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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wurm,_Voorhoeve_&_McElhanon_(1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wurm,_Voorhoeve_&_McElhanon_(1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wurm, Voorhoeve & McElhanon (1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wurm,_Voorhoeve_&_McElhanon_(1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foley_(2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foley_(2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foley (2003)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foley_(2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ross_(2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ross_(2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ross (2005)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ross_(2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pawley_and_Hammarström_(2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pawley_and_Hammarström_(2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pawley and Hammarström (2018)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pawley_and_Hammarström_(2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glottolog_5.0_(2024)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glottolog_5.0_(2024)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span><i>Glottolog</i> 5.0 (2024)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glottolog_5.0_(2024)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dryer_(2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dryer_(2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Dryer (2022)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dryer_(2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usher_&_Suter_(2024)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usher_&_Suter_(2024)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Usher & Suter (2024)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usher_&_Suter_(2024)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexical_semantics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexical_semantics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lexical semantics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexical_semantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Proto-language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trans–New Guinea languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Nieu-Guinese_tale" title="Trans-Nieu-Guinese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Trans-Nieu-Guinese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="لغات ترانس غينيا الجديدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات ترانس غينيا الجديدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_tres-neoguineanes" title="Llingües tres-neoguineanes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües tres-neoguineanes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%83%E2%80%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="আন্তঃ–নিউ গিনি ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তঃ–নিউ গিনি ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_Treuzginea-nevezek" title="Yezhoù Treuzginea-nevezek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù Treuzginea-nevezek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93Nova_Guinea" title="Trans–Nova Guinea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trans–Nova Guinea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neuguinea-Sprachen" title="Trans-Neuguinea-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trans-Neuguinea-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_trans-neoguineanas" title="Lenguas trans-neoguineanas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas trans-neoguineanas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-novgvineaj_lingvoj" title="Trans-novgvineaj lingvoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trans-novgvineaj lingvoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Ginea_Berria" title="Trans-Ginea Berria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trans-Ginea Berria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7-%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88" title="زبان‌های فرا-گینه نو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های فرا-گینه نو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-New_Guinea_bhasa" title="Trans-New Guinea bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Trans-New Guinea bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_Trans-Nouvelle-Guin%C3%A9e" title="Langues Trans-Nouvelle-Guinée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues Trans-Nouvelle-Guinée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Harrish-Noa-Ghuinea" title="Çhengaghyn Harrish-Noa-Ghuinea – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Harrish-Noa-Ghuinea" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%9C%EC%8A%A4%EB%89%B4%EA%B8%B0%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="트랜스뉴기니어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트랜스뉴기니어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnovogvinejski_jezici" title="Transnovogvinejski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Transnovogvinejski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_a_Trans%E2%80%93Baro_a_Guinea" title="Sasao a Trans–Baro a Guinea – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao a Trans–Baro a Guinea" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Trans-Nugini" title="Rumpun bahasa Trans-Nugini – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Trans-Nugini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_trans-Nuova_Guinea" title="Lingue trans-Nuova Guinea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue trans-Nuova Guinea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kivuka-Guinea_Mpya" title="Lugha za Kivuka-Guinea Mpya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kivuka-Guinea Mpya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Transnovaguineanae" title="Linguae Transnovaguineanae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Transnovaguineanae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Naujosios_Gvin%C4%97jos_kalbos" title="Trans Naujosios Gvinėjos kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trans Naujosios Gvinėjos kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengue_Trans-Neuva_Guinea" title="Lengue Trans-Neuva Guinea – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengue Trans-Neuva Guinea" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Nuuj-Guinese_spraoke" title="Trans-Nuuj-Guinese spraoke – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Trans-Nuuj-Guinese spraoke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_trans-gine_nova" title="Linguas trans-gine nova – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas trans-gine nova" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Nieuw-Guineatalen" title="Trans-Nieuw-Guineatalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trans-Nieuw-Guineatalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="トランス・ニューギニア語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トランス・ニューギニア語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-ny-guinea-spr%C3%A5k" title="Trans-ny-guinea-språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trans-ny-guinea-språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-ny-guineaspr%C3%A5k" title="Trans-ny-guineaspråk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trans-ny-guineaspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_Neuva_Guinea" title="Lenghe Neuva Guinea – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe Neuva Guinea" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_transnowogwinejskie" title="Języki transnowogwinejskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki transnowogwinejskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Трансновогвинейские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трансновогвинейские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93novogvinejski_jezici" title="Trans–novogvinejski jezici – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Trans–novogvinejski jezici" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnovogvinejski_jezici" title="Transnovogvinejski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Transnovogvinejski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yleisuusiguinealaiset_kielet" title="Yleisuusiguinealaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yleisuusiguinealaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Nya_Guineaspr%C3%A5k" title="Trans-Nya Guineaspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trans-Nya Guineaspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="กลุ่มภาษาทรานส์-นิวกินี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาทรานส์-นิวกินี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Yeni_Gine_dilleri" title="Trans-Yeni Gine dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trans-Yeni Gine dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large Papuan language family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #fd79da;">Trans–New Guinea</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alor_Archipelago" title="Alor Archipelago">Alor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantar" title="Pantar">Pantar</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One of the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_language" title="Proto-Trans–New Guinea language">Proto-Trans–New Guinea</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Gulf_languages" title="Berau Gulf languages">Berau Gulf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Sumeri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irian_Highlands_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Irian Highlands languages">Irian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat–Mombum</a></li> <li>Kayagar–Kolopom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_West_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central West New Guinea languages">Central West New Guinea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duna%E2%80%93Pogaya_languages" title="Duna–Pogaya languages">Duna–Pogaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anim_languages" title="Anim languages">Anim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abom_language" title="Abom language">Abom</a></i></li> <li>Morobe – Eastern Highlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Papuan_languages" title="Southeast Papuan languages">Southeast Papuan</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ngf" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ngf">ngf</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>None</i><br /><samp><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1709">nucl1709</a></samp>  <span class="nowrap">(Nuclear Trans–New Guinea,<br />partial overlap)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trans-New_Guinea_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Trans-New_Guinea_languages.svg/255px-Trans-New_Guinea_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Trans-New_Guinea_languages.svg/383px-Trans-New_Guinea_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Trans-New_Guinea_languages.svg/510px-Trans-New_Guinea_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="313" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The extent of various proposals for Trans–New Guinea. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7BB5B6; color:black;"> </span> Families accepted by Usher<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A7C5C7; color:black;"> </span> Other families proposed by Ross (2005)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D9D9D9; color:black;"> </span> Other Papuan languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E09D00; color:black;"> </span> Austronesian languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Uninhabited</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TNG_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/TNG_map.svg/255px-TNG_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/TNG_map.svg/383px-TNG_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/TNG_map.svg/510px-TNG_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="313" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:left;">The various families constituting Ross' conception of Trans–New Guinea. The greatest TNG diversity is in the eastern highlands. (After Ross 2005.) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><i>Irian Jaya, W to E</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E00000; color:white;"> </span> South Bird's Head</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5DFF00; color:black;"> </span> West Trans–New Guinea</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AD00FF; color:white;"> </span> Kaure–Kapori</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCA6D; color:black;"> </span> Pauwasi</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D5D300; color:black;"> </span> Mek</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9600; color:black;"> </span> Asmat–Kamoro</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF3800; color:black;"> </span> Awyu–Dumut</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D82600; color:white;"> </span> Ok</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7EB00A; color:black;"> </span> Kayagar</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> Marind</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD3B6; color:black;"> </span> Kolopom</div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><i>PNG highlands, W to E</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3684B6; color:black;"> </span> Awin–Pa</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CD5C6F; color:black;"> </span> East Strickland</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A400AD; color:white;"> </span> Duna</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00D327; color:black;"> </span> Bosavi</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF3BB6; color:black;"> </span> Engan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D9D079; color:black;"> </span> West Kutubuan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFE700; color:black;"> </span> East Kutubuan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCD300; color:black;"> </span> Chimbu–Wahgi</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00A159; color:black;"> </span> Kainantu–Goroka</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BF767B; color:black;"> </span> Madang</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7BB5B6; color:black;"> </span> Finisterre–Huon</div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><i>Southern PNG, E to W</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF66; color:black;"> </span> Binanderean</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFF0B6; color:black;"> </span> Southeast Papuan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B00070; color:white;"> </span> Angan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AAD383; color:black;"> </span> Eleman</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8D75B6; color:black;"> </span> Teberan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFA100; color:black;"> </span> Turama–Kikorian</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF5E5F; color:black;"> </span> Kiwai–Porome</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CCFF24; color:black;"> </span> Inland Gulf</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D687FF; color:black;"> </span> Gogodala–Suki</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD561; color:black;"> </span> Tirio</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;"> </span> isolates*</div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div>   * <small><i>Mor, Tanah Merah, Dem, Uhunduni, Oksapmin, Wiru, Pawaia, Kamula, Moraori, Mombum</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Trans–New Guinea</b> (<b>TNG</b>) is an extensive <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a> spoken on the island of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and neighboring islands, a region corresponding to the country <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">parts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. </p><p>Trans–New Guinea is perhaps the <a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families#By_number_of_languages" title="List of language families">third-largest language family in the world</a> by number of languages. The core of the family is considered to be established, but its boundaries and overall membership are uncertain. The languages are spoken by around 3 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been several main proposals as to its internal classification. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_proposal">History of the proposal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Papuan languages for the most part are poorly documented, several of the branches of Trans–New Guinea have been recognized for some time. The <a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman languages</a> were first proposed by S. Ray in 1907, parts of <a href="/wiki/Marind_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marind languages">Marind</a> were recognized by Ray and JHP Murray in 1918, and the <a href="/wiki/Rai_Coast_languages" title="Rai Coast languages">Rai Coast languages</a> in 1919, again by Ray. </p><p>The precursor of the Trans–New Guinea family was <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wurm" title="Stephen Wurm">Stephen Wurm</a>'s 1960 proposal of an <a href="/wiki/East_New_Guinea_Highlands_languages" title="East New Guinea Highlands languages">East New Guinea Highlands</a> family. Although broken up by <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Malcolm Ross</a> in 2005, it united different branches of what became TNG for the first time, linking Engan, Chimbu–Wahgi, Goroka, and Kainantu. (Duna and Kalam were added in 1971.) Then in 1970, <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Voorhoeve" title="Clemens Voorhoeve">Clemens Voorhoeve</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_McElhanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth McElhanon (page does not exist)">Kenneth McElhanon</a> noted 91 lexical resemblances between the <a href="/wiki/Central_and_South_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central and South New Guinea languages">Central and South New Guinea</a> (CSNG) and <a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre–Huon</a> families, which they had respectively established a few years earlier. Although they did not work out regular sound correspondences, and so could not distinguish between cognates due to genealogical relationship, cognates due to borrowing, and chance resemblances, their research was taken seriously. They chose the name <i>Trans–New Guinea</i> because this new family was the first to span New Guinea, from the <a href="/wiki/Bomberai_Peninsula" title="Bomberai Peninsula">Bomberai Peninsula</a> of western West Irian to the <a href="/wiki/Huon_Peninsula" title="Huon Peninsula">Huon Peninsula</a> of eastern PNG. They also noted possible cognates in other families Wurm would later add to TNG: Wurm's East New Guinea Highlands, <a href="/wiki/Binandere_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Binandere languages">Binandere</a> in the '<a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Tail" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird's Tail">Bird's Tail</a>' of PNG, and two families that <a href="/wiki/John_Z%27graggen" title="John Z'graggen">John Z'graggen</a> would later (1971, 1975) unite in his 100-language <a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang–Adelbert Range</a> family. </p><p>In 1975, Wurm accepted Voorhoeve and McElhanon's suspicions about further connections, as well as Z'graggen's work, and postulated additional links to, among others, the languages of the island of <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> to the west of New Guinea, <a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagan_languages" title="Dagan languages">Dagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wissel_Lakes_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wissel Lakes languages">Wissel Lakes</a>, the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Dani-Kwerba_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani-Kwerba languages">Dani-Kwerba</a> family, and the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly%E2%80%93Bulaka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Fly–Bulaka River">Trans-Fly–Bulaka River</a> family (which he had established in 1970), expanding TNG into an enormous language phylum that covered most of the island of New Guinea, as well as Timor and neighboring islands, and included over 500 languages spoken by some 2,300,000 people. However, part of the evidence for this was <a href="/wiki/Language_typology" class="mw-redirect" title="Language typology">typological</a>, and Wurm stated that he did not expect it to stand up well to scrutiny. Although he based the phylum on characteristic <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a>, several of the branches had no pronouns in common with the rest of the family, or even had pronouns related to non-TNG families, but were included because they were grammatically similar to TNG. Other families that had typical TNG pronouns were excluded because they did not resemble other TNG families in their grammatical structure. </p><p>Because grammatical typology is readily borrowed—many of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> in New Guinea have grammatical structures similar to their Papuan neighbors, for example, and conversely many Papuan languages resemble typical Austronesian languages typologically—other linguists were skeptical. <a href="/wiki/William_A._Foley" title="William A. Foley">William A. Foley</a> rejected Wurm's and even some of Voorhoeve's results, and he broke much of TNG into its constituent parts: several dozen small but clearly valid families, plus a number of apparent <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>. </p><p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Malcolm Ross</a> published a draft proposal re-evaluating Trans–New Guinea, and found what he believed to be overwhelming evidence for a reduced version of the phylum, based solely on lexical resemblances, which retained as much as 85% of Wurm's hypothesis, though some of it tentatively. </p><p>The strongest lexical evidence for any language family is shared <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> paradigms, especially highly irregular or <a href="/wiki/Suppletive" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppletive">suppletive</a> paradigms with bound morphology, because these are extremely resistant to borrowing. For example, the fact that German words <i>gut</i> "good" and <i>besser</i> "better" resemble their English counterparts would be stronger evidence that German is related to English than the mere lexical correspondence between German <i>rot</i> and English <i>red</i> for the color. However, because of the great morphological complexity of many Papuan languages, and the poor state of documentation of nearly all, in New Guinea this approach is essentially restricted to comparing <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>. Ross reconstructed pronouns sets for Foley's basic families and compared these reconstructions, rather than using a direct mass comparison of all Papuan languages; attempted to then reconstruct the ancestral pronouns of the proto-Trans–New Guinea language, such as <i>*ni</i> "we", <i>*ŋgi</i> "you", <i>*i</i> "they"; and then compared poorly supported branches directly to this reconstruction. Families required two apparent cognates to be included. However, if any language in a family was a match, the family was considered a match, greatly increasing the likelihood of coincidental resemblances, and because the plural forms are related to the singular forms, a match of 1sg and 1pl, although satisfying Ross's requirement of two matches, is not actually two independent matches, again increasing the likelihood of spurious matches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition, Ross counted forms like *a as a match to 2sg *ga, so that <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡV,<span class="wrap"> </span>kV,<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋɡV,<span class="wrap"> </span>V/</span> all counted as matches to *ga. And although <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> occur in Papuan pronouns at twice the level expected by their occurrence in pronouns elsewhere in the world, they do not correlate with each other as they would if they reflected a language family. That is, it is argued that Ross's pronouns do not support the validity of Trans–New Guinea, and do not reveal which families might belong to it.<sup id="cite_ref-HH_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ross also included in his proposal several better-attested families for non-pronominal evidence, despite a lack of pronouns common to other branches of TNG, and he suggested that there may be other families that would have been included if they had been better attested. Several additional families are only tentatively linked to TNG. Because the boundaries of Ross's proposal are based primarily on a single parameter, the pronouns, all internal structure remains tentative.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_languages">The languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newguinea_topo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Newguinea_topo.png/290px-Newguinea_topo.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Newguinea_topo.png/435px-Newguinea_topo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Newguinea_topo.png/580px-Newguinea_topo.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1409" /></a><figcaption>TNG is strongly associated with the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands" title="New Guinea Highlands">New Guinea Highlands</a> (red), and may have spread with the spread of highland agriculture starting c. 10,000 BP, probably in the east, and only more recently south of the highlands.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most TNG languages are spoken by only a few thousand people, with only seven (<a href="/wiki/Melpa_language" title="Melpa language">Melpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuman_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Kuman language (New Guinea)">Kuman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enga_language" title="Enga language">Enga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huli_language" title="Huli language">Huli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Dani_language" title="Western Dani language">Western Dani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makasae_language" title="Makasae language">Makasae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ekari_language" title="Ekari language">Ekari</a>) being spoken by more than 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-LLNGA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-LLNGA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most populous language outside of mainland New Guinea is <a href="/wiki/Makasae_language" title="Makasae language">Makasae</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, with 100,000 speakers throughout the eastern part of the country. <a href="/wiki/Enga_language" title="Enga language">Enga</a> is the most populous Trans-New Guinea language spoken in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, with more than 200,000 speakers. <a href="/wiki/Golin_language" title="Golin language">Golin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinasina_language" title="Sinasina language">Sinasina</a>, Mid Grand Valley Dani, <a href="/wiki/Kamano_language" title="Kamano language">Kamano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bunaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunaq language">Bunaq</a> have between 50,000 and 100,000 speakers (<a href="/wiki/Galela_language" title="Galela language">Galela</a> of <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a>, usually not classified as Trans-New Guinea, also has between 50,000 and 100,000 speakers.) All other Trans–New Guinea languages have fewer than 50,000 speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-LLNGA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-LLNGA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greatest linguistic diversity in Ross's Trans–New Guinea proposal, and therefore perhaps the location of the proto-Trans–New Guinea homeland, is in the interior highlands of Papua New Guinea, in the central-to-eastern New Guinea cordillera where Wurm first posited his East New Guinea Highlands family. Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Papua_(Indonesian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua (Indonesian province)">Papua</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula" title="Papuan Peninsula">Papuan Peninsula</a> of Papua New Guinea (the "bird's tail") have fewer and more widely extended branches of TNG, and were therefore likely settled by TNG speakers after the <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a> broke up. </p><p>Ross speculates that the TNG family may have spread with the high population densities that resulted from the domestication of <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, settling quickly in the highland valleys along the length of the cordillera but spreading much more slowly into the <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malarial</a> lowlands, and not at all into areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Sepik_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepik River">Sepik River</a> valley where the people already had yam agriculture, which thus supported high population densities. Ross suggests that TNG may have arrived at its western limit, the islands near <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a>, perhaps four to 4.5 thousand years ago, before the expansion of Austronesian into this area. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a> associates the spread of Trans–New Guinea languages with the domestication of the <a href="/wiki/Musa_(genus)" title="Musa (genus)">banana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wurm,_Voorhoeve_&_McElhanon_(1975)"><span id="Wurm.2C_Voorhoeve_.26_McElhanon_.281975.29"></span>Wurm, Voorhoeve & McElhanon (1975)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wurm, Voorhoeve & McElhanon (1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wurm et al. identify the subdivisions in their Papuan classification as <i>families</i> (on the order of relatedness of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>), <i>stocks</i> (on the order of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>), and <i>phyla</i> (on the order of the <a href="/wiki/Nostratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nostratic">Nostratic</a> hypothesis). Trans-New Guinea is a phylum in this terminology. A language that is not related to any other at a <i>family</i> level or below is called an <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolate</a> in this scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Trans-New Guinea phylum (Wurm et al. 1975)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <p>('Family-level' groups are listed in <b>boldface</b>) </p> <ul><li>?<b><a href="/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></b> isolate [inclusion dubious]</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Morwap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Morwap language">Morwap</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tofamna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tofamna language">Tofamna</a></b> isolate</li> <li>Eleman stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626004629/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-7.pdf">[2]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Purari_language" title="Purari language">Purari</a></b> isolate (Koriki, Namau)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate language">Tate</a></b> isolate</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Gulf_languages" title="Inland Gulf languages">Inland Gulf</a> stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626004629/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-7.pdf">[3]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ipiko_language" title="Ipiko language">Ipiko</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minanibai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Minanibai languages">Minanibai</a></b> family (incl. <a href="/wiki/Karami_language" title="Karami language">Karami</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Kaure stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003541/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-6-2.pdf">[4]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kaure_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaure languages">Kaure</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kapori_language" title="Kapori language">Kapori</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sause_language" title="Sause language">Sause</a></b> isolate</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></b> (Frederik Hendrik Island) family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_languages" title="Nimboran languages">Nimboran</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Goliath_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliath languages">Goliath</a></b> family (Mek)</li> <li>Northern, or Border–Tor–Lake Plain super-stock <ul><li>Border stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003541/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-6-2.pdf">[5]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Waris_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Waris languages">Waris</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taikat_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Taikat languages">Taikat</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bewani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bewani languages">Bewani</a></b> family</li></ul></li> <li>Tor – Lake Plain stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003541/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-6-2.pdf">[6]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tor_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor languages">Tor</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Turu languages">Turu</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Lakes_Plain_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Lakes Plain languages">Central Lake Plain</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uria_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uria language">Uria</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></b> isolate</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a> stock <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pauwasi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Pauwasi languages">Eastern</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Pauwasi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Pauwasi languages">Western</a></b> family (<a href="/wiki/Dubu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubu language">Dubu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Towei_language" title="Towei language">Towei</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></b> family <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003541/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-6-2.pdf">[7]</a></li> <li>South Bird's Head (Vogelkop) stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003541/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-6-2.pdf">[8]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Inanwatan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanwatan languages">Inanwatan</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Konda%E2%80%93Yahadian_languages" title="Konda–Yahadian languages">Konda–Yahadian</a></b> family</li></ul></li> <li>Timor–Alor–Pantar stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003748/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-10-1.pdf">[9]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Makasai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makasai language">Makasai</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oirata_language" title="Oirata language">Oirata</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fataluku_language" title="Fataluku language">Fataluku</a></b> (Dagodá) isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lovaea_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovaea language">Lovaea</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kairui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kairui language">Kairui</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Alor–Pantar languages">Alor–Pantar</a></b> family</li></ul></li> <li>Teberan–Pawaian superstock <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></b> isolate</li></ul></li> <li>Turama–Kikorian stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626004629/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-7.pdf">[10]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mena_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mena languages">Mena</a></b> or <b>Turama–Omatian</b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kairi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kairi language">Kairi</a> (Dumu)</b> isolate</li></ul></li> <li>Trans-Fly – Bulaka River superstock <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></b> family (Yelmek–Maklew)</li> <li>Trans-Fly stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626004512/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-6-1.pdf">[11]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirio_languages" title="Tirio languages">Tirio</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages" title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pahoturi_languages" title="Pahoturi languages">Pahoturi River</a></b> family</li> <li><b>Morehead & Upper Maro Rivers</b> family: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nambu_languages" title="Nambu languages">Nambu</a> subfamily</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonda_languages" title="Tonda languages">Tonda</a> subfamily</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yey_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yey language">Yey</a> isolate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moraori language">Moraori</a> isolate</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Madang – Adelbert Range subphylum <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626005003/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-8-2.pdf">[12]</a> <ul><li>Madang superstock <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rai_Coast_languages" title="Rai Coast languages">Rai Coast</a> stock</b> <ul><li><b>Evapia</b> family (<a href="/wiki/Asas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asas language">Asas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumpu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumpu language">Dumpu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kesawai_language" title="Kesawai language">Kesawai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sausi_language" title="Sausi language">Sausi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinsauru_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinsauru language">Sinsauru</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mindjim_languages" title="Mindjim languages">Mindjim</a></b> family</li> <li><b>Kabenau</b> family (<a href="/wiki/Arawum_language" title="Arawum language">Arawum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolom_language" title="Kolom language">Kolom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siroi_language" title="Siroi language">Siroi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemio_language" title="Lemio language">Lemio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulabu_language" title="Pulabu language">Pulabu</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yaganon_languages" title="Yaganon languages">Yaganon</a></b> family</li> <li><b>Peka</b> family (<a href="/wiki/Usino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Usino language">Usino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumau_language" title="Sumau language">Sumau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urigina_language" title="Urigina language">Urigina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danaru_language" title="Danaru language">Danaru</a>)</li> <li><b>Nuru</b> family (<a href="/wiki/Usu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Usu language">Usu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erima_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Erima language">Erima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duduela_language" title="Duduela language">Duduela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwato_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwato language">Kwato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rerau_language" title="Rerau language">Rerau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jilim_language" title="Jilim language">Jilim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangulam_language" title="Yangulam language">Yangulam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabuso_languages" title="Mabuso languages">Mabuso</a> stock <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kare_language_(Papuan)" title="Kare language (Papuan)">Kare</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kokon_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokon languages">Kokon</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gum_languages" title="Gum languages">Gum</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hanseman_languages" title="Hanseman languages">Hanseman</a></b> family</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Adelbert Range superstock <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mugil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugil language">Mugil</a></b> isolate</li> <li>Isumrud stock <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dimir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimir language">Dimir</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kowan_languages" title="Kowan languages">Kowan</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mabuan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabuan languages">Mabuan</a></b> family</li></ul></li> <li>Pihom stock <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amaimon_language" title="Amaimon language">Amaimon</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kaukombar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaukombar languages">Kaukombaran</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kumil_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumil languages">Kumilan</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Numugen_languages" title="Numugen languages">Numagenan</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Omosan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Omosan languages">Omosan</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tiboran_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiboran languages">Tiboran</a></b> family</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephstaal_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephstaal languages">Josephstaal</a> stock <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Osum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Osum language">Osum</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wadaginam_language" title="Wadaginam language">Wadaginam</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sikan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikan languages">Sikan</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomoikan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomoikan languages">Pomoikan</a></b> family</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanang_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanang languages">Wanang</a> stock <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Paynamar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paynamar language">Paynamar</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b>Atan</b> family (<a href="/wiki/Atemble_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Atemble language">Atemble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angaua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Angaua language">Angaua</a>)</li> <li><b>Emuan</b> family (<a href="/wiki/Emerum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerum language">Emerum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Musak language">Musak</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brahman_languages" title="Brahman languages">Brahman</a></b> family (membership per Z'graggen)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Main Section: <ul><li>Eastern TNG subphylum <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626002932/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-9.pdf">[13]</a> <ul><li>Binandere stock <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Guhu-Semane_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guhu-Semane language">Guhu-Semane</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Binandere_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Binandere languages">Binandere</a></b> family</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dagan_languages" title="Dagan languages">Dagan</a></b> family</li></ul></li> <li>Central and Western TNG subphylum <ul><li>Finisterre-Huon superstock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003636/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-8-1.pdf">[14]</a> <ul><li>Huon stock <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kovai_language" title="Kovai language">Kovai</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Huon_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Huon languages">Eastern Huon</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Huon_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Huon languages">Western Huon</a></b> family</li></ul></li> <li>Finisterre stock <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Erap_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Erap languages">Erap</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wantoat_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wantoat languages">Wantoat</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gusap%E2%80%93Mot_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusap–Mot languages">Gusap–Mot</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Warup_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Warup languages">Warup</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yupna_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yupna languages">Yupna</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uruwa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruwa languages">Uruwa</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Abaga_language" title="Abaga language">Abaga</a></b> isolate</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>East New Guinea Highlands stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626004629/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-7.pdf">[15]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kainantu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainantu languages">Eastern</a></b> family (= Kainantu) <ul><li>Gadsup–Auyana–Awa subfamily</li> <li>Tairora subfamily</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owena_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Owena language">Owena</a> isolate</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Goroka_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Goroka languages">East-Central</a></b> family (= Goroka) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gende_language" title="Gende language">Gende</a> (Bundi) isolate</li> <li>Siane subfamily</li> <li>Gahuku subfamily</li> <li>Kamano subfamily</li> <li>Fore subfamily</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Central</a></b> family (= Chimbu–Wahgi) <ul><li>Chimbu subfamily</li> <li>Wahgi subfamily</li> <li>Jimi subfamily</li> <li>Hagen subfamily</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">West-Central</a></b> family (= Engan) <ul><li>Enga subfamily</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huli_language" title="Huli language">Huli</a> isolate</li> <li>Angal (Mendi)–Kewa subfamily</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kalam_languages" title="Kalam languages">Kalam</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kenati_language" title="Kenati language">Kenati</a></b> (Aziana) isolate</li></ul></li> <li>Central and South New Guinea – Kutubuan superstock <ul><li>Kutubuan stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626004629/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-7.pdf">[16]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Kutubu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="West Kutubu languages">West Kutubu</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Kutubu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Kutubu languages">East Kutubu</a></b> family</li></ul></li> <li>Central and South New Guinea stock (in the Central Highlands and Arafura Coast)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003541/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-6-2.pdf">[17]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Awin%E2%80%93Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin–Pa languages">Awin–Pa</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Duna_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Duna languages">Duna</a></b> or <b>Duna–Bogaya</b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Awyu%E2%80%93Dumut_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awyu–Dumut languages">Awyu–Dumut</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Kamoro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat–Kamoro</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Somahai_language" title="Somahai language">Somahai</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mombum_languages" title="Mombum languages">Mombum</a></b> family</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Angan</b> family <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626004629/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-7.pdf">[18]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angaataha_language" title="Angaataha language">Angaataha</a> isolate</li> <li>Angan subfamily</li></ul></li> <li>Gogodala–Suki stock <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Suki_language" title="Suki language">Suki</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gogodala_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gogodala languages">Gogodala</a></b> family</li></ul></li> <li>Marind stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003541/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-6-2.pdf">[19]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Boazi_languages" title="Boazi languages">Boazi</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Marind_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marind languages">Marind</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yaqay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqay languages">Yaqay</a></b> family</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_languages" title="Kayagar languages">Kayagar</a></b> family</li> <li>Sentani stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003541/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-6-2.pdf">[20]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentani languages">Sentani</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demta_language" title="Demta language">Demta</a></b> isolate</li></ul></li> <li>Dani or Dani–Kwerba stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003541/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-6-2.pdf">[21]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kwerba_languages" title="Kwerba languages">Kwerba</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Samarokena_language" title="Samarokena language">Samarokena</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saberi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Saberi language">Saberi</a></b> isolate</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></b> isolate</li> <li>Wissel Lakes – Kemandoga stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003541/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-6-2.pdf">[22]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Uhunduni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhunduni language">Uhunduni</a> (Amung)</b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ekagi%E2%80%93Wodani%E2%80%93Moni_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekagi–Wodani–Moni languages">Ekagi–Wodani–Moni</a></b> family</li></ul></li> <li>Mairasi – Tanah Merah stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003541/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-6-2.pdf">[23]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></b> family</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sumeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumeri language">Tanah Merah</a></b> isolate</li></ul></li> <li>West Bomberai stock <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003541/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-6-2.pdf">[24]</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Karas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karas language">Karas</a></b> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></b> family</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></b> isolate</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foley_(2003)"><span id="Foley_.282003.29"></span>Foley (2003)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foley (2003)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2003, <a href="/wiki/William_A._Foley" title="William A. Foley">William A. Foley</a> accepted the core of TNG: "The fact, for example, that a great swath of languages in New Guinea from the Huon Peninsula to the highlands of Irian Jaya mark the object of a transitive verb with a set of verbal prefixes, a first person singular in /n/ and second person singular in a <a href="/wiki/Velar_stop" title="Velar stop">velar stop</a>, is overwhelming evidence that these languages are all genetically related; the likelihood of such a system being borrowed vanishingly small."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He considered the relationship between the Finisterre–Huon, Eastern Highlands (Kainantu–Gorokan), and Irian Highlands (Dani – Paniai Lakes) families (and presumably some other smaller ones) to be established, and he said that it is "highly likely" that the Madang family belongs as well. He considered it possible, but not yet demonstrated, that the Enga, Chimbu, Binandere, Angan, Ok, Awyu, Asmat (perhaps closest to Ok and Awyu), Mek, Sentani, and the seven small language families of the tail of Papua New Guinea (Koiarian, Goilalan, etc., which he maintains have not been shown to be closely related to each other) may belong to TNG as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ross_(2005)"><span id="Ross_.282005.29"></span>Ross (2005)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ross (2005)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TNG_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/TNG_map.svg/220px-TNG_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/TNG_map.svg/330px-TNG_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/TNG_map.svg/440px-TNG_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>The various families constituting <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Malcolm Ross</a>' conception of Trans–New Guinea. The greatest TNG diversity is in the eastern highlands. (After Ross 2005.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <i>Irian Jaya, W to E</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E00000; color:white;"> </span> South Bird's Head</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5DFF00; color:black;"> </span> West Trans–New Guinea</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AD00FF; color:white;"> </span> Kaure–Kapori</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCA6D; color:black;"> </span> Pauwasi</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D5D300; color:black;"> </span> Mek</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9600; color:black;"> </span> Asmat–Kamoro</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF3800; color:black;"> </span> Awyu–Dumut</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D82600; color:white;"> </span> Ok</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7EB00A; color:black;"> </span> Kayagar</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> Marind</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD3B6; color:black;"> </span> Kolopom</div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <i>PNG highlands, W to E</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3684B6; color:black;"> </span> Awin–Pa</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CD5C6F; color:black;"> </span> East Strickland</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A400AD; color:white;"> </span> Duna</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00D327; color:black;"> </span> Bosavi</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF3BB6; color:black;"> </span> Engan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D9D079; color:black;"> </span> West Kutubuan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFE700; color:black;"> </span> East Kutubuan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCD300; color:black;"> </span> Chimbu–Wahgi</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00A159; color:black;"> </span> Kainantu–Goroka</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BF767B; color:black;"> </span> Madang</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7BB5B6; color:black;"> </span> Finisterre–Huon</div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <i>Southern PNG, E to W</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF66; color:black;"> </span> Binanderean</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFF0B6; color:black;"> </span> Southeast Papuan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B00070; color:white;"> </span> Angan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AAD383; color:black;"> </span> Eleman</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8D75B6; color:black;"> </span> Teberan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFA100; color:black;"> </span> Turama–Kikorian</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF5E5F; color:black;"> </span> Kiwai–Porome</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CCFF24; color:black;"> </span> Inland Gulf</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D687FF; color:black;"> </span> Gogodala–Suki</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD561; color:black;"> </span> Tirio</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;"> </span> isolates*</div>   </td></tr></tbody></table></div>   * <small><i>Mor, Tanah Merah, Dem, Uhunduni, Oksapmin, Wiru, Pawaia, Kamula, Moraori, Mombum</i></small></figcaption></figure> <p>Ross does not use specialized terms for different levels of classification as <a href="/wiki/Donald_Laycock" title="Donald Laycock">Donald Laycock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wurm" title="Stephen Wurm">Stephen Wurm</a> did. In the list given here, the uncontroversial families that are accepted by Foley and other Papuanists and that are the building blocks of Ross's TNG are printed in <b>boldface</b>. Language isolates are printed in <i>italics</i>. </p><p>Ross removed about 100 languages from Wurm's proposal, and only tentatively retained a few dozen more, but in one instance he added a language, the isolate <a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a>. </p><p>Ross did not have sufficient evidence to classify all Papuan groups. In addition, the classification is based on a single feature – shared pronouns, especially 1sg and 2sg – and thus is subject to false positives as well as to missing branches that have undergone significant sound changes, since he does not have the data to establish regular sound correspondences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>Unclassified Wurmian languages</dt></dl> <p>Although Ross based his classification on pronoun systems, many languages in New Guinea are too poorly documented for even this to work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (May 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Talk:Trans–New Guinea languages">disputed</a></i>]</sup> Thus there are several isolates that were placed in TNG by Wurm but that cannot be addressed by Ross's classification. A few of them (Komyandaret, Samarokena, and maybe Kenati) have since been assigned to existing branches (or ex-branches) of TNG, whereas others (Massep, Momuna) continue to defy classification. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenati_language" title="Kenati language">Kenati</a></i> (→ <a href="/wiki/Kainantu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainantu languages">Kainantu</a>?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komyandaret_language" title="Komyandaret language">Komyandaret</a></i> (→ <a href="/wiki/Greater_Awyu_languages" title="Greater Awyu languages">Greater Awyu</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></i> isolate</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></i> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Momuna_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Momuna languages">Momuna</a></b> family (2)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samarokena_language" title="Samarokena language">Samarokena</a></i> (→ <a href="/wiki/Kwerba_languages" title="Kwerba languages">Kwerba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tofamna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tofamna language">Tofamna</a></i> isolate</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></i> isolate</li></ul> <dl><dt>Reclassified Wurmian languages</dt></dl> <p>Ross removed 95 languages from TNG. These are small families with no pronouns in common with TNG languages, but that are typologically similar, perhaps due to long periods of contact with TNG languages. </p> <ul><li>Border and Morwap (Elseng), as an independent <a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a> family (15 languages)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isirawa_language" title="Isirawa language">Isirawa</a> (Saberi),</i> as a language isolate (though classified as <a href="/wiki/Kwerba_languages" title="Kwerba languages">Kwerba</a> by Clouse, Donohue & Ma 2002)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lakes Plain, as an independent <a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a> family (19)</li> <li>Mairasi, as an independent <a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a> family (4)</li> <li>Nimboran, as an independent <a href="/wiki/Nimboran_languages" title="Nimboran languages">Nimboran</a> family (5)</li> <li>Piawi, as an independent <a href="/wiki/Piawi_languages" title="Piawi languages">Piawi</a> family (2)</li> <li>Senagi, as an independent <a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a> family (2)</li> <li>Sentani (4 languages), within an <a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_%E2%80%93_Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head – Sentani languages">East Bird's Head – Sentani</a> family</li> <li>Tor and Kwerba, joined as a <a href="/wiki/Tor%E2%80%93Kwerba_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor–Kwerba languages">Tor–Kwerba</a> family (17)</li> <li>Trans-Fly – Bulaka River is broken into five groups: three remaining (tentatively) in TNG (Kiwaian, Moraori, Tirio), plus the independent <a href="/wiki/South-Central_Papuan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="South-Central Papuan languages">South-Central Papuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages" title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly</a> families (22 and 4 languages).</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Trans–New Guinea phylum (Ross 2005)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="West Trans–New Guinea languages">West Trans–New Guinea</a> linkage ? [a suspected old <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>] <ul><li>West Bomberai – Timor–Alor–Pantar <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a></b> families (22)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></b> family (2)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a> (Wissel Lakes)</b> family (5)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></b> family (13)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a> (South Doberai)</b> family (12)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sumeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumeri language">Tanah Merah</a> (Sumeri)</b></i> isolate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></b></i> isolate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></b></i> isolate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Amung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amung language">Uhunduni</a></b></i> (<i>Damal, Amungme</i>) isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mek_languages" title="Mek languages">Mek</a></b> family (13)</li> <li>? Kaure–Kapori (4) [Inclusion in TNG tentative. No pronouns can be reconstructed from the available data.] <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kapori_language" title="Kapori language">Kapori</a></b></i> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kaure_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaure languages">Kaure</a></b> family (3)</li></ul></li> <li>? <b><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></b> family (4) [Inclusion in TNG tentative. No pronouns can be reconstructed from the available data. Since linked to <a href="/wiki/Karkar_language" title="Karkar language">Karkar</a>, which is well attested and not TNG]</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_languages" title="Kayagar languages">Kayagar</a></b> family (3)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></b> family (3)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moraori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moraori language">Moraori</a></b></i> isolate</li> <li>? Kiwai–Porome (8) [TNG identity of pronouns suspect] <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></b> family (7)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a> (Kibiri)</b></i> isolate</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Marind_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marind languages">Marind</a></b> family (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_and_South_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central and South New Guinea languages">Central and South New Guinea</a> ? (49, reduced) [Part of the original TNG proposal. Not clear if these four families form a single branch of TNG. Voorhoeve argues independently for an Awyu–Ok relationship.] <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Kamoro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat–Kamoro</a></b> family (11)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Awyu%E2%80%93Dumut_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awyu–Dumut languages">Awyu–Dumut</a></b> family (8–16)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mombum_languages" title="Mombum languages">Mombum</a></b> family (2)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok</a></b> family (20)</li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></b></i> isolate [now linked to the Ok family]</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala–Suki</a></b> family (4)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirio_languages" title="Tirio languages">Tirio</a></b> family (4)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></b> family (7)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Inland_Gulf_languages" title="Inland Gulf languages">Inland Gulf</a></b> family (6)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></b> family (4)</li> <li>? <b><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></b> family [inclusion in TNG tentative] (2)</li> <li>? <i><b><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></b></i> isolate [has proto-TNG vocabulary, but inclusion questionable]</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></b> family (12)</li> <li>? <i><b><a href="/wiki/Fasu_language" title="Fasu language">Fasu</a> (West Kutubuan)</b></i> family (1–3) [has proto-TNG vocabulary, but inclusion somewhat questionable]</li> <li>? <b><a href="/wiki/East_Kutubuan_languages" title="East Kutubuan languages">East Kutubuan</a></b> family (2) [has proto-TNG vocabulary, but inclusion somewhat questionable]</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Duna%E2%80%93Pogaya_languages" title="Duna–Pogaya languages">Duna–Pogaya</a></b> family (2)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Awin%E2%80%93Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin–Pa languages">Awin–Pa</a></b> family (2)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></b> family (6)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></b> family (8)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kamula_language" title="Kamula language">Kamula</a></b></i> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></b> family (9)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></b></i> isolate (lexical similarities with Engan)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></b> family (17)</li> <li>Kainantu–Goroka (22) [also known as East Highlands; first noticed by Capell 1948] <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Goroka_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Goroka languages">Goroka</a></b> family (14)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kainantu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainantu languages">Kainantu</a></b> family (8)</li></ul></li> <li>Madang (103) <ul><li>Southern Adelbert Range–Kowan <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kowan_languages" title="Kowan languages">Kowan</a></b> family (2)</li> <li>Southern Adelbert Range <ul><li>Josephstaal (7) <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Osum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Osum language">Osum</a> (Utarmbung)</b></i> isolate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wadaginam_language" title="Wadaginam language">Wadaginam</a></b></i> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sikan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikan languages">Sikan</a></b> family (2)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomoikan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomoikan languages">Pomoikan</a></b> family (3)</li></ul></li> <li>Wanang (5) <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Paynamar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paynamar language">Paynamar</a></b></i> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Atan languages">Atan</a></b> family (2)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Emuan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Emuan languages">Emuan</a></b> family (2)</li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Faita_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Faita language">Faita</a></b></i> isolate</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Rai Coast–Kalam <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rai_Coast_languages" title="Rai Coast languages">Rai Coast</a></b> family (31)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kalam_languages" title="Kalam languages">Kalam</a></b> family (4; perhaps part of Rai Coast)</li></ul></li> <li>Croisilles <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(linguistics)" title="Linkage (linguistics)">linkage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimir-Malas_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimir-Malas languages">Dimir-Malas</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukombar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaukombar languages">Kaukombar</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumil_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumil languages">Kumil</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor-Omosa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibor-Omosa languages">Tibor-Omosa</a> (6)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Amaimon_language" title="Amaimon language">Amaimon</a></b></i> isolate</li> <li>Numugen-Mabuso <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Numugen_languages" title="Numugen languages">Numugen</a></b> family (6)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mabuso_languages" title="Mabuso languages">Mabuso</a></b> family (29)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Finisterre–Huon (62) [part of the original TNG proposal. Has verbs that are <a href="/wiki/Suppletion" title="Suppletion">suppletive</a> per the person and number of the object.] <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Finisterre_languages" title="Finisterre languages">Finisterre</a></b> family (41)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Huon_languages" title="Huon languages">Huon</a></b> family (21)</li></ul></li> <li>? <b><a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a></b> family (6) [inclusion in TNG tentative]</li> <li>Southeast Papuan (Bird's Tail) ? [these families have not been demonstrated to be related to each other, but have in common <i>ya</i> for 'you[plural]' instead of proto-TNG <i>*gi</i>] <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a></b> family (7)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a></b> family (3)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a></b> family (2)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a></b> family (5)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a></b> family (6)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dagan_languages" title="Dagan languages">Dagan</a></b> family (9)</li></ul></li> <li>Binanderean (16) <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Guhu-Samane_language" title="Guhu-Samane language">Guhu-Samane</a></b></i> isolate</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Binandere_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Binandere languages">Binandere</a></b> family (15) [a recent expansion from the north]</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pawley_and_Hammarström_(2018)"><span id="Pawley_and_Hammarstr.C3.B6m_.282018.29"></span>Pawley and Hammarström (2018)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pawley and Hammarström (2018)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TransNewGuineaPawleyHammerstromVSUsherConsensus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/TransNewGuineaPawleyHammerstromVSUsherConsensus.png/220px-TransNewGuineaPawleyHammerstromVSUsherConsensus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/TransNewGuineaPawleyHammerstromVSUsherConsensus.png/330px-TransNewGuineaPawleyHammerstromVSUsherConsensus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/TransNewGuineaPawleyHammerstromVSUsherConsensus.png/440px-TransNewGuineaPawleyHammerstromVSUsherConsensus.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>Languages accepted by both Pawley and Hammarström (2018) and Usher (2018).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Andrew Pawley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m" title="Harald Hammarström">Harald Hammarström</a> (2018) accept 35 subgroups as members of Trans-New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawley-TNG_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawley-TNG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-LLNGA_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-LLNGA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Trans–New Guinea phylum (Pawley and Hammarström 2018)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Trans-New Guinea subgroups (strong evidence)</dt> <dd>35 subgroups, 431 languages</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a> (107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finisterre-Huon_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Finisterre-Huon languages">Finisterre-Huon</a> (62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainantu-Goroka_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainantu-Goroka languages">Kainantu-Goroka</a> (29)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ok-Oksapmin_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ok-Oksapmin languages">Ok-Oksapmin</a> (20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anim_languages" title="Anim languages">Anim</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu-Wahgi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimbu-Wahgi languages">Chimbu-Wahgi</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Awyu_languages" title="Greater Awyu languages">Greater Awyu</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga-Kewa-Huli_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Enga-Kewa-Huli languages">Enga-Kewa-Huli</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Binanderean_languages" title="Greater Binanderean languages">Greater Binanderean</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat-Kamoro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat-Kamoro languages">Asmat-Kamoro</a> (11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagan_languages" title="Dagan languages">Dagan</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_languages" title="Mek languages">Mek</a> (7)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala-Suki_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gogodala-Suki languages">Gogodala-Suki</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama-Kikori_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Turama-Kikori languages">Turama-Kikori</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagaric_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayagaric languages">Kayagaric</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubu</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awin-Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin-Pa languages">Awin-Pa</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duna-Bogaya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Duna-Bogaya languages">Duna-Bogaya</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somahai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Somahai languages">Somahai</a> (2)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marori language">Marori</a></i> (isolate)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></i> (isolate)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Groups and isolates considered by Pawley and Hammarström (2018) as having weaker or disputed claims to membership in Trans-New Guinea (some of which they suggest may ultimately turn out to be Trans-New Guinea, but further evidence is needed):<sup id="cite_ref-Pawley-TNG_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawley-TNG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayono-Awbono_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayono-Awbono languages">Bayono-Awbono</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komolom_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Komolom languages">Komolom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mombum_languages" title="Mombum languages">Mombum</a>) (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a> (5)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawaian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pawaian language">Pawaian</a></i> (isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentanic languages">Sentanic</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a> (12)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumeri language">Tanah Merah</a></i> (isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor-Alor-Pantar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor-Alor-Pantar languages">Timor-Alor-Pantar</a> (20+)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uhunduni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhunduni language">Uhunduni</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Damal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Damal language">Damal</a></i>) (isolate)</li></ul> <p>Groups and isolates sometimes classified as Trans-New Guinea, but rejected by Pawley and Hammarström (2018) as Trans-New Guinea:<sup id="cite_ref-Pawley-TNG_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawley-TNG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></i> (isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a> (5)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></i> (isolate)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamula_language" title="Kamula language">Kamula</a></i> (isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure-Narau_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaure-Narau languages">Kaure-Narau</a> (2)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></i> (isolate)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></i> (isolate)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purari_language" title="Purari language">Purari</a></i> (isolate)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glottolog_5.0_(2024)"><span id="Glottolog_5.0_.282024.29"></span><i>Glottolog</i> 5.0 (2024)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Glottolog 5.0 (2024)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>, of which Hammarström is one of the editors, accepts 10 groups as part of a <i>Nuclear Trans–New Guinea</i> family, based on Foley (2000), Pawley (2005) and Edgar Suter (1997).<sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog-5-0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-5-0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a> (108 languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finisterre-Huon_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Finisterre-Huon languages">Finisterre-Huon</a> (61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat-Awyu-Ok_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat-Awyu-Ok languages">Asmat-Awyu-Ok</a> (49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainantu-Goroka_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainantu-Goroka languages">Kainantu-Goroka</a> (28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu-Wahgi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimbu-Wahgi languages">Chimbu-Wahgi</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga-Kewa-Huli_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Enga-Kewa-Huli languages">Enga-Kewa-Huli</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Binanderean_languages" title="Greater Binanderean languages">Greater Binanderean</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_languages" title="Mek languages">Mek</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a> (5)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dryer_(2022)"><span id="Dryer_.282022.29"></span>Dryer (2022)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dryer (2022)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dryer" title="Matthew Dryer">Matthew Dryer</a> used <a href="/wiki/Lexicostatistics" title="Lexicostatistics">lexicostatistics</a> to evaluate Pawley and Hammarström (2018), based on 40-word <a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a> data from the <a href="/wiki/ASJP" class="mw-redirect" title="ASJP">ASJP</a> database. Dryer concludes that the following language families are likely to be Trans–New Guinea. They are listed in order of highest to lowest score, i.e. starting with the most likely.<sup id="cite_ref-Dryer_2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryer_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dryer does not consider that evidence based solely on pronouns and the word for 'louse' is sufficient to conclude that a family is a member of Trans-New Guinea. This is because they are more likely to be an areal form (<i><a href="/wiki/Wanderwort" title="Wanderwort">Wanderwort</a></i>) in the case of the word for 'louse' or to be highly conservative in the case of pronouns. Dryer states that similarities solely in pronouns mean that the families are related but that the relationship is so distant as to be "undetectable".<sup id="cite_ref-Dryer_2022_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryer_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dryer notes that this is a preliminary quantitative analysis and only gives a rough prediction of the families that may or may not belong within Trans–New Guinea, and that the lexical similarities it is based on may be due to loanwords, areal forms (<i>Wanderwörter</i>) and so forth.<sup id="cite_ref-Dryer_2022_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryer_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Families likely to be Trans–New Guinea (Dryer 2022)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awyu%E2%80%93Ok_languages" title="Awyu–Ok languages">Awyu–Ok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga%E2%80%93Kewa%E2%80%93Huli_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Enga–Kewa–Huli languages">Enga–Kewa–Huli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre–Huon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagan_languages" title="Dagan languages">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayono%E2%80%93Awbono_languages" title="Bayono–Awbono languages">Bayono–Awbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainantu%E2%80%93Goroka_languages" title="Kainantu–Goroka languages">Kainantu–Goroka</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somahai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Somahai languages">Somahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuyug_language" title="Fuyug language">Fuyug</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasu_language" title="Fasu language">Fasu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala–Suki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Damal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Damal language">Damal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anim_languages" title="Anim languages">Anim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Binanderean_languages" title="Greater Binanderean languages">Greater Binanderean</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>(Pawley and Hammarström (2018) do not classify <a href="/wiki/Bayono%E2%80%93Awbono_languages" title="Bayono–Awbono languages">Bayono–Awbono</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Damal language">Damal</a> as Trans–New Guinea.) </p><p>Dryer lists the following families as "borderline". They have a somewhat higher basic lexical similarity with Trans–New Guinea than with non-Trans–New Guinea families: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasu_language" title="Fasu language">Fasu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bogaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogaya language">Bogaya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li></ul> <p>(Pawley and Hammarström (2018) do not classify <a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a> as Trans–New Guinea.) </p><p>Dryer lists the following families as less likely to be Trans–New Guinea. They have few basic vocabulary items in common with Trans–New Guinea: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duna_language" title="Duna language">Duna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Kamrau_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat–Kamrau Bay languages">Asmat–Kamrau Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_languages" title="Mek languages">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevala_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevala languages">Elevala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moraori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moraori language">Moraori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagaric_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayagaric languages">Kayagaric</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mulaha_language" title="Mulaha language">Mulaha</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usher_&_Suter_(2024)"><span id="Usher_.26_Suter_.282024.29"></span>Usher & Suter (2024)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Usher & Suter (2024)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trans-New_Guinea_languages_(Usher_2018).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Trans-New_Guinea_languages_%28Usher_2018%29.svg/220px-Trans-New_Guinea_languages_%28Usher_2018%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Trans-New_Guinea_languages_%28Usher_2018%29.svg/330px-Trans-New_Guinea_languages_%28Usher_2018%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Trans-New_Guinea_languages_%28Usher_2018%29.svg/440px-Trans-New_Guinea_languages_%28Usher_2018%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>The established Trans–New Guinea families according to Usher (2024). Additional families may eventually prove to belong as well, as Usher has initially excluded any that don't have a regular reflex of the 2sg pronoun.</figcaption></figure> <p>Timothy Usher and Edgar Suter, in consultation with Papuan language researchers such as <a href="/wiki/William_Croft_(linguist)" title="William Croft (linguist)">William Croft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dryer" title="Matthew Dryer">Matthew Dryer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(linguist)" title="John Lynch (linguist)">John Lynch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Andrew Pawley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Malcolm Ross</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have reconstructed low-level constituents of Trans–New Guinea to verify, through the establishment of regular sound changes, which purported members truly belong to it, and to determine their subclassification. In many cases Usher has created new names for the member families to reflect their geographic location. Much of Usher's classification is accepted by <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>, though under different names. As of 2024, his classification is as follows, including correspondences to the names in earlier classifications. He expects to expand the membership of the family as reconstruction proceeds.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Trans–New Guinea phylum (Usher 2024)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Gulf_languages" title="Berau Gulf languages">Berau Gulf</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Berau_Gulf_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Berau Gulf languages">North Berau Gulf</a> (= South Bird's Head) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yabin_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yabin languages">Yabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a> (= nuclear South Bird's Head plus Inanwatan)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Sumuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_Highlands_languages" title="West Papuan Highlands languages">West Papuan Highlands</a> (= Irian Highlands) <ul><li>Amung–Dem <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amung language">Amung</a> (Uhunduni)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balim_Valley_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Balim Valley languages">Balim Valley</a> (= Dani)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat – Muli Strait</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_%E2%80%93_Kamrau_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat – Kamrau Bay languages">Asmat – Kamrau Bay</a> (= Asmat–Kamoro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muli_Strait_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Muli Strait languages">Muli Strait</a> (= Mombum)</li></ul></li> <li>Cook River – Kolopom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_and_Gondu_Rivers_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook and Gondu Rivers languages">Cook River</a> (= Kayagar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Moraori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moraori language">Moraori</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksap language">Oksap</a> (Oksapmin)</li> <li>Central West New Guinea <ul><li>Digul River – Ok <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digul_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Digul River languages">Digul River</a> (= Greater Awyu, incl. <a href="/wiki/Bayono-Awbono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayono-Awbono language">Bayono-Awbono</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamula_%E2%80%93_Elevala_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamula – Elevala River languages">Kamula – Elevala River</a> (= Awin–Pa plus Kamula)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok</a></li></ul></li> <li>Momuna–Mek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mek_languages" title="Mek languages">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momuna_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Momuna languages">Momuna</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Plateau_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan Plateau languages">Papuan Plateau</a> (= Bosavi, incl. <a href="/wiki/Dibiyaso_language" title="Dibiyaso language">Dibiyaso</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duna%E2%80%93Bogaia_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Duna–Bogaia languages">Duna–Bogaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abom_language" title="Abom language">Abom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly River languages">Fly River</a> (Anim) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Gulf_languages" title="Inland Gulf languages">Inland Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Murray_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Murray languages">Lake Murray</a> (= Boazi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Fly_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Fly River languages">Lower Fly River</a> (= Tirio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind%E2%80%93Yakhai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marind–Yakhai languages">Marind–Yakhai</a> (= Marind)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highlands_%E2%80%93_Kratke_Range_languages" title="Eastern Highlands – Kratke Range languages">Eastern Highlands – Kratke Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highlands_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Highlands languages">Eastern Highlands</a> (= Kainantu–Goroka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratke_Range_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratke Range languages">Kratke Range</a> (= Angan)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre–Huon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan Peninsula languages">Papuan Peninsula</a> (Southeast Papuan) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meneao_Range_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Meneao Range languages">Meneao Range</a> (= Dagan)</li> <li>Owen Stanley Range <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koiari_%E2%80%93_Managalas_Plateau_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Koiari – Managalas Plateau languages">Koiari – Managalas Plateau</a> (= Koiarian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Humene–Uare</a> (= Kwalean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Brown_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Brown languages">Mount Brown</a> (= Manubaran)</li> <li>Cloudy Bay – Musa River <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bauwaki_language" title="Bauwaki language">Bauwaki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudy_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloudy Bay languages">Cloudy Bay</a> (= Mailuan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa River languages">Musa River</a> (= Yareban)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>These branches may cluster together (the southwestern branches, for example, may group together), but the details are as yet unclear. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Branches_of_Trans-New_Guinea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Branches_of_Trans-New_Guinea.svg/220px-Branches_of_Trans-New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Branches_of_Trans-New_Guinea.svg/330px-Branches_of_Trans-New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Branches_of_Trans-New_Guinea.svg/440px-Branches_of_Trans-New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>The primary branches of the Trans–New Guinea family of languages, per Usher (2024).</figcaption></figure> <p>The families from the Ross and Glottolog classifications that are not included are Kaure, Pauwasi, Engan, Chimbu–Wahgi, Madang, Eleman, Kiwaian, Binanderean, Goilalan, and the several <a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a> families. Usher only includes families that have a regular reflex of the 2sg pronoun, so there may be additional TNG families that have changed their pronouns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexical_semantics">Lexical semantics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lexical semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Colexification" title="Colexification">colexification patterns</a> (called 'semantic conflations' by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Laycock" title="Donald Laycock">Donald Laycock</a>), particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nominal domain</a>, are commonly found among Trans–New Guinea languages:<sup id="cite_ref-Pawley-TNG_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawley-TNG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>[man, husband]</li> <li>[woman, wife]</li> <li>[bird, bat]</li> <li>[hair, fur, feather, leaf]</li> <li>[tree, firewood, fire]</li> <li>[water, river]</li> <li>[bark, skin of animal, peel or skin of fruit]</li> <li>[bark, skin, body]</li> <li>[egg, fruit, seed; some other round objects, e.g. kidney, eye, heart]</li> <li>[hand, foreleg of quadruped, wing]</li> <li>[heart, seat of emotions]</li> <li>[blood, red]</li> <li>[garden, work], [to make gardens, to work]</li> <li>[joint, elbow, knee]</li> <li>[milk, sap, semen, white of egg, bone marrow]</li> <li>[nose, face]</li> <li>[teeth, internal mouth]</li> <li>[leg, foot, hindleg]</li> <li>[finger, toe]</li> <li>[father, owner; mother, owner]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-language">Proto-language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Proto-language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_language" title="Proto-Trans–New Guinea language">Proto-Trans–New Guinea language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/32px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/48px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/64px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="452" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Guinea" title="Portal:New Guinea">New Guinea portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific languages</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Trans-New_Guinea_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Trans-New Guinea reconstructions">Proto-Trans-New Guinea reconstructions</a> (Wiktionary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/trans-new-guinea">NewGuineaWorld Trans–New Guinea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906084908/https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/trans-new-guinea">Archived</a> 6 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Papuan.html">"Papuan"</a>. <i>www.languagesgulper.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.languagesgulper.com&rft.atitle=Papuan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesgulper.com%2Feng%2FPapuan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans%E2%80%93New+Guinea+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HH-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HH_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harald Hammarström (2012) "Pronouns and the (Preliminary) Classification of Papuan languages", <i>Journal of the Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-LLNGA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer-LLNGA_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer-LLNGA_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer-LLNGA_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2018" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Bill (2018). "Language families of the New Guinea Area". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7"><bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+families+of+the+New+Guinea+Area&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+the+New+Guinea+Area%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028642-7&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans%E2%80%93New+Guinea+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RB_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Blench (2017) "Things your classics master never told you: a borrowing from Trans New Guinea languages into Latin", <i>McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.A.Wurm, C.L.Voorhoeve & K. McElhanon, The Trans-New Guinea Phylum in General.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626004723/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-5.pdf">[1]</a> Section 2.5 of S.A. Wurm (ed.) 1977 [1975] <i>New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Volume 1: Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene</i>. Australian National University, Canberra</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.usyd.edu.au/research_projects/delp/papuan.php">DELP: Papuan languages</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClouseDonohueMa2002" class="citation journal cs1">Clouse, Duane; Donohue, Mark; Ma, Felix (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/9028">"Survey report of the north coast of Irian Jaya"</a>. <i>SIL Electronic Survey Reports</i>. <b>078</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SIL+Electronic+Survey+Reports&rft.atitle=Survey+report+of+the+north+coast+of+Irian+Jaya&rft.volume=078&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Clouse&rft.aufirst=Duane&rft.au=Donohue%2C+Mark&rft.au=Ma%2C+Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2Fentry%2F9028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans%E2%80%93New+Guinea+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pawley-TNG-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pawley-TNG_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawley-TNG_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawley-TNG_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawley-TNG_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawleyHammarström2018" class="citation book cs1">Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7"><bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Trans+New+Guinea+family&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+the+New+Guinea+Area%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=21-196&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028642-7&rft.aulast=Pawley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Hammarstr%C3%B6m%2C+Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans%E2%80%93New+Guinea+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-5-0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog-5-0_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmath2024" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1709">"Glottolog. Family: Nuclear Trans New Guinea"</a>. 5.0. Jena: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Science_of_Human_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glottolog.+Family%3A+Nuclear+Trans+New+Guinea.&rft.place=Jena&rft.series=5.0&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fnucl1709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans%E2%80%93New+Guinea+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dryer_2022-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dryer_2022_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dryer_2022_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dryer_2022_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryer2022" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dryer" title="Matthew Dryer">Dryer, Matthew S.</a> (10 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/view/apll14-conference"><i>Trans-New Guinea IV.2: Evaluating Membership in Trans-New Guinea</i></a>. 14th Conference on Austronesian and Papuan Languages and Linguistics (APLL14). Berlin: Humboldt University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Trans-New+Guinea+IV.2%3A+Evaluating+Membership+in+Trans-New+Guinea&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Humboldt+University&rft.date=2022-06-10&rft.aulast=Dryer&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fview%2Fapll14-conference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans%E2%80%93New+Guinea+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/about-newguineaworld/editorial">Newguineaworld Advisory Board</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/start">"NewGuineaWorld, Trans–New Guinea"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NewGuineaWorld%2C+Trans%E2%80%93New+Guinea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch%2Ffamilies%2Ftrans-new-guinea%2Fstart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans%E2%80%93New+Guinea+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawley1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Pawley, Andrew</a> (1998). "The Trans New Guinea Phylum hypothesis: A reassessment". In Jelle Miedema; Cecilia Odé; Rien A.C. Dam (eds.). <i>Perspectives on the Bird's Head of Irian Jaya, Indonesia</i>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 655–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0644-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0644-7"><bdi>978-90-420-0644-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41025250">41025250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Trans+New+Guinea+Phylum+hypothesis%3A+A+reassessment&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+the+Bird%27s+Head+of+Irian+Jaya%2C+Indonesia&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=655-90&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41025250&rft.isbn=978-90-420-0644-7&rft.aulast=Pawley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans%E2%80%93New+Guinea+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Pawley, Andrew</a> (2005). "The chequered career of the Trans New Guinea hypothesis: recent research and its implications". In <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Andrew Pawley</a>; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). <i>Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 67–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85883-562-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85883-562-2"><bdi>0-85883-562-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67292782">67292782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+chequered+career+of+the+Trans+New+Guinea+hypothesis%3A+recent+research+and+its+implications&rft.btitle=Papuan+pasts%3A+cultural%2C+linguistic+and+biological+histories+of+Papuan-speaking+peoples&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=67-107&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67292782&rft.isbn=0-85883-562-2&rft.aulast=Pawley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans%E2%80%93New+Guinea+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Ross, Malcolm</a> (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Andrew Pawley</a>; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). <i>Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0858835622" title="Special:BookSources/0858835622"><bdi>0858835622</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67292782">67292782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pronouns+as+a+preliminary+diagnostic+for+grouping+Papuan+languages&rft.btitle=Papuan+pasts%3A+cultural%2C+linguistic+and+biological+histories+of+Papuan-speaking+peoples&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=15-66&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67292782&rft.isbn=0858835622&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans%E2%80%93New+Guinea+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurm1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wurm" title="Stephen Wurm">Wurm, Stephen</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620132933/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/_toc.html"><i>New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Volume 1: Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene</i></a>. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37096514">37096514</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/_toc.html">the original</a> on 2010-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Guinea+Area+Languages+and+Language+Study%2C+Volume+1%3A+Papuan+Languages+and+the+New+Guinea+Linguistic+Scene&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Linguistics%2C+Research+School+of+Pacific+Studies%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37096514&rft.aulast=Wurm&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.papuaweb.org%2Fdlib%2Fbk%2Fpl%2FC38%2F_toc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans%E2%80%93New+Guinea+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transnewguinea.org/">TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea</a> (by Simon Greenhill)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/start">Timothy Usher and Edgar Suter's Newguineaworld site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240709083628/https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/start">Archived</a> 2024-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Template:Trans–New Guinea languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Template talk:Trans–New Guinea languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trans–New Guinea languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trans–New_Guinea_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trans–New Guinea languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="West_Trans–New_Guinea_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="West Trans–New Guinea languages">West Trans–New Guinea languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_Dani_language" title="Grand Valley Dani language">Grand Valley Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupla_language" title="Hupla language">Hupla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_language" title="Nduga language">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggem_language" title="Nggem language">Nggem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silimo_language" title="Silimo language">Silimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walak_language" title="Walak language">Walak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wano_language" title="Wano language">Wano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Dani_language" title="Western Dani language">Western Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_language" title="Yali language">Yali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Auye language">Auye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao language (Papuan)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_language" title="Ekari language">Ekari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_language" title="Moni language">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_language" title="Wolani language">Wolani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baham_language" title="Baham language">Baham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karas language">Karas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oirata%E2%80%93Makasai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oirata–Makasai languages">East Timor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fataluku_language" title="Fataluku language">Fataluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalero_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Makalero dialect">Makalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasae_language" title="Makasae language">Makasae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirata_language" title="Oirata language">Oirata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusenu_language" title="Rusenu language">Rusenu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Alor–Pantar languages">Alor–Pantar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_language" title="Abui language">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adang_language" title="Adang language">Adang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagar_language" title="Blagar language">Blagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafoa_language" title="Kafoa language">Kafoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woisika_language" title="Woisika language">Kamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klon_language" title="Klon language">Klon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(Indonesia)" title="Kui language (Indonesia)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_language" title="Kula language">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retta_language" title="Retta language">Retta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawila_language" title="Sawila language">Sawila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wersing_language" title="Wersing language">Wersing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaera_language" title="Kaera language">Kaera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedebang_language" title="Nedebang language">Nedebang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teiwa_language" title="Teiwa language">Teiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pantar_language" title="Western Pantar language">Western Pantar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Central_and_South_New_Guinea_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_and_South_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central and South New Guinea languages">Central and South New Guinea languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Kamoro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat–Kamoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asmat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat language">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citak_language" title="Citak language">Citak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sabakor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buruwai_language" title="Buruwai language">Buruwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamberau_language" title="Kamberau language">Kamberau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamoro_language" title="Kamoro language">Kamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sempan_language" title="Sempan language">Sempan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Awyu_languages" title="Greater Awyu languages">Greater Awyu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awyu–Dumut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghu_language" title="Aghu language">Aghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandobo_language" title="Mandobo language">Mandobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_language" title="Kombai language">Kombai–Wanggom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa_language" title="Pisa language">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Papuan)" title="Sawi language (Papuan)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiaxa_language" title="Shiaxa language">Shiaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wambon_language" title="Wambon language">Wambon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Becking–Dawi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komyandaret_language" title="Komyandaret language">Komyandaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_language" title="Korowai language">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsaukambo_language" title="Tsaukambo language">Tsaukambo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ok%E2%80%93Oksapmin_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ok–Oksapmin languages">Ok–Oksapmin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burumakok_language" title="Burumakok language">Burumakok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopka_language" title="Kopka language">Kopkaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iwur_language" title="Iwur language">Iwur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyu_language" title="Muyu language">Muyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninggerum_language" title="Ninggerum language">Ninggerum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonggom_language" title="Yonggom language">Yonggom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimin_language" title="Bimin language">Bimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiwol_language" title="Faiwol language">Faiwol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_language" title="Mian language">Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setaman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Setaman language">Setaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suganga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suganga language">Suganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifal_language" title="Tifal language">Tifal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefol_language" title="Telefol language">Telefol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapmin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urapmin language">Urapmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakai_language" title="Nakai language">Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalum_language" title="Ngalum language">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangko_language" title="Tangko language">Tangko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Bayono%E2%80%93Awbono_languages" title="Bayono–Awbono languages">Bayono–Awbono</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayono_language" title="Bayono language">Bayono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awbono_language" title="Awbono language">Awbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densar_language" title="Densar language">Densar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovojab_language" title="Kovojab language">Kovojab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Komolom_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Komolom languages">Komolom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koneraw_language" title="Koneraw language">Koneraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombum_language" title="Mombum language">Mombum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Somahai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Somahai languages">Somahai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momina language">Momina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momuna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momuna language">Momuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Kutubuan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/East_Kutubuan_languages" title="East Kutubuan languages">East Kutubuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Foe language">Foe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiwaga_language" title="Fiwaga language">Fiwaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/West_Kutubuan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="West Kutubuan languages">West Kutubuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasu_language" title="Fasu language">Fasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Some_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Some language">Some</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namumi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namumi language">Namumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Chimbu–Wahgi_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Jimi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandawo_language" title="Kandawo language">Kandawo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maring_language" title="Maring language">Maring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narak_language" title="Narak language">Narak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Wahgi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nii_language" title="Nii language">Nii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahgi_language" title="Wahgi language">Wahgi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Chimbu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuave_language" title="Chuave language">Chuave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_language" title="Dom language">Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golin_language" title="Golin language">Golin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuman_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Kuman language (New Guinea)">Kuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomane_language" title="Nomane language">Nomane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-Yui_language" title="Salt-Yui language">Salt-Yui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_language" title="Sinasina language">Sinasina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Hagen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaugel_language" title="Kaugel language">Kaguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpa_language" title="Melpa language">Melpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembagla_language" title="Tembagla language">Tembagla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Kainantu–Goroka_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kainantu%E2%80%93Goroka_languages" title="Kainantu–Goroka languages">Kainantu–Goroka languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Goroka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gahuku</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekano_language" title="Alekano language">Alekano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano_language" title="Dano language">Dano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokano_language" title="Tokano language">Tokano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamono–Yagaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaga_language" title="Abaga language">Abaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoke-Yate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inoke-Yate language">Inoke-Yate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamono language">Kamono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanite_language" title="Kanite language">Kanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyagana_language" title="Keyagana language">Ke’yagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagaria_language" title="Yagaria language">Yagaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benabena_language" title="Benabena language">Benabena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_language" title="Fore language">Fore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gende_language" title="Gende language">Gende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimi_language" title="Gimi language">Gimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabi_language" title="Isabi language">Isabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siane_language" title="Siane language">Siane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaweyuha_language" title="Yaweyuha language">Yaweyuha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kainantu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tairora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binumarien_language" title="Binumarien language">Binumarien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambaira_language" title="Kambaira language">Kambaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairoa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tairoa language">Tairoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffa_language" title="Waffa language">Waffa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gauwa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agarabi_language" title="Agarabi language">Agarabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Awa language (Papua New Guinea)">Awa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awiyaana_language" title="Awiyaana language">Awiyaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsup_language" title="Gadsup language">Gadsup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosena_language" title="Kosena language">Kosena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontenu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontenu language">Ontenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oweina_language" title="Oweina language">Oweina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usarufa_language" title="Usarufa language">Usarufa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenati_language" title="Kenati language">Kenati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Madang_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Croisilles_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Croisilles languages">Croisilles</a><br />(Adelbert Range)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dimir-Malas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimir language">Dimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malas language">Malas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaukombar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mala_language" title="Mala language">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiani language">Maiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia_language" title="Maia language">Maia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kowan_languages" title="Kowan languages">Kowan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Korak language">Korak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waskia_language" title="Waskia language">Waskia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kumil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bepour_language" title="Bepour language">Bepour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauwake_language" title="Mauwake language">Mauwake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moere_language" title="Moere language">Moere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numugen_languages" title="Numugen languages">Numugen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilakura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilakura language">Bilakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parawen_language" title="Parawen language">Parawen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukuriguma_language" title="Ukuriguma language">Ukuriguma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usan_language" title="Usan language">Usan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaben_language" title="Yaben language">Yaben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarawata_language" title="Yarawata language">Yarawata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Omosan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kobol_language" title="Kobol language">Kobol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal_language" title="Pal language">Pal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tiboran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kowaki_language" title="Kowaki language">Kowaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawak_language" title="Mawak language">Mawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamosu_language" title="Pamosu language">Pamosu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brem_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Brem language">Brem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Musar language">Musar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanambre_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanambre language">Wanambre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kalam_languages" title="Kalam languages">Kalam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_language" title="Kalam language">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobon_language" title="Kobon language">Kobon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Tai language (New Guinea)">Tai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mabuso_languages" title="Mabuso languages">Mabuso</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kokan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girawa_language" title="Girawa language">Girawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kein_language" title="Kein language">Kein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gum_languages" title="Gum languages">Gum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amele_language" title="Amele language">Amele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bau_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Bau language (New Guinea)">Bau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumalu_language" title="Gumalu language">Gumalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isebe_language" title="Isebe language">Isebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panim_language" title="Panim language">Panim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihan_language" title="Sihan language">Sihan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanseman_languages" title="Hanseman languages">Hanseman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagupi_language" title="Bagupi language">Bagupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baimak_language" title="Baimak language">Baimak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal_language" title="Gal language">Gal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garus_language" title="Garus language">Garus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kare_language_(Papuan)" title="Kare language (Papuan)">Kare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matepi_language" title="Matepi language">Matepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawan_language" title="Mawan language">Mawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosimo_language" title="Mosimo language">Mosimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murupi_language" title="Murupi language">Murupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nake_language" title="Nake language">Nake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobonob_language" title="Nobonob language">Nobonob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rempi_language" title="Rempi language">Rempi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapting_language" title="Rapting language">Rapting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosa_language" title="Samosa language">Samosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruga_language" title="Saruga language">Saruga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silopi_language" title="Silopi language">Silopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu_language" title="Utu language">Utu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagi_language" title="Wagi language">Wagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamas_language" title="Wamas language">Wamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoidik_language" title="Yoidik language">Yoidik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munit_language" title="Munit language">Munit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mindjim_languages" title="Mindjim languages">Mindjim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjam_language" title="Anjam language">Anjam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongu_language" title="Bongu language">Bongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_language_(Papuan)" title="Male language (Papuan)">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_language" title="Sam language">Sam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Rai_Coast_languages" title="Rai Coast languages">Rai Coast</a> <br />(South Madang)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awung</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jilim_language" title="Jilim language">Jilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerau_language" title="Rerau language">Rerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangulam_language" title="Yangulam language">Yangulam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brahman_languages" title="Brahman languages">Brahman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biyom_language" title="Biyom language">Biyom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauya_language" title="Tauya language">Tauya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evapia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kesawai_language" title="Kesawai language">Kesawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsauru_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinsauru language">Sinsauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausi_language" title="Sausi language">Sausi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danaru_language" title="Danaru language">Danaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sop_language" title="Sop language">Sop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumau_language" title="Sumau language">Sumau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urigina_language" title="Urigina language">Urigina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuru</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duduela_language" title="Duduela language">Duduela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwato_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwato language">Kwato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogea_language" title="Ogea language">Ogea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uya_language" title="Uya language">Uya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kabenau</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawum_language" title="Arawum language">Arawum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumpu language">Dumpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolom_language" title="Kolom language">Kolom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemio_language" title="Lemio language">Lemio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siroi_language" title="Siroi language">Siroi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulabu_language" title="Pulabu language">Pulabu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Adelbert_languages" title="Southern Adelbert languages">Southern Adelbert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tomul (Josephstaal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anam_language" title="Anam language">Anam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamgura_language" title="Anamgura language">Anamgura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresada_language" title="Moresada language">Moresada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Osum language">Osum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadaginam_language" title="Wadaginam language">Wadaginam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sogeram_languages" title="Sogeram languages">Sogeram</a> (Wanang)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apali_language" title="Apali language">Apali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atemble_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Atemble language">Atemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faita_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Faita language">Faita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mag%C9%A8yi_language" title="Magɨyi language">Magɨyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Musak language">Musak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nend_language" title="Nend language">Nend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mum_language" title="Mum language">Mum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paynamar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paynamar language">Paynamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sileibi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sileibi language">Sileibi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yaganon_languages" title="Yaganon languages">Yaganon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumun_language" title="Dumun language">Dumun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganglau_language" title="Ganglau language">Ganglau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saep_language" title="Saep language">Saep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabong_language" title="Yabong language">Yabong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">(unclear)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaimon_language" title="Amaimon language">Amaimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargam_language" title="Bargam language">Bargam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gants_language" title="Gants language">Gants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasembo_language" title="Wasembo language">Wasembo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamben_language" title="Yamben language">Yamben</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Finisterre–Huon_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre–Huon languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Finisterre_languages" title="Finisterre languages">Finisterre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erap</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finongan_language" title="Finongan language">Finongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusan language">Gusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamaa_language" title="Mamaa language">Mamaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkip_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Munkip language">Munkip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakama_language" title="Nakama language">Nakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nek_language" title="Nek language">Nek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimi_language" title="Nimi language">Nimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuk_language" title="Nuk language">Nuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numanggang_language" title="Numanggang language">Numanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Manda_language" title="Ma Manda language">Sauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_language" title="Uri language">Uri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gusap–Mot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyo_language" title="Iyo language">Iyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madi_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madi language (Papuan)">Madi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neko_language" title="Neko language">Neko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekgini_language" title="Nekgini language">Nekgini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaing_language" title="Ngaing language">Ngaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_language" title="Rawa language">Rawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufim_language" title="Ufim language">Ufim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uruwa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakam language">Sakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Som_language" title="Som language">Som</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukna_language" title="Nukna language">Nukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yau language">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weliki_language" title="Weliki language">Weliki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wantoat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awara_language" title="Awara language">Awara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wantoat_language" title="Wantoat language">Wantoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuma-Irumu_language" title="Tuma-Irumu language">Tuma-Irumu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaro%27o_language" title="Asaro'o language">Asaro'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgebi_language" title="Bulgebi language">Bulgebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenan_language" title="Degenan language">Degenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forak_language" title="Forak language">Forak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guya_language" title="Guya language">Guya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwahatike_language" title="Gwahatike language">Gwahatike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratayak_language" title="Muratayak language">Muratayak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yupna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonkiman_language" title="Bonkiman language">Bonkiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domung_language" title="Domung language">Domung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma language (Papuan)">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankina_language" title="Nankina language">Nankina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yopno_language" title="Yopno language">Yopno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yout_Wam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yout Wam language">Yout Wam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Huon_languages" title="Huon languages">Huon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedua_language" title="Dedua language">Dedua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2te_language" title="Kâte language">Kâte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovai_language" title="Kovai language">Kovai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kube_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kube language">Kube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mape_language" title="Mape language">Mape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migabac_language" title="Migabac language">Migabac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momare_language" title="Momare language">Momare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sene_language" title="Sene language">Sene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobo language">Tobo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burum_language" title="Burum language">Burum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borong_language" title="Borong language">Borong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinalakna_language" title="Kinalakna language">Kinalakna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komba_language" title="Komba language">Komba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumokio_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumokio language">Kumokio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mese language">Mese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabak_language" title="Nabak language">Nabak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomu_language" title="Nomu language">Nomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ono_language" title="Ono language">Ono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selepet_language" title="Selepet language">Selepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialum_language" title="Sialum language">Sialum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbe_language" title="Timbe language">Timbe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Southeast_Papuan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Papuan_languages" title="Southeast Papuan languages">Southeast Papuan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grass_Koiari_language" title="Grass Koiari language">Grass Koiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Koiali_language" title="Mountain Koiali language">Mountain Koiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koita_language" title="Koita language">Koitabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barai_language" title="Barai language">Barai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namiae_language" title="Namiae language">Namiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ese_language" title="Ese language">Ese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mie_language" title="Ömie language">Ömie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humene_language" title="Humene language">Humene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwale_language" title="Kwale language">Uare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulaha_language" title="Mulaha language">Mulaha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doromu_language" title="Doromu language">Doromu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Maria language (Papua New Guinea)">Maria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moikodi_language" title="Moikodi language">Moikodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneme_Wake_language" title="Aneme Wake language">Aneme Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Bereho_language" title="Aga Bereho language">Bariji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaru_language" title="Nawaru language">Nawaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yareba_language" title="Yareba language">Yareba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauwaki_language" title="Bauwaki language">Bauwaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domu_language" title="Domu language">Domu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binahari_language" title="Binahari language">Binahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morawa_language" title="Morawa language">Morawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailu_language" title="Mailu language">Mailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laua_language" title="Laua language">Laua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Dagan_languages" title="Dagan languages">Dagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daga_language" title="Daga language">Daga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapena_language" title="Mapena language">Mapena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiwa_language_(Papuan)" title="Maiwa language (Papuan)">Maiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dima_language" title="Dima language">Dima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginuman_language" title="Ginuman language">Ginuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanasi_language" title="Kanasi language">Kanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onjob_language" title="Onjob language">Onjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umanakaina_language" title="Umanakaina language">Umanakaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turaka_language" title="Turaka language">Turaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Anim_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anim_languages" title="Anim languages">Anim languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Tirio_languages" title="Tirio languages">Tirio</a> (Lower Fly)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baramu_language" title="Baramu language">Baramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitur_language" title="Bitur language">Bitur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makayam_language" title="Makayam language">Makayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Were_language" title="Were language">Were</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Boazi_languages" title="Boazi languages">Boazi</a> (Lake Murray)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boazi_language" title="Boazi language">Boazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimakani_language" title="Zimakani language">Zimakani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Marind%E2%80%93Yaqai_languages" title="Marind–Yaqai languages">Marind–Yaqai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipim_language" title="Bipim language">Bipim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_language" title="Marind language">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqay_language" title="Yaqay language">Yaqay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Inland_Gulf_languages" title="Inland Gulf languages">Inland Gulf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ipiko_language" title="Ipiko language">Ipiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foia_Foia_language" title="Foia Foia language">Foia Foia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoia_Hoia_language" title="Hoia Hoia language">Hoia Hoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubami_language" title="Mubami language">Mubami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Other_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other families</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akoye_language" title="Akoye language">Akoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angaataha_language" title="Angaataha language">Angaataha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankave_language" title="Ankave language">Ankave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamtai_language" title="Hamtai language">Hamtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasa_language" title="Kamasa language">Kamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawacha_language" title="Kawacha language">Kawacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menya_language" title="Menya language">Menya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeyoka_language" title="Safeyoka language">Safeyoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbari_language" title="Simbari language">Simbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susuami_language" title="Susuami language">Susuami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tainae_language" title="Tainae language">Tainae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagwoia_language" title="Yagwoia language">Yagwoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yipma_language" title="Yipma language">Yipma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Awin%E2%80%93Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin–Pa languages">Awin–Pa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awin_language" title="Awin language">Awin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_language" title="Pa language">Pa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Binanderean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Binanderean languages">Binanderean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baruga_language" title="Baruga language">Baruga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binandere_language" title="Binandere language">Binandere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewage_language" title="Ewage language">Ewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korafe_language" title="Korafe language">Korafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orokaiva_language" title="Orokaiva language">Orokaiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suena_language" title="Suena language">Suena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekora_language" title="Yekora language">Yekora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_language" title="Zia language">Zia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimele_language" title="Aimele language">Aimele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beami_language" title="Beami language">Beami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edolo_language" title="Edolo language">Edolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluli_language" title="Kaluli language">Kaluli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasua_language" title="Kasua language">Kasua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onobasulu_language" title="Onobasulu language">Onobasulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_language" title="Sonia language">Sonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Duna%E2%80%93Pogaya_languages" title="Duna–Pogaya languages">Duna–Pogaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duna_language" title="Duna language">Duna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogaya_language" title="Pogaya language">Pogaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fembe_language" title="Fembe language">Fembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobasi_language" title="Gobasi language">Gobasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konai_language" title="Konai language">Konai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubo_language" title="Kubo language">Kubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoodee_language" title="Odoodee language">Odoodee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Samo language (New Guinea)">Samo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angal_language" title="Angal language">Angal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nete_language" title="Nete language">Bisorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga_language" title="Enga language">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huli_language" title="Huli language">Huli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipili_language" title="Ipili language">Ipili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewa_language" title="Kewa language">Kewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaka_language" title="Kyaka language">Kyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembena_language" title="Lembena language">Lembena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samberigi_language" title="Samberigi language">Samberigi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala–Suki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suki_language" title="Suki language">Suki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala_language" title="Gogodala language">Gogodala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ari_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Ari language (New Guinea)">Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waruna_language" title="Waruna language">Waruna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuyug_language" title="Fuyug language">Fuyug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauade_language" title="Tauade language">Tauade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biangai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biangai language">Biangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunimaipa_language" title="Kunimaipa language">Kunimaipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Weri language">Weri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kayagaric_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayagaric languages">Kayagaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atohwaim_language" title="Atohwaim language">Atohwaim</a> (Kaugat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogo language">Yogo</a> (Tamagario)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_language" title="Kayagar language">Kayagar</a> (Kaygir)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagario_language" title="Tamagario language">Tamagario</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamu_language" title="Bamu language">Bami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerewo_language" title="Kerewo language">Kerewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwai_language" title="Kiwai language">Kiwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morigi_language" title="Morigi language">Morigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waboda_language" title="Waboda language">Waboda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimaama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimaama language">Kimaama</a> (Kimaghama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riantana_language" title="Riantana language">Riantana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndom_language" title="Ndom language">Ndom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikobi_language" title="Ikobi language">Ikobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omati_language" title="Omati language">Omati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumu_language" title="Rumu language">Rumu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moraori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moraori language">Moraori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Papuan_language_families_(Palmer_2018_classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Papuan_languages" title="Template:Papuan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Papuan_languages" title="Template talk:Papuan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Papuan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Papuan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Papuan_language_families_(Palmer_2018_classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan language families</a> <br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages#Palmer_(2018)" title="Papuan languages">Palmer 2018</a> classification)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trans-New_Guinea_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-New Guinea languages">Trans-New Guinea</a> <br />subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok-Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Kamoro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat-Kamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_languages" title="Mek languages">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somahai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Somahai languages">Somahai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anim_languages" title="Anim languages">Anim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Awyu_languages" title="Greater Awyu languages">Greater Awyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagaric_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayagaric languages">Kayagaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marori language">Marori</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala-Suki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikori_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Turama–Kikori languages">Turama-Kikori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awin%E2%80%93Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin–Pa languages">Awin-Pa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre-Huon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainantu%E2%80%93Goroka_languages" title="Kainantu–Goroka languages">Kainantu-Goroka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu-Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Enga-Kewa-Huli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duna-Bogaya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Duna-Bogaya languages">Duna-Bogaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula" title="Papuan Peninsula">Papuan Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Binanderean_languages" title="Greater Binanderean languages">Greater Binanderean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagan_languages" title="Dagan languages">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor-Alor-Pantar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a></i><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="Nuclear South Bird's Head languages">Nuclear South Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanwatan%E2%80%93Duriankere_languages" title="Inanwatan–Duriankere languages">Inanwatan–Duriankere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konda%E2%80%93Yahadian_languages" title="Konda–Yahadian languages">Konda–Yahadian</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantion%E2%80%93Meax_languages" title="Mantion–Meax languages">Nuclear East Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatam%E2%80%93Mansim_languages" title="Hatam–Mansim languages">Hatam–Mansim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Tanah Merah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tor%E2%80%93Kwerba_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor–Kwerba languages">Tor-Kwerba</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Sko</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Bay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pauwasi_languages" title="East Pauwasi languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pauwasi_languages" title="West Pauwasi languages">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_languages" title="Nimboran languages">Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentani languages">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki%E2%80%93Murkim_languages" title="Lepki–Murkim languages">Lepki-Murkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angor_language" title="Angor language">Angor</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dera_language" title="Dera language">Dera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofanma%E2%80%93Namla_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tofanma–Namla languages">Tofanma-Namla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yapen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kapauri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapauri language">Kapauri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yetfa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yetfa language">Yetfa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayono%E2%80%93Awbono_languages" title="Bayono–Awbono languages">Bayono-Awbono</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uhunduni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhunduni language">Uhunduni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepik" title="Sepik">Sepik</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu">Ramu</a> basin <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu%E2%80%93Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Ramu–Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik-Ramu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwomtari languages">Kwomtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Schultze_languages" title="Leonhard Schultze languages">Leonhard Schultze</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walio_languages" title="Walio languages">Walio</a>-<a href="/wiki/Papi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Papi languages">Papi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arafundi_languages" title="Arafundi languages">Arafundi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Piawi_languages" title="Piawi languages">Piawi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amto%E2%80%93Musan_languages" title="Amto–Musan languages">Amto-Musan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Papuan)" title="Busa language (Papuan)">Busa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Tayap</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yad%C3%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadë language">Yadë</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marienberg_languages" title="Marienberg languages">Marienberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapesh_languages" title="Arapesh languages">Arapesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urim_languages" title="Urim languages">Urim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimai_languages" title="Maimai languages">Maimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapei_languages" title="Wapei languages">Wapei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palei_languages" title="Palei languages">Palei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_languages" title="One languages">One</a> (West Wapei)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumbo_languages" title="Monumbo languages">Monumbo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Sepik_languages" title="Middle Sepik languages">Middle Sepik</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndu_languages" title="Ndu languages">Ndu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuma_languages" title="Nukuma languages">Nukuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_languages" title="Yellow River languages">Yellow River</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yerakai_language" title="Yerakai language">Yerakai</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sepik_languages" title="Upper Sepik languages">Upper Sepik</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wogamus_languages" title="Wogamus languages">Wogamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwam_languages" title="Iwam languages">Iwam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abau_language" title="Abau language">Abau</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_Hill_languages" title="Sepik Hill languages">Sepik Hill</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_languages" title="Tama languages">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_languages" title="Ram languages">Ram</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amal_language" title="Amal language">Amal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Ramu_languages" title="Lower Ramu languages">Lower Ramu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottilien_languages" title="Ottilien languages">Ottilien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misegian_languages" title="Misegian languages">Misegian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ramu_languages" title="Middle Ramu languages">Middle Ramu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grass_languages" title="Grass languages">Grass</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamolan_languages" title="Tamolan languages">Tamolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataitan_languages" title="Ataitan languages">Ataitan</a> (Tanggu)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Papua" title="Gulf of Papua">Gulf of Papua</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahoturi_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahoturi River languages">Pahoturi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriomo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriomo languages">Oriomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso-Turumsa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Doso-Turumsa languages">Doso-Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komolom_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Komolom languages">Komolom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelmek-Maklew_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelmek-Maklew languages">Yelmek-Maklew</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dibiyaso_language" title="Dibiyaso language">Dibiyaso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamula_language" title="Kamula language">Kamula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karami_language" title="Karami language">Karami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purari_language" title="Purari language">Purari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabo_language" title="Tabo language">Tabo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baining_languages" title="Baining languages">Baining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulil%E2%80%93Butam_languages" title="Taulil–Butam languages">Butam-Taulil</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makolkol_language" title="Makolkol language">Makolkol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island" title="Rossel Island">Rossel Island</a> <br />isolate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pauwasi_languages" title="South Pauwasi languages">South Pauwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Papuan_languages" title="Southeast Papuan languages">Southeast Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat–Mombum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly%E2%80%93Bulaka_River_languages" title="Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages">Trans-Fly–Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%E2%80%93Kwerba_languages" title="Dani–Kwerba languages">Dani–Kwerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_%E2%80%93_Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head – Sentani languages">East Bird's Head – Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari%E2%80%93Fas_languages" title="Kwomtari–Fas languages">Kwomtari–Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_%E2%80%93_Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Left May – Kwomtari languages">Left May – Kwomtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor%E2%80%93Kwerba%E2%80%93Nimboran_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran languages">Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="West Trans–New Guinea languages">West Trans–New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_Highlands_languages" title="West Papuan Highlands languages">West Papuan Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_and_South_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central and South New Guinea languages">Central and South New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_West_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central West New Guinea languages">Central West New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Guinea_Highlands_languages" title="East New Guinea Highlands languages">East New Guinea Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_%E2%80%93_West_New_Britain_languages" title="Yele – West New Britain languages">Yele – West New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik%E2%80%93Ramu_languages" title="Sepik–Ramu languages">Sepik–Ramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Trans–New Guinea">Proto-Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trans–New_Guinea_languages&oldid=1240383517">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trans–New_Guinea_languages&oldid=1240383517</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Category:Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proposed_language_families" title="Category:Proposed language families">Proposed language families</a></li><li><a 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