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id="toc-Early_2000s_modernization_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peacekeeping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peacekeeping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Peacekeeping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peacekeeping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Role of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_Canadian_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Canadian_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Royal Canadian Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Canadian_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Canadian Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Royal Canadian Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Canadian_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Joint_Operations_Command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Joint_Operations_Command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Canadian Joint Operations Command</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Joint_Operations_Command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Special_Operations_Forces_Command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Special_Operations_Forces_Command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Canadian Special Operations Forces Command</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Special_Operations_Forces_Command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_Management_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_Management_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Information Management Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_Management_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Canadian_Medical_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Canadian_Medical_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Royal Canadian Medical Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Canadian_Medical_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Canadian_Dental_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Canadian_Dental_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Royal Canadian Dental Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Canadian_Dental_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Forces_Health_Services_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Forces_Health_Services_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Canadian Forces Health Services Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Forces_Health_Services_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Armed_Forces_Cyber_Command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Armed_Forces_Cyber_Command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Canadian Armed Forces Cyber Command</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Armed_Forces_Cyber_Command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Armed_Forces_Reserve_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Armed_Forces_Reserve_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canadian_Armed_Forces_Reserve_Force-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Armed_Forces_Reserve_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_Reserve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_Reserve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Primary Reserve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_Reserve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cadet_Organizations_Administration_and_Training_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadet_Organizations_Administration_and_Training_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadet_Organizations_Administration_and_Training_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Rangers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Rangers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Canadian Rangers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Rangers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Defence policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Defence_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Defence policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Defence_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_expenditures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_expenditures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Military expenditures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_expenditures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ranks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uniforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Symbolism and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadian Armed Forces</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القوات المسلحة الكندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القوات المسلحة الكندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_Silahl%C4%B1_Q%C3%BCvv%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Kanada Silahlı Qüvvələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kanada Silahlı Qüvvələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Узброеныя сілы Канады – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Узброеныя сілы Канады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_Canadenques" title="Forces Canadenques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Forces Canadenques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadische_Streitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Kanadische Streitkräfte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanadische Streitkräfte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_relvaj%C3%B5ud" title="Kanada relvajõud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kanada relvajõud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Καναδικές Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καναδικές Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_Armadas_Canadienses" title="Fuerzas Armadas Canadienses – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuerzas Armadas Canadienses" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_armeo" title="Kanada armeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanada armeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="نیروهای مسلح کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروهای مسلح کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_arm%C3%A9es_canadiennes" title="Forces armées canadiennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forces armées canadiennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4%EA%B5%B0" title="캐나다군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կանադայի զինված ուժեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանադայի զինված ուժեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Bersenjata_Kanada" title="Angkatan Bersenjata Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angkatan Bersenjata Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canadian Armed Forces" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="הכוחות המזוינים של קנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכוחות המזוינים של קנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanados_ginkluotosios_paj%C4%97gos" title="Kanados ginkluotosios pajėgos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanados ginkluotosios pajėgos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_hadereje" title="Kanada hadereje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kanada hadereje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadese_strijdkrachten" title="Canadese strijdkrachten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Canadese strijdkrachten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E8%BB%8D" title="カナダ軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダ軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadas_forsvar" title="Canadas forsvar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Canadas forsvar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_qurolli_kuchlari" title="Kanada qurolli kuchlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kanada qurolli kuchlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadyjskie_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne" title="Kanadyjskie Siły Zbrojne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kanadyjskie Siły Zbrojne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7as_Armadas_Canadianas" title="Forças Armadas Canadianas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forças Armadas Canadianas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unified military forces of Canada</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Canadian Armed Forces</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Forces armées canadiennes</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Forces_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Canadian_Forces_emblem.svg/200px-Canadian_Forces_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Canadian_Forces_emblem.svg/300px-Canadian_Forces_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Canadian_Forces_emblem.svg/400px-Canadian_Forces_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="281" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">Badge</a> of the Canadian Armed Forces<sup id="cite_ref-Badge_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Canadian_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Canadian_Forces.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Canadian_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Canadian_Forces.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Canadian_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Canadian_Forces.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Canadian_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the Canadian Armed Forces</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current form</th><td class="infobox-data">1 February 1968</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Service branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Naval_Ensign_of_Canada.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Naval_Ensign_of_Canada.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Naval_Ensign_of_Canada.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Canadian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Canadian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Canadian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Canadian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Canadian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Canadian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Canada.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Canada.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Canada.svg/46px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Headquarters#Military" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Headquarters_(Canada)" title="National Defence Headquarters (Canada)">National Defence Headquarters</a>, Ottawa, Ontario</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence/caf.html">www<wbr />.canada<wbr />.ca<wbr />/en<wbr />/services<wbr />/defence<wbr />/caf<wbr />.html</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644943#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_leadership" title="Category:Military leadership">Leadership</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces">Commander-in-Chief</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">King of Canada</a><br />Represented by<br /> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence (Canada)">Minister of National Defence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Blair_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Blair (politician)">Bill Blair</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Canada)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada)">Chief of the Defence Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_(Canada)" title="General (Canada)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jennie_Carignan" title="Jennie Carignan">Jennie Carignan</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Canada)" title="Vice Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada)">Vice Chief of the Defence Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant-general (Canada)">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kelsey" title="Stephen Kelsey">Stephen Kelsey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Chief_Warrant_Officer" title="Canadian Forces Chief Warrant Officer">Chief Warrant Officer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Warrant_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Warrant Officer">CWO</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_McCann_(soldier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bob McCann (soldier) (page does not exist)">Bob McCann</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Personnel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military age</th><td class="infobox-data">16–60 years old<sup id="cite_ref-Age_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Age-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active personnel</th><td class="infobox-data">approx. 68,000 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-stats_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">Reserve personnel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">approx. 27,000 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-stats_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_deployment" title="Military deployment">Deployed personnel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">approx. 3,000<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Expenditure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>27.2 billion</span> (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI-2023_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-2023-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">ranked 16th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Percent of GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.3% (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI-2023_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-2023-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_acquisition" title="Military acquisition">Industry</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de"><i>List</i></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <a href="/wiki/L-3_Communications_MAS" class="mw-redirect" title="L-3 Communications MAS">L-3 Communications MAS</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Aerospace">Bombardier Aerospace</a><br /><a href="/wiki/CAE_Inc." title="CAE Inc.">CAE</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meggitt" title="Meggitt">Meggitt Training Systems Canada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Colt_Canada" title="Colt Canada">Colt Canada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Textron" title="Textron">Textron Systems Canada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kongsberg_Gruppen" title="Kongsberg Gruppen">Kongsberg Protech Systems Canada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall" title="Rheinmetall">Rheinmetall Defence Canada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irving_Shipbuilding" title="Irving Shipbuilding">Irving Shipbuilding Inc.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_Land_Systems" title="General Dynamics Land Systems">General Dynamics Land Systems Canada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon Canada Limited</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Seaspan_Marine_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaspan Marine Corporation">Seaspan Marine Corporation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thales_Air_Defence" title="Thales Air Defence">Thales Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Related articles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de"><i>List of engagements</i></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Raids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenian Raids">Fenian Raids</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Wolseley_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolseley Expedition">Wolseley Expedition</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan War</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan Civil War">2011 Libyan Civil War</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Operation_Serval" title="Operation Serval">Operation Serval</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/2014_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">2014 military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unifier" title="Operation Unifier">Operation Unifier</a>, aid to <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Armed Forces">Ukrainian Armed Forces</a> 2015-present </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_ranks_and_insignia" title="Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia">Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Canadian Armed Forces</b> (<b>CAF</b>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Forces armées canadiennes</i>, <i>FAC</i>) are the unified <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military forces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, including land, sea, and air commands referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CAF also operates several other commands, including the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">Canadian Forces Intelligence Command</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Joint_Operations_Command" title="Canadian Joint Operations Command">Canadian Joint Operations Command</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Special_Operations_Forces_Command" title="Canadian Special Operations Forces Command">Canadian Special Operations Forces Command</a>. Personnel may belong to either the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Force" title="Regular Force">Regular Force</a> or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Reserve" title="Primary Reserve">Primary Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Supplementary_Reserve" title="Canadian Forces Supplementary Reserve">Supplementary Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadet_Organizations_Administration_and_Training_Service" title="Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service">Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rangers" title="Canadian Rangers">Canadian Rangers</a>. Under the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Act" title="National Defence Act">National Defence Act</a></i>, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Department of National Defence (Canada)">Department of National Defence</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">federal government department</a> responsible for the administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the forces.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces">commander-in-chief of the Canadian Armed Forces</a> is constitutionally vested in the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarch</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crown_powers_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crown_powers-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GG1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GG1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Canada)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada)">chief of the Defence Staff</a> is the professional head of the Canadian Armed Forces, who under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence (Canada)">minister of national defence</a> and together with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Council (Canada)">Armed Forces Council</a>, manages the operations of the Canadian Armed Forces. </p><p>In 2023, Canada's military expenditure totalled approximately US$27.2 billion, or around 1.3 percent of the country's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) — placing it 16th for <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">military expenditure by country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI-2023_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-2023-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian Armed Forces are a professional <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_military" title="Volunteer military">volunteer force</a> that consists of approximately 68,000 active personnel and 27,000 reserve personnel, with a sub-component of approximately 5,000 Canadian Rangers.<sup id="cite_ref-stats_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Canada's peacekeeping role</a> during the 20th century has played a major role in its positive global image.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations (UN),<sup id="cite_ref-Massie_2019_pp._575–594_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massie_2019_pp._575–594-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mingst_Karns_2019_p._63_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mingst_Karns_2019_p._63-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Massie_2019_pp._575–594_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massie_2019_pp._575–594-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mingst_Karns_2019_p._63_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mingst_Karns_2019_p._63-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 21st century, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts greatly declined, with its military participation reallocated to UN-sanctioned operations through the <a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_operations" title="List of NATO operations">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO).<sup id="cite_ref-McQuaig2010bt_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McQuaig2010bt-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canadian_Army" title="History of the Canadian Army">History of the Canadian Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="History of the Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="History of the Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces#History" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces">Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_establishment">Origins and establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Canadian Armed Forces">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Canadian_Militia,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg/220px-The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg/330px-The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg/440px-The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Uniforms of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian militia">Canadian militia</a> in 1898. The Canadian Army traces its roots to the militia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_militia_in_Canada" title="Colonial militia in Canada">local militia groups</a>. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">American forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a>. Consequently, the lineages of some Canadian Army units stretch back to the late 18th century, when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> against invasion by the United States. </p><p>The responsibility for military command remained with the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British Crown</a>-<a href="/wiki/Queen-in-Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen-in-Council">in-Council</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_North_America" title="Commander-in-Chief, North America">commander-in-chief for North America</a> stationed in <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax</a> until the final withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> units from the city in 1906. Thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a>. These forces were organized under the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Militia_and_Defence_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Militia and Defence (Canada)">Department of Militia and Defence</a>, and split into the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Permanent Active Militia">Permanent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Non-Permanent Active Militia">Non-Permanent Active Militias</a>—frequently shortened to simply <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian militia">The Militia</a>.</i> By 1923, the department was merged into the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Department of National Defence (Canada)">Department of National Defence</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg/220px-Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg/330px-Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg/440px-Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Division" title="2nd Canadian Division">2nd Canadian Division</a> behind a <a href="/wiki/Mark_II_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark II tank">Mark II</a> <a href="/wiki/Female_tank" title="Female tank">female tank</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Battle of Vimy Ridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first significant overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres. Battles that are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Battle of Vimy Ridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Second Battle of Passchendaele">Second Battle of Passchendaele</a>, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Hundred_Days" title="Canada's Hundred Days">series of attacks undertaken</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Corps" title="Canadian Corps">Canadian Corps</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a>. </p><p>During this period, a distinctly Canadian army and navy were established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Government">British government</a> until Canada gained <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">legislative independence</a> from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1940, the Canadian militia was formally renamed the Canadian Army. However, in the 1950s, Reserve Army forces were once again referred to in official documentation as "Militia", which, although rare, is still used to refer to part-time members. </p><p>Canadian Forces entered the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in September 1939, after the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canadian Crown-in-Council</a> declared war on <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Battles and campaigns during the Second World War that was particularly notable to the Canadian military include the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">invasion of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine">Siegfried Line Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Operation Veritable</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing of German cities</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCAF_Typhoon_Holland_1944_IWM_CL_1598.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/RCAF_Typhoon_Holland_1944_IWM_CL_1598.jpg/220px-RCAF_Typhoon_Holland_1944_IWM_CL_1598.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/RCAF_Typhoon_Holland_1944_IWM_CL_1598.jpg/330px-RCAF_Typhoon_Holland_1944_IWM_CL_1598.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/RCAF_Typhoon_Holland_1944_IWM_CL_1598.jpg/440px-RCAF_Typhoon_Holland_1944_IWM_CL_1598.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Two armourers of <a href="/wiki/440_Transport_Squadron" title="440 Transport Squadron">No. 440 Squadron RCAF</a>, re-arming a <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Hawker Typhoon</a>. By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> for overseas service was <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">introduced only near the end of the war</a>, and only 2,400 conscripts made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_military_operations" title="List of Canadian military operations">completed 72 international operations</a>. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">First Gulf War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, and in United Nations <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> operations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Libya. Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_unification">Since unification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Since unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces">Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces_in_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of the Canadian Armed Forces in 1989">Structure of the Canadian Armed Forces in 1989</a></div> <p>The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-ML_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ML-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands, known as Air Command, Land Force, and Maritime Command. On 16 August 2011, the names for the three elemental commands were reverted to their historical predecessor, although the unified structure of the Canadian Armed Forces was maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuardKandahar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/GuardKandahar.jpg/220px-GuardKandahar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/GuardKandahar.jpg/330px-GuardKandahar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/GuardKandahar.jpg/440px-GuardKandahar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Grenadier_Guards" title="Canadian Grenadier Guards">Canadian Grenadier Guards</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. The Canadian Forces were in Afghanistan as a part of the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>-led United Nations <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> until 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>Deployment of Land Forces during this period has included NATO efforts in Europe, peacekeeping operations within United Nations-sanctioned conflicts and combat missions. The Canadian Forces deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan. </p><p>The Forces have also deployed domestically to provide aid during emergencies and natural disasters. Over 8,500 military personnel were sent to Manitoba after the <a href="/wiki/1997_Red_River_flood" title="1997 Red River flood">1997 Red River flood</a> to help with evacuation, building dikes, and other flood-fighting efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operation was considered a "public relations bonanza" for the military.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-B.)Head2009_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B.)Head2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Forces were also deployed after the <a href="/wiki/North_American_ice_storm_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="North American ice storm of 1998">North American ice storm of 1998</a>, with relief efforts beginning on 8 January, after the provinces of New Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec requested aid.<sup id="cite_ref-Draper2011_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draper2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 16,000 troops were deployed, making it the largest deployment of troops ever to serve on Canadian soil in response to a <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-B.)Head2009_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B.)Head2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the largest operational deployment of Canadian military personnel since the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miskel2008_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miskel2008-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Forces were also deployed to British Columbia from 3 August to 16 September 2003, as a part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Peregrine" title="Operation Peregrine">Operation Peregrine</a>. The operation was conducted after the province was overwhelmed by 800 separate forest fires, and the provincial government requested federal aid. Over 2,200 soldiers were mobilized, and at its height, more than 2,600 military personnel participated in the 45-day operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Peregrine_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peregrine-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_2000s_modernization_efforts">Early 2000s modernization efforts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early 2000s modernization efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federal_budget" title="Canadian federal budget">federal budget</a>. For the 2007–2010 <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a>, the amount allocated for defence spending was <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>6.15 billion which is 1.4 percent of the country's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional CA$12.5 billion over five years, as well as a commitment to increasing regular force troop levels by 5,000 persons, and the primary reserve by 4,500 over the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was further augmented in 2010, with another CA$5.3 billion over five years being provided to allow for 13,000 more regular force members, and 10,000 more primary reserve personnel, as well as <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$17.1 billion</span> for the purchase of new trucks for the Canadian Army, transport aircraft and helicopters for the Royal Canadian Air Force, and <a href="/wiki/Joint_Support_Ship_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Support Ship Project">joint support ships</a> for the Royal Canadian Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMCS_Harry_Dewolf_under_construction_May_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/HMCS_Harry_Dewolf_under_construction_May_2018.jpg/220px-HMCS_Harry_Dewolf_under_construction_May_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/HMCS_Harry_Dewolf_under_construction_May_2018.jpg/330px-HMCS_Harry_Dewolf_under_construction_May_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/HMCS_Harry_Dewolf_under_construction_May_2018.jpg/440px-HMCS_Harry_Dewolf_under_construction_May_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2106" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Construction of a <a href="/wiki/Harry_DeWolf-class_offshore_patrol_vessel" title="Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol vessel"><i>Harry DeWolf</i>-class offshore patrol vessel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Shipyard" title="Halifax Shipyard">Halifax Shipyard</a> in 2018. The ship emerged from the Arctic Patrol Ship project.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2008, the Government of Canada began efforts, through the "<a href="/wiki/Canada_First_Defence_Strategy" title="Canada First Defence Strategy">Canada First Defence Strategy</a>", to modernize the Forces, through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness, as well as the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Special_Operations_Regiment" title="Canadian Special Operations Regiment">Canadian Special Operations Regiment</a>. More funds were also put towards recruitment, which had been dwindling throughout the 1980s and 1990s, possibly because the Canadian populace had come to perceive the Forces as peacekeepers rather than as soldiers, as shown in a 2008 survey conducted by the Department of National Defence. The poll found that nearly two-thirds of Canadians agreed with <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_role_in_the_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada's role in the invasion of Afghanistan">the country's participation in the invasion of Afghanistan</a>, and that the military should be stronger, but also that the purpose of the forces should be different, such as more focused on responding to <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) <a href="/wiki/Walter_Natynczyk" title="Walter Natynczyk">Walter Natynczyk</a> said later that year that, while recruiting has become more successful, the Forces was facing a problem with its rate of loss of existing members, which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6% to 9.2% annually.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renewal and re-equipment efforts have resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called "core capabilities" (such as the air force's medium-range transport aircraft fleet—the <a href="/wiki/C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a>—and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new systems (such as <a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 Globemaster III</a> strategic transport aircraft and <a href="/wiki/CH-47_Chinook" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-47 Chinook">CH-47 Chinook</a> heavy-lift helicopters) have also been acquired for the Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-forces.gc.ca_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forces.gc.ca-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peacekeeping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Canadian peacekeeping</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN-Marty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a person in a military uniform wearing a United Nations blue helmet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/UN-Marty.jpg/220px-UN-Marty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/UN-Marty.jpg/330px-UN-Marty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/UN-Marty.jpg/440px-UN-Marty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption>Canadian peacekeeper in 1976 wearing the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">flag of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_beret" title="Blue beret">UN blue helmet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Canada has served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> effort from its inception until 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_peacekeeping_Rudderham_2008_pp._359–384_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_peacekeeping_Rudderham_2008_pp._359–384-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 125,000 Canadians have served in international peacekeeping operations, with approximately 130 Canadians having died during these operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_peacekeeping_The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2013_y796_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_peacekeeping_The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2013_y796-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada's strong support for <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a> has been closely related to its peacekeeping efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_peacekeeping_Munton_Keating_2001_pp._517–549_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_peacekeeping_Munton_Keating_2001_pp._517–549-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada's role in the development of and participation in <a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeeping during the 20th century</a> led to its reputation as a positive <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_peacekeeping_Chapnick2011a_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_peacekeeping_Chapnick2011a-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_peacekeeping_Gabryś_Soroka_2017_p._39_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_peacekeeping_Gabryś_Soroka_2017_p._39-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada's successful role in mediating the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Canal Crisis">Suez Canal Crisis</a> gave it credibility and established it as a country fighting for the common good of all nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_peacekeeping_Donaghy_2016_pp._313–327_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_peacekeeping_Donaghy_2016_pp._313–327-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian public came to identify the nation's peacekeeping role as the country's top contribution in international affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_peacekeeping_Anker_2005_j845_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_peacekeeping_Anker_2005_j845-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_peacekeeping_Carroll_2016_pp._167–176_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_peacekeeping_Carroll_2016_pp._167–176-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_peacekeeping_Murray_Gecelovsky_2021_p._187_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_peacekeeping_Murray_Gecelovsky_2021_p._187-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Canada faced controversy over its involvement in some peacekeeping efforts resulting in a military reassessment in the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_peacekeeping_United_Nations_2008_v869_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_peacekeeping_United_Nations_2008_v869-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 21st century, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts greatly declined, with its military participation reallocated to UN-sanctioned operations through the <a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_operations" title="List of NATO operations">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO).<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_peacekeeping_McQuaig2010bt_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_peacekeeping_McQuaig2010bt-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This military reallocation resulted in a shift towards more militarized and deadly missions, rather than traditional peacekeeping duties.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_peacekeeping_James_Michaud_OReilly_2006_p._177_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_peacekeeping_James_Michaud_OReilly_2006_p._177-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Role of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s, the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine, communication, logistics, and administration. The roles of women in the CAF began to expand in 1971 after the department reviewed the recommendations of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Royal Commission on the Status of Women">Royal Commission on the Status of Women</a>, at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1,500 women personnel, and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non-traditional areas—vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers, military police, and firefighters.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Forces_brief_Vermont_Army_National_Guard_on_women_in_combat_roles_150912-Z-QI027-0003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Canadian_Forces_brief_Vermont_Army_National_Guard_on_women_in_combat_roles_150912-Z-QI027-0003.jpg/170px-Canadian_Forces_brief_Vermont_Army_National_Guard_on_women_in_combat_roles_150912-Z-QI027-0003.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Canadian_Forces_brief_Vermont_Army_National_Guard_on_women_in_combat_roles_150912-Z-QI027-0003.jpg/255px-Canadian_Forces_brief_Vermont_Army_National_Guard_on_women_in_combat_roles_150912-Z-QI027-0003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Canadian_Forces_brief_Vermont_Army_National_Guard_on_women_in_combat_roles_150912-Z-QI027-0003.jpg/340px-Canadian_Forces_brief_Vermont_Army_National_Guard_on_women_in_combat_roles_150912-Z-QI027-0003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="2842" /></a><figcaption>A member of the CAF briefs <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Army_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont Army National Guard">Vermont Army National Guard</a> soldiers on the integration of women into the forces</figcaption></figure> <p>The department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985, after Parliament passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Act" title="Canadian Human Rights Act">Canadian Human Rights Act</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i>. As a result of these reviews, the department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and a diving tender, with the army service battalions, in military police platoons and field ambulance units, and most air squadrons.<sup id="cite_ref-cfw_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfw-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the minister of national defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units. These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women.<sup id="cite_ref-cfw_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfw-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All military occupations were open to women in 1989, except submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-cfw_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfw-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were fully integrated into all occupations and roles by the government of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, and by 8 March 2000, even allowed to serve on submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-cfw_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfw-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force. Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots, and flak jackets are designed to ensure women have the same level of protection and comfort as their male colleagues. Women's uniforms are similar in design to men's uniforms, but conform to the female figure, and are functional and practical. Women are also provided with an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of bras.<sup id="cite_ref-cfw_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfw-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i> columnist <a href="/wiki/Christie_Blatchford" title="Christie Blatchford">Christie Blatchford</a> reported, per an anonymous source, that the CAF had been fulfilling employment equity targets for internal job postings by secretly rejecting applications from white males, and by not requiring Indigenous candidates to either write or pass, the Canadian Forces Aptitude Test. However, Brigadier-General Virginia Tattersall (commander of military forces generation, including the Canadian Forces Recruiting Group [CFRG]) said, "There are no occupations that we restrict based on gender", though "diversity is a consideration" and near the end of the recruiting year, "We will look at diversity applicants first."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2021, Lieutenant-Colonel Eleanor Taylor resigned citing sexual misconduct among the top brass.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the CAF has been under pressure over allegations of sexual misconduct. Former justice <a href="/wiki/Louise_Arbour" title="Louise Arbour">Louise Arbour</a>, who was tasked to lead a probe into military harassment and sexual misconduct claims in CAF in 2021, issued 48 recommendations to change the culture of the CAF. She said that she saw no basis for the CAF to retain the jurisdiction over sexual offences as it has not improved efficiency, discipline and morale.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces">Crown has long occupied a central position in the Canadian Armed Forces</a>. The <i>National Defence Act</i> states that "the Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada, consisting of one service called the Canadian Armed Forces"<sup id="cite_ref-Elizabeth_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elizabeth-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i>, vests <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces">command-in-chief of the Forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">country's sovereign</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, since 1904, has authorized his or her <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a>, to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of commander-in-chief and, since 1905, hold the associated title.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All troop deployment and disposition orders, including <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_Canada" title="Declaration of war by Canada">declarations of war</a>, fall within the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> and are issued as <a href="/wiki/Order-in-Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Order-in-Council">orders-in-Council</a>, which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general. Under the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>'s parliamentary customs and practices, however, the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of his or her <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">ministers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister</a> and minister of national defence, who are accountable to the elected <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NDHQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/NDHQ.jpg/220px-NDHQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/NDHQ.jpg/330px-NDHQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/NDHQ.jpg/440px-NDHQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1757" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Council (Canada)">Armed Forces Council</a> is the senior military body of the Canadian Forces. The Council typically operates from <a href="/wiki/Major-General_George_R_Pearkes_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General George R Pearkes Building">Pearkes building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Canadian Forces' 92,600 personnel are divided into <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_ranks_and_insignia" title="Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia">a hierarchy of numerous ranks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Officer%27s_commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer's commission">officers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_member" title="Non-commissioned member">non-commissioned members</a>. The governor general appoints, on the advice of the prime minister, the chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) as the highest-ranking <a href="/wiki/Officer%27s_commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer's commission">commissioned officer</a> in the Armed Forces and its commander. In this role, the CDS heads the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Council (Canada)">Armed Forces Council</a>, which also includes the vice chief of the Defence Staff and the commanders of the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Air Force, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Joint_Operations_Command" title="Canadian Joint Operations Command">Canadian Joint Operations Command</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Special_Operations_Forces_Command" title="Canadian Special Operations Forces Command">Canadian Special Operations Forces Command</a>, as well as certain other designated personnel. The Armed Forces Council generally operates from <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence Headquarters">National Defence Headquarters</a> (NDHQ) in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario. The sovereign and most other members of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Canada's_royal_family_and_house" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canadian Royal Family</a> also act as <a href="/wiki/Colonel-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel-in-Chief">colonels-in-chief</a>, honorary <a href="/wiki/Air_Commodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commodore">air commodores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_commodores-in-chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Air commodores-in-chief">air commodores-in-chief</a>, admirals, and captains-general of Canadian Forces units, though these positions are ceremonial. </p><p>The Canadian Forces operate out of 27 <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_base" title="Canadian Forces base">Canadian Forces bases</a> (CFB) across the country, including NDHQ. This number has been gradually reduced since the 1970s with bases either being closed or merged. Both officers and non-commissioned members receive their basic training at the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Leadership_and_Recruit_School" title="Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School">Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu" title="Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu">Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu</a>. Officers will generally either directly enter the Canadian Armed Forces with a degree from a civilian university or receive their commission upon graduation from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a>. Specific element and trade training is conducted at a variety of institutions throughout Canada, and to a lesser extent, the world. </p><p>As of 2013, the Canadian Forces have 68,000 Regular Force members and 27,000 <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">reservists</a>, bringing the total force to approximately 95,000.<sup id="cite_ref-ND_CAF_FAQ_12_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ND_CAF_FAQ_12-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These individuals serve on numerous <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_base" title="Canadian Forces base">Canadian Forces bases</a> in all regions of the country and are governed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Regulations_and_Orders_for_the_Canadian_Forces" title="Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Canadian Forces">Queen's Regulations and Orders</a></i> and the <i>National Defence Act</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Canadian_Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Royal Canadian Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMCS_Calgary_(FFH-335)_leaves_Pearl_Harbor_in_July_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/HMCS_Calgary_%28FFH-335%29_leaves_Pearl_Harbor_in_July_2014.JPG/220px-HMCS_Calgary_%28FFH-335%29_leaves_Pearl_Harbor_in_July_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/HMCS_Calgary_%28FFH-335%29_leaves_Pearl_Harbor_in_July_2014.JPG/330px-HMCS_Calgary_%28FFH-335%29_leaves_Pearl_Harbor_in_July_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/HMCS_Calgary_%28FFH-335%29_leaves_Pearl_Harbor_in_July_2014.JPG/440px-HMCS_Calgary_%28FFH-335%29_leaves_Pearl_Harbor_in_July_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4861" data-file-height="3090" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Calgary_(FFH_335)" title="HMCS Calgary (FFH 335)">HMCS <i>Calgary</i></a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> departs <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> for the at-sea phase of <a href="/wiki/Exercise_RIMPAC#RIMPAC_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise RIMPAC">RIMPAC 2014</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy">commander of the Royal Canadian Navy</a>, includes 28 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Forces_Pacific" title="Maritime Forces Pacific">Maritime Forces Pacific</a> (MARPAC) at <a href="/wiki/CFB_Esquimalt" title="CFB Esquimalt">CFB Esquimalt</a> on the west coast, and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Forces_Atlantic" title="Maritime Forces Atlantic">Maritime Forces Atlantic</a> (MARLANT) at <a href="/wiki/CFB_Halifax" title="CFB Halifax">CFB Halifax</a> on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_Army">Canadian Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canadian Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:120722-M-VB788-092_(7651158414).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/120722-M-VB788-092_%287651158414%29.jpg/220px-120722-M-VB788-092_%287651158414%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/120722-M-VB788-092_%287651158414%29.jpg/330px-120722-M-VB788-092_%287651158414%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/120722-M-VB788-092_%287651158414%29.jpg/440px-120722-M-VB788-092_%287651158414%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry" title="Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry">Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry</a> conducting an exercise during <a href="/wiki/Exercise_RIMPAC#RIMPAC_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise RIMPAC">RIMPAC 2012</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Canadian Army is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Canadian_Army" title="Commander of the Canadian Army">commander of the Canadian Army</a> and is administered through four divisions—the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Division" title="2nd Canadian Division">2nd Canadian Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division" title="3rd Canadian Division">3rd Canadian Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/4th_Canadian_Division" title="4th Canadian Division">4th Canadian Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/5th_Canadian_Division" title="5th Canadian Division">5th Canadian Division</a>—the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Force" title="Regular Force">Regular Force</a> component of the Army consists of three field-ready <a href="/wiki/Brigade_group" title="Brigade group">brigade groups</a>: <a href="/wiki/1_Canadian_Mechanized_Brigade_Group" title="1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group">1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group</a>, at <a href="/wiki/CFB_Edmonton" title="CFB Edmonton">CFB Edmonton</a> and <a href="/wiki/CFB_Shilo" title="CFB Shilo">CFB Shilo</a>; <a href="/wiki/2_Canadian_Mechanized_Brigade_Group" title="2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group">2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group</a>, at <a href="/wiki/CFB_Petawawa" class="mw-redirect" title="CFB Petawawa">CFB Petawawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/CFB_Gagetown" title="CFB Gagetown">CFB Gagetown</a>; and <a href="/wiki/5_Canadian_Mechanized_Brigade_Group" title="5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group">5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group</a>, at <a href="/wiki/CFB_Valcartier" title="CFB Valcartier">CFB Valcartier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>. Each contains one regiment of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">armour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Combat_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat engineering">combat engineers</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> (all scaled in the British fashion), one battalion for <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistics</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(army)" title="Squadron (army)">squadron</a> for <a href="/wiki/Military_headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Military headquarters">headquarters</a>/<a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">signals</a>, and several smaller support organizations. A tactical helicopter <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)" title="Squadron (aviation)">squadron</a> and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade but do not form part of the brigade's command structure. </p><p>The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Canadian Divisions each have a Regular Force brigade group, and each division except the 1st has two to three Reserve Force brigades groups. In total, there are ten Reserve Force brigade groups. The <a href="/wiki/5th_Canadian_Division" title="5th Canadian Division">5th Canadian Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Land_Force_Quebec_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Force Quebec Area">2nd Canadian Division</a> each have two Reserve Force brigade groups, while the <a href="/wiki/4th_Canadian_Division" title="4th Canadian Division">4th Canadian Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division" title="3rd Canadian Division">3rd Canadian Division</a> each have three Reserve Force brigade groups. Major training and support establishments exist at <a href="/wiki/CFB_Gagetown" title="CFB Gagetown">CFB Gagetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/CFB_Montreal" title="CFB Montreal">CFB Montreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/CFB_Wainwright" title="CFB Wainwright">CFB Wainwright</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Canadian_Air_Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Royal Canadian Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-123.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-123.jpg/220px-Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-123.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-123.jpg/330px-Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-123.jpg/440px-Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4422" data-file-height="2587" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_CF-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet">CF-18 Hornet</a> over <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Impact" title="Operation Impact">Operation Impact</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force">commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force</a>. The commander of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force#1_Canadian_Air_Division" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">1 Canadian Air Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command#Canadian_NORAD_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">Canadian NORAD Region</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, is responsible for the operational <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">command and control</a> of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven <a href="/wiki/Wing_(military_aviation_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing (military aviation unit)">wings</a> located across Canada. The commander of <a href="/wiki/2_Canadian_Air_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Canadian Air Division">2 Canadian Air Division</a> is responsible for training and support functions. 2 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out at two wings. <a href="/wiki/3_Canadian_Space_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Canadian Space Division">3 Canadian Space Division</a> is responsible for delivering space power effects in support of Canadian Armed Forces operations, including space domain awareness, space-based support of military operations, and defending and protecting military space capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wings represent the grouping of various <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)" title="Squadron (aviation)">squadrons</a>, both operational and support, under a single <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactical</a> commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand. </p><p>Major air bases are in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Alberta, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, Manitoba, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Quebec, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, while administrative and command and control facilities are in Winnipeg and <a href="/wiki/North_Bay,_Ontario" title="North Bay, Ontario">North Bay</a>. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at <a href="/wiki/NATO_Air_Base_Geilenkirchen" title="NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen">NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen</a> near <a href="/wiki/Geilenkirchen" title="Geilenkirchen">Geilenkirchen</a>, Germany. </p><p>The RCAF and <a href="/wiki/Joint_Task_Force_(North)" title="Joint Task Force (North)">Joint Task Force (North)</a> (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)" title="Squadron (aviation)">squadrons</a> periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty patrols. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_Joint_Operations_Command">Canadian Joint Operations Command</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Canadian Joint Operations Command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Joint_Operations_Command" title="Canadian Joint Operations Command">Canadian Joint Operations Command</a></div> <p>The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of <a href="/wiki/Canada_Command" title="Canada Command">Canada Command</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force_Command" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force Command">Canadian Expeditionary Force Command</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Operational_Support_Command" title="Canadian Operational Support Command">Canadian Operational Support Command</a>. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_Special_Operations_Forces_Command">Canadian Special Operations Forces Command</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canadian Special Operations Forces Command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Special_Operations_Forces_Command" title="Canadian Special Operations Forces Command">Canadian Special Operations Forces Command</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_special_operations_regiment_freefall_jump_at_Hurlburt_Field.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Canadian_special_operations_regiment_freefall_jump_at_Hurlburt_Field.JPG/220px-Canadian_special_operations_regiment_freefall_jump_at_Hurlburt_Field.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Canadian_special_operations_regiment_freefall_jump_at_Hurlburt_Field.JPG/330px-Canadian_special_operations_regiment_freefall_jump_at_Hurlburt_Field.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Canadian_special_operations_regiment_freefall_jump_at_Hurlburt_Field.JPG/440px-Canadian_special_operations_regiment_freefall_jump_at_Hurlburt_Field.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3242" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Special_Operations_Regiment" title="Canadian Special Operations Regiment">Canadian Special Operations Regiment</a> during a freefall jump out of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> <a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 Globemaster III</a>. The regiment is one of five units that make up <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Special_Operations_Forces_Command" title="Canadian Special Operations Forces Command">CANSOFCOM</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating <a href="/wiki/Special_operations_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special operations forces">special operations forces</a> (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes <a href="/wiki/Joint_Task_Force_2" title="Joint Task Force 2">Joint Task Force 2</a> (JTF2), the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Joint_Incident_Response_Unit" title="Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit">Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit</a> (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Special_Operations_Regiment" title="Canadian Special Operations Regiment">Canadian Special Operations Regiment</a> (CSOR) and <a href="/wiki/427_Special_Operations_Aviation_Squadron" title="427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron">427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron</a> (SOAS) based at CFB Petawawa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_Management_Group">Information Management Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Information Management Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among other things, the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks. Within the group, this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group, headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa, which operates the following units: the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ), the Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC), the Canadian Forces Network Operations Centre (CFNOC), the Canadian Forces Signals Intelligence Operations Centre (CFSOC), the <a href="/wiki/CFS_Leitrim" title="CFS Leitrim">Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Leitrim</a>, and the 764 Communications Squadron. In June 2011 the Canadian Armed Forces Chief of Force Development announced the establishment of a new organization, the Directorate of Cybernetics, headed by a Brigadier-General, the Director General Cyber (DG Cyber). Within that directorate, the newly established CAF Cyber Task Force has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Canadian_Medical_Service">Royal Canadian Medical Service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Royal Canadian Medical Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Medical_Service" title="Royal Canadian Medical Service">Royal Canadian Medical Service</a> is a personnel branch of the CAF, consisting of all members of medical occupations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Canadian_Dental_Corps">Royal Canadian Dental Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Royal Canadian Dental Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Dental_Corps" title="Royal Canadian Dental Corps">Royal Canadian Dental Corps</a> is a personnel branch of the CAF. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_Forces_Health_Services_Group">Canadian Forces Health Services Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Canadian Forces Health Services Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Health_Services_Group" title="Canadian Forces Health Services Group">Canadian Forces Health Services Group</a></div> <p>The Health Services Group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Commander, who may also be appointed <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_(Canada)" title="Surgeon General (Canada)">Surgeon General</a> when the position is filled by a medical officer, for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Joint_Operations_Command" title="Canadian Joint Operations Command">Canadian Joint Operations Command</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_Armed_Forces_Cyber_Command">Canadian Armed Forces Cyber Command</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canadian Armed Forces Cyber Command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 26, 2024, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces_Cyber_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Armed Forces Cyber Command (page does not exist)">Canadian Armed Forces Cyber Command</a> (CAFCYBERCOM) was established.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canadian_Armed_Forces_Reserve_Force">Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Rangers_-_Alert,_Nunavut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Canadian_Rangers_-_Alert%2C_Nunavut.jpg/220px-Canadian_Rangers_-_Alert%2C_Nunavut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Canadian_Rangers_-_Alert%2C_Nunavut.jpg/330px-Canadian_Rangers_-_Alert%2C_Nunavut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Canadian_Rangers_-_Alert%2C_Nunavut.jpg/440px-Canadian_Rangers_-_Alert%2C_Nunavut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3892" data-file-height="2577" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rangers" title="Canadian Rangers">Canadian Rangers</a> training camp in <a href="/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut" title="Alert, Nunavut">Alert, Nunavut</a>. The Canadian Rangers are a sub-component of the Canadian Armed Forces reserve force.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat. For the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force, the order of precedence follows: </p> <ul><li>(1) <a href="/wiki/Primary_Reserve" title="Primary Reserve">Primary Reserve</a> (26,000),</li> <li>(2) <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Supplementary_Reserve" title="Canadian Forces Supplementary Reserve">Supplementary Reserve</a> (11,000) Prior to 2002 this consisted of: <ul><li>(a) Supplementary Ready Reserve, and</li> <li>(b) Supplementary Holding Reserve,</li></ul></li></ul> <p>after 2002 there is no sub-division of the Supplementary Reserve. </p> <ul><li>(3) Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (7,500), and</li> <li>(4) Canadian Rangers (5,000).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_Reserve">Primary Reserve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary Reserve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Primary_Reserve" title="Primary Reserve">Primary Reserve</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cameron_Highlanders_On_Parade_-_11_September_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cameron_Highlanders_On_Parade_-_11_September_2004.jpg/220px-Cameron_Highlanders_On_Parade_-_11_September_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cameron_Highlanders_On_Parade_-_11_September_2004.jpg/330px-Cameron_Highlanders_On_Parade_-_11_September_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cameron_Highlanders_On_Parade_-_11_September_2004.jpg/440px-Cameron_Highlanders_On_Parade_-_11_September_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Members of <a href="/wiki/The_Cameron_Highlanders_of_Ottawa_(Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Own)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh's Own)">The Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Infantry_regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantry regiment">infantry regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Reserve" title="Primary Reserve">Primary Reserve</a>, march through Ottawa, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Approximately 26,000 soldiers, sailors, and airmen,<sup id="cite_ref-DND1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DND1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trained to the level of and interchangeable with their Regular Force counterparts, and posted to CAF operations or duties on a casual or ongoing basis, make up the Primary Reserve. This group is represented, though not commanded, at NDHQ by the chief of Reserves and Employer Support, who is usually a <a href="/wiki/Major-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General">major-general</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rear-admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear-admiral">rear-admiral</a>, and is divided into four components that are each operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command in the Regular Force—the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Naval_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Naval Reserve">Naval Reserve</a> (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES)—in addition to one force that does not fall under an environmental command, the Health Services Reserve under the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Health_Services_Group" title="Canadian Forces Health Services Group">Canadian Forces Health Services Group</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cadet_Organizations_Administration_and_Training_Service">Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cadet_Organizations_Administration_and_Training_Service" title="Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service">Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service</a> (COATS)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cadet_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Cadet Organization">Canadian Cadet Organization</a>. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the <a href="/wiki/Cadet_Instructors_Cadre" title="Cadet Instructors Cadre">Cadet Instructors Cadre</a> (CIC) branch of the CAF. Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the "Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List" (CISS List) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_Rangers">Canadian Rangers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canadian Rangers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rangers" title="Canadian Rangers">Canadian Rangers</a>, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> over its northern territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defence_policy">Defence policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Defence policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Canadian defence policy has consistently stressed three overarching objectives: </p> <ul><li>The defence of Canada itself;</li> <li>The defence of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> in co-operation with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">US forces</a>;</li> <li>Contributing to broader international security.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the face of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. </p><p>However, since the end of the Cold War, as the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus "out of area", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world—most notably in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> from 2002 to 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basis for current Canadian defence capability objectives was originally set in the <a href="/wiki/Canada_First_Defence_Strategy" title="Canada First Defence Strategy">Canada First Defence Strategy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CanadaFirst_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadaFirst-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced by the former Harper Government in 2008 but is now updated through the Liberal Government's 2017 defence strategy, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strong,_Secure_and_Engaged&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strong, Secure and Engaged (page does not exist)">Strong, Secure and Engaged</a> (SSE). The SSE pledged greater funding to support the Canadian military (particularly in relation to the <a href="/wiki/National_Shipbuilding_Procurement_Strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy">National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy</a>) in its primary tasks related to the defence of Canada, the defence of North America and contributing to global security. </p><p>In addition to its core missions, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian <a href="/wiki/Defence_Diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Diplomacy">defence diplomacy</a> through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/System_of_Cooperation_Among_the_American_Air_Forces" title="System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces">System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces</a>), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_expenditures">Military expenditures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Military expenditures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a> gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federal_budget" title="Canadian federal budget">federal budget</a>. For the 2016–17 <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a>, the amount allocated for defence spending was <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$18.6</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>billion.<sup id="cite_ref-budget_2016-17_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budget_2016-17-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated expenditure in 2021 was <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$24.3</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>billion.<sup id="cite_ref-Budget22_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budget22-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2022, the government announced in its budget that it intends to increase defence spending by <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$8</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>billion over the next five years.<sup id="cite_ref-Budget22_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budget22-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The federal government now factors in military-related spending from departments such as Veterans Affairs, Public Works, and the Treasury Board when calculating "defence spending".<sup id="cite_ref-new_defence_policy_2017_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new_defence_policy_2017-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that this move was made to improve Canada's defence-related NATO reporting metrics.<sup id="cite_ref-nato_and_defence_metrics_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nato_and_defence_metrics-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024 the Canadian Federal government announced plans to increase defence spending by 77 billon dollars over the next twenty years at a rate of 1.76% of GDP. The funds are to be allocated toward new submarines (twelve are planned) and overall force modernisation.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranks">Ranks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_ranks_and_insignia" title="Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia">Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uniforms">Uniforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Uniforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the Canadian Armed Forces">Uniforms of the Canadian Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Armed_Forces_operational_uniforms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Canadian_Armed_Forces_operational_uniforms.jpg/220px-Canadian_Armed_Forces_operational_uniforms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Canadian_Armed_Forces_operational_uniforms.jpg/330px-Canadian_Armed_Forces_operational_uniforms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Canadian_Armed_Forces_operational_uniforms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Operational dress uniforms for naval, field and air operations, shown here with naval rank insignia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Canadian Armed Forces are a single service, there are four similar but <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces#distinctive_environmental_uniforms" title="Uniforms of the Canadian Armed Forces">distinctive environmental uniforms</a> (DEUs): navy blue (which is actually black) for the navy, rifle green for the army, light blue for the air force, and khaki for special operations. CAF members in operational occupations generally wear the DEU to which their occupation "belongs." CAF members in non-operational occupations (the "purple" trades) are allocated a uniform according to the "distribution" of their branch within the CAF, the association of the branch with one of the former services, and the individual's initial preference. Therefore, on any given day, in any given CAF unit, multiple coloured uniforms may be seen. </p><p>The uniforms of the CAF are sub-divided into five orders of dress:<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Ceremonial dress, including regimental <a href="/wiki/Full_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Full dress">full dress</a>, patrol dress, naval high-collar whites, and service-dress uniforms with ceremonial accoutrements such as swords, white web belts, gloves, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Mess dress">Mess dress</a>, which ranges from full mess kit with mess jacket, <a href="/wiki/Cummerbund" title="Cummerbund">cummerbund</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Waistcoat" title="Waistcoat">waistcoat</a>, etc., to service dress with bow tie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Service dress">Service dress</a>, also called a <i>walking-out</i> or <i>duty uniform</i>, is the military equivalent of the business suit, with an optional white summer uniform for naval CF members</li> <li>Operational dress, an originally specialized uniform for wear in an operational environment, is now for everyday wear on base or in garrison</li> <li>Occupational dress, which is specialized uniform articles for particular occupations (e.g., medical, dental, firefighter)</li></ul> <p>Only service dress is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion, barring "dirty work" or combat. With gloves, swords, and medals (No. 1 or 1A), it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and "dressed down" (No. 3 or lower), it is suitable for daily wear. Generally, after the elimination of base dress (although still defined for the Air Force uniform), the operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the CF, unless service dress is prescribed (such as at the NDHQ, on parades, at public events, etc.). Approved <a href="/wiki/Parka" title="Parka">parkas</a> are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_22e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_22e.jpg/220px-Royal_22e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_22e.jpg/330px-Royal_22e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_22e.jpg/440px-Royal_22e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_22nd_Regiment" title="Royal 22nd Regiment">Royal 22nd Regiment</a> parading in full dress for the <a href="/wiki/400th_anniversary_of_Quebec_City" title="400th anniversary of Quebec City">400th anniversary of Quebec City</a>. The Canadian Army's universal full dress includes a <a href="/wiki/Red_coat_(military_uniform)" title="Red coat (military uniform)">scarlet tunic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Midnight_blue" title="Midnight blue">midnight blue</a> trousers.</figcaption></figure> <p>Units of the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Air Force, and cadets of the Royal Military College of Canada also wear full-dress uniforms. The Army's universal full-dress uniforms includes a <a href="/wiki/Red_coat_(military_uniform)" title="Red coat (military uniform)">scarlet tunic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midnight_blue" title="Midnight blue">midnight blue</a> trousers with a scarlet trouser stripe.<sup id="cite_ref-uniform_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uniform-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many regiments in the Canadian Army maintain authorized regimental differences from the Army's universal full dress, most notably for its armoured units, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_regiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish regiments">Scottish regiments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voltigeur" title="Voltigeur">Voltigeur</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rifle_regiment" title="Rifle regiment">Rifle regiments</a>. The full-dress uniform for cadets at Royal Military College is similar to the Army's universal full dress uniform. Full dress uniforms for units of the Royal Canadian Air Force include a blue tunic, and blue trousers and facings.<sup id="cite_ref-uniform_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uniform-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naval full dress includes a <a href="/wiki/Navy_blue" title="Navy blue">navy blue</a> tunic and trousers with white facings, although the Canadian Forces dress instructions state that naval full dress is no longer worn.<sup id="cite_ref-uniform_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uniform-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authorized headdresses for the Canadian Armed Forces is the: <a href="/wiki/Military_beret" title="Military beret">beret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garrison_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrison cap">wedge cap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball_cap" title="Baseball cap">ballcap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_military_fur_wedge_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian military fur wedge cap">Yukon cap</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuque" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuque">tuque</a> (toque). Each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn: navy (white or navy blue), army (rifle green or "regimental" colour), and air force (light blue). Adherents of the Sikh faith may wear uniform <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turbans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">dastar</a>) (or <a href="/wiki/Patka" title="Patka">patka</a>, when operational) and Muslim women may wear uniform tucked <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijabs</a> under their authorized headdress. Jews may wear <a href="/wiki/Yarmulke" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmulke">yarmulke</a> under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded. The beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress (with the exception of the more formal orders of Navy and Air Force dress), and the colour of which is determined by the wearer's environment, branch, or mission. Naval personnel, however, seldom wear berets, preferring either service caps or authorized ballcaps (shipboard operational dress), which only the Navy wear. Air Force personnel, particularly officers, prefer the wedge cap to any other form of headdress. There is no naval variant of the wedge cap. The Yukon cap and tuque are worn only with winter dress, although clearance and combat divers may wear tuques year-round as a watch cap. Soldiers in Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments generally wear an alternative headdress, including the <a href="/wiki/Glengarry" title="Glengarry">glengarry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet" title="Balmoral bonnet">balmoral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tam_o%27shanter_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam o'shanter (hat)">tam o'shanter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caubeen" title="Caubeen">caubeen</a> instead of the beret. The officer cadets of both Royal Military Colleges wear gold-braided "pillbox" (cavalry) caps with their <a href="/wiki/Full_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Full dress">ceremonial dress</a> and have a unique fur <a href="/wiki/Canadian_military_fur_wedge_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian military fur wedge cap">"Astrakhan"</a> for winter wear. The CAF wears the <a href="/wiki/CG634" title="CG634">CG634</a> helmet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism_and_honours">Symbolism and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Symbolism and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Canadian Forces have derived many of their traditions and symbols from the Army, Navy, and Air Force of the United Kingdom, including those with royal elements. Contemporary icons and rituals, however, have evolved to include elements reflective of Canada and the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canadian monarchy</a>. Members of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Royal_family_and_house" title="Monarchy of Canada">the country's royal family</a> maintain personal relationships with the forces' divisions and regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Tidridge2011_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tidridge2011-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CRHTAF_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRHTAF-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monarch is regarded as the <a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">fount of honour</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DND_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DND-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Canada" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada">Canadian system of orders, decorations, and medals</a> includes numerous specifically for the military, such as the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross_(Canada)" title="Victoria Cross (Canada)">Victoria Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Canada)" title="Order of Military Merit (Canada)">Order of Military Merit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Valour_(Canada)" title="Cross of Valour (Canada)">Cross of Valour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Courage_(Canada)" title="Star of Courage (Canada)">Star of Courage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Bravery_(Canada)" title="Medal of Bravery (Canada)">Medal of Bravery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McCreery2005kii_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCreery2005kii-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Victoria Cross is the highest honour in Canada. The British version was presented to 94 Canadians and two Newfoundlanders<sup id="cite_ref-Filey1993_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filey1993-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between its creation in 1856 and 1993, when the Canadian Victoria Cross was instituted.<sup id="cite_ref-McCreery2005kii_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCreery2005kii-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No Canadian has received either honour since 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the unification of the forces in the 1960s, a renaming of the branches took place, resulting in the loss of the <i>royal</i> designations for the Navy and Air Force.<sup id="cite_ref-MurrayViotti1994pl_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MurrayViotti1994pl-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 August 2011, the federal Cabinet announced that Air Command was re-assuming the Air Force's original name, <i>Royal Canadian Air Force</i>; Land Force Command the name <i>Canadian Army</i>; and Maritime Command the name <i>Royal Canadian Navy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Restoration_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Restoration-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change was made to better reflect Canada's military heritage and align Canada with other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> whose militaries use the <i>royal</i> designation.<sup id="cite_ref-Restoration_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Restoration-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorized_marches_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Authorized marches of the Canadian Armed Forces">Authorized marches of the Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian Armed Forces order of precedence">Canadian Armed Forces order of precedence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Radio_and_Television" title="Canadian Forces Radio and Television">Canadian Forces Radio and Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_ranks_and_insignia" title="Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia">Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Military_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Military Police">Canadian Military Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coast_Guard" title="Canadian Coast Guard">Canadian Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_war_cemeteries" title="Canadian war cemeteries">Canadian war cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_war_memorials" title="Canadian war memorials">Canadian war memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Service_Discipline" title="Code of Service Discipline">Code of Service Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_military_occupations" title="List of Canadian military occupations">List of Canadian military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_equipment_of_the_Canadian_military" title="List of historical equipment of the Canadian military">List of historical equipment of the Canadian military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_of_Canada" title="List of military equipment of Canada">List of military equipment of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_Canadian_Forces_projects" title="Planned Canadian Forces projects">Planned Canadian Forces projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Branch" title="Postal Branch">Postal Branch</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Age-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Age_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Persons 16 years of age, with parental permission, can join the Canadian Armed Forces.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Badge-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Badge_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/3334">"Registration of a Badge"</a>. <i>Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada</i>. Official website of the Governor General<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Register+of+Arms%2C+Flags+and+Badges+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Registration+of+a+Badge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fen%2Fheraldry%2Fpublic-register%2Fproject%2F3334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cabinet-shuffle-trudeau-1.6916367">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Prime Minister Trudeau is shuffling his cabinet today. Here's what we know"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 26 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Prime+Minister+Trudeau+is+shuffling+his+cabinet+today.+Here%27s+what+we+know&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcabinet-shuffle-trudeau-1.6916367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stats-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stats_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stats_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stats_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/reports-publications/transition-materials/defence-101/2020/03/defence-101/caf-101.html">"Canadian Armed Forces 101"</a>. <i>National Defence</i>. Government of Canada. 11 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Defence&rft.atitle=Canadian+Armed+Forces+101&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fdepartment-national-defence%2Fcorporate%2Freports-publications%2Ftransition-materials%2Fdefence-101%2F2020%2F03%2Fdefence-101%2Fcaf-101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/list.html">"Current operations list"</a>. Government of Canada. 27 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+operations+list&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fdepartment-national-defence%2Fservices%2Foperations%2Fmilitary-operations%2Fcurrent-operations%2Flist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIPRI-2023-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI-2023_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI-2023_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI-2023_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/2404_fs_milex_2023.pdf#page=2">"Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Ashgate Publishing. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7346-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7346-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-7346-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+deployment+of+the+armed+forces%3A+military+powers%2C+law+and+human+rights&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7346-0&rft.au=Michael+Head&rft.au=Scott+Mann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcaQ341m4PEC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Rolleson;_Catherine_Mitchell1997" class="citation news cs1">Kevin Rolleson; Catherine Mitchell (14 May 1997). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canadians+still+view+troops+as+peacekeepers%3A+DND+poll&rft.date=2005-09-05&rft.au=The+Canadian+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcanadians-still-view-troops-as-peacekeepers-dnd-poll-1.322123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Canadian_Press2008" class="citation news cs1">The Canadian Press (21 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/military-has-message-for-job-seekers-we-want-you-1.344885">"Military as message for job seekers: we want you"</a>. CTV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120801104139/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20081121/forces_canada_081121/20081121?hub=Canada">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Military+as+message+for+job+seekers%3A+we+want+you&rft.date=2008-11-21&rft.au=The+Canadian+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fmilitary-has-message-for-job-seekers-we-want-you-1.344885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forces.gc.ca-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forces.gc.ca_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of National Defence <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407091422/http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/focus/first-premier/defstra/summary-sommaire-eng.asp">"Canada First Defence Strategy | National Defence and the Canadian Forces"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/focus/first-premier/defstra/summary-sommaire-eng.asp">the original</a> on 7 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Nelson Education. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-648249-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-648249-7"><bdi>978-0-17-648249-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130233508/https://books.google.com/books?id=LLc8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Canadian Political Science Association: 517–549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008423901777992">10.1017/S0008423901777992</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4239">0008-4239</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3233002">3233002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154625162">154625162</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922070235/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3233002">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Political+Science+%2F+Revue+canadienne+de+science+politique&rft.atitle=Internationalism+and+the+Canadian+Public&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=517-549&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0008-4239&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154625162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3233002%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008423901777992&rft.aulast=Munton&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Keating%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3233002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadian_peacekeeping_Chapnick2011a-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_peacekeeping_Chapnick2011a_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapnick2011" class="citation book cs1">Chapnick, Adam (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2DPElbLK5sC&pg=PA2"><i>The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations</i></a>. UBC Press. pp. 2–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-4049-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-4049-1"><bdi>978-0-7748-4049-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130233503/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2DPElbLK5sC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Power+Project%3A+Canada+and+the+Founding+of+the+United+Nations&rft.pages=2-5&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-4049-1&rft.aulast=Chapnick&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2DPElbLK5sC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadian_peacekeeping_Gabryś_Soroka_2017_p._39-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_peacekeeping_Gabryś_Soroka_2017_p._39_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabryśSoroka2017" class="citation book cs1">Gabryś, M.; Soroka, T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Liberal+government+defence+policy+boosts+military+spending%2C+commits+to+new+purchases+of+helicopters%2C+missiles%2C+aircraft&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft.aulast=Pugliese&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fdefence-watch%2Fliberal-government-defence-policy-boosts-military-spending-commits-to-new-purchases-of-helicopters-missiles-aircraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canada – National Defence: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/reserve/training-instruction-eng.asp/">A-AD-265-000/AG-001 CANADIAN FORCES DRESS INSTRUCTIONS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323111639/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/reserve/training-instruction-eng.asp">Archived</a> 23 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uniform-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uniform_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uniform_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uniform_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730135902/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/pub/ins-265/dhh_dress_instr_adh265000_ag001-19Sep16-eng.pdf">"6-1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canadian Armed Forces Dress Instruction</i>. Canadian Armed Forces. 1 June 2001. p. 211. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/pub/ins-265/dhh_dress_instr_adh265000_ag001-19Sep16-eng.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6-1&rft.btitle=Canadian+Armed+Forces+Dress+Instruction&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Canadian+Armed+Forces&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca%2Fdhh-dhp%2Fpub%2Fins-265%2Fdhh_dress_instr_adh265000_ag001-19Sep16-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tidridge2011-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tidridge2011_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan_Tidridge2011" class="citation book cs1">Nathan Tidridge (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JvGsvHsAtDgC&pg=PA84"><i>Canada's constitutional monarchy</i></a>. Dundurn Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0084-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0084-0"><bdi>978-1-4597-0084-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+constitutional+monarchy&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-0084-0&rft.au=Nathan+Tidridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJvGsvHsAtDgC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRHTAF-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRHTAF_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Toffoli" class="citation web cs1">Gary Toffoli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701050507/http://www.crht.ca/DiscoverMonarchyFiles/ArmedForces.html">"The Royal Family and the Armed Forces"</a>. Canadian Royal Heritage Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crht.ca/DiscoverMonarchyFiles/ArmedForces.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Family+and+the+Armed+Forces&rft.pub=Canadian+Royal+Heritage+Trust&rft.au=Gary+Toffoli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crht.ca%2FDiscoverMonarchyFiles%2FArmedForces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" class="citation web cs1">Royal Canadian Mounted Police. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090323114038/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/hon/nat-honour-honneur/index-eng.htm">"Honours and Recognition Programs: Canadian National Honours"</a>. Queen's Printer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/hon/nat-honour-honneur/index-eng.htm">the original</a> on 23 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honours+and+Recognition+Programs%3A+Canadian+National+Honours&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer&rft.au=Royal+Canadian+Mounted+Police&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcmp-grc.gc.ca%2Fhon%2Fnat-honour-honneur%2Findex-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DND-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DND_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_National_Defence" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Department of National Defence (Canada)">Department of National Defence</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091114162425/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhr-ddhr/chc-tdh/chart-tableau-eng.asp?ref=SM">"Canadian Honours Chart: Sacrifice Medal (SM)"</a>. Queen's Printer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhr-ddhr/chc-tdh/chart-tableau-eng.asp?ref=SM">the original</a> on 14 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Honours+Chart%3A+Sacrifice+Medal+%28SM%29&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer&rft.au=Department+of+National+Defence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca%2Fdhr-ddhr%2Fchc-tdh%2Fchart-tableau-eng.asp%3Fref%3DSM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCreery2005kii-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCreery2005kii_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCreery2005kii_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_McCreery2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_McCreery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher McCreery (page does not exist)">Christopher McCreery</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4f_dQFXQpVkC&pg=PA228"><i>The Order of Canada: its origins, history, and development</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3940-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-3940-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+Canada%3A+its+origins%2C+history%2C+and+development&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3940-8&rft.au=Christopher+McCreery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4f_dQFXQpVkC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filey1993-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Filey1993_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Filey1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Filey" title="Mike Filey">Mike Filey</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moretorontosketc0000file"><i>More Toronto sketches: "the way we were"</i></a></span>. Dundurn Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moretorontosketc0000file/page/175">175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-201-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-201-8"><bdi>978-1-55002-201-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Toronto+sketches%3A+%22the+way+we+were%22&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-201-8&rft.au=Mike+Filey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoretorontosketc0000file&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_Teotonio2007" class="citation news cs1">Isabel Teotonio (7 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/article/189029">"Vets irate at Victoria Cross proposal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Vets+irate+at+Victoria+Cross+proposal&rft.date=2007-03-07&rft.au=Isabel+Teotonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Farticle%2F189029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MurrayViotti1994pl-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MurrayViotti1994pl_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_J._MurrayPaul_R._Viotti1994" class="citation book cs1">Douglas J. Murray; Paul R. Viotti (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/defensepolicieso00doug"><i>The defense policies of nations: a comparative study</i></a></span>. JHU Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/defensepolicieso00doug/page/84">84</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4794-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-4794-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+defense+policies+of+nations%3A+a+comparative+study&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-4794-3&rft.au=Douglas+J.+Murray&rft.au=Paul+R.+Viotti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdefensepolicieso00doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Restoration-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Restoration_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Restoration_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/news/news_release.2011.08.0889.html">"Restoration of traditional military service names welcomed"</a>. Government of New Brunswick. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Restoration+of+traditional+military+service+names+welcomed&rft.pub=Government+of+New+Brunswick&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gnb.ca%2Fcontent%2Fgnb%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fnews_release.2011.08.0889.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_military_history" title="Bibliography of Canadian military history">Bibliography of Canadian military history</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Beaudet, Normand (1993). <i>Le Mythe de la défense canadienne</i>. Montréal: Éditions Écosociété. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-921561-11-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-921561-11-5">2-921561-11-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1999" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Desmond (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ui8ecMckv08C&q=A%20military%20history%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1"><i>A military history of Canada</i></a> (4th ed.). Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-6514-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-6514-0"><bdi>0-7710-6514-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+military+history+of+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7710-6514-0&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dui8ecMckv08C%26q%3DA%2520military%2520history%2520of%2520Canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rennick, Joanne Benham (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afs.sagepub.com/content/39/3/511.abstract">"Canadian Values and Military Operations in the Twenty-First Century,"</a> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_%26_Society" title="Armed Forces & Society">Armed Forces & Society</a> 39, No. 3, pp. 511–30</li> <li>Leuprecht, Christian & Sokolsky, Joel. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afs.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/07/02/0095327X14536562.abstract"><i>Defense Policy "Walmart Style" Canadian Lessons in "not so grand" Grand Strategy.</i></a> Armed Forces & Society Journal Online First.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranatstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Granatstein, J. L (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqxyhNcha3sC&q=Army%20%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1"><i>Canada's army: waging war and keeping the peace</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8696-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-8696-9"><bdi>0-8020-8696-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+army%3A+waging+war+and+keeping+the+peace&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8020-8696-9&rft.aulast=Granatstein&rft.aufirst=J.+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjqxyhNcha3sC%26q%3DArmy%2520%2520of%2520Canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuehlke2006" class="citation book cs1">Zuehlke, Mark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KyNlm8SuplEC&q=canadian%20military%20atlas&pg=PP1"><i>Canadian Military Atlas: Four Centuries of Conflict from New France to Kosovo</i></a>. Douglas & McIntyre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-209-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-209-0"><bdi>978-1-55365-209-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Military+Atlas%3A+Four+Centuries+of+Conflict+from+New+France+to+Kosovo&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-209-0&rft.aulast=Zuehlke&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKyNlm8SuplEC%26q%3Dcanadian%2520military%2520atlas%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930152520/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/faces-of-war/">Faces of War</a> at Library and Archives Canada</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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Forces">Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canadian military formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aviation_Corps" title="Canadian Aviation Corps">Canadian Aviation Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Permanent Active Militia">Permanent Active Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Non-Permanent Active Militia">Non-Permanent Active Militia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps_Canada" title="Royal Flying Corps Canada">Royal Flying Corps Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Naval Service of Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Canadian Naval Air Service">Royal Canadian Naval Air Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military formation in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Marine" title="Provincial Marine">Provincial Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> <ul><li>regulars, provincial regiments and volunteer militia units</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military formation in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">Military of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan-Sali%C3%A8res_Regiment" title="Carignan-Salières Regiment">Carignan-Salières Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Marines_in_Canada,_1683-1715" class="mw-redirect" title="French Marines in Canada, 1683-1715">French Marines in Canada, 1683-1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnies_Franches_de_la_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnies Franches de la Marine">Compagnies Franches de la Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troupes_de_la_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Troupes de la marine">Troupes de la marine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Category:Canadian Armed Forces">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history/Canadian_military_history_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Canadian military history task force">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a> • <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" title="Template:North Atlantic Treaty Organization"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" title="Template talk:North Atlantic Treaty Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Atlantic Treaty Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animus_in_consulendo_liber" title="Animus in consulendo liber">Animus in consulendo liber</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_NATO" title="Flag of NATO">Flag of NATO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_NATO_Hymn" title="The NATO Hymn">The NATO Hymn</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Day" title="NATO Day">NATO Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Medal" title="NATO Medal">NATO Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Star" title="NATO Star">NATO Star</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_NATO" title="History of NATO">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_summit" title="NATO summit">Summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_operations" title="List of NATO operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_exercises" title="List of NATO exercises">List of exercises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">Enlargement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_NATO" title="Withdrawal from NATO">potential withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to NATO">Opposition to NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.nato" title=".nato">.nato Internet domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_NATO" title="Structure of NATO">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO_headquarters" title="NATO headquarters">NATO headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North Atlantic Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="International Staff">International Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Staff" title="International Military Staff">International Military Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Air_Command" title="Allied Air Command">Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Land_Command" title="Allied Land Command">Land Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Maritime_Command" title="Allied Maritime Command">Maritime Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Joint_Force_Command_Brunssum" title="Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum">JFC Brunssum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Joint_Force_Command_Naples" title="Allied Joint Force Command Naples">JFC Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Force_Command_Norfolk" title="Joint Force Command Norfolk">JFC Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Support_and_Enabling_Command" title="Joint Support and Enabling Command">Joint Support and Enabling Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Striking_and_Support_Forces_NATO" title="Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO">STRIKFORNATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHAPE_International_Band" title="SHAPE International Band">SHAPE International Band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation" title="Allied Command Transformation">Allied Command Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="NATO Parliamentary Assembly">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardization_agreement" title="Standardization agreement">Standardization agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO" title="Secretary General of NATO">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee" title="Chair of the NATO Military Committee">Chair of the Military Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe" title="Supreme Allied Commander Europe">Supreme Allied Commander Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation#Organization" title="Allied Command Transformation">Supreme Allied Commander Transformation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO" title="Member states of NATO">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Armed_Forces" title="Belgian Armed Forces">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Armed_Forces" title="Bulgarian Armed Forces">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Croatia" title="Armed Forces of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Army of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence" title="Danish Defence">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_Forces" title="Estonian Defence Forces">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Armed_Forces" title="Hellenic Armed Forces">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Forces" title="Hungarian Defence Forces">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Iceland" title="Defence of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Latvian National Armed Forces">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Armed_Forces" title="Lithuanian Armed Forces">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Armed_Forces" title="Luxembourg Armed Forces">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Montenegro" title="Armed Forces of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Armed_Forces" title="Netherlands Armed Forces">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_North_Macedonia" title="Army of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces" title="Norwegian Armed Forces">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Armed_Forces" title="Slovak Armed Forces">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Armed_Forces" title="Slovenian Armed Forces">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces" title="Swedish Armed Forces">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_NATO" title="Foreign relations of NATO">Multilateral relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Treaty_Association" title="Atlantic Treaty Association">Atlantic Treaty Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Dialogue" title="Mediterranean Dialogue">Mediterranean Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_Partnership_Action_Plan" title="Individual Partnership Action Plan">Individual Partnership Action Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Cooperation_Initiative" title="Istanbul Cooperation Initiative">Istanbul Cooperation Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">Major non-NATO ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_global_partners" title="NATO global partners">NATO global partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_open_door_policy" title="NATO open door policy">Open door policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="European Union–NATO relations">Relationship with the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Relationship with Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controversy_in_Russia_regarding_the_legitimacy_of_eastward_NATO_expansion" title="Controversy in Russia regarding the legitimacy of eastward NATO expansion">eastward NATO expansion issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Science_for_Peace_and_Security" title="NATO Science for Peace and Security">Science for Peace and Security</a> (SPS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a> (METO/CENTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Balkan Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">Southeast Asia Treaty Organization</a> (SEATO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Gap" title="Suwałki Gap">Suwałki Gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militaries_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Military of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Military of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Militaries_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Militaries of the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Defence_Force" title="Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Argentine_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahamas_Defence_Force" title="Royal Bahamas Defence Force">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Defence_Force" title="Barbados Defence Force">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize_Defence_Force" title="Belize Defence Force">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Bolivia" title="Armed Forces of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Brazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ecuador" title="Armed Forces of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador" title="Armed Forces of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Guatemala" title="Armed Forces of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_Defence_Force" title="Guyana Defence Force">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Honduras" title="Armed Forces of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Defence_Force" title="Jamaica Defence Force">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Armed_Forces" title="Nicaraguan Armed Forces">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Paraguay" title="Armed Forces of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_Defence_Force" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis Defence Force">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_National_Army" title="Suriname National Army">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Defence_Force" title="Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Uruguay" title="Armed Forces of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela" title="National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Aruba" title="Military of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bermuda" title="Military of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Military of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Armed_Forces" title="Netherlands Armed Forces">Caribbean Netherlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Armed_Forces" title="Netherlands Armed Forces">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Military of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greenland" title="Military of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Montserrat_Defence_Force" title="Royal Montserrat Defence Force">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Military of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Saint Martin, (Collectivity of)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Armed_Forces" title="Netherlands Armed Forces">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Military of the Falkland Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Military of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Military of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> have no military and thus are not included in the list. The <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies of Venezuela</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela" title="National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>) is not listed. The <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">integral area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">United Kingdom</a>) is not listed. The uninhabited islands of <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Defence Force">Norway</a>), <a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">France</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States</a>) are not listed. The uninhabited disputed territories of <a href="/wiki/Bajo_Nuevo_Bank" title="Bajo Nuevo Bank">Bajo Nuevo Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serranilla_Bank" title="Serranilla Bank">Serranilla Bank</a> are not listed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government_agencies_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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Archives Canada">Library and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (Canada)">National Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Superintendent_of_Financial_Institutions" title="Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions">Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecution_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Prosecution Service of Canada">Public Prosecution Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Commission_of_Canada" title="Public Service Commission of Canada">Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Canada" title="Service Canada">Service Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Services_Canada" title="Shared Services Canada">Shared Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Safety_Board_of_Canada" title="Transportation Safety Board of Canada">Transportation Safety Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Government_Departments_of_Canada" title="Template:Government Departments of Canada">Template:Government Departments of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Crown_corporations_of_Canada" title="Template:Crown corporations of Canada">Template:Crown corporations of Canada</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5279672-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79034381">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131952351">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131952351">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36440668">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kanada. Canadian Armed Forces"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003171869&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259308505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035535865">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&oldid=1258458670">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Armed_Forces&oldid=1258458670</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Category:Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Category:Department of National Defence (Canada)">Department of National Defence (Canada)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uniformed_services_of_Canada" title="Category:Uniformed services of Canada">Uniformed services of Canada</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2023">Use dmy dates from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2017">Articles needing additional references from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 21:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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