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demands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yorkist_demands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lovedays_as_arbitration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lovedays_as_arbitration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Lovedays as arbitration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lovedays_as_arbitration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lovedays as arbitration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lovedays_as_arbitration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Mechanics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparations_and_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations_and_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Preparations and negotiations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparations_and_negotiations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Preparations and negotiations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Preparations_and_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summoning_the_lords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summoning_the_lords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Summoning the lords </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summoning_the_lords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King's_award" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King's_award"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 King's award </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King's_award-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Loveday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Loveday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 The Loveday </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Loveday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Contemporary reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_to_prevent_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_to_prevent_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Failure to prevent crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_to_prevent_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arbitration event during the Wars of the Roses</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Henry_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tudor-era painting of King Henry VI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/King_Henry_VI.jpg/260px-King_Henry_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/King_Henry_VI.jpg/390px-King_Henry_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/King_Henry_VI.jpg/520px-King_Henry_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2979" data-file-height="3857" /></a><figcaption>King Henry VI, who probably organized the Loveday in an attempt to pacify his nobility, which by 1458, had divided down clear partisan lines into armed camps.</figcaption></figure> The Loveday of 1458 (also known as the Annunciation Loveday)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001315-1">[1]</a> was a ritualistic reconciliation between warring factions of the <a href="/wiki/English_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="English peerage">English nobility</a> that took place at <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> on 25 March 1458. Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> in 1455, it was the culmination of lengthy negotiations initiated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">King Henry VI</a> to resolve the lords' rivalries. English politics had become increasingly factional during his reign, and was exacerbated in 1453 when he became <a href="/wiki/Catatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catatonic">catatonic</a>. This effectively left the government leaderless, and eventually the King's cousin, and at the time <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir to the throne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a>, was appointed protector during the King's illness. Alongside York were his allies from the politically and militarily powerful <a href="/wiki/House_of_Neville" title="House of Neville">Neville</a> family, led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard, Earl of Salisbury</a>, and his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard, Earl of Warwick</a>. When the King returned to health a year later, the protectorship ended but partisanship within the government did not. Supporters of King Henry and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Queen Margaret</a>, have been loosely called "Lancastrians", the King being head of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a>, while the duke and his party are considered "Yorkists", after his title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a> By the 1450s, York felt increasingly excluded from government, and, in May 1455—possibly fearing an ambush by his enemies—led an army against the King at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">First Battle of St Albans</a>. There, in what has been called more of a series of assassinations than a battle, the personal enemies of York and the Nevilles—the <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Duke of Somerset</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Earl of Northumberland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_Clifford" title="Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford">Lord Clifford</a>—perished. In 1458 the King attempted to unite his feuding nobles with a public display of friendship under the auspices of the Church at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral#Old_St_Paul's" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>. Following much discussion and negotiation, and amid the presence of large, armed, noble retinues which almost led to another outbreak of war, a compromise was announced. To celebrate, a procession was held by all the major participants, who walked hand-in-hand from <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster Palace</a> to <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>. Queen Margaret was partnered with York, and other adversaries were paired off accordingly, and the sons of the dead <a href="/wiki/Lancastrianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancastrianism">Lancastrian</a> lords took their fathers' places. Certain reparations were ordained, all by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">Yorkist</a> lords, who for their part accepted full responsibility for the Battle of St Albans. They were ordered to make payments to the dead lords' widows and sons, and <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">masses</a> were paid for the souls of all who had died. Contemporaries varied in their views of the accord. Some wrote verses expressing hope that it would lead to a new-found peace and prosperity; others were more pessimistic as to its value. In the long run, the King's Loveday and its agreements had no long-lasting benefit. Within a few months, petty violence between the lords had broken out again and, within the year, York and Lancaster faced each other at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Battle of Blore Heath</a>. Historians debate who—if anyone—gained from the 1458 Loveday. On the one hand, the crown publicised its role as the ultimate court of appeal but, conversely, although the Yorkists were bound to pay large sums in compensation, this was done with money already owed by the government. Fundamentally, factional discord was highlighted on the public stage, and the war it was intended to prevent was only deferred. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_background">Political background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political background">edit</a>]</div> By the middle of the 15th century, English politics had become increasingly factional. <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a> and his <a href="/wiki/House_of_Neville" title="House of Neville">Neville</a> allies—<a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard, Earl of Salisbury</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard, Earl of Warwick</a>, with their cousin <a href="/wiki/John_Mowbray,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk</a>—were in opposition to the government of <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VI">King Henry VI</a>. The King was weak-willed and easily led, and his government was effectively controlled by his <a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favourite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981740-4">[3]</a> Further weakening the government, King Henry had become mentally incapacitated in August 1453, becoming comatose, unable to feed himself or recognise any of his companions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1980715-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[note 2]</a> At the time, a <a href="/wiki/Percy%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Percy–Neville feud">major feud</a> was taking place in the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North of England">North of England</a> between the powerful <a href="/wiki/House_of_Percy" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Percy">Percy</a> and Neville families. The former was led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland</a>'s son, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percy,_1st_Baron_Egremont" title="Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont">Thomas Percy, Lord Egremont</a>, while the Neville family was headed by Salisbury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999134-9">[7]</a> In March 1454, the King still being ill, parliament authorised a <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">protectorate</a> to rule in the King's stead. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> chose the Duke of York—as the King's closest adult relative—as Protector. York and the Nevilles cemented an alliance during the protectorate when York appointed Salisbury his <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1990257–258-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[note 3]</a> York's protectorate had given the Nevilles a useful advantage over their rivals, and in November 1454, Thomas Percy and his brothers, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Percy" title="Ralph Percy">Ralph</a>, were captured in battle. They received massive fines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1968622-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[note 4]</a> The following January, the King regained his health, and York was no longer required as Protector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1968622-18">[15]</a> York and the Nevilles retreated to their northern estates, and Mowbray did likewise to <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, in an attempt to distance themselves from factional politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981740-4">[3]</a> From this point, argues the <a href="/wiki/Medievalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medievalist">medievalist</a> <a href="/wiki/A._J._Pollard" title="A. J. Pollard">A. J. Pollard</a>, power "shifted back into the hands of [York’s] enemies, now given a lead by the Queen" rather than the King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2004-23">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yorkist_demands">Yorkist demands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Yorkist demands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Richard, Duke of York, depicted in a contemporary manuscript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg/220px-Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg/330px-Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg/440px-Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>Richard, Duke of York, leader of the Yorkist faction and bitter enemy of the King's favourites, the Dukes of Suffolk and Somerset, whom he believed had excluded him from his rightful position in government.</figcaption></figure> An uneasy peace existed between the court and the Yorkists until April 1455, when the King summoned a <a href="/wiki/Great_council_of_peers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great council of peers">great council</a> to meet at <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> the following month. The Duke of York feared that the purpose of this council was to destroy him; several chroniclers of the day suggest that Somerset was influencing the King against the Duke with "subtile meanes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981740-4">[3]</a> York and the Nevilles raised an army from their northern estates.<a href="#cite_note-25">[note 5]</a> They wrote to Henry regarding their fears, and emphasised their loyalty to him. This was in spite of what they called the "doubtes and ambiguitees [and] jealousie" spread by their enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2000170-26">[21]</a> The Yorkist lords also expressed their fears that their lives were in danger from those who hid "undre the wynge of your Mageste Roiall".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2000171-27">[22]</a> This, they said, was the reason they felt the need to travel accompanied by large retinues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2000170-26">[21]</a> The Yorkists' solution was that the King dismiss those who kept the King's true liegemen (i.e., them) from him and that the malicious advisers be <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Bourchier (cardinal)">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2000170–171-28">[23]</a> It is unknown whether the King received the Yorkist lords' letters, although the historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_(historian)" title="Michael Hicks (historian)">Michael Hicks</a> believes that "there is no convincing evidence" that he did not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2000182-29">[24]</a> Henry and a small force left London for Leicester on 20 May; while it was natural for both the King and his followers to travel with armed contingents, the majority were members of their civil households.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoardman2006553–5355-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[note 6]</a> The Yorkists approached from the north with a speed calculated to surprise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981741-32">[26]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive strike">pre-emptive strike</a>, York and his allies intercepted the royal army at <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">St Albans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981798-33">[27]</a> Fighting in the streets lasted only a short time, and though there were very few fatalities among the common soldiery, the chief Lancastrian captains—Northumberland, Somerset and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_de_Clifford" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford">Thomas, Lord Clifford</a>—were all killed. They were not only three of the King's most loyal and powerful supporters, but Northumberland and Somerset were bitter enemies of the Nevilles and York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2010110-34">[28]</a> Because of this, the clash has been described more akin to a series of targeted assassinations than a fully fledged battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong196035-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001289-36">[30]</a> On the 22nd, Henry was escorted, under guard, back to London: "all honour was shown to him" by York, Salisbury and Warwick, notes Griffiths, and a ceremony—intending to establish the new-found friendship between the King and the Yorkists—was held in St Paul's the following day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman199624-37">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981746-38">[32]</a> The period between St Albans and the Loveday, says Pollard, is one of the most poorly recorded of the entire century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard200122-39">[33]</a> although what is known has enabled historians to piece together the basic chronology. By 1458, Henry's government urgently needed to deal with the unfinished problem that the Battle of St Albans had created, summarised by the scholar <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Griffiths" title="Ralph Griffiths">Ralph Griffiths</a> as the "craving of the younger magnates for revenge on those who had killed their fathers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981805-40">[34]</a> But Henry also wanted to bring the Yorkists back into the fold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurer2003151-41">[35]</a> Taking the initiative,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999187-42">[36]</a> the Loveday was intended to be his personal contribution to a lasting peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981819-43">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[note 7]</a> Another motive for achieving a united magnatial front was the French: intelligence had been received suggesting they planned to attack <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[note 8]</a> In the event, this never occurred,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999184-48">[40]</a> but the previous year the French had been able to land at <a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Sandwich</a> in Kent, which they <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">sacked</a>, taking many prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1998144-49">[41]</a> This alone was reason enough to bring the warring parties together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurer2003151-41">[35]</a> The Yorkists released an official statement, known as the Parliamentary Pardon, which was intended to absolve them of blame for the crisis. This, as the name suggests, was passed by act of parliament, and was seen as a stronger defence for the Yorkists than one issued by the King alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001297-50">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong196035-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[note 9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lovedays_as_arbitration">Lovedays as arbitration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lovedays as arbitration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> In the context of a 'loveday', 'love' meant concord or a settlement;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1958357-53">[44]</a> likewise, in law, a 'day' indicated a case-opening rather than a twenty-four hour period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1958354_n.19-54">[45]</a> There were few, if any restrictions on the kind of business that a loveday could address, as long as the court had authorised it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1958355-55">[46]</a> and this included cases that were pending at a higher court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1958356-56">[47]</a> Arbitration, argues <a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">legal historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Musson" title="Anthony Musson">Anthony Musson</a>, was not a resource restricted to one particular group of people, rather a universal phenomenon, occurring at every level and among all orders of society".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusson200191-57">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanics">edit</a>]</div> The ritualistic reconciliations that contemporaries called lovedays<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard200122-39">[33]</a> have been described by the scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=B._P._Wolffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B. P. Wolffe (page does not exist)">B. P. Wolffe</a> as "a formal accord on the limited issue of atonement and compensation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001311-58">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[note 10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal historian">Legal historian</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(legal_historian)" title="John Baker (legal historian)">John Baker</a> suggested that, in particularly contentious affairs, a loveday was deliberately designed "to avoid reasoned decision making",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker19905-61">[51]</a> being intended to result in voluntary—therefore amicable—settlements. This was regardless of who was legally in the right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker19905-61">[51]</a> The process often had a social aspect to it, such as the parties having to worship or dine together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2002113-62">[52]</a> Lovedays were particularly favoured among the nobility as a mechanism by which parties could avoid the involvement of the crown if they wished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1972155-63">[53]</a> Held in neutral locations agreeable to the protagonists, lovedays were arranged by people acting as the protagonists' councillors. These would be important men in the extra-legal process, says Griffiths: "anyone who talked or wrote about or organized these dies amories was half-way towards settling potentially dangerous quarrels".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1980129-64">[54]</a> The protagonists would usually arrive accompanied by small retinues<a href="#cite_note-68">[note 11]</a> and await an award from the arbitration committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200669-69">[58]</a> This normally comprised three men, trusted by all those involved,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy198479-70">[59]</a> and usually members of the local nobility or respected local gentry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell198423-71">[60]</a> Often one of them would be appointed at the beginning of the process as an umpire, in case of a deadlock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy198479-70">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations_and_negotiations">Preparations and negotiations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Preparations and negotiations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summoning_the_lords">Summoning the lords</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Summoning the lords">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The Lancastrians were well placed to harry the Yorkists as they made their way to Westminster for the great council. On 1 March, Warwick was warned that Somerset and Northumberland planned to avenge St Albans there and then, but the earl refused to be deterred from attending the council meeting. Some were evidently persuaded only with difficulty to await the King's award.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981805-40">[34]</a> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Griffiths" title="Ralph A. Griffiths">R. A. Griffiths</a>, The Reign of King Henry VI (1981)</cite></div> </div>King Henry believed that an organised settlement, under his leadership, could be made between the opposing factions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988180-72">[61]</a> Several great councils were called in late 1457, involving long and protracted negotiations between the parties. Henry eventually summoned a <a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">great council</a> to <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[note 12]</a> with the intent of eventually imposing his own arbitration <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_award" title="Arbitration award">award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981805–806-75">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer#Writs_of_summons" title="Hereditary peer">summons</a> told how the King wished "to set apart such variances as be betwixt divers lords".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001311-58">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriss2005637-76">[64]</a> This council was scheduled to meet in November 1457, but it received little interest from the nobility, only a few turning up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999184-48">[40]</a> Among those who did were York and Salisbury, although the latter had been escorted<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001311-58">[49]</a>—willingly or not is unknown<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1990249-77">[65]</a>—from <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Beaumont,_1st_Viscount_Beaumont" title="John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont">Viscount Beaumont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001311-58">[49]</a> The little that is known of this council stems from subsequent <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writs</a> which simultaneously cancelled and reformed it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988180-72">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[note 13]</a> The council was rescheduled for 27 January 1458, and, this time, it appears to have been more positively received. Lords began arriving in London a few days before it was due to start. Each arrived with their <a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">retinues</a>, which in the cases of the main protagonists involved substantial bodies of men.<a href="#cite_note-80">[note 14]</a> Henry tried to guarantee the safety of those attending, as he summoned levies from the counties for the defence of London and Westminster, which he then paraded through the City in a show of strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988180-72">[61]</a> On 26 January, York arrived with 400 armed followers; the Earl of Salisbury—still in London from the November council—had 500 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981805-40">[34]</a> Their attendance, if not their retinues, boded well for the King's plans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988181-81">[67]</a> The Yorkists' bitter rivals soon followed. These included <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter">Henry, Duke of Exeter</a>—who had aided the Percies in the feud with the Nevilles<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrummitt2013174-82">[68]</a>—and the new <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Duke of Somerset</a>. Somerset had been involved in at least one attempt to assassinate Warwick the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2010129-83">[69]</a> Described as "ducal hotheads" by historian <a href="/wiki/R._L._Storey" title="R. L. Storey">R. L. Storey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999184-48">[40]</a> they arrived soon after York with another 800 men between them. A fortnight later, the new Earl of Northumberland, Henry Percy, and his brothers Thomas, Lord Egremont and Sir Ralph Percy arrived, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_Clifford" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford">John, Lord Clifford</a>. Together, they brought a small army of around 1,500 men. The Earl of Warwick arrived last, coming from Calais—where he was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Captains,_Lieutenants_and_Lords_Deputies_of_English_Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Captains, Lieutenants and Lords Deputies of English Calais">Captain</a>—having been delayed crossing the Channel. He brought another 600 men, seasoned soldiers of the town's garrison,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981805-40">[34]</a> all dressed in red jackets with his <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_Cognizance" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic Cognizance">cognizance</a>, the white <a href="/wiki/Bear_and_Ragged_Staff" title="Bear and Ragged Staff">ragged staff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield192326-84">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[note 15]</a> It was only after Warwick arrived that the King summoned members of the nobility less involved in the dispute, such as the <a href="/wiki/William_FitzAlan,_16th_Earl_of_Arundel" class="mw-redirect" title="William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel">Earl of Arundel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988181-81">[67]</a> The sheer number of <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(medieval)" title="Affinity (medieval)">retainers</a> involved meant an enormous increase in the City of London's daily population for it to manage. With tensions running high, civic leaders went to great lengths to keep the parties apart. The Lancastrians were lodged outside the <a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">city walls</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Bar,_London" title="Temple Bar, London">Temple Bar</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Street" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarron198195-87">[72]</a> According to Griffiths, they were seen as "spoiling for a fight",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981806-85">[71]</a> and were therefore unwelcome in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981806-85">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Boleyn" title="Geoffrey Boleyn">mayor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Council" title="Court of Common Council">common council</a> feared a pitched battle breaking out if the two sides and their entourages met.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1999345-88">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[note 16]</a> There was little appetite for reconciliation among the sons of the nobility killed at St Albans,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth199743-91">[75]</a> and York and Salisbury were nearly ambushed by Exeter, Egremont and Clifford on their way to Westminster, although the attempt failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988181-81">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King's_award">King's award</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: King's award">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MargaretAnjou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Queen Margaret, depicted in a contemporary manuscript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MargaretAnjou.jpg/220px-MargaretAnjou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MargaretAnjou.jpg/330px-MargaretAnjou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MargaretAnjou.jpg/440px-MargaretAnjou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Henry's Queen, Margaret of Anjou, who by the end of the 1450s had become a political force in her own right and an implacable enemy of the Duke of York.</figcaption></figure> The great council met on 27 January 1458<a href="#cite_note-93">[note 17]</a> and King Henry made a personal appearance before the newly gathered lords to make a plea for unity. He then withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Chertsey" title="Chertsey">Chertsey</a>, while the Mayor restored law and order following the attempted ambush of the Yorkists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988181-81">[67]</a> Henry returned to London in mid-February, but within the week he had retired to <a href="/wiki/Berkhampstead_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkhampstead Castle">Berkhampstead Castle</a>. York's biographer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Johnson_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Johnson (historian) (page does not exist)">Paul Johnson</a>, suggests that, in doing so, Henry damaged any subsequent chance for the attendees to reach a "broad-based accommodation", as now they had no-one to adjudicate their arguments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988182-94">[77]</a> Also, he suggests that, with the Yorkists effectively confined to the City, the Lancastrian lords could travel unhindered from their lodgings. And travel they did. While the King dwelt in Berkhampstead, Somerset, Exeter, Clifford and Egremont visited him on 23 February. It is not known whether their visit was regarding the imminent arbitration, but Johnson suggests that it was unwise of Henry to see them, in case it was perceived as breaching his perceived neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988182-94">[77]</a> Meanwhile, the council, says Wolffe, instead of commencing negotiations, "does not appear to have done anything until the middle of March", when the King returned to Westminster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001311-58">[49]</a> From that point on discussions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981806-85">[71]</a>—led by Henry and certain impartial councillors<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001311-58">[49]</a>—began in earnest. These negotiations, says Griffiths, "were long and doubtless acrimonious". The King prayed and prayed again for a settlement. Eventually<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981806-85">[71]</a>—perhaps inevitably<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantiuste201121-95">[78]</a>—one was reached, although the presence of so many armed men probably facilitated the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981806-85">[71]</a> Deliberations were carried out through intermediaries. Henry's councillors met the Yorkists in the City, at the <a href="/wiki/Blackfriars,_London" title="Blackfriars, London">Blackfriars</a>, in the mornings; in the afternoons, they met the Lancastrian lords at the <a href="/wiki/Whitefriars,_London" title="Whitefriars, London">Whitefriars</a> on Fleet Street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001311-58">[49]</a> During the council's sittings, other policy issues were addressed. The question of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">governorship of Ireland</a> probably arose,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988182-94">[77]</a> and the Earl of Warwick was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom">admiral of the seas</a>. This office had previously been held by the Duke of Exeter, further damaging relations between the two men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriss2005637-76">[64]</a> These were peripheral issues; the Battle of St Albans was the topic of overriding importance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988182-94">[77]</a> On 24 March, the King announced his decision. Blame for St Albans was placed squarely upon the Yorkist lords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts199959_n._244-96">[79]</a> The King did not spare them, telling of "the execrabill and moost detestable deed by theym doon at Seynt Albones".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2000182-29">[24]</a> He emphasised the obviationem et insultationem ("opposition and insults"), as the <a href="/wiki/Chronicler" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicler">chronicler</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Whethamstede" title="John Whethamstede">John Whethamstede</a>, called them, that Somerset, Northumberland and Clifford had endured. For the King, his award served two purposes. He both acknowledged and condemned the wrongdoing and criminality done but, by doing so, demonstrated the <a href="/wiki/Royal_pardon" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal pardon">king's grace</a> in the role of keeper of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_(law)" title="Peace (law)">king's peace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts199959_n._244-96">[79]</a> Similar to the arbitration awards the nobility imposed upon themselves and their tenants, the financial element was critical. York was to pay 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Mark_(currency)" title="Mark (currency)">marks</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[note 18]</a> to Somerset and his dowager mother, Warwick was to pay 1,000 to Lord Clifford, and Salisbury agreed to cancel the fines that had been imposed on Egremont and Ralph Percy in 1454.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981806-85">[71]</a> Salisbury was also, on behalf of his younger sons John and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1460)">Thomas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[note 19]</a> to pay 12,000 marks to Eleanor Neville, Dowager Countess of Northumberland.<a href="#cite_note-102">[note 20]</a> She and her son, the new Earl, in turn pledged themselves to keep the peace with the Nevilles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1968628-99">[81]</a> The financial obligations that had been imposed on many Percy tenants after the feud with the Nevilles were also lifted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks199834-103">[83]</a> Further—because Egremont had escaped from <a href="/wiki/Newgate" title="Newgate">Newgate</a> in 1456—Salisbury also swore not to take any action against the Newgate sheriffs whose negligence was presumed to have enabled it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1968628-99">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[note 21]</a> Wolffe has argued that Henry's decision was no more than "a formal accord on the limited issue of atonement and compensation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001312-106">[85]</a> Changing people's attitudes towards their enemies was considered more important than the question of compensation, important though that was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988182-94">[77]</a> Furthermore, York and Warwick's payments to the families of their enemies were not in cash; rather, they were to renounce debts owed them by the crown which amounted to similar sums.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999184-48">[40]</a> To fulfil their obligations, York and the Nevilles merely had to return government-issued <a href="/wiki/Tally_stick" title="Tally stick">tallies</a> which entitled them to receive the required sum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981806-85">[71]</a> The Yorkists, for their part, were declared to be the King's "true lieges", although any reassurance they took from this, comments the medievalist <a href="/wiki/John_Watts_(historian)" title="John Watts (historian)">John Watts</a>, may have been tempered by the knowledge that so also had been the three dead lords of St Albans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1999344-107">[86]</a> The Yorkists agreed to endow <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans Abbey">St Albans Abbey</a> with a new <a href="/wiki/Chantry" title="Chantry">chantry</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999185-108">[87]</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C2%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="£">£</a>45 a year for two years for the monks to say masses for the slain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981806-85">[71]</a> The Lancastrian lords, as the injured parties, had to make no reciprocal concessions to York and his allies. Egremont was required to make an independent <a href="/wiki/Binding_over" title="Binding over">bond</a> of 4,000 marks towards the Nevilles to keep the peace with them in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> for ten years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981806-85">[71]</a> Thus, says the scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Maurer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Maurer (page does not exist)">Helen Maurer</a>, the crown implicitly recognised that bad blood had existed between the Nevilles and Egremont even before St Albans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurer2003156-109">[88]</a> One contemporary observed in a <a href="/wiki/Paston_Letters" title="Paston Letters">Paston letter</a> that the final settlement was a "throw [sic: thorough] peace final[ised] by means of all the Lords".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1999345-88">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Loveday">The Loveday</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Loveday">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury_seule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, depicted on a contemporary manuscript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Richard_Neville%2C_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury_seule.jpg/250px-Richard_Neville%2C_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury_seule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Richard_Neville%2C_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury_seule.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury; York's closest political ally and head of the powerful northern Neville family.</figcaption></figure> The pact was announced on 25 March, or Lady Day (the Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_of_the_Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Annunciation of the Virgin">Annunciation of the Virgin</a>). Henry—"thanking God for their having reaching accord"—joined his wife and nobles on a celebratory procession<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurer2003156-109">[88]</a> from Westminster to London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981806-85">[71]</a> Leading the parade were Somerset and Salisbury—36 years older than the duke—followed by Exeter with Warwick, then "the King alone, wearing his crown and royal robes"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler201070-110">[89]</a> between them all. Finally came York and Queen Margaret. All parties held hands: a later chronicle described how "one of the one faction, and another of the other sect, and behind the King, the Duke of Yorke led the Queene with great familiaritie to all mens sighte".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1958361-111">[90]</a> Although no contemporary records now survive to provide the physical details of the Loveday procession itself, scholars are aware of the general nature of medieval urban processions. The scholar Kathleen Ashley has highlighted how they presented what she has called a "fusion of sensory experiences, or <a href="/wiki/Synaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaesthesia">synaesthesia</a>" for both the participants and observers, who would often amount to as many people as could physically attend, on account of the holiday atmosphere that accompanied them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley200113-112">[91]</a> Historians have noted multiple interpretations of the symbolism favoured by Henry. It was "a symbolic series of gestures", says <a href="/wiki/John_Sadler_(historian)" title="John Sadler (historian)">John Sadler</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler201070-110">[89]</a> perhaps a show of "friendly and modest intimacies"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngham199628-113">[92]</a> suggests <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Ingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia Ingham (page does not exist)">Patricia Ingham</a>. Or it may have been mere rhetoric, bordering on a charade, suggests Pollard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngham199628-113">[92]</a> At the time, physical intimacy was an essential element of concord<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantiuste2011-114">[93]</a> and the intention was clearly to demonstrate both their agreement and their willingness to agree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurer2003156-109">[88]</a> The Queen holding York's hand (rather than him holding Somerset's), says Watts, was an acknowledgement of her close involvement in the affairs of central government and her higher political profile in the post-St Albans <a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">body politic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1999344-107">[86]</a> The Loveday was a combination, says Griffiths, of "elaborate ceremonial, royal prayer and example, monetary payments and the holding of hands...[between] bitter enemies".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981806–807-115">[94]</a> The assembled lords were taking no more chances now than they had when they first arrived in London: Salisbury, for example, attended the concomitant religious ceremony at St Paul's with his retinue of 400 men, which included 80 knights and esquires, waiting in the churchyard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2013145-116">[95]</a> It may have been called a Loveday, comments Sadler, yet "the title is ironic, as there was little of love in the air".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler201070-110">[89]</a> The closing event was the presentation of a new translation of the contemporary verse paraphrase, <a href="/wiki/Knyghthode_and_Bataile" title="Knyghthode and Bataile">Knyghthode and Bataile</a> to the King. This was a recent adaption of <a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a> and celebrates the martial exploits of the noble class in a classic <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric form</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngham199626-117">[96]</a> The immediate aftermath of the Loveday was positive, not least for the Nevilles, as the King granted Egremont permission to go on a pilgrimage in June 1458. From the government's perspective, this was an opportunity to physically remove one of the parties to a dispute. Pollard casts some doubt on whether Egremont actually wanted to go on pilgrimage, arguing that "no doubt he had been persuaded" to do so, as previous attempts to quieten him in the north—through French service in 1453 and imprisonment in 1456—had failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1990269-118">[97]</a> The King and his council seem to have also concluded by now that the Percies and the Nevilles' feud in the north was the primary cause of St Albans, and their treatment of Egremont reflected that. If this was the case, notes Watts, such a policy made the mistake of ignoring the enmity between other parties, for instance, York and Somerset.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1999344-107">[86]</a> The King went on his own pilgrimage to St Albans at Easter the same year. This, says Griffiths, "demonstrated that the site of the battle in which he had been wounded and his ministers slain no longer stirred fearful memories in his mind".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981807-119">[98]</a> The appearance of amity was maintained publicly "with a royal round of jousts, feasting, and other entertainments until May" that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1990269-118">[97]</a> These festivities took place both at the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> and at the Queen's <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich Palace">Palace at Greenwich</a>, further emphasising her involvement in the proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981807-119">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> The Earl of Salisbury subsequently had an <a href="/wiki/Exemplified_copy" title="Exemplified copy">exemplification</a> copy of the Loveday agreement made. This, to Hicks, suggests that he saw the award as to his benefit, notwithstanding the recompenses he was ordered to make.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1998136-120">[99]</a> All Salisbury had to do was—in Storey's words—"give up bad debts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999184–185-121">[100]</a> Another probable consequence of the Loveday deliberations may have been that in May, Salisbury's son <a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">Sir John Neville</a> was betrothed to a <a href="/wiki/Ward_(law)" title="Ward (law)">ward</a> of the Queen. This was Isabella Ingaldsthorpe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1999346_n.357-122">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[note 22]</a> the heiress of her maternal uncle, <a href="/wiki/John_Tiptoft,_1st_Earl_of_Worcester" title="John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester">John Tiptoft</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Worcester" title="Earl of Worcester">earldom of Worcester</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks199825-125">[103]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Betrothal" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothal">betrothal</a> would not have been possible without Margaret's permission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurer2003147-126">[104]</a> The crown itself benefited from the Loveday as its role as arbiter-in-chief—"the cement of the political fabric",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross199644-127">[105]</a> wrote Anthony Gross—was reaffirmed in a blaze of publicity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross199644-127">[105]</a> Johnson argues that the traditional and probably definitive way of uniting the nobility was war, and this was too firmly disapproved of by the King ever to be an option.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988180-72">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> There is some disagreement among historians as to who won or lost at the Loveday. Hicks considers it to have been a "reasonable compromise",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurer2003156-109">[88]</a> with which the Yorkists appear to "have been pleased with the result".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2010139-128">[106]</a> Conversely, Griffiths saw it as being punitive to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981808-129">[107]</a> Watts suggests that it indicates that, notwithstanding St Albans, "York and the Nevilles were regarded as acceptable by the ruling lords".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1999346_n.357-122">[101]</a> Johnson argues that York, at the least, did "very well" out of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurer2003156-109">[88]</a> To the scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Grummitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Grummitt (page does not exist)">David Grummitt</a>, this Loveday illustrated the "essentially private and personal nature of the dispute" between the Yorkists and their enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrummitt201352-130">[108]</a> More broadly, though, the personal basis for their enmity was in the long term disadvantageous to the Yorkists. By focussing on, and emphasising, the personal quarrels between York and Somerset—or Salisbury and Northumberland for example—the award ignored and sidelined the original complaints of the Yorkists that they had argued led to the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1999343-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[note 23]</a> Furthermore, he says, if any part of the nobility were united by the Loveday, it was the Yorkist lords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1999346-133">[110]</a> Historian Christine Carpenter has suggested that the King wanted to keep the occasion one of "general reconciliation and restoration of magnate unity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1997143-134">[111]</a> She argues that not highlighting the degree to which the nobility was divided was a deliberate policy, but the involvement of the Queen meant there had to be "a formal recognition...that there were two opposing camps".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1997143-134">[111]</a> The Loveday saw the Yorkists—for the first time—acknowledge their wrongdoing and accept culpability for St Albans. This was something they had denied immediately after the battle and in the years following, but was insufficient in the long term, says Pollard, because it did not contain the one thing that the new Lancastrian lords most wanted—revenge for their fathers. It was not, therefore, "a satisfying long-term solution" that guaranteed future peace as intended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard200736-135">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_Procession_-_15th_Century_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A 15th-century illustration of the medieval St Paul's Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Funeral_Procession_-_15th_Century_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.jpg/220px-Funeral_Procession_-_15th_Century_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Funeral_Procession_-_15th_Century_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>A contemporary illustration of a procession entering the medieval St Paul's Cathedral—in the background—where the nobility gathered on 25 March 1458.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Library1440194r-136">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenham190210-137">[114]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_reaction">Contemporary reaction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contemporary reaction">edit</a>]</div> Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cora_Scofield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cora Scofield (page does not exist)">Cora Scofield</a> suggests that the Loveday procession to St Paul's was "doubtless an edifying spectacle, but it had little real meaning and probably deceived no-one".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield192327-138">[115]</a> Not long after the Loveday, an anonymous poem was published entitled Take Good Heed; this offers the Yorkist lords advice and anxious support for the years ahead, which, the author recognises, will be difficult ones for all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScattergood1971181-139">[116]</a> Other writers were more optimistic. The poem Reconciliation of Henry VI and the Yorkists repeats the refrain, "rejoise, Angleonde to concorde and unité",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1958361-111">[90]</a> suggesting that the author expects the kingdom to be strong and unified going forward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2013258-140">[117]</a> The author of the Reconciliation emphasises how "ther was bytwyn hem lovely contynaunce / Whiche was gret ioy to all that ther were".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2013258-140">[117]</a> The author expands on his theme:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHope_Robbins195921–24-141">[118]</a> <div class="poem"> In Yorke, In Somerset, as I understonde, In Warrewik also is loue & charite, In Sarisbury eke, & in Northumbreland, That euery man may reioise in concord & unite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHope_Robbins195921–24-141">[118]</a> </div> Not all commentators were impressed: a <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> <a href="/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">preacher</a>, one William Ive, said caustically that the King "made Lovedays as Judas made with a kiss with Christ".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantiuste201121-95">[78]</a> Enemies may have marched together that day, argues Scofield, but they trusted each other no more after the procession than they had before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScofield192326-84">[70]</a> This was the view of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Thomas Malory</a> in his mid-century <a href="/wiki/Morte_darthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Morte darthur">Morte darthur</a>, which expresses a cynicism regarding Lovedays as a means of settling feuds. Malory's pessimism was probably caused by his view of the 1458 ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2013258-140">[117]</a> Malory portrays <a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a> as attempting to atone for the murders of his enemies through the building of chapels—"penitence as a remedy for war", suggests literary scholar Robert L. Kelly. But Lancelot's, like Henry's, attempts are in vain: "Lo what meschef lyth in variaunce / Amonge lordis, whan þei nat accorde", comments Malory on both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1994111–112,_124-142">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failure_to_prevent_crisis">Failure to prevent crisis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Failure to prevent crisis">edit</a>]</div> The peace ordained at the Loveday, says Pollard, "was shallow and shortlived";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1990269-118">[97]</a> having killed Somerset, York no longer had a blatant enemy in government and so could only make concessions. The opposition, on the other hand had, wanted revenge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2010138-143">[120]</a> Hence the Loveday failed to solve the underlying crisis in the long term, "the atmosphere of distrust and intrigue still continued".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1981110-144">[121]</a> Indeed, the Loveday itself may have contributed to a heightening of tensions within the nobility. It reopened the very question as to what actually happened at St Albans; but, having opened it, not only failed to provide an answer but highlighted existing divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1999343-44">[38]</a> The government, for its part, contributed to the decline in relations with the Yorkists. This was because by releasing the Percies from their constraints, old rivalries were reawakened. The Loveday's undermining of the Nevilles in Yorkshire now shifted the regional balance of power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPushon2002200-145">[122]</a> In November 1458,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981799-146">[123]</a> there was an ugly brawl at Westminster<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantiuste201122-147">[124]</a> between the Earl of Warwick's men and those of the Duke of Somerset, which the earl saw as another attempted assassination. He had to fight his way clear of the Palace,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard200122-39">[33]</a> and escaped to Calais.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1990269-118">[97]</a> At the same time, York and the Nevilles were increasingly isolated by the Queen's party politically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981807-119">[98]</a> Law and order also declined, and in December 1458, 1,000 pikes and clubs were ordered for the Royal Household's protection of the King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001315-1">[1]</a> Henry's organisation of the 1458 Loveday negotiations was one of the last occasions of his reign in which he showed either an interest in or a commitment towards affairs of state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001315-1">[1]</a> From that point on, Queen Margaret began subtly, but clearly, asserting the control of herself and her adherents in government. The Duke of York retired to his <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">marcher estates</a>, and the Earl of Salisbury to his in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2004-23">[19]</a> Carpenter has posited that—"ironically at the most overt moment of conciliation"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1997143-134">[111]</a>—the Loveday represents the point at which magnate disunity could no longer be denied, and, therefore, when the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> actually begun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1997143-134">[111]</a> The few months following the Loveday are obscure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander1980200-92">[76]</a> The following year, armed conflict broke out again when the Salisbury's army was ambushed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Blore Heath</a> by a Lancastrian army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2010141–143-148">[125]</a> He and the other Yorkists lords were indicted for treason in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Devils" title="Parliament of Devils">Coventry Parliament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard200122-39">[33]</a> at the Queen's instigation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriss2005638-149">[126]</a> At this time, the Yorkists were still, supposedly, paying their dues to their opponents from 1455.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1998155-150">[127]</a> Within three years of King Henry's Loveday he had been deposed, the Duke of York <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">killed in battle</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward</a> crowned the first Yorkist King of England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss199741-151">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The labels "York and Lancaster", are, however, considered by historians to oversimplify the complex networks of loyalties and connections by which the <a href="/wiki/English_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="English peerage">English nobility</a> was interlinked. Simply, at the beginning of the Wars of the Roses, the House of Lancaster—whose supporters have been labelled "Lancastrian"—was the ruling, governing dynasty founded by <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">King Henry IV</a>. His primary title had been <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Duke of Lancaster">Duke of Lancaster</a>, and in 1399 he <a href="/wiki/Usurped" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurped">usurped</a> the throne and deposed his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a>. The ancestors of the Duke of York accepted the new political paradigm throughout the reign of Henry IV and his son <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a>, as did York himself throughout most of Henry VI's reign. He was both inept as a ruler and manipulable by powerful noble advisors, and they gradually alienated the Duke from central government. Those who gathered around him in opposition to these favourites—and later the King and Queen themselves—were known as "Yorkists".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks201012–13,_43–45-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Historians have speculated upon Henry's illness. Its precise nature is unknown,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERushton2010147–148-6">[5]</a> but Griffiths describes it as "a severe mental collapse, accompanied by a crippling physical disablement".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1980715-5">[4]</a> Its cause is equally hard to determine. Wolffe speculates that it could have been a response to news of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon" title="Battle of Castillon">Battle of Castillon</a> a few days earlier which presaged the final fall of Lancastrian France as well as seeing the death of the English commander, "<a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury">old Talbot</a>". His illness may also have had a genetic element, as Henry's grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI of France</a>, had suffered extreme bouts of insanity in his later years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001270,_276-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Modern historians view Salisbury's appointment as a clear break with tradition. For example, Carpenter describes his appointment as "highly unusual";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1997129-11">[9]</a> while Hicks questions whether Salisbury was the genuinely most suitable candidate available;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1998109-12">[10]</a> and Johnson comments that "his selection in such sensitive political circumstances was little short of sensational".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988134-13">[11]</a> Traditionally, the post had been exclusively the preserve of an <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiast" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiast">ecclesiast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1997134-14">[12]</a> The last lay appointment to the office had been that of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beaufort,_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter">Sir Thomas Beaufort</a> between 1410 and 1411.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999141-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrydePowicke196185-16">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> The defeated Percies were <a href="/wiki/Arraigned" class="mw-redirect" title="Arraigned">arraigned</a> before a commission of <a href="/wiki/Oyer_and_terminer" title="Oyer and terminer">oyer and terminer</a> at York. This commission bound them over for 8,000 marks payable to the Earl of Salisbury, and including fines towards his countess and sons, to a total of 16,800 marks. It was, says Professor Storey, "a staggering sum"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999149-19">[16]</a> which Egremont "could never hope to pay, nor, indeed, did he try".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999149-19">[16]</a> This guaranteed his imprisonment in <a href="/wiki/Newgate_Prison" title="Newgate Prison">Newgate</a>. The Percies were too politically favoured for the Nevilles to expect anything other than the King to pardon the Percies for their political offences, whereas they could not hope to avoid the consequences of failing to discharge legally binding debts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999149-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2004-20">[17]</a> The Griffiths has described this as Salisbury's "reckoning" of all the damage caused to his estates during the course of the feud with the Percies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1968622-18">[15]</a> To put these sums in context, Storey has estimated Egremont's annual income to have been less than £100 per annum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999148–149-21">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The contemporary Abbot of St Albans, <a href="/wiki/John_Whethamstede" title="John Whethamstede">John Whethamstede</a>, emphasised the degree to which northerners comprised the Yorkist army in his chronicle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewell199445-24">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Boardman suggests much of the King's force would have comprised men from his "stables, mews, kitchen and pantry, along with the 'above'–stairs departments of the chapel, hall, wardrobe, counting house and chamber", for example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoardman2006553–5355-30">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Although Watts has suggested otherwise, suggesting that "it was surely the work of [the] council, rather than the whimsy of the King, that the inspiration for the famous Loveday of March 1458 is to be found".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1999343-44">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Calais, although on the northern coast of France, had been an English possession since 1346. France had ceded Calais to England following the latter's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Crecy">Battle of Crecy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrummitt20081-46">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> This was not a particularly easy achievement, however; in a letter to <a href="/wiki/John_Paston_(died_1466)" title="John Paston (died 1466)">John Paston</a>, Henry Windsor said that even in the commons "many a mon groged full sore now it is passed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanhamCron200737-51">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Hicks has argued that medieval Lovedays were similar to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> process of <a href="/wiki/Wergild" class="mw-redirect" title="Wergild">wergild</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2002158-59">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Keeping the retinue to a minimum was not always respected. At a 1411 loveday between <a href="/wiki/William_de_Ros,_6th_Baron_Ros" title="William de Ros, 6th Baron Ros">William, Lord Ros</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_Robert_Tirwhit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir Robert Tirwhit (page does not exist)">Sir Robert Tirwhit</a>, the former brought his two brothers-in-law,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBrandPhillipsOrmrod2005-65">[55]</a> while Tirwhit attended with 500 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1950121–123-66">[56]</a> Ros and his relatives escaped and accused Tirwhit of attempting to ambush them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie1894189–190-67">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Westminster was two miles upstream from the city of London, and had a separate administration. Not only was the Palace of Westminster the King's personal residence, but it was also the seat of government, holding the Courts of <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Chancery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Exchequer" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of the Exchequer">Exchequer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Courts">Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeene1989101–102-73">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> York's biographer, Paul Johnson, argues that, since this body was able to transact a small amount of significant business during its short lifespan, Henry "had done well to bring this first council to pass at all".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988180-72">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> The medievalist <a href="/wiki/John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">John Gillingham</a> has identified a trend in this, noting that each time the lords were summoned to a public occasion they were turning up with larger and larger retinues, which he calls "a sure sign of the steady growth of mutual mistrust".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham1990101-79">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> York stayed at <a href="/wiki/Baynard%27s_Castle" title="Baynard's Castle">Baynard's Castle</a>, Salisbury, at his London house The Erber and Warwick stayed with the <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars,_London" title="Greyfriars, London">Greyfriars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981806-85">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> To keep the peace, the Mayor and <a href="/wiki/Aldermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldermen">aldermen</a> armed 5,000 men to patrol the streets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantiuste2011155_n._50-89">[74]</a> The King subsequently acknowledged and thanked the City for their efforts in keeping the peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarron198195-87">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Once again, says the historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._R._Lander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. R. Lander (page does not exist)">J. R. Lander</a>, "many of the lesser lords stayed away", as they had done the previous November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander1980200-92">[76]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> A medieval English mark was a unit of currency equivalent to two-thirds of a <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2002xiv-97">[80]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Warwick was rarely involved in the feud with the Percies, being otherwise involved in his own disputed inheritance. On the other hand, says Griffiths, Warwick's younger brothers, Thomas and John, personally "spearheaded the Neville retaliation against the Percies".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1968628-99">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Eleanor Neville was also Salisbury's elder sister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks199835-101">[82]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> This was not an unusual policy, notes the historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_B._Pugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph B. Pugh (page does not exist)">Ralph B. Pugh</a>. Throughout the 15th century, it was becoming increasingly common to levy "fines of fantastic proportions" on those who failed to hold prisoners, ranging from £400 to £4,000 depending on the person's rank. Pugh notes that Egremont's gaoler had been threatened with a fine of £2,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2008240-104">[84]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Isabel Ingoldsthorpe is occasionally also referred to as Elizabeth in <a href="/wiki/Exchequer" title="Exchequer">Exchequer</a> records.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelden_Society1933138–140-123">[102]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> As recent scholarship expresses it, the Loveday "assisted in the propagation of this negative view of Yorkist activity. By presenting St Albans as a simple quarrel amongst magnates, rather than a clash between the King's good and bad counsellors (as the Yorkist version of events suggested), the terms of the royal award effectively deprived the Yorkists of their justification for having risen in arms".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVale199526_n._97-131">[109]</a> The agreement sought, says the medievalist <a href="/wiki/G._L._Harriss" title="G. L. Harriss">G. L. Harriss</a>, to "bury the past rather than rewrite it", and made no provision for a future settlement either.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriss2005637-76">[64]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001315-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001315_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001315_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001315_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolffe2001">Wolffe 2001</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks201012–13,_43–45-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks201012–13,_43–45_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks2010">Hicks 2010</a>, pp. 12–13, 43–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981740-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981740_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981740_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981740_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1981">Griffiths 1981</a>, p. 740. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1980715-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1980715_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1980715_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1980">Griffiths 1980</a>, p. 715. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERushton2010147–148-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERushton2010147–148_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRushton2010">Rushton 2010</a>, pp. 147–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001270,_276-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffe2001270,_276_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolffe2001">Wolffe 2001</a>, pp. 270, 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999134-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1999134_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStorey1999">Storey 1999</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1990257–258-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1990257–258_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollard1990">Pollard 1990</a>, pp. 257–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1997129-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1997129_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1997">Carpenter 1997</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1998109-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks1998109_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks1998">Hicks 1998</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988134-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1988134_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson1988">Johnson 1988</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1997134-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1997134_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1997">Carpenter 1997</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999141-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1999141_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStorey1999">Storey 1999</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrydePowicke196185-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrydePowicke196185_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrydePowicke1961">Fryde & Powicke 1961</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1968622-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1968622_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1968622_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1968622_18-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1968">Griffiths 1968</a>, p. 622. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999149-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1999149_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1999149_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1999149_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStorey1999">Storey 1999</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2004-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2004_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2004">Griffiths 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorey1999148–149-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorey1999148–149_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStorey1999">Storey 1999</a>, pp. 148–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2004-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2004_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2004_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollard2004">Pollard 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewell199445-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJewell199445_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJewell1994">Jewell 1994</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2000170-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2000170_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2000170_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks2000">Hicks 2000</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2000171-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2000171_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks2000">Hicks 2000</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2000170–171-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2000170–171_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks2000">Hicks 2000</a>, pp. 170–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2000182-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2000182_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2000182_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks2000">Hicks 2000</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoardman2006553–5355-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoardman2006553–5355_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoardman2006553–5355_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoardman2006">Boardman 2006</a>, pp. 553–5355. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981741-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981741_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1981">Griffiths 1981</a>, p. 741. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981798-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1981798_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1981">Griffiths 1981</a>, p. 798. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2010110-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2010110_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks2010">Hicks 2010</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong196035-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong196035_35-0">a</a> <a 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section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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University of Leicester. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1065379737">1065379737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Landed+Society+in+Cumberland+and+Westmorland%2C+c.1440-1485%3A+The+Politics+of+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Leicester&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1065379737&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=P.+W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Library1440" class="citation archive">British Library. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?order=b&ref=add_ms_27697_fs001r">BL Add. MS 27697</a>" (1440) [A Book of Hours]. 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Speculum. 43: 589–632. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/709976972">709976972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Local+Rivalries+and+National+Politics%3A+The+Percies%2C+the+Nevilles%2C+and+the+Duke+of+Exeter%2C+1452%E2%80%9355&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E589-%3C%2Fspan%3E632&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F709976972&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1972" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, R. A. (1972). "Wales and the Marches". In Chrimes, S. B.; Ross, C. D.; Griffiths, R. A. (eds.). 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(1981). The Reign of Henry VI. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04372-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04372-5"><bdi>978-0-520-04372-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Henry+VI&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04372-5&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2004" class="citation web cs1">Griffiths, R. A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190330185836/https://login.ezproxy.lib.bbk.ac.uk/login?qurl=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-50235%3Frskey%3DP4hlkH%26result%3D17">"Percy, Thomas, first Baron Egremont (1422–1460)"</a>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-50235">the original</a> on 30 March 2019. 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Oxford: Longman Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-63123-593-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-63123-593-4"><bdi>978-0-63123-593-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warwick+the+Kingmaker&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Longman+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-63123-593-4&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHicks2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hicks, M. A. (2000). "Propaganda and the First Battle of St Albans, 1455". Nottingham Medieval Studies. 44: 157–183. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1116161624">1116161624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nottingham+Medieval+Studies&rft.atitle=Propaganda+and+the+First+Battle+of+St+Albans%2C+1455&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1116161624&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHicks2002" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, M. A. (2002). English Political Culture in the Fifteenth Century. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13460-344-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13460-344-2"><bdi>978-1-13460-344-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Political+Culture+in+the+Fifteenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-13460-344-2&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHicks2010" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, M. A. (2010). The Wars of the Roses. London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30018-157-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30018-157-9"><bdi>978-0-30018-157-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-30018-157-9&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHicks2013" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, M. A. (2013). Bastard Feudalism (2nd ed.). Harlow: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31789-896-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31789-896-2"><bdi>978-1-31789-896-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bastard+Feudalism&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-31789-896-2&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHope_Robbins1959" class="citation book cs1">Hope Robbins, R., ed. (1959). Historical Poems of the XIVth and XVth Centuries. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/640947811">640947811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Poems+of+the+XIVth+and+XVth+Centuries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F640947811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIngham1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ingham, P. C. (1996). "Masculine Military Unions: Brotherhood and Rivalry in 'The Avowing of King Arthur'". Arthuriana. 6: 25–44. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/664601559">664601559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthuriana&rft.atitle=Masculine+Military+Unions%3A+Brotherhood+and+Rivalry+in+%27The+Avowing+of+King+Arthur%27&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F664601559&rft.aulast=Ingham&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJewell1994" class="citation book cs1">Jewell, H. M. (1994). The North-South Divide: The Origins of Northern Consciousness in England. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71903-804-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71903-804-4"><bdi>978-0-71903-804-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North-South+Divide%3A+The+Origins+of+Northern+Consciousness+in+England&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-71903-804-4&rft.aulast=Jewell&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1988" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, P. A. (1988). Duke Richard of York, 1411–1460. Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19822-946-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19822-946-9"><bdi>978-0-19822-946-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duke+Richard+of+York%2C+1411%E2%80%931460&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Historical+Monographs&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19822-946-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, R. L. (1994). "Penitence as a Remedy for War in Malory's 'Tale of the Death of Arthur'". Studies in Philology. 91. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1098717586">1098717586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Philology&rft.atitle=Penitence+as+a+Remedy+for+War+in+Malory%27s+%27Tale+of+the+Death+of+Arthur%27&rft.volume=91&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1098717586&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeene1989" class="citation journal cs1">Keene, D. (1989). "Medieval London and Its Region". The London Journal. 14: 99–111. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993072319">993072319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Journal&rft.atitle=Medieval+London+and+Its+Region&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993072319&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLander1980" class="citation book cs1">Lander, J. R. (1980). Government and Community: England, 1450–1509. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-35793-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-35793-8"><bdi>978-0-674-35793-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+and+Community%3A+England%2C+1450%E2%80%931509&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-674-35793-8&rft.aulast=Lander&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaurer2003" class="citation book cs1">Maurer, H. E. (2003). Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-104-4"><bdi>978-1-84383-104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+of+Anjou%3A+Queenship+and+Power+in+Late+Medieval+England&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-104-4&rft.aulast=Maurer&rft.aufirst=H.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMusson2001" class="citation book cs1">Musson, A. (2001). Medieval Law in Context: The Growth of Legal Consciousness from Magna Carta to The Peasants' Revolt. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71905-494-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71905-494-5"><bdi>978-0-71905-494-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Law+in+Context%3A+The+Growth+of+Legal+Consciousness+from+Magna+Carta+to+The+Peasants%27+Revolt&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-71905-494-5&rft.aulast=Musson&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollard1990" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, A. J. (1990). North-Eastern England during the Wars of the Roses: Lay Society, War, and Politics 1450–1500. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19820-087-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19820-087-1"><bdi>978-0-19820-087-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North-Eastern+England+during+the+Wars+of+the+Roses%3A+Lay+Society%2C+War%2C+and+Politics+1450%E2%80%931500&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19820-087-1&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollard2001" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, A. J. (2001). The Wars of the Roses. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13712-166-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13712-166-0"><bdi>978-1-13712-166-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-13712-166-0&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollard2004" class="citation web cs1">Pollard, A. J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180827141546/https://login.ezproxy.lib.bbk.ac.uk/login?qurl=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-19954%3Frskey%3DsdJC61%26result%3D5">"Neville, Richard, Fifth Earl of Salisbury (1400–1460)"</a>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-19954?rskey=sdJC61&result=5">the original</a> on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.atitle=Neville%2C+Richard%2C+Fifth+Earl+of+Salisbury+%281400%E2%80%931460%29&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-19954%3Frskey%3DsdJC61%26result%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollard2007" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, A. J. (2007). Warwick the Kingmaker: Politics, Power and Fame During the War of the Roses. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-182-4"><bdi>978-1-84725-182-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warwick+the+Kingmaker%3A+Politics%2C+Power+and+Fame+During+the+War+of+the+Roses&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84725-182-4&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell1984" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, E. (1984). "Settlement of Disputes by Arbitration in Fifteenth-Century England". 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52108-904-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52108-904-3"><bdi>978-0-52108-904-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imprisonment+in+Medieval+England&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-52108-904-3&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPushon2002" class="citation thesis cs1">Pushon, M. C. (2002). Government and Society in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 1399–1461 (PhD thesis). 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Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Yorkshire+Baronage%2C+1399%E2%80%931436&rft.degree=Dphil&rft.inst=Oxford&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=C.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss1997" class="citation book cs1">Ross, C. (1997). Edward IV (2nd repr. ed.). London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30007-372-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30007-372-0"><bdi>978-0-30007-372-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+IV&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd+repr.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-30007-372-0&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRushton2010" class="citation book cs1">Rushton, C. J. (2010). "The King's Stupor: Dealing with Royal Paralysis in Late Medieval England". In Turner, W. (ed.). Madness in Medieval Law and Custom. Leiden: Brill. pp. 147–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00418-749-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00418-749-8"><bdi>978-9-00418-749-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+King%27s+Stupor%3A+Dealing+with+Royal+Paralysis+in+Late+Medieval+England&rft.btitle=Madness+in+Medieval+Law+and+Custom&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9-00418-749-8&rft.aulast=Rushton&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSadler2010" class="citation book cs1">Sadler, J. (2010). The Red Rose and the White: The Wars of the Roses, 1453–1487. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31790-518-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31790-518-9"><bdi>978-1-31790-518-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Rose+and+the+White%3A+The+Wars+of+the+Roses%2C+1453%E2%80%931487&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-31790-518-9&rft.aulast=Sadler&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSantiuste2011" class="citation book cs1">Santiuste, D. (2011). Edward IV and the Wars of the Roses. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-930-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-930-7"><bdi>978-1-84415-930-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+IV+and+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-930-7&rft.aulast=Santiuste&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScattergood1971" class="citation book cs1">Scattergood, V. J. (1971). Politics and poetry in the fifteenth century, 1399-1485. London: Blandford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71373-628-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71373-628-1"><bdi>978-0-71373-628-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+poetry+in+the+fifteenth+century%2C+1399-1485&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-71373-628-1&rft.aulast=Scattergood&rft.aufirst=V.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScofield1923" class="citation book cs1">Scofield, C. L. (1923). Life and Reign of Edward IV. Vol. I. London: Longman, Green. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1070421402">1070421402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Reign+of+Edward+IV&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1070421402&rft.aulast=Scofield&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSelden_Society1933" class="citation book cs1">Selden Society (1933). Select Cases in the Exchequer Chamber 1377–1461. London: Selden Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/852189077">852189077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Select+Cases+in+the+Exchequer+Chamber+1377%E2%80%931461&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Selden+Society&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F852189077&rft.au=Selden+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStorey1999" class="citation book cs1">Storey, R.L. (1999). The End of the House of Lancaster (revised 2nd ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75092-199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75092-199-2"><bdi>978-0-75092-199-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+House+of+Lancaster&rft.place=Stroud&rft.edition=revised+2nd&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-75092-199-2&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVale1995" class="citation book cs1">Vale, J. (1995). Kekewich, M. L.; Richmond, C.; Sutton, A. F.; Visser-Fuchs, L.; Watts, J. L. (eds.). The Politics of Fifteenth-Century England: John Vale's Book. Stroud: Alan Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75090-913-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75090-913-6"><bdi>978-0-75090-913-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Fifteenth-Century+England%3A+John+Vale%27s+Book&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-75090-913-6&rft.aulast=Vale&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatts1999" class="citation book cs1">Watts, J. (1999). Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52165-393-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52165-393-0"><bdi>978-0-52165-393-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VI+and+the+Politics+of+Kingship&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-52165-393-0&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolffe2001" class="citation book cs1">Wolffe, B. P. (2001). Henry VI. Yale Monarchs (repr. ed.). London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30008-926-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30008-926-4"><bdi>978-0-30008-926-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VI&rft.place=London&rft.series=Yale+Monarchs&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-30008-926-4&rft.aulast=Wolffe&rft.aufirst=B.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWylie1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Wylie" title="James Hamilton Wylie">Wylie, J. H.</a> (1894). History of England under Henry the Fourth. Vol. II. London: Longmans, Green. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/312686098">312686098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+England+under+Henry+the+Fourth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F312686098&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoveday+%281458%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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id="Wars_of_the_Roses1069" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses_family_tree" title="Template:Wars of the Roses family tree">Family tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/15px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/23px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/30px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/15px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/23px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/30px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/50px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/75px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/100px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a> <a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/50px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/75px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/100px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort_(died_1471)" title="Edmund Beaufort (died 1471)">Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beaumont,_1st_Viscount_Beaumont" title="John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont">John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sutton,_1st_Baron_Dudley" title="John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley">John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond">James Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Butler,_6th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond">John Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_Clifford" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford">John Clifford, Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Courtenay,_15th_Earl_of_Devon" title="John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon">John Courtenay, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter">Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_Baron_Neville" title="John Neville, Baron Neville">John Neville, Baron Neville</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">John Neville, Marquess of Montagu</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1471)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1471)">Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ros,_9th_Baron_Ros" title="Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros">Thomas Ros, Baron Ros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stanley,_9th_Baron_Strange" title="George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange">George Stanley, Baron Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_(died_1495)" title="William Stanley (died 1495)">William Stanley</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Talbot,_4th_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury">George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_2nd_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury">John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Trollope" title="Andrew Trollope">Andrew Trollope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_Clifford" title="Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford">Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tuchet,_5th_Baron_Audley" title="James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley">James Tuchet, Baron Audley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Woodville,_Lord_Scales" title="Edward Woodville, Lord Scales">Edward Woodville, Lord Scales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/50px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/75px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/100px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln">John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_7th_Earl_of_Desmond" title="Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond">Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(died_1469)" title="William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)">William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William Hastings, Baron Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">John Howard, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lovell,_1st_Viscount_Lovell" title="Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell">Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mowbray,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1460)">Sir Thomas Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Neville,_Earl_of_Kent" title="William Neville, Earl of Kent">William Neville, Earl of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Herbert_of_Coldbrook" title="Richard Herbert of Coldbrook">Sir Richard Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon">Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">St Albans (First)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Loveday (1458)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Blore Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rout_of_Ludford_Bridge" title="Rout of Ludford Bridge">Ludford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1460)">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Tower_of_London_(1460)" title="Siege of the Tower of London (1460)">Siege of the Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worksop" title="Battle of Worksop">Worksop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Mortimer's Cross">Mortimer's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">St Albans (Second)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferrybridge" title="Battle of Ferrybridge">Ferrybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piltown" title="Battle of Piltown">Piltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hedgeley_Moor" title="Battle of Hedgeley Moor">Hedgeley Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hexham" title="Battle of Hexham">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgcote" title="Battle of Edgcote">Edgcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1470_Lincolnshire_Rebellion" title="1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion">1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Field" title="Battle of Losecoat Field">Losecoat Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readeption_of_Henry_VI" title="Readeption of Henry VI">Readeption of Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">Siege of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham%27s_rebellion" title="Buckingham's rebellion">Buckingham's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_and_Lovell_rebellion" title="Stafford and Lovell rebellion">Stafford and Lovell rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Stoke Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_of_Edward_III_of_England" title="Issue of Edward III of England">Issue of Edward III of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titulus_Regius" title="Titulus Regius">Titulus Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonville%E2%80%93Courtenay_feud" title="Bonville–Courtenay feud">Bonville–Courtenay feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Percy–Neville feud">Percy–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">Fall of George, Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Neville–Neville feud">Neville–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deal" title="Battle of Deal">Battle of Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cornish_uprising_of_1497" title="Second Cornish uprising of 1497">Second Cornish uprising of 1497</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Briefly joined the Lancastrians. 2 Briefly joined the Yorkists. 3 Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. 4 Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. 5 Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim. <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Category:Wars of the Roses">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&oldid=1282343143">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loveday_(1458)&oldid=1282343143</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1458_in_England" title="Category:1458 in England">1458 in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th_century_in_London" title="Category:15th century in London">15th century in 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