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Cuba</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_en_Cuba" title="Internet en Cuba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Internet en Cuba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_%C3%A0_Cuba" title="Internet à Cuba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Internet à Cuba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_na_Kubie" title="Internet na Kubie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Internet na Kubie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_em_Cuba" title="Internet em Cuba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Internet em Cuba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_t%E1%BA%A1i_Cuba" title="Internet tại Cuba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Internet tại Cuba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="古巴互联网 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古巴互联网" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6055878#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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href="/wiki/Wireless_community_network" title="Wireless community network">wireless community network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Cuba" title="Internet censorship in Cuba">Internet censorship in Cuba</a>. </p><p>Since its introduction in the late 1990s, Cuban Internet has stalled because of lack of funding,<sup id="cite_ref-Press-2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tight government restrictions,<sup id="cite_ref-Bruno-Cafe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruno-Cafe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">U.S. embargo</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Torricelli_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Torricelli Act">Torricelli Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Press-2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 2007 this situation began to slowly improve, with 3G data services rolling out island-wide in 2018, and 4G since 2019, albeit through a government-monitored network. On July 29, 2019, Cuba legalized private WiFi in homes and businesses, although one must obtain a permit to have access.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to website DataReportal, in 2022, 68% of the Cuban population had access to the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Cuba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1996, Cuba's first connection to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, a 64 Kbit/s link to <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Nextel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprint Nextel">Sprint</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, was established.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this initial introduction, the expansion of Internet access in Cuba stagnated. Despite a lack of consensus on the specific reasons, the following appear to be major factors: </p> <ul><li>Lack of funding, owing to the poor state of the Cuban economy after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> and the Cuban government's fear that foreign investment would undermine national sovereignty (in other words, foreign investors putting Cuba up for sale).<sup id="cite_ref-Press-2011_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bruno-Cafe_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruno-Cafe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">U.S. embargo</a>, which delayed construction of an undersea cable, and made computers, routers, and other equipment prohibitively expensive and therefore difficult to obtain.<sup id="cite_ref-Press-2011_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to Boris Moreno Cordoves, Deputy Minister of <a href="/wiki/Informatics" title="Informatics">Informatics</a> and Communications, the <a href="/wiki/Torricelli_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Torricelli Act">Torricelli Act</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a>) identified the telecommunications sector as a tool for <a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">subversion</a> of the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>, and the necessary technology has been conditioned by <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionaries</a>. The internet is also seen as essential for Cuba’s economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2009, President Obama announced that the United States would allow American companies to provide Internet service to Cuba, and U.S. regulations were modified to encourage communication links with Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-Press-2011_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cuban government rejected the offer, however, preferring to work instead with the <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 a U.S. company, TeleCuba Communications, Inc., was granted a license to install an undersea cable between Key West, Florida and Havana, although political considerations on both sides prevented the venture from moving forward.<sup id="cite_ref-Press-2011_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 30 percent of the population (3 million users, 79th in the world) had access to the internet in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internet connections are through satellite leading the cost of accessing the internet to be high.<sup id="cite_ref-RWB-Cuba_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWB-Cuba-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private ownership of a computer or cell phone required a difficult-to-obtain government permit until 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When buying computers was legalized in 2008, the private ownership of computers in Cuba soared—there were 630,000 computers available on the island in 2008, a 23% increase over 2007).<sup id="cite_ref-Cuba_to_keep_internet_limits_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuba_to_keep_internet_limits-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to limited bandwidth, authorities gave preference to use from locations where Internet access is used on a collective basis, such as in workplaces, schools, and research centers, where many people have access to the same computers or network.<sup id="cite_ref-Cuba_to_keep_internet_limits_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuba_to_keep_internet_limits-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/ALBA-1" title="ALBA-1">ALBA-1</a> undersea <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-optic">fiber-optic</a> link to Venezuela was laid in 2011 and became operational for public users in January 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This replaced a system which relied on the <a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a> satellite system and aging telephone lines connecting with the United States. Total bandwidth between Cuba and the global internet before the cable was just 209 Mbit/s upstream and 379 downstream.<sup id="cite_ref-Press-2011_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the Cuban government opened the first public <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">wi-fi hotspots</a> in 35 public locations. It also reduced prices and increased speeds for internet access at state-run cybercafés.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As of July 2016, 4,334,022 Cubans (38.8% of the total population) were Internet users.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By January 2018, there were public hotspots in approximately 500 public locations nationwide providing access in most major cities,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the country relies heavily on public infrastructure whereas home access to the Internet remains largely inaccessible for the general population. In 2018, the state announced a plan to start offering <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Internet">mobile Internet</a> by the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That began in December 2018, and during 2019, limited 4G coverage began. </p><p>The 2,500-kilometre Arimao undersea cable reached land on January 10, 2023 in <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, after starting its installation in <a href="/wiki/Cienfuegos" title="Cienfuegos">Cienfuegos</a>, Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cuban Telecommunications Company S.A. (ETECSA) and the French company Orange S.A. cooperated in laying the cable.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Cuba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cuba" title="Telecommunications in Cuba">Telecommunications in Cuba</a></div> <p>On July 29, 2019, Cuba legalized private Wi-Fi in homes and businesses, although one must obtain a permit to have access.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of December 6, 2018, Cubans can have full mobile Internet access provided by Cuba's telecommunications company, <a href="/wiki/ETECSA" title="ETECSA">ETECSA</a>, at <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> speeds. The roll out of the internet service took place from Thursday, December 6, to Sunday, December 9 to avoid congestion. ETECSA also announced different internet packages and their prices, ranging from 600 MB for 7 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_convertible_pesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban convertible pesos">Cuban convertible pesos</a> ($7) to 4 GB for 30 Cuban convertible pesos ($30).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One network link connects to the global Internet and is used by government officials and tourists, while another connection for use by the general public has restricted content. Most access is to a government-controlled national <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">intranet</a> and an in-country e-mail system.<sup id="cite_ref-WFB-Cuba_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WFB-Cuba-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intranet contains <a href="/wiki/EcuRed" title="EcuRed">EcuRed</a> and websites that are supportive of the government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Such a network is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Kwangmyong_(network)" title="Kwangmyong (network)">Kwangmyong</a> used by <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, a network <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> uses and a network <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> has plans to implement.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting on 4 June 2013 Cubans can sign up with <a href="/wiki/ETECSA" title="ETECSA">ETECSA</a>, the state telecom company, for public Internet access under the brand "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Nauta</i></span>" at 118 centers across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Juventud_Rebelde" title="Juventud Rebelde">Juventud Rebelde</a></i>, an official newspaper, said new areas of the Internet would gradually become available. </p><p>In early 2016, ETEC S.A. began a pilot program for broadband Internet service in Cuban homes, with a view to rolling out broadband Internet services in private residences.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And there are approximately 250 WiFi hotspots around the country. </p><p>In mid December 2016 Google and the Cuban government signed a deal allowing the internet giant to provide faster access to its data by installing servers on the island that will store much of the company's most popular content. Storing Google data in Cuba eliminates the long distances that signals must travel from the island through Venezuela to the nearest Google server.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2018, access to the Internet by mobile data is available. In 2019, 7.1 millions of Cubans could access the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prices of connections, since<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> WiFi zones, or mobile data, or from houses through the "Nauta Hogar" service have been decreasing, specially since the economic reform of January 2021, when all the salaries increased by at least 5 times, and the prices of the Internet remain in the same point.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, 7.7 million Cubans accessing the Internet were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SNET">SNET</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Cuba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: SNET"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SNET (from <i>Street Network</i>) is a Cuban grassroots <a href="/wiki/Wireless_community_network" title="Wireless community network">wireless community network</a> which allows people to play games or pirate movies by using an interconnected network of households.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2019, Cuba's Ministry of Communication (MINCOM) announced resolutions that made community networks like SNET illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-WLRN_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLRN-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since SNET was the world's largest community network that did not have Internet access, implementation of the resolutions was postponed for 60 days for negotiations between SNET administrators and MINCOM. The negotiations have ended with a decision to transfer SNET's services and content to ETECSA, Cuba's government-monopoly ISP, and to provide access through Cuba's nationwide chain of 611 Youth Computer Clubs (YCCs).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Censorship">Censorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Cuba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Cuba" title="Internet censorship in Cuba">Internet censorship in Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labuci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Labuci.jpg/250px-Labuci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Labuci.jpg/330px-Labuci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Labuci.jpg/500px-Labuci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The computer lab of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Information_Science" title="University of Information Science">University of Information Science</a> in Havana, one of the major computer centers in Cuba. (2010)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cuban internet is among the most tightly controlled in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-cubainternet_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cubainternet-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Library_Associations" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation of Library Associations">International Federation of Library Associations</a> and Institutions expressed deep concern about continuing violations of the basic human right to freedom of access to information and freedom of expression in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba has been listed as an "Internet Enemy" by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> since the list was created in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-RWB-Cuba_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWB-Cuba-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The level of Internet filtering in Cuba is not categorized by the <a href="/wiki/OpenNet_Initiative" title="OpenNet Initiative">OpenNet Initiative</a> due to lack of data.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All material intended for publication on the Internet must first be approved by the National Registry of Serial Publications. Service providers may not grant access to individuals not approved by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-azel_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azel-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One report found that many foreign news outlet websites are not blocked in Cuba, but the slow connections and outdated technology in Cuba makes it impossible for citizens to load these websites.<sup id="cite_ref-FHFOTN-2011_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FHFOTN-2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than having complex filtering systems, the government relies on the high cost of getting online and the telecommunications infrastructure that is slow to restrict Internet access.<sup id="cite_ref-RWB-Cuba_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWB-Cuba-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digital media is starting to play a more important role, bringing news of events in Cuba to the rest of the world. In spite of restrictions, Cubans connect to the Internet at embassies, Internet cafés, through friends at universities, hotels, and work. Cellphone availability is increasing. Cuba has also seen a rise in the community of bloggers. Bloggers such as <a href="/wiki/Yoani_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Yoani Sánchez">Yoani Sánchez</a> use new media to depict life in Cuba and how the government violates basic freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FHFOTN-2011_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FHFOTN-2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sánchez's blog <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://desdecuba.com/generationy/">Generation Y</a> has received much international publicity. Moreover, Sánchez along with other popular bloggers have made it "trendy" for youth to "exercise the right to free speech".<sup id="cite_ref-FHFOTN-2011_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FHFOTN-2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New media tools have allowed citizens to record and post their protests on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> as well as text message <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Tweets</a> to people outside of Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitefield-5Oct2011_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitefield-5Oct2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of digital media in Cuba has led the government to be increasingly worried about these tools; <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">U.S. diplomatic cables leaked</a> in December 2010 revealed that US diplomats believed that the Cuban government is more afraid of bloggers than of "traditional" dissidents. The government has increased its own presence on blogging platforms with the number of "pro-government" blogging platforms on the rise since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-RWB-Cuba_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWB-Cuba-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to get around the government's control of the Internet, citizens have developed numerous techniques of <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">Internet censorship circumvention</a>. In addition to getting online through coffee shops, Cubans also purchase accounts through the black market. The black market consists of professional or former government officials who have been cleared to have Internet access.<sup id="cite_ref-RWB-Cuba_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWB-Cuba-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These individuals sell or rent their usernames and passwords to citizens who want to have access.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mobile internet in Cuba being provided by <a href="/wiki/ETECSA" title="ETECSA">ETECSA</a>, Cuba's telecommunications company, is mostly uncensored. However, a few sites funded by the U.S. government are blocked.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Cuba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Press-2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Press-2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press-2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press-2011_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press-2011_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press-2011_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press-2011_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press-2011_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://som.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/cuba/chapters/lpdraft2.docx"><i>The state of the Internet in Cuba, January 2011</i></a>, Larry Press, Professor of Information Systems at <a href="/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a>, January 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruno-Cafe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruno-Cafe_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruno-Cafe_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eichikawa.com/2012/10/encuentro-con-el-canciller-bruno-rodriguez-y-la-agenda-de-dialogo-de-cafe.html">"Encuentro con el Canciller Bruno Rodríguez y la agenda de diálogo de CAFE"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822074145/http://eichikawa.com/2012/10/encuentro-con-el-canciller-bruno-rodriguez-y-la-agenda-de-dialogo-de-cafe.html">Archived</a> 2013-08-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("Meeting with Foreign Minister Bruno Rodriguez and the dialogue agenda CAFE"), 2 October 2012, accessed 25 May 2013. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://eichikawa.com/2012/10/encuentro-con-el-canciller-bruno-rodriguez-y-la-agenda-de-dialogo-de-cafe.html">English translation</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJuventud_Rebelde2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juventud_Rebelde" title="Juventud Rebelde">Juventud Rebelde</a> (6 February 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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<a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-internet/cuba-legalizes-private-wi-fi-networks-in-bid-to-boost-connectivity-idUSKCN1SZ2UD">"Cuba legalizes private Wi-Fi networks in bid to boost connectivity | Reuters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Cuba+legalizes+private+Wi-Fi+networks+in+bid+to+boost+connectivity+%26%23124%3B+Reuters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-cuba-internet%2Fcuba-legalizes-private-wi-fi-networks-in-bid-to-boost-connectivity-idUSKCN1SZ2UD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+Cuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-cuba">"Digital 2022: Cuba"</a>. <i>DataReportal – Global Digital Insights</i>. 16 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DataReportal+%E2%80%93+Global+Digital+Insights&rft.atitle=Digital+2022%3A+Cuba&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatareportal.com%2Freports%2Fdigital-2022-cuba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+Cuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Press2011" class="citation cs2">Larry Press (27 February 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laredcubana.blogspot.com/2011/02/cubas-first-internet-connection.html"><i>Cuba's first Internet connection</i></a>, The Internet in Cuba@blogspot.com</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%27s+first+Internet+connection&rft.pub=The+Internet+in+Cuba%40blogspot.com&rft.date=2011-02-27&rft.au=Larry+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaredcubana.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F02%2Fcubas-first-internet-connection.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+Cuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/18285798">"Wired, at last"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Going+online+in+Cuba%3A+Internet+under+surveillance&rft.pub=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.date=2006-10&rft.au=Claire+Voeux&rft.au=Julien+Pain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsf.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Frapport_gb_md_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+Cuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendsofcubanlibraries.org/Recent%20News%202.htm#IFLA%20protests%20Cuban%20Internet%20crackdown">"IFLA protests Cuban Internet crackdown"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721233955/http://www.friendsofcubanlibraries.org/Recent%20News%202.htm#IFLA%20protests%20Cuban%20Internet%20crackdown">Archived</a> 2012-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Friends of Cuban Libraries, 19 January 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opennet.net/research/profiles/cuba">"ONI Country Profile: Cuba"</a>, OpenNet Initiative, May 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-azel-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-azel_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAzel2011" class="citation news cs1">Azel, José (27 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubademocraciayvida.org/web/article.asp?artID=13302">"Opinion: Cuba's Internet repression equals groupthink"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Cuba%27s+Internet+repression+equals+groupthink&rft.date=2011-02-27&rft.aulast=Azel&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cubademocraciayvida.org%2Fweb%2Farticle.asp%3FartID%3D13302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+Cuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FHFOTN-2011-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FHFOTN-2011_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FHFOTN-2011_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FHFOTN-2011_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/FotN/Cuba2011.pdf">"Cuba"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Freedon on the Net 2011</i>. Freedom House. 4 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedon+on+the+Net+2011&rft.atitle=Cuba&rft.date=2011-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Fimages%2FFile%2FFotN%2FCuba2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+Cuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitefield-5Oct2011-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitefield-5Oct2011_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitefield2011" class="citation web cs1">Whitefield, Mimi (5 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130626182901/http://cuba-l.unm.edu/?nid=100886">"New media bring the world closer to Cuba"</a>. Miami Herald. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cuba-l.unm.edu/?nid=100886">the original</a> on June 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+media+bring+the+world+closer+to+Cuba&rft.pub=Miami+Herald&rft.date=2011-10-05&rft.aulast=Whitefield&rft.aufirst=Mimi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcuba-l.unm.edu%2F%3Fnid%3D100886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+Cuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.havana-guide.com/havana-internet.html">"Havana Internet cafes"</a>. Havana Guide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Havana+Internet+cafes&rft.pub=Havana+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.havana-guide.com%2Fhavana-internet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+Cuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Cuba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tamayo, Juan O. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/06/07/3439494/cubas-new-internet-locales-remain.html">Cuba’s new Internet locales remain conditioned</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a></i>. June 6, 2013.</li> <li>Baron, G. and Hall, G. (2014), Access Online: Internet Governance and Image in Cuba. Bulletin of Latin American Research. doi: 10.1111/blar.12263</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Cuba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/60px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/120px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cuba" title="Portal:Cuba">Cuba portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Uxo/publication/247858490_Internet_politics_in_Cuba/links/5bd91760299bf1124faf7285/Internet-politics-in-Cuba.pdf">"Internet politics in Cuba"</a>, Carlos Uxo, <a href="/wiki/La_Trobe_University" title="La Trobe University">La Trobe University</a>, <i>Telecommunications Journal of Australia</i>, Vol. 60, No. 1 (February 2010)</li> <li>Article on the state of the Internet in Cuba, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://som.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/articles/acmfwk/acmfrwk.htm">"An Internet Diffusion Framework"</a>, by Larry Press, Grey Burkhart, Will Foster, Seymour Goodman, Peter Wolcott, and Jon Woodard, in <i>Communications of the ACM</i>, Vol. 41, No. 10, pp 21–26, October, 1998</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://som.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/cubabiblio.htm">"Cuban bibliography"</a>, lists fourteen reports and articles on the Internet in Cuba from 1992 to 1998, by Larry Press, Professor of Information Systems at <a href="/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cubainternet.impela.net/">"Internet in Cuba"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802171453/http://cubainternet.impela.net/">Archived</a> 2017-08-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Thousands of articles about and referring to the Internet in Cuba.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etecsa.cu/internet_conectividad/areas_wifi/">Public places with Wi-Fi access</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202071437/http://www.etecsa.cu/internet_conectividad/areas_wifi/">Archived</a> 2019-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> provided by <a href="/wiki/ETECSA" title="ETECSA">ETECSA</a> (Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba S.A.) in Spanish.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117051236/http://www.nautacuba.info/p/zonas-wifi.html">Wifi Nauta hotspots in Cuba</a> a comprehensive lists of Nauta hotspots in Cuba (in Spanish).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laredcubana.blogspot.com">La Red Cubana</a>—a blog on Cuban Internet technology, policy and applications (in English).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlPiG-pDvGA">OFFLINE</a> a documentary about the lack of internet in Cuba. From Cuba by Yaima Pardo. (Video) (English CC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etecsa.cu/internet_conectividad/internet/">"Public access to the Internet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101060613/http://www.etecsa.cu/internet_conectividad/internet/">Archived</a> 2020-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Spanish), Telecommunications Company of Cuba SA (ETECSA).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_in_North_America165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_in_North_America165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in North America">Internet in North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Canada" title="Internet in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Mexico" title="Internet in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Cayman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuba_articles512" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuba_topics" title="Template:Cuba topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuba_topics" title="Template talk:Cuba topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuba_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuba topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuba_articles512" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cuba-related_articles" title="Index of Cuba-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Revolution35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Pre-Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cuban_history" title="Timeline of Cuban history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Little War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#Sinking" title="USS Maine (1889)">Sinking of USS <i>Maine</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_I" title="Cuba during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Cuba_hurricane" title="1932 Cuba hurricane">1932 hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Moncada_Barracks" title="Attack on the Moncada Barracks">Attack on the Moncada Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_of_the_Granma" title="Landing of the Granma">Landing of the Granma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Revolution" title="Triumph of the Revolution">Triumph of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Hill_massacre" title="San Juan Hill massacre">San Juan Hill massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_first,_elections_later" title="Revolution first, elections later">Revolution first, elections later</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reforms_in_Cuba" title="Agrarian reforms in Cuba">Agrarian reforms in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huber_Matos_affair" title="Huber Matos affair">Huber Matos affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_exile" title="Golden exile">Golden exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escambray_rebellion" title="Escambray rebellion">Escambray rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Coubre_explosion" title="La Coubre explosion">La Coubre explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">Operation Peter Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literacy_campaign" title="Cuban literacy campaign">Cuban literacy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P.M._affair" title="P.M. affair">P.M. affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Year_Plan_(Cuba)" title="Four Year Plan (Cuba)">Four Year Plan (Cuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Three_Ps" title="Night of the Three Ps">Night of the Three Ps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_affair" title="Escalante affair">Escalante affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)" title="Great Debate (Cuba)">Great Debate (Cuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Flights" title="Freedom Flights">Freedom Flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Offensive" title="Revolutionary Offensive">Revolutionary Offensive</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grey_years" title="Grey years">Grey years</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padilla_affair" title="Padilla affair">Padilla affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Institutionalization_process" title="Institutionalization process">Institutionalization process</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_Cuba" title="Sovietization of Cuba">Sovietization of Cuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mariel_boatlift" title="Mariel boatlift">Mariel boatlift</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Havana_Embassy_Crisis_of_1980" title="Peruvian Havana Embassy Crisis of 1980">Peruvian Havana Embassy Crisis of 1980</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectification_process" title="Rectification process">Rectification process</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dollarization_of_Cuba" title="Dollarization of Cuba">Dollarization of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleconazo" title="Maleconazo">Maleconazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Cuban_rafter_crisis" title="1994 Cuban rafter crisis">1994 Cuban rafter crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ideas" title="Battle of Ideas">Battle of Ideas</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elian_Gonzalez_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Elian Gonzalez affair">Elian Gonzalez affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Revolution" title="Energy Revolution">Energy Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Cuban_transfer_of_presidential_duties" title="2006–2008 Cuban transfer of presidential duties">Fidel's transfer of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests" title="2021 Cuban protests">2021 protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Havana" title="History of Havana">History of Havana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Havana" title="Timeline of Havana">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other cities <ul><li>Timelines: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Camag%C3%BCey" title="Timeline of Camagüey">Camagüey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cienfuegos" title="Timeline of Cienfuegos">Cienfuegos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Guant%C3%A1namo" title="Timeline of Guantánamo">Guantánamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Holgu%C3%ADn" title="Timeline of Holguín">Holguín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Matanzas" title="Timeline of Matanzas">Matanzas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Timeline of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Cuba" title="List of cities in Cuba">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Cuba" title="Municipalities of Cuba">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Cuba" title="Provinces of Cuba">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Cuba" title="List of islands of Cuba">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Cuba" title="List of earthquakes in Cuba">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuba_hurricanes" title="List of Cuba hurricanes">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Cuba" title="List of rivers of Cuba">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cuba" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cuba">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba" title="Politics of Cuba">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba" title="Constitution of Cuba">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cuba" title="Corruption in Cuba">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Cuba)" title="Council of Ministers (Cuba)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Cuba)" title="Council of State (Cuba)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cuba" title="Elections in Cuba">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cuba" title="Foreign relations of Cuba">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cuba" title="Human rights in Cuba">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cuba" title="Censorship in Cuba">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cuba" title="Human trafficking in Cuba">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cuba">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Cuba" title="Law of Cuba">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cuba" title="List of political parties in Cuba">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="National Assembly of People's Power">National Assembly of People's Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of People's Power">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Cuba">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">President of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Cuba" title="List of heads of state of Cuba">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Cuba" title="Vice President of Cuba">Vice President of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Prime Minister of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Cuba" title="List of heads of government of Cuba">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Army" title="Cuban Revolutionary Army">Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Navy" title="Cuban Revolutionary Navy">Revolutionary Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Air_and_Air_Defense_Force" title="Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Troops_Militia" title="Territorial Troops Militia">Territorial Troops Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_National_Army" title="Cuban National Army">National Army</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Law enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Police_Force" title="National Revolutionary Police Force">National Revolutionary Police Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution" title="Committees for the Defense of the Revolution">Committees for the Defense of the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Inteligencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Inteligencia">Dirección General de Inteligencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Directorate" title="Military Counterintelligence Directorate">Military Counterintelligence Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cuba" title="Agriculture in Cuba">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Reforma_Agraria" title="Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria">Agrarian reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPA_(agriculture)" title="CPA (agriculture)">Cooperatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cuba" title="Central Bank of Cuba">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_economy_of_Cuba" title="Dual economy of Cuba">Dual economy of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_peso" title="Cuban peso">Peso <span style="font-size: 85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_convertible_peso" title="Cuban convertible peso">Convertible peso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Cuba" title="International rankings of Cuba">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cuba" title="Telecommunications in Cuba">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cuba" title="Tourism in Cuba">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cuba" title="Transport in Cuba">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Cubana de Aviación">airline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cuba" title="Culture of Cuba">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Society7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cuba" title="Demographics of Cuba">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Afro-Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_Americans" title="List of Cuban Americans">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Cuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verdean Cuban">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cubans" title="Chinese Cubans">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Cubans" title="Filipino Cubans">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Cuba" title="French immigration to Cuba">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Cuban" title="Haitian Cuban">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cubans" title="Italian Cubans">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Cubans" title="Japanese Cubans">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Cuba" title="Koreans in Cuba">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_in_Cuba" title="List of Lebanese people in Cuba">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Mexican immigration to Cuba">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Spanish immigration to Cuba">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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