">Books</a></h2><div class="kd-buttonbar left" id="left-toolbar-buttons"><a id="appbar-view-print-sample-link" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb"></a><a id="appbar-view-ebook-sample-link" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=E324pQEEQQcC&source=gbs_atb"></a><a id="appbar-patents-prior-art-finder-link" href=""></a><a id="appbar-patents-discuss-this-link" href="" data-is-grant=""></a><a id="appbar-read-patent-link" href=""></a><a id="appbar-download-pdf-link" href=""></a></div><div class="kd-buttonbar right" id="right-toolbar-buttons"></div></div><div style="display: none"><ol id="ofe-gear-menu-contents" class="gbmcc"><li class="gbe gbmtc"><a class="gbmt goog-menuitem-content" id="" href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print&continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary&hl=en">My library</a></li><li class="gbe gbmtc"><a class="gbmt goog-menuitem-content" id="" href="http://books.google.com.sg/support/topic/4359341?hl=en-SG">Help</a></li><li class="gbe gbmtc"><a class="gbmt goog-menuitem-content" id="" href="https://books.google.com.sg/advanced_book_search">Advanced Book Search</a></li></ol></div><div id="volume-main"><div id="volume-left"><div id=menu_container ><div id="menu_scroll_wrapper"><div id="menu_scroll" role="navigation"><div id="gb-get-book-container"><a href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=E324pQEEQQcC&rdid=book-E324pQEEQQcC&rdot=1&source=gbs_atb&pcampaignid=books_booksearch_atb" id="gb-get-book-content">Buy eBook - SGD聽9.11</a></div><p id="gb-buy-options-trigger" class="gb-buy-options-link">Get this book in print</p><h3 class=about_title><a name="buy_anchor"></a></h3><div id=buy class=about_content><div id=buy_v><ul style="list-style-type: none; padding-left: 0; margin: 0;"><li><a style="white-space:normal" href="http://www.oup.com/localecatalogue/google/?i=9780199757268" dir=ltr onMouseOver="this.href='http://www.oup.com/localecatalogue/google/?i\x3d9780199757268';return false" onMouseDown="this.href='/url?client\x3dca-print-oxford_us\x26format\x3dgoogleprint\x26num\x3d0\x26id\x3dE324pQEEQQcC\x26q\x3dhttp://www.oup.com/localecatalogue/google/%3Fi%3D9780199757268\x26usg\x3dAOvVaw3Pmr4rr32EmXNncYx93obl\x26source\x3dgbs_buy_r';return true"><span dir=ltr>Oxford University Press</span></a></li><li><a style="white-space:normal" href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index=books&linkCode=qs&keywords=9780199757268" dir=ltr onMouseOver="this.href='http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index\x3dbooks\x26linkCode\x3dqs\x26keywords\x3d9780199757268';return false" onMouseDown="this.href='/url?client\x3dca-print-oxford_us\x26format\x3dgoogleprint\x26num\x3d0\x26id\x3dE324pQEEQQcC\x26q\x3dhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/search%3Findex%3Dbooks%26linkCode%3Dqs%26keywords%3D9780199757268\x26usg\x3dAOvVaw2FGOk8QcoZEb3a15isozbR\x26source\x3dgbs_buy_r';return true"><span dir=ltr>Amazon.com</span></a></li><li><a style="white-space:normal" href="http://www.mphonline.com/books/nsearch.aspx?do=detail&pcode=9780199757268" dir=ltr onMouseOver="this.href='http://www.mphonline.com/books/nsearch.aspx?do\x3ddetail\x26pcode\x3d9780199757268';return false" onMouseDown="this.href='/url?client\x3dca-print-oxford_us\x26format\x3dgoogleprint\x26num\x3d0\x26id\x3dE324pQEEQQcC\x26q\x3dhttp://www.mphonline.com/books/nsearch.aspx%3Fdo%3Ddetail%26pcode%3D9780199757268\x26usg\x3dAOvVaw33AsJtJY4ieQVwY1mLSFrr\x26source\x3dgbs_buy_r';return true"><span dir=ltr>MPH</span></a></li><li><a style="white-space:normal" href="https://www.popular.com.sg/catalogsearch/result/?q=9780199757268" dir=ltr onMouseOver="this.href='https://www.popular.com.sg/catalogsearch/result/?q\x3d9780199757268';return false" onMouseDown="this.href='/url?client\x3dca-print-oxford_us\x26format\x3dgoogleprint\x26num\x3d0\x26id\x3dE324pQEEQQcC\x26q\x3dhttps://www.popular.com.sg/catalogsearch/result/%3Fq%3D9780199757268\x26usg\x3dAOvVaw2JG1xwsTmRuYkpSIjHEemp\x26source\x3dgbs_buy_r';return true"><span dir=ltr>Popular</span></a></li><li><hr style="margin-right: 20%; color: #666;"></li><li><a style="white-space:normal" href="https://books.google.com.sg/url?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/286438886&clientid=librarylink&usg=AOvVaw2QqRhvPkKFj_ACNXpFQt_-&source=gbs_buy_r"><span dir=ltr>Find in a library</span></a></li><li><a class="secondary" style="white-space:normal" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&sitesec=buy&source=gbs_buy_r" id="get-all-sellers-link"><span dir=ltr>All sellers</span> »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=menu id=menu><div class="menu_content" style="margin-bottom:6px"><div style="margin-bottom:4px"></div><div style="margin-bottom:3px"></div><div></div></div></div><div><div id="navbarContainer" class="gb-navbar"></div><script>_OC_InitNavbar({"child_node":[{"title":"My library","url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?uid=114584440181414684107\u0026source=gbs_lp_bookshelf_list","id":"my_library","collapsed":true},{"title":"My History","url":"","id":"my_history","collapsed":true}],"highlighted_node_id":""});</script></div></div></div></div></div><div id="volume-center"><div id="scroll_atb" role="main"><div class=vertical_module_list_row><div id=ge_summary class=about_content><div id=ge_summary_v><div class="hproduct"><table id="summary_content_table" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td id="bookinfo"><h1 class="booktitle"><span class="fn"><span dir=ltr>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</span></span><span class="subtitle"></span></h1><div class="bookcover"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0" ><img src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=E324pQEEQQcC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE723jVXOaDUUyOnPAdPpTVWW0j6LAMrutKvS6XavOp2G8fG9_DXsZcYZ1fuP_1fQFvswjZPqMpSDwEi0LzQe6qNXPapc1L95dDdy0OKVVDQs1I-ZMln9eudmqayaF3mx48FUpsoN" alt="Front Cover" title="Front Cover" width=128 border=1 id=summary-frontcover ></a></div><div class="bookinfo_sectionwrap"><div><span dir=ltr>John L. Esposito</span></div><div><span dir=ltr>Oxford University Press</span>, <span dir=ltr>21 Oct 2004</span> - <a class="secondary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Religion%22&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0"><span dir=ltr>Religion</span></a> - <span dir=ltr>384 pages</span></div></div><div id=synopsis><div id=synopsis-window><div id=synopsistext dir=ltr class="sa">The dictionary focuses primarily on the 19th and 20th centuries, stressing topics of most interest to Westerners. What emerges is a highly informative look at the religious, political, and social spheres of the modern Islamic world. Naturally, readers will find many entries on topics of intense current interest, such as terrorism and the Taliban, Osama bin Laden and al-Qaida, the PLO and HAMAS. But the coverage goes well beyond recent headlines. There are biographical profiles, ranging from Naguib Mahfouz (the Nobel Prize winner from Egypt) to Malcolm X, including political leaders, influential thinkers, poets, scientists, and writers. Other entries cover major political movements, militant groups, and religious sects as well as terms from Islamic law, culture, and religion, key historical events, and important landmarks (such as Mecca and Medina). A series of entries looks at Islam in individual nations, such as Afghanistan, the West Bank and Gaza, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and the United States, and the</div></div></div><div class="search_box_wrapper"><form action=/books id=search_form style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" method=get> <input type=hidden name="id" value="E324pQEEQQcC"><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 class="swv-table"><tr><td class="swv-td-search"><span><input id=search_form_input type=text maxlength=1024 class="text_flat swv-input-search" aria-label="Search in this book" name=q value="" title="Search inside" accesskey=i></span></td><td class="swv-td-space"><div> </div></td><td><input type=submit value="Search inside"></td></tr></table><script type="text/javascript">if (window['_OC_autoDir']) {_OC_autoDir('search_form_input');}</script></form><div id="preview-link"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&printsec=frontcover" class="primary"><span dir=ltr>Preview this book</span> »</a></div></div></td> </tr></table><div id="summary-second-column"></div></div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="selected_pages_anchor"></a>Selected pages</h3><div id=selected_pages class=about_content><div id=selected_pages_v><div class="selectedpagesthumbnail"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PR7&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" ><img src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PR7&img=1&zoom=1&sig=ACfU3U18TM181zFJN9NPMZa02uNabtk1lA" alt="Table of Contents" title="Table of Contents" height="160" border="1"></a><br/><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PR7&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" >Table of Contents</a></div><div class="selectedpagesthumbnail"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA341&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" ><img src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA341&img=1&zoom=1&sig=ACfU3U1sEXb_l4eAah2BBVuU57IVLseoPg" alt="Index" title="Index" height="160" border="1"></a><br/><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA341&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" >Index</a></div><div style="clear:both;"></div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="book_other_versions_anchor"></a>Other editions - <a href='https://books.google.com.sg/books?q=editions:ISBN0199757267&id=E324pQEEQQcC'>View all</a></h3><div id=book_other_versions class=about_content><div id=book_other_versions_v><div class="one-third-column"><div class="crsiwrapper"><table class="rsi" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td class="coverdstd" align="center"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=2" ><img alt="" class="coverthumb hover-card-attach-point" src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=5&edge=curl" border="0" height="80"></a></td><td valign=top><div class=resbdy><a class="primary cresbdy" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=2"><span dir=ltr>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</span></a><br><span style="line-height: 1.3em; font-size:-1;"><span><a href="" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>John L. Esposito</span></a></span><br/><span><span style="color:#99522e">Limited preview</span> - 2003</span><br/></span></div></td><td align=right></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="one-third-column"><div class="crsiwrapper"><table class="rsi" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td class="coverdstd" align="center"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Bcis07kDq30C&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=2" ><img alt="" class="coverthumb hover-card-attach-point" src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=Bcis07kDq30C&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=5" border="0" height="80"></a></td><td valign=top><div class=resbdy><a class="primary cresbdy" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Bcis07kDq30C&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=2"><span dir=ltr>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</span></a><br><span style="line-height: 1.3em; font-size:-1;"><span><a href="" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>John L. Esposito</span></a></span><br/><span><span style="color:#999">No preview available</span> - 2003</span><br/></span></div></td><td align=right></td></tr></table></div></div><script>(function () {var fn = window['_OC_WSBookList'] || window['_OC_BookList'];fn && fn('book_other_versions', [{"title":"The Oxford Dictionary of Islam","authors":"John L. Esposito","bib_key":"ISBN:0195125592","pub_date":"15 May 2003","snippet":"Designed for general readers with little or no knowledge of Islam, this dictionary provides more than 2000 entries organized in an easy-to-use, A-Z format. Entries cover major ...","subject":"Reference","info_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC\u0026source=gbs_book_other_versions","preview_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC\u0026printsec=frontcover\u0026source=gbs_book_other_versions","thumbnail_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC\u0026printsec=frontcover\u0026img=1\u0026zoom=1\u0026edge=curl","num_pages":388,"viewability":2,"preview":"partial","embeddable":true,"my_ebooks_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fas_coll%3D7\u0026hl=en","has_scanned_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false},{"title":"The Oxford Dictionary of Islam","authors":"John L. Esposito","bib_key":"ISBN:9780195125580","pub_date":"15 May 2003","snippet":"Designed for general readers with little or no knowledge of Islam, this superb Oxford Dictionary provides more than 2,000 vividly written, up-to-date, and authoritative entries ...","subject":"Reference","info_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Bcis07kDq30C\u0026source=gbs_book_other_versions","preview_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Bcis07kDq30C\u0026source=gbs_book_other_versions","thumbnail_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=Bcis07kDq30C\u0026printsec=frontcover\u0026img=1\u0026zoom=1","num_pages":384,"viewability":4,"preview":"noview","embeddable":false,"my_ebooks_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fas_coll%3D7\u0026hl=en","has_flowing_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false}]);})();</script></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="word_cloud_anchor"></a>Common terms and phrases</h3><div id=word_cloud class=about_content><div id=word_cloud_v><style type="text/css">.cloud9 {color: #7777cc;font-size: 10px;}.cloud8 {color: #6963CC;font-size: 10.5px;}.cloud7 {color: #6057CC;font-size: 11px;}.cloud6 {color: #574BCC;font-size: 11.5px;}.cloud5 {color: #4E3DCC;font-size: 12px;}.cloud4 {color: #4632CC;font-size: 14px;}.cloud3 {color: #3D26CC;font-size: 16px;}.cloud2 {color: #341ACC;font-size: 18px;}.cloud1 {color: #2B0DCC;font-size: 20px;}.cloud0 {color: #2200CC;font-size: 22px;}.cloud {margin-top: 4px;line-height: 24px;}.cloud a {margin-right: 6px;text-decoration: none;}.cloud a:hover {text-decoration: underline;}</style><div class=cloud><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Abbasid&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Abbasid</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=activities&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>activities</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Africa&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Africa</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Ahmad&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>Ahmad</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=al-Din&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>al-Din</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Allah&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>Allah</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Arabic&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Arabic</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Asia&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Asia</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Ayatollah&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Ayatollah</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=became&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>became</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=believed&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>believed</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=caliph&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>caliph</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=century&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>century</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Christian&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Christian</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=cultural&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>cultural</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=divine&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>divine</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=dynasty&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>dynasty</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=economic&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>economic</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Egypt&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>Egypt</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Egyptian&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Egyptian</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=established&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>established</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=ethics&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>ethics</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=faith&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>faith</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=founded&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>founded</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=founder&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>founder</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=God%E2%80%99s&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>God鈥檚</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=hadith&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud1"><span dir=ltr>hadith</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=hajj&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>hajj</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Hizb&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Hizb</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=human&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>human</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Husayn&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Husayn</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=ibn+Abd&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>ibn Abd</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=ijtihad&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>ijtihad</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=imam&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>imam</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=India&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>India</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=interpretation&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>interpretation</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Iran&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Iran</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Iranian&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>Iranian</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Iraq&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Iraq</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Islamic+law&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Islamic law</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Islamic+world&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Islamic world</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Islamist&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Islamist</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Ismaili&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Ismaili</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=jihad&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>jihad</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=jurists&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>jurists</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Khan&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Khan</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Khomeini&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Khomeini</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=known&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>known</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=lamic&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>lamic</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=leader&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>leader</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=major&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>major</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Mecca&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>Mecca</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Medina&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Medina</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=ment&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>ment</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=military&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>military</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=modern&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>modern</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=mosque&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>mosque</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=movement&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>movement</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Muham&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Muham</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Muhammad&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>Muhammad</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Muhammad+ibn&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>Muhammad ibn</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Muslim+Brotherhood&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Muslim Brotherhood</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Muslim+community&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Muslim community</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Muslim+world&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Muslim world</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=mystical&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>mystical</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=National&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>National</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=non-Muslim&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>non-Muslim</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=organization&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>organization</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Ottoman+Empire&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Ottoman Empire</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Pakistan&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Pakistan</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Party&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>Party</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=percent&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>percent</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Persian&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Persian</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=philosophy&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>philosophy</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=pilgrimage&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>pilgrimage</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=political&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>political</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=popular&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>popular</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=practice&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>practice</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=prayer&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>prayer</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Prophet&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>Prophet</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=qiyas&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>qiyas</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Quran&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud0"><span dir=ltr>Quran</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=refers&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>refers</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=reform&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>reform</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=religion&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>religion</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=religious&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>religious</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=revelation&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>revelation</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=ritual&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>ritual</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=role&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>role</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=rule&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>rule</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=rulers&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>rulers</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Salat&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Salat</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Saudi+Arabia&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Saudi Arabia</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Sayyid&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Sayyid</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=scholars&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>scholars</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=schools&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>schools</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=secular&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>secular</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Shah&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Shah</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=shariah&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>shariah</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Shaykh&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>Shaykh</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Shii&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud1"><span dir=ltr>Shii</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Shiism&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Shiism</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=social&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>social</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=society&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>society</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=spiritual&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>spiritual</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Sufi&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud0"><span dir=ltr>Sufi</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Sufi+order&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>Sufi order</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Sufism&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>Sufism</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=sultan&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>sultan</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Sunnah&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Sunnah</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Sunni&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>Sunni</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Sunni+Islam&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Sunni Islam</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Syria&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Syria</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Tariqah&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud0"><span dir=ltr>Tariqah</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=tawhid&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>tawhid</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=term&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>term</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=tion&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>tion</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=tional&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>tional</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=traditional&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>traditional</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Turkish&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Turkish</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Twelver&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Twelver</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=ulama&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>ulama</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Umayyad&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Umayyad</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=University&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>University</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=Western&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Western</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=women&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>women</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="about_author_anchor"></a>About the author <span style="color:#666; font-weight:normal">(2004)</span></h3><div id=about_author class=about_content><div id=about_author_v><div class=textmodulecontent>John L. Esposito is University Professor of Religion and International Affairs and Founding Director of the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding, at the Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University. A past president of the Middle East Studies Association, he is Editor-in-Chief of the four-volume Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, Editor of The Oxford Illustrated History of Islam, and the author of numerous books, including Islam: The Straight Path, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam, and What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam. He lives in Washington, D.C.</div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class="about_title">Bibliographic information</h3><div class="about_content" id="metadata_content" style="padding-bottom:.3em"><div class="metadata_sectionwrap"><table id="metadata_content_table"><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label">Title</td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</span><br><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=bibliogroup:%22Oxford+Quick+Reference%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=5"><i><span dir=ltr>Oxford Quick Reference</span></i></a></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Editor</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22John+L.+Esposito%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=5"><span dir=ltr>John L. Esposito</span></a></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Publisher</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>Oxford University Press, 2004</span></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>ISBN</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>0199757267, 9780199757268</span></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Length</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>384 pages</span></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Subjects</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><div style="display:inline" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Religion%22" itemprop="url" dir=ltr><span itemprop="title">Religion</span></a></div> › <div style="display:inline" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Religion+Islam%22" itemprop="url" dir=ltr><span itemprop="title">Islam</span></a></div> › <div style="display:inline" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Religion+Islam+General%22" itemprop="url" dir=ltr><span itemprop="title">General</span></a></div><br><br><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Religion+/+Islam+/+General%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=5"><span dir=ltr>Religion / Islam / General</span></a></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td>&nbsp</td><td>&nbsp</td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Export Citation</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><a class="gb-button " href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/download/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Islam.bibtex?id=E324pQEEQQcC&output=bibtex"><span dir=ltr>BiBTeX</span></a> <a class="gb-button " href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/download/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Islam.enw?id=E324pQEEQQcC&output=enw"><span dir=ltr>EndNote</span></a> <a class="gb-button " href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/download/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Islam.ris?id=E324pQEEQQcC&output=ris"><span dir=ltr>RefMan</span></a></td></tr></table></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div></div><script>_OC_addFlags({Host:"https://books.google.com.sg/", IsZipitFolderCollectionEnabled:1, IsBrowsingHistoryEnabled:1, IsBooksRentalEnabled:1, IsBooksUnifiedLeftNavEnabled:1});_OC_Run({"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DE324pQEEQQcC%26source%3Dgbs_book_other_versions_r%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en"}, {"volume_id":"E324pQEEQQcC","is_ebook":true,"volumeresult":{"has_flowing_text":true,"has_scanned_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false},"sample_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=E324pQEEQQcC\u0026source=gbs_atb_hover","is_browsable":true,"is_public_domain":false}, {});</script><div id="footer_table" style="font-size:83%;text-align:center;position:relative;top:20px;height:4.5em;margin-top:2em"><div style="margin-bottom:8px"><a href="/intl/en/googlebooks/about.html"><nobr><nobr>About Google Books</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="/intl/en/googlebooks/privacy.html"><nobr><nobr>Privacy Policy</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="/intl/en/googlebooks/tos.html"><nobr><nobr>Terms of Service</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="http://books.google.com.sg/support/partner/?hl=en-SG"><nobr><nobr>Information for Publishers</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="http://books.google.com.sg/support/answer/180577?hl=en-SG&url=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&hl=en&v=E324pQEEQQcC&is=atb"><nobr><nobr>Report an issue</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="http://books.google.com.sg/support/topic/4359341?hl=en-SG"><nobr><nobr>Help</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="https://www.google.com.sg/"><nobr><nobr>Google Home</nobr></nobr></a></div></div></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>