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data-adbridg-ad-class="dlb1" data-ad="true" class="css-1jpwf16"></div></div></aside></div><aside data-testid="mobile-leaderboard" class="css-pdceuf"><div class="css-11egx89"><button class="icon-hl-close-thick css-1pr9u9e"></button><div data-empty="true" class="css-1fteite"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="mlb1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="mlb1" data-ad="true" class="css-bcus5s"></div></div></div></aside><div data-placement="subheader"></div><div><div class="css-m260rd"><div data-article-body="0" class="css-1h1rean css-1kdolwm"><div class="css-z468a2"><h1>Short-term menopausal hormone therapy may not affect cognitive function</h1><div data-preamp="social-proof-lessons"></div><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-19y29pm"><div class="css-1q67gt9"><div class="css-1edxg1f"><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2023/07/Jessica-Norris-Freeborn-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105" alt=""/></div></div><div><span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-90fpmc css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jessica Freeborn</a></span></span></span></span><span> on November 21, 2024</span> — <span tabindex="0" role="button" class="css-st6t3g">Fact checked </span><span>by </span><span><span><span><span><a class="css-90fpmc css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D.</a></span></span></span></span></div></section></div><div><article class="article-body css-d2znx6 undefined"><div class="css-12va8w7"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><div><figure class="css-yhe8zq"><span class="css-rwmw5v"><span class="css-mjp0j9"><picture class="css-16pk1is"><source srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/11/hormone-therapy-pills-hand-1296x728-header-1024x575.jpg 750w" media="(min-width: 1190px)"/><source srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/11/hormone-therapy-pills-hand-1296x728-header-1024x575.jpg 750w" media="(min-width: 990px)"/><source srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/11/hormone-therapy-pills-hand-1296x728-header-1024x575.jpg 879w" media="(min-width: 768px)"/><img src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/11/hormone-therapy-pills-hand-1296x728-header-1024x575.jpg" alt="Hormone therapy pills in hand" class="css-1jytyml"/></picture></span><hl-share-overlay class="css-18moxll"><a class="icon-hl-pinterest css-ps2kh1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-event="Any Page|Image Pinterest Click|Icon Clicked" data-element-event="OPEN|CONTENTBLOCK|Any Page|Article Body|BUTTON|Image Widget Pinterest Click|" href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fshort-term-menopausal-therapy-cognitive-function&media=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.post.rvohealth.io%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2024%2F11%2Fhormone-therapy-pills-hand-1296x728-header-1024x575.jpg&description=Menopause%3A%20Hormone%20therapy%20unlikely%20to%20affect%20cognitive%20function" title="Share on Pinterest" data-pin-custom="true" data-share-url="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/11/hormone-therapy-pills-hand-1296x728-header-1024x575.jpg"><span class="css-8yl26h">Share on Pinterest</span></a></hl-share-overlay></span><figcaption class="css-13b3g0x">New research suggests that short-term hormone therapy for menopause symptoms does not have long-term cognitive effects. Laura Olivas/Getty Images</figcaption></figure></div></div><div><ul><li><strong>Menopause involves distinct changes in hormone levels and bodily function. </strong></li><li><strong>Using hormone therapy can help with certain symptoms related to menopause. Experts are interested in discovering the full risks and benefits of using hormone replacement therapy. </strong></li><li><strong>Data from a recent trial suggests that short-term hormone therapy for menopause symptoms does not have long-term cognitive effects, whether harmful or beneficial. </strong></li></ul></div><div><div data-preamp="serena-chatbot"></div></div><div><p>Menopause involves the permanent stopping of <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154699" class="content-link css-90fpmc">menstruation</a>. There is a distinct drop in estrogen that occurs in menopause.</p></div><div><p><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181726" class="content-link css-90fpmc">Hormone therapy</a> can help minimize certain <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155651" class="content-link css-90fpmc">menopause symptoms</a> like <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327481" class="content-link css-90fpmc">hot flashes</a> and <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321615" class="content-link css-90fpmc">vaginal dryness</a>. Experts are interested in determining the full benefits of menopausal hormone therapy as well as the potential drawbacks. </p></div><div><p>A paper recently published in <em><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004435" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">PLOS Medicine</a></em> reported data from the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) Continuation study.</p></div><div><p><strong>Researchers found that compared to placebo, women who received hormonal therapy for menopause symptoms did not experience better or worse cognitive outcomes 10 years after treatment.</strong></p></div><div><p>The results suggest that short-term menopausal hormone therapy is not harmful to cognitive function but also does not appear to offer cognitive benefits.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline2__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="Short-term-hormone-therapy-and-cognitive-function">Short-term hormone therapy and cognitive function</a></div></h2><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Researchers wanted to learn more about the long-term effects of short-term hormone therapy. They note that this type of therapy is used near the menopausal transition period. The transition time before last menstruation is sometimes called <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/perimenopause" class="content-link css-90fpmc">perimenopause</a>. </p></div><div><p>The research discussed in this paper involved women who had participated in a previous study called the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS). This original research involved healthy, recently <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/postmenopause" class="content-link css-90fpmc">postmenopausal</a> women with low <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/257484" class="content-link css-90fpmc">cardiovascular disease</a> risk who had intact uteruses. </p></div><div><p>Women in the original research received a placebo, a transdermal patch of <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323178" class="content-link css-90fpmc">estradiol</a>, or oral conjugated equine estrogens. Participants receiving these hormonal options also received micronized <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/low-progesterone-symptoms" class="content-link css-90fpmc">progesterone</a>. The original study continued for 4 years. </p></div><div><p>The current paper’s results discuss the findings from the KEEPS Continuation study, which followed up with participants around 10 years after the original study ended. In all, 275 participants had data related to cognitive outcomes from the original study and the KEEPS study. </p></div><div><p>For the KEEPS study, researchers collected data on medical history, mood, and cognitive outcomes. They also conducted several <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cognitive-test-for-dementia" class="content-link css-90fpmc">cognitive tests</a> to examine participants’ memory, mental flexibility, and visual and auditory attention.</p></div><div><p>The KEEPS study also noted which participants had continued or used other menopausal hormone therapy since the end of the original study. </p></div><div><p>The results of the KEEPS study found similar cognitive outcomes among women who had received a placebo or hormone replacement therapy in the original trial.</p></div><div><p>Participants’ baseline data in the original study and performance throughout the original study were better indicators of cognitive function at long-term follow-up.</p></div><div><p><strong>Thus, the results suggest that the use of hormone therapy in <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317713" class="content-link css-90fpmc">early menopause</a> does not affect long-term cognitive function among women who have a low risk for cardiovascular disease.</strong></p></div><div><p>Overall, the data helps to increase understanding regarding the relationship between short-term menopausal hormone therapy and cognitive function. </p></div><div><p><a href="https://www.memorialcare.org/providers/g-thomas-ruiz" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">G. Thomas Ruiz, MD</a>, a board certified OB-GYN and lead OB-GYN at MemorialCare Orange Coast Medical Center in Fountain Valley, CA, who was not involved in this study, commented on its findings to <em>Medical News Today</em>: </p></div><div><blockquote class="is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow css-34gtoi"><p>“This study looked at cognitive effects differently than many articles. Most studies approach the question from a standpoint that HRT [hormone replacement therapy] improves cognitive ability. There have been no studies that have definitively demonstrated this. But, it is good to know that there are also no negative cognitive effects when using HRT. It should be noted that long-term HRT is linked with a <hl-trusted-source source="Wiley" rationale="Peer reviewed journal"><a href="https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/trc2.12174" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">lower risk</a></hl-trusted-source> of developing Alzheimer’s.”</p></blockquote></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="More-studies-on-cognitive-effects-of-HRT-needed">More studies on cognitive effects of HRT needed</a></div></h2><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>The data does have some limitations. First, the follow-up study only included a fraction of the women in the original study.</p></div><div><p>However, researchers were able to include baseline data from these “nonparticipants” to help examine differences between the groups. Researchers acknowledge that there may be a risk for healthy survivor bias regarding participants who chose to participate in both studies.</p></div><div><p>Researchers of the KEEPS study could not fully examine all the effects of the lower number of participants in the KEEPS study, such as the cause of death for nonparticipants. The KEEPS study also faced struggles related to the COVID-19 pandemic. </p></div><div><p>Second, the original study had specific inclusion criteria that limited the data’s reach. For example, it excluded women with <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159283" class="content-link css-90fpmc">uncontrolled high blood pressure</a> or who smoked. The average age of participants was also 52, and researchers only included women with low cardiovascular disease risk.</p></div><div><p>In addition, most of the study population in the KEEPS study was white. Thus, the results cannot be generalized, and more diversity may be helpful for future research. </p></div><div><p>Some data relied on self-reporting from participants, which is not always reliable. Researchers used the self-report of age rather than age data from the original KEEPS trial. In addition, they did not go into specific details about participants’ use of hormone therapy between the end of the original study and the start of the KEEPS study. </p></div><div><p><strong>The data for the approximately 10-year follow-up only involved a one-time assessment, so additional long-term follow-up may be helpful. It may also take additional time to realize true cognitive effects. </strong></p></div><div><p>Researchers noted that there could be several reasons why no cognitive effects were observed. For example, the dose and length of time of hormone therapy used in the original research might not have been big enough to affect cognitive function. </p></div><div><p>Finally, the current paper focuses on cognitive outcomes, but a future publication will cover the data collected from brain scans. </p></div><div><p>Despite these limitations, the study does point to the potential safety of short-term menopausal hormone therapy, which could increase its use in the future. </p></div><div><p><a href="https://memorialhermann.org/doctors/ob-gyns/dr-rikki-baldwin-do-1164840955" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">Rikki Baldwin, DO</a>, an OB-GYN with Memorial Hermann, not involved in this research, told <em>MNT</em>:</p></div><div><blockquote class="is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow css-34gtoi"><p>“I hope this study helps clinicians and patients feel more comfortable in using hormonal therapy to treat menopausal symptoms. There should be a detailed discussion regarding timing, dosage, route, and length of treatment. But using hormonal replacement therapy should be considered first line therapy in appropriate patients.” </p></blockquote></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="Hormone-therapy-Benefits-and-ongoing-conversations">Hormone therapy: Benefits and ongoing conversations</a></div></h2><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Doctors and other experts can offer guidance on menopausal hormone replacement therapy and whether it is appropriate in individual situations. As researchers in this paper note, the timing of menopausal hormone therapy is likely a critical piece of the puzzle. </p></div><div><p><strong>Baldwin said short-term menopausal hormone replacement therapy has potential benefits, including reduction or resolution of hot flashes, <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9155" class="content-link css-90fpmc">insomnia</a>, and <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317566" class="content-link css-90fpmc">mood shifts</a>. </strong></p></div><div><p>“It is not FDA approved, but it has been shown to improve bone health,” Baldwin noted. “Anecdotally, hormone therapy was said to improve cognitive health as well. Potential risks, as evidenced in previous studies, are worsening of cardiovascular disease, <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318522" class="content-link css-90fpmc">thromboembolic events</a>, and failure of treatment,” she added.</p></div><div><p>Ruiz noted the following regarding the benefits of short-term menopausal hormone replacement therapy: </p></div><div><blockquote class="is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow css-34gtoi"><p>“Short term benefits are resolution of vasomotor symptoms and other symptoms such as insomnia, emotional lability. There may be improvements in libido. The urogenital tract functions better in the presence of estrogen, this includes the bladder and the vaginal mucosa […] Like any therapeutic, not all should use HRT because of medical contraindications to treatment. A woman should discuss HRT with her gynecologist to see if HRT is right for her.”</p></blockquote></div></div></article><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-5b5f7q"><ul><li itemProp="genre"><a class="css-90fpmc" data-event="Navigation|article tag click|Menopause" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/menopause">Menopause</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="css-14wkyk7"><div class="css-1h1m1dx"><p>Share this article</p><div class="css-14uyzrw"><div class="button-wrapper print"><a class="css-xqmvw1 print button icon icon-hl-print" target="_blank" title="Print this page"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper email"><a class="css-xqmvw1 email button icon icon-hl-email" target="_blank" title="Email this page"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper facebook"><a class="css-xqmvw1 facebook button icon icon-hl-facebook" 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more"></a></div></div></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><section class="css-z1idnu" style="margin-top:0"><div class="css-dorrmn"><div class="css-npv6dx"><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-b1jl63"><div class="css-1q67gt9"><div class="css-1edxg1f"><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2023/07/Jessica-Norris-Freeborn-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105" alt=""/></div></div><div><span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-90fpmc css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jessica Freeborn</a></span></span></span></span><span> on November 21, 2024</span> — <span tabindex="0" role="button" class="css-st6t3g">Fact checked </span><span>by </span><span><span><span><span><a class="css-90fpmc css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D.</a></span></span></span></span></div></section></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span><div data-empty="true" 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click|/articles/premature-menopause-may-increase-risk-of-death-from-heart-disease-cancer;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Premature menopause may increase risk of death from heart disease, cancer|rn3" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/premature-menopause-may-increase-risk-of-death-from-heart-disease-cancer?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Premature menopause may increase risk of death from heart disease, cancer</a><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/premature-menopause-may-increase-risk-of-death-from-heart-disease-cancer;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Premature menopause may increase risk of death from heart disease, cancer|rn3" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/premature-menopause-may-increase-risk-of-death-from-heart-disease-cancer?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Researchers say women who go through menopause before age 40 have a significantly higher risk of death from cancer and heart disease. 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className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-14hfbn" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hormone-replacement-therapy-may-improve-pulmonary-hypertension;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Can hormone replacement therapy help treat pulmonary hypertension in women?|rn4" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hormone-replacement-therapy-may-improve-pulmonary-hypertension?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Can hormone replacement therapy help treat pulmonary hypertension in women?</a><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hormone-replacement-therapy-may-improve-pulmonary-hypertension;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Can hormone replacement therapy help treat pulmonary hypertension in women?|rn4" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hormone-replacement-therapy-may-improve-pulmonary-hypertension?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Researchers from The University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson suggest that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may improve pulmonary…</a></p><a class="css-j8t1ld css-16cijuj" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/articles/hormone-replacement-therapy-may-improve-pulmonary-hypertension;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Can hormone replacement therapy help treat pulmonary hypertension in women?|rn4" 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Laura Olivas/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMenopause involves distinct changes in hormone levels and bodily function. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUsing hormone therapy can help with certain symptoms related to menopause. Experts are interested in discovering the full risks and benefits of using hormone replacement therapy. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData from a recent trial suggests that short-term hormone therapy for menopause symptoms does not have long-term cognitive effects, whether harmful or beneficial. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"div","attributes":{"data-preamp":"serena-chatbot"},"source":""},{"tagName":"p","source":"Menopause involves the permanent stopping of \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154699\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emenstruation\u003c/a\u003e. There is a distinct drop in estrogen that occurs in menopause."},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181726\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eHormone therapy\u003c/a\u003e can help minimize certain \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155651\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emenopause symptoms\u003c/a\u003e like \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327481\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ehot flashes\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321615\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003evaginal dryness\u003c/a\u003e. Experts are interested in determining the full benefits of menopausal hormone therapy as well as the potential drawbacks. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"A paper recently published in \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004435\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ePLOS Medicine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e reported data from the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) Continuation study."},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003cstrong\u003eResearchers found that compared to placebo, women who received hormonal therapy for menopause symptoms did not experience better or worse cognitive outcomes 10 years after treatment.\u003c/strong\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The results suggest that short-term menopausal hormone therapy is not harmful to cognitive function but also does not appear to offer cognitive benefits."}]},{"id":"Short-term-hormone-therapy-and-cognitive-function","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Short-term hormone therapy and cognitive function"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Researchers wanted to learn more about the long-term effects of short-term hormone therapy. They note that this type of therapy is used near the menopausal transition period. The transition time before last menstruation is sometimes called \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/perimenopause\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eperimenopause\u003c/a\u003e. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"The research discussed in this paper involved women who had participated in a previous study called the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS). This original research involved healthy, recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/postmenopause\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003epostmenopausal\u003c/a\u003e women with low \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/257484\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ecardiovascular disease\u003c/a\u003e risk who had intact uteruses. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Women in the original research received a placebo, a transdermal patch of \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323178\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eestradiol\u003c/a\u003e, or oral conjugated equine estrogens. Participants receiving these hormonal options also received micronized \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/low-progesterone-symptoms\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eprogesterone\u003c/a\u003e. The original study continued for 4 years. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"The current paper’s results discuss the findings from the KEEPS Continuation study, which followed up with participants around 10 years after the original study ended. In all, 275 participants had data related to cognitive outcomes from the original study and the KEEPS study. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"For the KEEPS study, researchers collected data on medical history, mood, and cognitive outcomes. They also conducted several \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cognitive-test-for-dementia\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ecognitive tests\u003c/a\u003e to examine participants’ memory, mental flexibility, and visual and auditory attention."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The KEEPS study also noted which participants had continued or used other menopausal hormone therapy since the end of the original study. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"The results of the KEEPS study found similar cognitive outcomes among women who had received a placebo or hormone replacement therapy in the original trial."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Participants’ baseline data in the original study and performance throughout the original study were better indicators of cognitive function at long-term follow-up."},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003cstrong\u003eThus, the results suggest that the use of hormone therapy in \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317713\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eearly menopause\u003c/a\u003e does not affect long-term cognitive function among women who have a low risk for cardiovascular disease.\u003c/strong\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Overall, the data helps to increase understanding regarding the relationship between short-term menopausal hormone therapy and cognitive function. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.memorialcare.org/providers/g-thomas-ruiz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eG. Thomas Ruiz, MD\u003c/a\u003e, a board certified OB-GYN and lead OB-GYN at MemorialCare Orange Coast Medical Center in Fountain Valley, CA, who was not involved in this study, commented on its findings to \u003cem\u003eMedical News Today\u003c/em\u003e: "},{"tagName":"blockquote","attributes":{"className":"is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow css-34gtoi"},"source":"\u003cp\u003e“This study looked at cognitive effects differently than many articles. Most studies approach the question from a standpoint that HRT [hormone replacement therapy] improves cognitive ability. There have been no studies that have definitively demonstrated this. But, it is good to know that there are also no negative cognitive effects when using HRT. It should be noted that long-term HRT is linked with a \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"Wiley\" rationale=\"Peer reviewed journal\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/trc2.12174\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003elower risk\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e of developing Alzheimer’s.”\u003c/p\u003e"}]},{"id":"More-studies-on-cognitive-effects-of-HRT-needed","isCollapsable":false,"header":["More studies on cognitive effects of HRT needed"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"The data does have some limitations. First, the follow-up study only included a fraction of the women in the original study."},{"tagName":"p","source":"However, researchers were able to include baseline data from these “nonparticipants” to help examine differences between the groups. Researchers acknowledge that there may be a risk for healthy survivor bias regarding participants who chose to participate in both studies."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Researchers of the KEEPS study could not fully examine all the effects of the lower number of participants in the KEEPS study, such as the cause of death for nonparticipants. The KEEPS study also faced struggles related to the COVID-19 pandemic. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Second, the original study had specific inclusion criteria that limited the data’s reach. For example, it excluded women with \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159283\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003euncontrolled high blood pressure\u003c/a\u003e or who smoked. The average age of participants was also 52, and researchers only included women with low cardiovascular disease risk."},{"tagName":"p","source":"In addition, most of the study population in the KEEPS study was white. Thus, the results cannot be generalized, and more diversity may be helpful for future research. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Some data relied on self-reporting from participants, which is not always reliable. Researchers used the self-report of age rather than age data from the original KEEPS trial. In addition, they did not go into specific details about participants’ use of hormone therapy between the end of the original study and the start of the KEEPS study. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003cstrong\u003eThe data for the approximately 10-year follow-up only involved a one-time assessment, so additional long-term follow-up may be helpful. It may also take additional time to realize true cognitive effects. \u003c/strong\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Researchers noted that there could be several reasons why no cognitive effects were observed. For example, the dose and length of time of hormone therapy used in the original research might not have been big enough to affect cognitive function. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Finally, the current paper focuses on cognitive outcomes, but a future publication will cover the data collected from brain scans. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Despite these limitations, the study does point to the potential safety of short-term menopausal hormone therapy, which could increase its use in the future. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://memorialhermann.org/doctors/ob-gyns/dr-rikki-baldwin-do-1164840955\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eRikki Baldwin, DO\u003c/a\u003e, an OB-GYN with Memorial Hermann, not involved in this research, told \u003cem\u003eMNT\u003c/em\u003e:"},{"tagName":"blockquote","attributes":{"className":"is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow css-34gtoi"},"source":"\u003cp\u003e“I hope this study helps clinicians and patients feel more comfortable in using hormonal therapy to treat menopausal symptoms. There should be a detailed discussion regarding timing, dosage, route, and length of treatment. But using hormonal replacement therapy should be considered first line therapy in appropriate patients.” \u003c/p\u003e"}]},{"id":"Hormone-therapy-Benefits-and-ongoing-conversations","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Hormone therapy: Benefits and ongoing conversations"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Doctors and other experts can offer guidance on menopausal hormone replacement therapy and whether it is appropriate in individual situations. As researchers in this paper note, the timing of menopausal hormone therapy is likely a critical piece of the puzzle. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003cstrong\u003eBaldwin said short-term menopausal hormone replacement therapy has potential benefits, including reduction or resolution of hot flashes, \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9155\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003einsomnia\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317566\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emood shifts\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/strong\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"“It is not FDA approved, but it has been shown to improve bone health,” Baldwin noted. “Anecdotally, hormone therapy was said to improve cognitive health as well. Potential risks, as evidenced in previous studies, are worsening of cardiovascular disease, \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318522\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ethromboembolic events\u003c/a\u003e, and failure of treatment,” she added."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Ruiz noted the following regarding the benefits of short-term menopausal hormone replacement therapy: "},{"tagName":"blockquote","attributes":{"className":"is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow css-34gtoi"},"source":"\u003cp\u003e“Short term benefits are resolution of vasomotor symptoms and other symptoms such as insomnia, emotional lability. There may be improvements in libido. The urogenital tract functions better in the presence of estrogen, this includes the bladder and the vaginal mucosa […] Like any therapeutic, not all should use HRT because of medical contraindications to treatment. A woman should discuss HRT with her gynecologist to see if HRT is right for her.”\u003c/p\u003e"}]}],"hasAffiliateLinks":false,"affiliates":[],"propsFor":{"articleResources":[],"byline":{"authors":[{"id":5319,"name":{"display":"Jessica Freeborn","first":"Jessica","last":"Freeborn"},"link":"/authors/jessica-freeborn","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eJessica Freeborn is a freelance health and wellness writer based in Western New York. Her background in nursing has allowed her to apply her medical knowledge and experience to a wide range of writing projects. She specializes in several topics, including mental health and well-being, nursing, and caregiving.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2023/07/Jessica-Norris-Freeborn-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"medicalReviewers":[],"id":"mnt-3610273","updateReason":[],"editor":"Maria Cohut Ph.D.","factCheckedBy":"Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D.","factCheckers":[{"id":137,"name":{"display":"Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D.","first":"Jill","last":"Seladi-Schulman, PhD"},"userLogin":"jseladischul","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/jillseladischulman/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/jill-seladi-schulman","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"122525","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eDr. Jill Seladi-Schulman is a freelance medical writer and fact checker. She was previously a project setup manager for clinical trials and specializes in microbiology and infectious disease, having written her dissertation on influenza virus morphology. Dr. Seladi-Schulman has publications in peer-reviewed journals. She also has had her work featured on the cover of the Journal of Virology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEmory University, PhD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eGeorgia Institute of Technology, BS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis individual is no longer a medical reviewer in our network. The credentials and information reflected above are only associated with other freelance roles the individual may currently hold.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":200,"height":200,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/12/JillSeladi-Schulman.png"}}],"articleHistory":{"2024-11-21":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Jessica Freeborn","editor":"Maria Cohut Ph.D.","factCheckedBy":"Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D."}},"articleDates":{"factChecked":{"date":1732207973,"display":"November 21, 2024"},"medicallyReviewed":{"date":null,"display":""},"published":{"date":1732207973,"display":"November 21, 2024"},"lastUpdates":{"date":1732207973,"display":"November 21, 2024"},"modified":{"date":1732210886,"display":"November 21, 2024"},"postDraftCreationDate":{"date":1731686308,"display":"November 15, 2024"},"versionFirstPublish":{"date":1732207281,"display":"November 21, 2024"}},"type":"newsarticles","language":"en"},"readNext":{"items":[{"title":["Severe menopause symptoms linked to mild cognitive impairment"],"text":["A recent study has found an association between severe menopause symptoms and mild cognitive impairment, calling for further research on this topic."],"link":"/articles/severe-menopause-symptoms-linked-to-mild-cognitive-impairment","imageAlt":"Severe menopause symptoms linked to mild cognitive impairment","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/08/Severe-menopause-GettyImages-1393981129-Thumb.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5319,"name":{"display":"Jessica Freeborn","first":"Jessica","last":"Freeborn"},"userLogin":"jnorris","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/jessica-freeborn","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eJessica Freeborn is a freelance health and wellness writer based in Western New York. Her background in nursing has allowed her to apply her medical knowledge and experience to a wide range of writing projects. She specializes in several topics, including mental health and well-being, nursing, and caregiving.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2023/07/Jessica-Norris-Freeborn-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["Starting hormone therapy in perimenopause may help slow down aging"],"text":["Taking hormone therapy during perimenopausal years may help slow down biological aging during menopause without increasing mortality risks, a new…"],"link":"/articles/starting-hormone-therapy-perimenopause-may-slow-down-biological-aging","imageAlt":"Starting hormone therapy in perimenopause may help slow down aging","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/09/Hormone-therapy-GettyImages-2084514096-Thumb.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":882,"name":{"display":"Robby Berman","first":"Robby","last":"Berman"},"userLogin":"robbyberman","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/robby-berman","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eWhile attempting to establish himself as a recording artist, Robby inadvertently launched himself instead into a career as a technical writer for companies that make musical instruments and recording equipment. Several years ago, he transitioned into writing for a variety of popular digital media companies, where his interest in demystifying complex subject matter for readers found a welcome new outlet. The career shift also allowed Robby to spend more time pursuing his wide-ranging interests, including medical research. He has been writing for Medical News Today since the winter of 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRobby lives in Central New York with his wife and two daughters, as well as one dog, three cats, and 20 goldfish. He’s still recording.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/04/Robby-Potrait-Trimmed-BW.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["How does hormone therapy affect cardiovascular health, insulin resistance?"],"text":["New studies suggest that hormone therapy for menopause-related symptoms could have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular and metabolic health, such as…"],"link":"/articles/menopause-hormone-therapy-improve-heart-health-insulin-resistance","imageAlt":"How does hormone therapy affect cardiovascular health, insulin resistance?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/09/listening-chest-stethoscope-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":879,"name":{"display":"Maria Cohut, Ph.D.","first":"Maria","last":"Cohut Ph.D."},"userLogin":"mcohut","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/maria-cohut","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eMaria is an insatiably curious soul, particularly fascinated by the mysterious workings of the human brain, medical history, and our relationship with our own bodies, both during and after life. Before joining Medical News Today, Maria worked as a teacher, academic ambassador, and a freelance writer and copy editor. Recently, she finished a Ph.D. in English at the University of Warwick in the U.K. In her spare time, she learns Japanese, occasionally practices taxidermy, and spreads her infectious love of invertebrates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYou can follow Maria on \u003ca class=\"\u0026quot;button_followrel=\u0026quot;noopener\" href=\"//twitter.com/MNT_MariaCohut\u0026quot;\" target=\"\u0026quot;_blanktitle=\u0026quot;Follow\"\u003eTwitter\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/500x500_Maria_Cohut.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["Premature menopause may increase risk of death from heart disease, cancer"],"text":["Researchers say women who go through menopause before age 40 have a significantly higher risk of death from cancer and heart disease. One expert says…"],"link":"/articles/premature-menopause-may-increase-risk-of-death-from-heart-disease-cancer","imageAlt":"Premature menopause may increase risk of death from heart disease, cancer","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/05/pensive-woman-by-sea-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":52,"name":{"display":"Ginger Vieira","first":"Ginger","last":"Vieira"},"userLogin":"gvieira","links":{"website":"https://www.youtube.com/@diabetesnerd","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/gingervieira/","twitter":"https://www.twitter.com/gingervieira","instagram":"https://www.instagram.com/gingervieira.t1d/","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/ginger-vieira","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":["diabetes","type 1 diabetes","type 2 diabetes"],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eGinger Vieira is an author, freelancer, and video creator living with type 1 diabetes. Her books include \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BYGNFQ47\"\u003eExercise with Type 1 Diabetes\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://amzn.to/2ncKJAv\"\u003ePregnancy with Type 1 Diabetes\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://amzn.to/2c9YkQp\"\u003eDealing with Diabetes Burnout\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://amzn.to/2c9Zwms\"\u003eEmotional Eating with Diabetes\u003c/a\u003e, and two books for children: \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/When-Go-Low-Diabetes-Picture/dp/B08RR5Z9BZ\"\u003eWhen I Go Low\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Aint-Gonna-Hide-My-T1D/dp/B0B455DL45\"\u003eAin\u0026#8217;t Gonna Hide My T1D\u003c/a\u003e! Her background includes a Bachelor of Science degree in professional writing and certifications in coaching, personal training, and yoga. Find all of Ginger\u0026#8217;s articles at \u003ca href=\"https://www.gingervieira.com/diabetes\"\u003eGingerVieira.com\u003c/a\u003e and watch her videos on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/@diabetesnerd\"\u003eYouTube\u003c/a\u003e!\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":2320,"height":3088,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/IMG-0472.jpg"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["Can hormone replacement therapy help treat pulmonary hypertension in women?"],"text":["Researchers from The University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson suggest that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may improve pulmonary…"],"link":"/articles/hormone-replacement-therapy-may-improve-pulmonary-hypertension","imageAlt":"Can hormone replacement therapy help treat pulmonary hypertension in women?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/05/contented-woman-water-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5725,"name":{"display":"Corrie Pelc","first":"Corrie","last":"Pelc"},"userLogin":"cpelc","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/corrie-pelc","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eCorrie is a writer at Medical News Today, where she covers the latest research on various health topics. A journalist for over 23 years, she was the communications manager for the California Optometric Association and director of content for OptometryWeb and OphthalmologyWeb. She has also written for Exceptional Parent, Bay Area Parent, INVISION, Hepatitis Magazine, KentuckyDoc. Follow her on \u003ca class=\"ProsemirrorEditor-link\" href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/corrie-pelc-876b549/\"\u003eLinkedIn\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"}]},"isCorp":false,"isReference":false,"isPremiumVideo":false,"isStandaloneVideo":false,"isStandaloneRecipe":false,"schemaObj":{"@context":"https://schema.org","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Medical News Today","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://cdn-prod.medicalnewstoday.com/structure/images/logo/logo-2017-640-60.png"}},"@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Short-term menopausal hormone therapy may not affect cognitive function","description":"New research suggests that short-term hormone therapy for menopause symptoms does not have long-term cognitive effects, whether harmful or beneficial.","keywords":"hormone therapy menopause cognitive function","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Jessica Freeborn"},"lastReviewed":"2024-11-21T16:52:53Z","url":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/short-term-menopausal-therapy-cognitive-function","datePublished":"2024-11-21T16:52:53Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T16:52:53Z","articleSection":"Menopause","correction":{"@type":"CorrectionComment","text":"","datePublished":"2024-11-21"},"reviewedBy":"Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D.","primaryImageOfPage":["https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/11/hormone-therapy-pills-hand-1296x728-header-1024x575.jpg"],"thumbnail":["https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/11/hormone-therapy-pills-hand-732x549-thumbnail.jpg"]},"hero":{}}},"ampLibs":{}},"pathname":"/tabbed","query":{"isControl":false,"url":"/articles/short-term-menopausal-therapy-cognitive-function","activationReadNext":true,"experimentalRPM":"control","dcsCopayBestOffer":"control","dcsNativeCoupon":"variant","dcsCopayOnly":"variant","adbridgFlag":false,"jwPlayerFix":true,"oneTrustCPRA":true,"moveImageGalleryBelowDeck":"control"},"publicPath":"https://assets.medicalnewstoday.com/_next/","appState":{"title":"Menopause: Hormone therapy unlikely to affect cognitive function","canonical":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/short-term-menopausal-therapy-cognitive-function","hrlContentId":"mnt-3610273","isArticle":true,"isContentSeries":false,"canonicalPath":"/articles/short-term-menopausal-therapy-cognitive-function","pageTemplate":"Tabbed Article","logMoreMetrics":true,"adsSponsored":false,"isCPUV":false,"newsletter":{"tags":"brain health,cognitive decline,cognitive function,hormone replacement therapy,hormone therapy,menopause","categories":"menopause"},"isSponsoredArticle":false,"targeting":{"k1":"menopause","k2":"femalehealth","k3":"health","kmeta":"hrt","msiteactive":"false","url":"/articles/short-term-menopausal-therapy-cognitive-function","articleId":"mnt-3610273","adLayout":"MEDIUM_DRIVER"},"categories":[{"name":"Menopause","slug":"menopause","link":"/categories/menopause","children":[]}],"subcategories":[],"sponsoredNavMenu":false,"author":"Jessica Freeborn","editor":"Maria Cohut Ph.D.","contentForm":"News Condition","type":"newsarticles","vertical":"Womens Health","trackingTerms":[],"isPremiumVideo":false,"isStandaloneVideo":false,"isStandaloneRecipe":false,"isNewsArticle":true,"hasEmbeddedJWPlayer":false,"pageHasDasPreroll":false,"byline":{"authors":[{"id":5319,"name":{"display":"Jessica Freeborn","first":"Jessica","last":"Freeborn"},"link":"/authors/jessica-freeborn","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eJessica Freeborn is a freelance health and wellness writer based in Western New York. Her background in nursing has allowed her to apply her medical knowledge and experience to a wide range of writing projects. She specializes in several topics, including mental health and well-being, nursing, and caregiving.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2023/07/Jessica-Norris-Freeborn-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"medicalReviewers":[],"id":"mnt-3610273","updateReason":[],"editor":"Maria Cohut Ph.D.","factCheckedBy":"Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D.","factCheckers":[{"id":137,"name":{"display":"Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D.","first":"Jill","last":"Seladi-Schulman, PhD"},"userLogin":"jseladischul","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/jillseladischulman/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/jill-seladi-schulman","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"122525","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eDr. Jill Seladi-Schulman is a freelance medical writer and fact checker. 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