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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Version 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Version 3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_and_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_and_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Terms and conditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terms_and_conditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Terms and conditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Terms_and_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_of_licensed_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_licensed_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Use of licensed software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_licensed_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyleft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyleft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Copyleft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyleft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-License_versus_contract" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#License_versus_contract"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 License versus contract </div> </a> <ul id="toc-License_versus_contract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Derivations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linking_and_derived_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linking_and_derived_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Linking and derived works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linking_and_derived_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Linking and derived works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Linking_and_derived_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Point_of_view:_dynamic_and_static_linking_violate_GPL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Point_of_view:_dynamic_and_static_linking_violate_GPL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Point of view: dynamic and static linking violate GPL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Point_of_view:_dynamic_and_static_linking_violate_GPL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Point_of_view:_static_linking_violates_GPL_but_unclear_as_of_dynamic_linking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Point_of_view:_static_linking_violates_GPL_but_unclear_as_of_dynamic_linking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Point of view: static linking violates GPL but unclear as of dynamic linking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Point_of_view:_static_linking_violates_GPL_but_unclear_as_of_dynamic_linking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Point_of_view:_linking_is_irrelevant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Point_of_view:_linking_is_irrelevant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Point of view: linking is irrelevant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Point_of_view:_linking_is_irrelevant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communicating_and_bundling_with_non-GPL_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communicating_and_bundling_with_non-GPL_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Communicating and bundling with non-GPL programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communicating_and_bundling_with_non-GPL_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status_online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status_online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legal status online </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status_online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatibility_and_multi-licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility_and_multi-licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Compatibility and multi-licensing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatibility_and_multi-licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_and_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_and_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Text and other media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_and_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Adoption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_barrier_to_application_stores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_barrier_to_application_stores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Legal barrier to application stores </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_barrier_to_application_stores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microsoft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microsoft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Microsoft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microsoft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Viral"_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Viral"_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 "Viral" nature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Viral"_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barrier_to_commercialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barrier_to_commercialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Barrier to commercialization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barrier_to_commercialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open-source_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-source_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Open-source criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-source_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPLv3_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPLv3_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 GPLv3 criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPLv3_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">GNU General Public License</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" > 76 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Algemene_Publieke_Lisensie" title="GNU Algemene Publieke Lisensie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="GNU Algemene Publieke Lisensie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رخصة جنو العمومية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رخصة جنو العمومية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="গ্নু জেনারেল পাবলিক লাইসেন্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্নু জেনারেল পাবলিক লাইসেন্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_op%C5%A1ta_javna_licenca" title="GNU opšta javna licenca – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="GNU opšta javna licenca" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trwydded_Gyhoeddus_Gyffredinol_GNU" title="Trwydded Gyhoeddus Gyffredinol GNU – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trwydded Gyhoeddus Gyffredinol GNU" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GPL" title="GNU GPL – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="GNU GPL" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%86%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_GNU" title="Γενική Άδεια Δημόσιας Χρήσης GNU – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενική Άδεια Δημόσιας Χρήσης GNU" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cenerala_Publika_Permesilo_de_GNU" title="Ĝenerala Publika Permesilo de GNU – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝenerala Publika Permesilo de GNU" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lizentzia_Publiko_Orokorra" title="GNU Lizentzia Publiko Orokorra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="GNU Lizentzia Publiko Orokorra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%87%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="پروانه جامع همگانی گنو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروانه جامع همگانی گنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU" title="Licence publique générale GNU – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Licence publique générale GNU" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cead%C3%BAnas_Ginear%C3%A1lta_Poibl%C3%AD_GNU" title="Ceadúnas Ginearálta Poiblí GNU – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceadúnas Ginearálta Poiblí GNU" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98_%EA%B3%B5%EC%A4%91_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9_%ED%97%88%EA%B0%80%EC%84%9C" title="GNU 일반 공중 사용 허가서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="GNU 일반 공중 사용 허가서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenco_GNU_GPL" title="Licenco GNU GPL – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Licenco GNU GPL" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisensi_Publik_Umum_GNU" title="Lisensi Publik Umum GNU – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lisensi Publik Umum GNU" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentia_Public_General_de_GNU" title="Licentia Public General de GNU – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Licentia Public General de GNU" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95" title="הרישיון הציבורי הכללי של גנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרישיון הציבורי הכללי של גנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Visp%C4%81r%C4%93j%C4%81_publisk%C4%81_licence" title="GNU Vispārējā publiskā licence – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="GNU Vispārējā publiskā licence" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GPL" title="GNU GPL – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="GNU GPL" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL" title="GPL – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="GPL" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9D%D0%A3-%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="ГНУ-ова општа јавна лиценца – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ГНУ-ова општа јавна лиценца" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഗ്നൂ സാർവ്വജനിക അനുവാദപത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്നൂ സാർവ്വജനിക അനുവാദപത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्नू सार्वजनिक परवाना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्नू सार्वजनिक परवाना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesen_Awam_Am_GNU" title="Lesen Awam Am GNU – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lesen Awam Am GNU" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81" title="گنو عام عوامی اجازت نامہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گنو عام عوامی اجازت نامہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licen%C8%9Ba_Public%C4%83_General%C4%83_GNU" title="Licența Publică Generală GNU – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Licența Publică Generală GNU" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liss%C3%A8ntzia_GPL" title="Lissèntzia GPL – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lissèntzia GPL" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenca_Publike_e_P%C3%ABrgjithshme_GNU" title="Licenca Publike e Përgjithshme GNU – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Licenca Publike e Përgjithshme GNU" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88" title="گنو عام عوامي اجازت نامو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گنو عام عوامي اجازت نامو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splo%C5%A1na_licenca_GNU" title="Splošna licenca GNU – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Splošna licenca GNU" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU-%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="GNU-ова општа јавна лиценца – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="GNU-ова општа јавна лиценца" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_op%C4%87a_javna_licenca" title="GNU opća javna licenca – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="GNU opća javna licenca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="குனூ பொதுமக்கள் உரிமம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குனூ பொதுமக்கள் உரிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%82_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="గ్నూ జనరల్ పబ్లిక్ లైసెన్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్నూ జనరల్ పబ్లిక్ లైసెన్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9" title="สัญญาอนุญาตสาธารณะทั่วไปของกนู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัญญาอนุญาตสาธารณะทั่วไปของกนู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Genel_Kamu_Lisans%C4%B1" title="GNU Genel Kamu Lisansı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="GNU Genel Kamu Lisansı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81" title="گنو عام عوامی اجازت نامہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گنو عام عوامی اجازت نامہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A5y_ph%C3%A9p_C%C3%B4ng_c%E1%BB%99ng_GNU" title="Giấy phép Công cộng GNU – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giấy phép Công cộng GNU" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licince_di_libe_documint%C3%A5cion_GNU" title="Licince di libe documintåcion GNU – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Licince di libe documintåcion GNU" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81" title="GNU通用公共许可证 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="GNU通用公共许可证" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%85%AC%E7%9C%BE%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B1%E6%A2%9D%E6%AC%BE" title="GNU通用公眾特許條款 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="GNU通用公眾特許條款" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81" title="GNU通用公共许可证 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="GNU通用公共许可证" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/GNU_General_Public_License" title="Special:EditPage/GNU General Public License">editing it</a>. (November 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">GNU General Public License</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:GPLv3_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GPLv3_Logo.svg/220px-GPLv3_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GPLv3_Logo.svg/330px-GPLv3_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GPLv3_Logo.svg/440px-GPLv3_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="358" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;">Author</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;">Latest version</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;"><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publisher</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;"><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;">Published</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;">25 February 1989; 35 years ago (1989-02-25)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;"><a href="/wiki/Software_Package_Data_Exchange" title="Software Package Data Exchange">SPDX</a> identifier</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>GPL-3.0-or-later</li><li>GPL-3.0-only</li><li>GPL-2.0-or-later</li><li>GPL-2.0-only</li><li>GPL-1.0-or-later</li><li>GPL-1.0-only</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;"><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian FSG compatible</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;">Yes<a href="#cite_note-The_Debian_Project-2017-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;"><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</a> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licences#Approvals" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licences">approved</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;">Yes<a href="#cite_note-The_GNU_Project-2017-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">OSI</a> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licences#Approvals" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licences">approved</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;">Yes (applies to GPLv3-only and GPLv2-only)<a href="#cite_note-Open_Source_Initiative-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;"><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;">Yes<a href="#cite_note-The_GNU_Project-2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_GNU_Project-2017a-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Free_Software_Foundation-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;"><a href="/wiki/GPL_linking_exception" title="GPL linking exception">Linking from code with a different licence</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;">Software licensed under GPL compatible licenses only, with the exception of the LGPL which allows all programs.<a href="#cite_note-GNU_Project-4-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7603#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The GNU General Public Licenses (GNU GPL or simply GPL) are a series of widely used <a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">free software licenses</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> licenses, that guarantee <a href="/wiki/End_user" title="End user">end users</a> the freedoms to run, study, share, and modify the software.<a href="#cite_note-Black_Duck_Software-2015-7">[7]</a> The GPL was the first <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> license for general use. It was originally written by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF), for the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>. The license grants the recipients of a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> the rights of <a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">the Free Software Definition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The licenses in the GPL series are all copyleft licenses, which means that any <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative work</a> must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms. It is more restrictive than the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_General_Public_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser General Public License">Lesser General Public License</a> and even further distinct from the more widely-used <a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">permissive software licenses</a> such as <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a>. Historically, the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) domain.<a href="#cite_note-Black_Duck_Software-2015-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_A._Wheeler-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-freecode2008-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asay-2009-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-License_proliferation-12">[12]</a> Prominent free software programs licensed under the GPL include the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (GCC). David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>-based systems, giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free, rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 2007, the third version of the license (GPLv3) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version (GPLv2) which were discovered during the latter's long-time usage. To keep the license current, the GPL license includes an optional "any later version" clause, allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF. Software projects licensed with the optional "or later" clause include the GNU Project, while projects like the Linux kernel is licensed under GPLv2 only. The "or any later version" clause is sometimes known as a "lifeboat clause" since it allows combinations between different versions of GPL-licensed software to maintain compatibility. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The original GPL was written by Richard Stallman in 1989, for use with programs released as part of the GNU project. It was based on a unification of similar licenses used for early versions of <a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a> (1985),<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GNU Debugger</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/GNU_C_Compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C Compiler">GNU C Compiler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_the_GPL-15">[15]</a> These licenses contained similar provisions to the modern GPL, but were specific to each program, rendering them incompatible, despite being the same license.<a href="#cite_note-Stallman-2006b-16">[16]</a> Stallman's goal was to produce one license that could be used for any project, thus making it possible for many projects to share code. The second version of the license, version 2, was released in 1991. Over the following 15 years, members of the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software community">free software community</a> became concerned over problems in the GPLv2 license that could let someone exploit GPL-licensed software in ways contrary to the license's intent.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> These problems included <a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">tivoization</a> (the inclusion of GPL-licensed software in hardware that refuses to run modified versions of its software), compatibility issues similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">AGPL (v1)</a>, and patent deals between <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and distributors of free and open-source software, which some viewed as an attempt to use patents as a weapon against the free software community. Version 3 was developed as an attempt to address these concerns and was officially released on 29 June 2007.<a href="#cite_note-gpl3launch-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_1">Version 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Version 1">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">GNU General Public License, version 1</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;">Published</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;">25 February 1989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-1.0.html">www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-1.0.html</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;"><a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">Deprecated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;">yes</td></tr></tbody></table> Version 1 of the GNU GPL,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> released on 25 February 1989,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> was written to protect against the two main methods by which software distributors restricted the freedoms that define free software. The first problem was that distributors might publish only <a href="/wiki/Binary_file" title="Binary file">binary files</a> that are executable, but not readable or modifiable by humans. To prevent this, GPLv1 stated that copying and distributing copies of any portion of the program must also make the human-readable source code available under the same licensing terms.<a href="#cite_note-21">[a]</a> The second problem was that distributors might add restrictions, either to the license or by combining the software with other software that had other restrictions on distribution. The union of two sets of restrictions would apply to the combined work, thus adding unacceptable constrictions. To prevent this, GPLv1 stated that modified versions, as a whole, had to be distributed under the terms of GPLv1.<a href="#cite_note-22">[b]</a> Therefore, software distributed under the terms of GPLv1 could be combined with software under more permissive terms, as this would not change the terms under which the whole could be distributed. However, software distributed under GPLv1 could not be combined with software distributed under a more restrictive license, as this would conflict with the requirement that the whole be distributable under the terms of GPLv1. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_2">Version 2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Version 2">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">GNU General Public License, version 2</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;">Published</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;">June 1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html">www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html</a></td></tr></tbody></table> According to Richard Stallman, the major change in GPLv2 was the "Liberty or Death" clause, as he calls it<a href="#cite_note-Stallman-2006b-16">[16]</a> – Section 7. The section says that licensees may distribute a GPL-covered work only if they can satisfy all of the license's obligations, despite any other legal obligations they might have. In other words, the obligations of the license may not be <a href="/wiki/Severability" title="Severability">severed</a> due to conflicting obligations. This provision is intended to discourage any party from using a <a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">patent infringement</a> claim or other litigation to impair users' freedom under the license.<a href="#cite_note-Stallman-2006b-16">[16]</a> By 1990, it was becoming apparent that a less restrictive license would be strategically useful for the <a href="/wiki/C_library" class="mw-redirect" title="C library">C library</a> and for software libraries that essentially did the job of existing proprietary ones;<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> when version 2 of the GPL (GPLv2) was released in June 1991, therefore, a second license – the GNU Library General Public License – was introduced at the same time and numbered with version 2 to show that both were complementary.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> The version numbers diverged in 1999 when version 2.1 of the LGPL was released, which renamed it the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a> to reflect its place in the philosophy. The GPLv2 was also modified to refer to the new name of the LGPL, but its version number remained the same, resulting in the original GPLv2 not being recognised by the Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX).<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The license includes instructions to specify "version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version" to allow the flexible optional use of either version 2 or 3, but some developers change this to specify "version 2" only. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_3">Version 3</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Version 3">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">GNU General Public License, version 3</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;">Published</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;">29 June 2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:45%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:55%;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html">www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In late 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF) announced work on version 3 of the GPL (GPLv3). On 16 January 2006, the first "discussion draft" of GPLv3 was published, and the public consultation began. The public consultation was originally planned for nine to fifteen months, but ultimately lasted eighteen months, with four drafts being published. The official GPLv3 was released by the FSF on 29 June 2007. GPLv3 was written by Richard Stallman, with legal counsel from <a href="/wiki/Eben_Moglen" title="Eben Moglen">Eben Moglen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fontana" title="Richard Fontana">Richard Fontana</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Software_Freedom_Law_Center" title="Software Freedom Law Center">Software Freedom Law Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stallman-2006a-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> According to Stallman, the most important changes were in relation to <a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">software patents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">free software license</a> compatibility, the definition of "source code", and hardware restrictions on software modifications, such as <a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">tivoization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stallman-2006a-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Interview_with_Richard_Stallman_Archived_20_November_2017_at_the_Wayback_Machine-28">[26]</a> Other changes related to internationalization, how license violations are handled, and how additional permissions could be granted by the copyright holder. The concept of "software propagation", as a term for the copying and duplication of software, was explicitly defined. The public consultation process was coordinated by the Free Software Foundation with assistance from Software Freedom Law Center, <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Europe" title="Free Software Foundation Europe">Free Software Foundation Europe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> and other free software groups. Comments were collected from the public via the gplv3.fsf.org web portal,<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> using purpose-written software called <a href="/wiki/Stet_(software)" title="Stet (software)">stet</a>. During the public consultation process, 962 comments were submitted for the first draft.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> By the end of the comment period, a total of 2,636 comments had been submitted.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> The third draft was released on 28 March 2007.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> This draft included language intended to prevent patent-related agreements such as the controversial <a href="/wiki/Microsoft-Novell_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft-Novell agreement">Microsoft-Novell patent agreement</a>, and restricted the anti-tivoization clauses to a legal definition of a "user" and a "consumer product". It also explicitly removed the section on "Geographical Limitations", the probable removal of this section having been announced at the launch of the public consultation. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stallman_GPLv3_launch_MIT_060116.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stallman_GPLv3_launch_MIT_060116.jpg/220px-Stallman_GPLv3_launch_MIT_060116.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stallman_GPLv3_launch_MIT_060116.jpg/330px-Stallman_GPLv3_launch_MIT_060116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stallman_GPLv3_launch_MIT_060116.jpg/440px-Stallman_GPLv3_launch_MIT_060116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> at the launch of the first draft of the GNU GPLv3 at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. To his right is Columbia Law Professor <a href="/wiki/Eben_Moglen" title="Eben Moglen">Eben Moglen</a>, chairman of the Software Freedom Law Center.</figcaption></figure> The fourth discussion draft,<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> which was the last, was released on 31 May 2007. It introduced <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> version 2.0 compatibility (prior versions are incompatible), clarified the role of outside contractors, and made an exception to avoid the perceived problems of a Microsoft–Novell style agreement, saying in Section 11 paragraph 6 that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">You may not <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convey#Verb" class="extiw" title="wikt:convey">convey</a> a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license ...</blockquote> This aimed to make such future deals ineffective. The license was also meant to cause Microsoft to extend the patent licenses it granted to Novell customers for the use of GPLv3 software to all users of that GPLv3 software; this was possible only if Microsoft was legally a "conveyor" of the GPLv3 software.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Early drafts of GPLv3 also let licensors add an <a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">AGPL</a>-like requirement that would have plugged the <a href="/wiki/Application_service_provider" title="Application service provider">ASP</a> loophole in the GPL.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-fsfaffero-37">[35]</a> As there were concerns expressed about the administrative costs of checking code for this additional requirement, it was decided to keep the GPL and the AGPL license separated.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Others, notably some high-profile <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> developers such as <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(computer_programmer)" title="Andrew Morton (computer programmer)">Andrew Morton</a>, commented to the mass media and made public statements about their objections to parts of discussion drafts 1 and 2.<a href="#cite_note-David_Woodhouse-2006-39">[37]</a> The kernel developers referred to GPLv3 draft clauses regarding <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a>, patents, and "additional restrictions", and warned of a <a href="/wiki/Balkanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkanisation">Balkanisation</a> of the "Open Source Universe".<a href="#cite_note-David_Woodhouse-2006-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Linus Torvalds, who decided not to adopt the GPLv3 for the Linux kernel,<a href="#cite_note-Torvalds-41">[39]</a> reiterated his criticism several years later.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kerner-2008-43">[41]</a> GPLv3 improved compatibility with several free software licenses such as the Apache License, version 2.0, and the GNU Affero General Public License, which GPLv2 could not be combined with.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> However, GPLv3 software could only be combined and share code with GPLv2 software if the GPLv2 license used had the optional "or later" clause and the software was upgraded to GPLv3. While the "GPLv2 or any later version" clause is considered by FSF as the most common form of licensing GPLv2 software,<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Toybox" title="Toybox">Toybox</a> developer Rob Landley described it as a lifeboat clause.<a href="#cite_note-48">[c]</a> Software projects licensed with the optional "or later" clause include the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] while a prominent example without the clause is the Linux kernel.<a href="#cite_note-Torvalds-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Linus_Torvalds-2000-49">[46]</a> The final version of the license text was published on 29 June 2007.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms_and_conditions">Terms and conditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Terms and conditions">edit</a>]</div> The terms and conditions of the GPL must be made available to anybody receiving a copy of a work that has a GPL applied to it ("the licensee"). Any licensee who adheres to the terms and conditions is given permission to modify the work, as well as to copy and redistribute the work or any derivative version. The licensee is allowed to charge a fee for this service or do this free of charge. This latter point distinguishes the GPL from software licenses that prohibit commercial redistribution. The FSF argues that free software should not place restrictions on commercial use,<a href="#cite_note-GNU_Project-3-51">[48]</a> and the GPL explicitly states that GPL works may be sold at any price. The GPL additionally states that a distributor may not impose "further restrictions on the rights granted by the GPL". This forbids activities such as distributing the software under a non-disclosure agreement or contract. The fourth section for version 2 of the license and the seventh section of version 3 require that programs distributed as pre-compiled binaries be accompanied by a copy of the source code, a written offer to distribute the source code via the same mechanism as the pre-compiled binary, or the written offer to obtain the source code that the user got when they received the pre-compiled binary under the GPL. The second section of version 2 and the fifth section of version 3 also require giving "all recipients a copy of this License along with the Program". Version 3 of the license allows making the source code available in additional ways in fulfillment of the seventh section. These include downloading source code from an adjacent network server or by peer-to-peer transmission, provided that is how the compiled code was available and there are "clear directions" on where to find the source code. The FSF does not hold the copyright for a work released under the GPL unless an author explicitly <a href="/wiki/Copyright_assignment" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright assignment">assigns copyrights</a> to the FSF (which seldom happens except for programs that are part of the GNU project). Only the individual copyright holders have the authority to sue when a license violation is suspected. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GPLstatements_consumerentertainmentdevices.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/GPLstatements_consumerentertainmentdevices.jpg/220px-GPLstatements_consumerentertainmentdevices.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/GPLstatements_consumerentertainmentdevices.jpg/330px-GPLstatements_consumerentertainmentdevices.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/GPLstatements_consumerentertainmentdevices.jpg/440px-GPLstatements_consumerentertainmentdevices.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Printed GPL statements for consumer entertainment devices which incorporate GPL components</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_licensed_software">Use of licensed software</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use of licensed software">edit</a>]</div> Software under the GPL may be run for all purposes, including commercial purposes and even as a tool for creating <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>, such as when using GPL-licensed <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Users or companies who distribute GPL-licensed works (e.g. software), may charge a fee for copies or give them free of charge. This distinguishes the GPL from <a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">shareware</a> software licenses that allow copying for personal use but prohibit commercial distribution or proprietary licenses where copying is prohibited by <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright law</a>. The FSF argues that freedom-respecting free software should also not restrict commercial use and distribution (including redistribution):<a href="#cite_note-GNU_Project-3-51">[48]</a> In purely private (or internal) use—with no sales and no distribution—the software code may be modified and parts reused without requiring the source code to be released. For sales or distribution, the entire source code needs to be made available to end users, including any code changes and additions—in that case, copyleft is applied to ensure that end users retain the freedoms defined above.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> However, software running as an application program under a GPL-licensed operating system such as Linux is not required to be licensed under GPL or to be distributed with source-code availability—the licensing depends only on the used libraries and software components and not on the underlying platform.<a href="#cite_note-GNU_Project-2-54">[51]</a> For example, if a program consists only of original <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, or is combined with source code from other <a href="/wiki/Software_component" title="Software component">software components</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[d]</a> then the custom software components need not be licensed under GPL and need not make their source code available; even if the underlying operating system used is licensed under the GPL, applications running on it are not considered derivative works.<a href="#cite_note-GNU_Project-2-54">[51]</a> Only if GPL licensed parts are used in a program (and the program is distributed), then all other source code of the program needs to be made available under the same license terms. The <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a> (LGPL) was created to have a weaker copyleft than the GPL, in that it does not require custom-developed source code (distinct from the LGPL licensed parts) to be made available under the same license terms. The fifth section of version 3 states that no GPL-licensed code shall be considered an effective "technical protection measure" as defined by Article 11 of the <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty" title="WIPO Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a>, and that those who convey the work waive all legal power to <a href="/wiki/Anti-circumvention" title="Anti-circumvention">prohibit circumvention</a> of the technical protection measure "to the extent such circumvention is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to the covered work". This means that users cannot be held liable for circumventing DRM implemented using GPLv3-licensed code under laws such as the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (DMCA).<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyleft">Copyleft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Copyleft">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></div> The distribution rights granted by the GPL for modified versions of the work are not unconditional. When someone distributes a GPL licensed work plus their own modifications, the requirements for distributing the whole work cannot be any greater than the requirements that are in the GPL. This requirement is known as copyleft. It earns its legal power from the use of <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> on software programs. Because a GPL work is copyrighted, a licensee has no right to redistribute it, not even in modified form (barring <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>), except under the terms of the license. One is only required to adhere to the terms of the GPL if one wishes to exercise rights normally restricted by copyright law, such as redistribution. Conversely, if one distributes copies of the work without abiding by the terms of the GPL (for instance, by keeping the source code secret), they can be <a href="/wiki/Sued" class="mw-redirect" title="Sued">sued</a> by the original author under copyright law. Copyright law has historically been used to prevent distribution of work by parties not authorized by the creator. Copyleft uses the same copyright laws to accomplish a very different goal. It grants rights to distribution to all parties insofar as they provide the same rights to subsequent ones, and they to the next, etc. In this way, the GPL and other copyleft licenses attempt to enforce <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">libre</a> access to the work and all derivatives.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> Many distributors of GPL licensed programs bundle the source code with the <a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">executables</a>. An alternative method of satisfying the copyleft is to provide a written offer to provide the source code on a physical medium (such as a CD) upon request. In practice, many GPL licensed programs are distributed over the Internet, and the source code is made available over <a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a> or <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>. For Internet distribution, this complies with the license. Copyleft applies only when a person seeks to redistribute the program. Developers may make private modified versions with no obligation to divulge the modifications, as long as they do not distribute the modified software to anyone else. Copyleft applies only to the software, and not to its output (unless that output is itself a derivative work of the program).<a href="#cite_note-59">[e]</a> For example, a public web portal running a modified derivative of a GPL licensed <a href="/wiki/Content_management_system" title="Content management system">content management system</a> is not required to distribute its changes to the underlying software, because the modified web portal is not being redistributed but rather hosted, and also because the web portal output is also not a derivative work of the GPL licensed content management system. There has been debate on whether it is a violation of the GPLv1 to release the source code in <a href="/wiki/Obfuscation_(software)" title="Obfuscation (software)">obfuscated</a> form, such as in cases in which the author is less willing to make the source code available. The consensus was that while unethical, it was not considered a violation. The issue was clarified when the license was altered with v2 to require that the "preferred" version of the source code be made available.<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="License_versus_contract">License versus contract</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: License versus contract">edit</a>]</div> The GPL was designed as a <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">license</a>, rather than a contract.<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> In some <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdictions, the legal distinction between a license and a contract is an important one: contracts are enforceable by <a href="/wiki/Contract_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract law">contract law</a>, whereas licenses are enforced under <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright law</a>. However, this distinction is not useful in the many jurisdictions where there are no differences between contracts and licenses, such as <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> Those who do not accept the GPL's terms and conditions do not have permission, under copyright law, to copy or distribute GPL-licensed software or derivative works. However, if they do not redistribute the GPL licensed program, they may still use the software within their organization however they like, and works (including programs) constructed by the use of the program are not required to be covered by this license. Software developer <a href="/wiki/Allison_Randal" title="Allison Randal">Allison Randal</a> argued that the GPLv3 as a license is unnecessarily confusing for lay readers, and could be simplified while retaining the same conditions and legal force.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> In April 2017, a US federal court ruled that an open-source license is an enforceable contract.<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> In October 2021 SFC sued Vizio over breach of contract as an end user to request source code for Vizio's TVs, a federal judge has ruled in the interim that the GPL is an enforceable contract by end users as well as a license for copyright holders.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivations">Derivations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Derivations">edit</a>]</div> The text of the GPL is itself <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrighted</a>, and the copyright is held by the Free Software Foundation. The FSF permits people to create new licenses based on the GPL, as long as the derived licenses do not use the GPL preamble without permission. This is discouraged, however, since such a license might be incompatible with the GPL<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> and causes a perceived <a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">license proliferation</a>. Other licenses created by the GNU project include the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU Affero General Public License</a>. The text of the GPL is not itself under the GPL. The license's copyright disallows modification of the license. Copying and distributing the license is allowed since the GPL requires recipients to get "a copy of this License along with the Program".<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> According to the GPL FAQ, anyone can make a new license using a modified version of the GPL as long as they use a different name for the license, do not mention "GNU", and remove the preamble, though the preamble can be used in a modified license if permission to use it is obtained from the Free Software Foundation (FSF).<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linking_and_derived_works">Linking and derived works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Linking and derived works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>. (November 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Libraries">edit</a>]</div> According to the FSF, "The GPL does not require you to release your modified version or any part of it. You are free to make modifications and use them privately, without ever releasing them."<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> However, if one releases a GPL-licensed entity to the public, there is an issue regarding linking: namely, whether a proprietary program that uses a GPL library is in violation of the GPL. This key dispute is whether non-GPL software can legally <a href="/wiki/Static_linking" class="mw-redirect" title="Static linking">statically link</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_linking" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic linking">dynamically link</a> to GPL libraries. Different opinions exist on this issue. The GPL is clear in requiring that all <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative works</a> of code under the GPL must themselves be under the GPL. Ambiguity arises with regard to using GPL libraries and bundling GPL software into a larger package (perhaps mixed into a binary via static linking). This is ultimately a question not of the GPL per se, but of how copyright law defines derivative works. The following points of view exist: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Point_of_view:_dynamic_and_static_linking_violate_GPL">Point of view: dynamic and static linking violate GPL</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Point of view: dynamic and static linking violate GPL">edit</a>]</div> The Free Software Foundation (which holds the copyright of several notable GPL-licensed software products and of the license text itself) asserts that an executable that uses a dynamically linked library is indeed a derivative work. This does not, however, apply to separate programs communicating with one another.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> The Free Software Foundation also created the <a href="/wiki/LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a>, which is nearly identical to the GPL, but with additional permissions to allow linking for the purposes of "using the library". Richard Stallman and the FSF specifically encourage library writers to license under the GPL so that proprietary programs cannot use the libraries, in an effort to protect the free software world by giving it more tools than the proprietary world.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Point_of_view:_static_linking_violates_GPL_but_unclear_as_of_dynamic_linking">Point of view: static linking violates GPL but unclear as of dynamic linking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Point of view: static linking violates GPL but unclear as of dynamic linking">edit</a>]</div> Some people believe that while <a href="/wiki/Static_linking" class="mw-redirect" title="Static linking">static linking</a> produces derivative works, it is not clear whether an executable that dynamically links to a GPL code should be considered a derivative work (see <a href="/wiki/Weak_copyleft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak copyleft">weak copyleft</a>). Linux author Linus Torvalds agrees that dynamic linking can create derived works but disagrees over the circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a> lawyer has written that dynamic linking not being derivative "makes sense" but is not "clear-cut", and that evidence for good-intentioned dynamic linking can be seen by the existence of proprietary Linux kernel drivers.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Galoob_v._Nintendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galoob v. Nintendo">Galoob v. Nintendo</a>, the United States <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> defined a derivative work as having "'form' or permanence" and noted that "the infringing work must incorporate a portion of the copyrighted work in some form",<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> but there have been no clear court decisions to resolve this particular conflict. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Point_of_view:_linking_is_irrelevant">Point of view: linking is irrelevant</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Point of view: linking is irrelevant">edit</a>]</div> According to an article in the <a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Rosen_(attorney)" title="Lawrence Rosen (attorney)">Lawrence Rosen</a> (a one-time <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a> general counsel) argues that the method of linking is mostly irrelevant to the question about whether a piece of software is a <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative work</a>; more important is the question about whether the software was intended to interface with client software and/or libraries.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Rosen-75">[70]</a> He states, "The primary indication of whether a new program is a derivative work is whether the source code of the original program was used [in a copy-paste sense], modified, translated or otherwise changed in any way to create the new program. If not, then I would argue that it is not a derivative work,"<a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Rosen-75">[70]</a> and lists numerous other points regarding intent, bundling, and linkage mechanism. He further argues on his firm's website<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> that such "market-based" factors are more important than the linking technique. There is also the specific issue of whether a <a href="/wiki/Plugin_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugin (computing)">plugin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">module</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/NVidia" class="mw-redirect" title="NVidia">NVidia</a> or <a href="/wiki/ATI_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="ATI (brand)">ATI</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">graphics card</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernel_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel module">kernel modules</a>) must also be GPL if it could reasonably be considered its own work. This point of view suggests that reasonably separate plugins, or plugins for software designed to use plugins, could be licensed under an arbitrary license if the work is GPLv2. Of particular interest is the GPLv2 paragraph: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: ... b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. ... These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. </blockquote> The GPLv3 has a different clause: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> You may convey a work based on the Program or the modifications to produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the terms of Section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: ... c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This License will therefore apply, along with any applicable Section 7 additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts, regardless of how they are packaged. This License gives no permission to license the work in any other way, but it does not invalidate such permission if you have separately received it. ... A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work, and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other parts of the aggregate. </blockquote> As a case study, some supposedly proprietary plugins and <a href="/wiki/Theme_(computing)" title="Theme (computing)">themes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Skin_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin (computing)">skins</a> for GPLv2 <a href="/wiki/Content_management_system" title="Content management system">CMS</a> software such as <a href="/wiki/Drupal" title="Drupal">Drupal</a> and <a href="/wiki/WordPress" title="WordPress">WordPress</a> have come under fire, with both sides of the argument taken.<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> The FSF differentiates on how the plugin is being invoked. If the plugin is invoked through dynamic linkage and it performs function calls to the GPL program then it is most likely a derivative work.<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communicating_and_bundling_with_non-GPL_programs">Communicating and bundling with non-GPL programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Communicating and bundling with non-GPL programs">edit</a>]</div> The mere act of communicating with other programs does not, by itself, require all software to be GPL; nor does distributing GPL software with non-GPL software. However, minor conditions must be followed that ensure the rights of GPL software are not restricted. The following is a quote from the <a href="/wiki/Gnu.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnu.org">gnu.org</a> GPL <a href="/wiki/FAQ" title="FAQ">FAQ</a>, which describes to what extent software is allowed to communicate with and be bundled with GPL programs:<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> What is the difference between an "aggregate" and other kinds of "modified versions"? An "aggregate" consists of a number of separate programs, distributed together on the same CD-ROM or other media. The GPL permits you to create and distribute an aggregate, even when the licenses of the other software are non-free or GPL-incompatible. The only condition is that you cannot release the aggregate under a license that prohibits users from exercising rights that each program's individual license would grant them. Where's the line between two separate programs, and one program with two parts? This is a legal question, which ultimately judges will decide. We believe that a proper criterion depends both on the mechanism of communication (exec, pipes, rpc, function calls within a shared address space, etc.) and the semantics of the communication (what kinds of information are interchanged). If the modules are included in the same executable file, they are definitely combined in one program. If modules are designed to run linked together in a shared address space, that almost surely means combining them into one program. By contrast, pipes, sockets, and command-line arguments are communication mechanisms normally used between two separate programs. So when they are used for communication, the modules normally are separate programs. But if the semantics of the communication are intimate enough, exchanging complex internal data structures, that too could be a basis to consider the two parts as combined into a larger program. </blockquote> The FSF thus draws the line between "library" and "other program" via 1) "complexity" and "intimacy" of information exchange and 2) mechanism (rather than semantics), but resigns that the question is not clear-cut and that in complex situations, case law will decide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status_online">Legal status online</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legal status online">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/SCO-Linux_controversies" class="mw-redirect" title="SCO-Linux controversies">SCO-Linux controversies</a> and <a href="/wiki/SCO_v._IBM" class="mw-redirect" title="SCO v. IBM">SCO v. IBM</a></div> The first known violation of the GPL was in 1989, when <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a> extended the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a> compiler to support <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, but did not publicly release the changes.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> After an inquiry they created a public <a href="/wiki/Patch_(Unix)" title="Patch (Unix)">patch</a>. There was no lawsuit filed for this violation.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/MySQL_AB" title="MySQL AB">MySQL AB</a> sued Progress NuSphere for copyright and trademark infringement in <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts">United States district court</a>. NuSphere had allegedly violated MySQL's copyright by linking MySQL's GPL licensed code with NuSphere Gemini table without complying with the license. After a preliminary hearing before Judge Patti Saris on 27 February 2002, the parties entered settlement talks and eventually settled.<a href="#cite_note-82">[f]</a> After the hearing, FSF commented that "Judge Saris made clear that she sees the GNU GPL to be an enforceable and binding license."<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> In August 2003, the <a href="/wiki/SCO_Group" title="SCO Group">SCO Group</a> stated that they believed the GPL to have no legal validity and that they intended to pursue lawsuits over sections of code supposedly copied from SCO Unix into the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>. This was a problematic stand for them, as they had distributed Linux and other GPL licensed code in their <a href="/wiki/Caldera_OpenLinux" title="Caldera OpenLinux">Caldera OpenLinux</a> distribution, and there is little evidence that they had any legal right to do so except under the terms of the GPL.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In February 2018, after federal circuit court judgement, appeal, and the case being (partially) remanded to the circuit court, the parties restated their remaining claims and provided a plan to move toward final judgement.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> The remaining claims revolved around <a href="/wiki/Project_Monterey" title="Project Monterey">Project Monterey</a> and were finally settled in November 2021 by IBM paying $14.25 million to the TSG (previously SCO) bankruptcy trustee.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> In April 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Netfilter" title="Netfilter">netfilter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iptables" title="Iptables">iptables</a> project was granted a preliminary <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a> against Sitecom Germany by <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> District Court after Sitecom refused to desist from distributing Netfilter's GPL licensed software in violation of the terms of the GPL. <a href="/wiki/Harald_Welte" title="Harald Welte">Harald Welte</a>, of Netfilter, was represented by <a href="/wiki/IfrOSS" title="IfrOSS">ifrOSS</a> co-founder Till Jaeger. In July 2004, the German court confirmed this injunction as a final ruling against Sitecom.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> The court's justification was that: <dl><dd>Defendant has infringed on the copyright of the plaintiff by offering the software 'netfilter/iptables' for download and by advertising its distribution, without adhering to the license conditions of the GPL. Said actions would only be permissible if the defendant had a license grant. ... This is independent of the questions whether the licensing conditions of the GPL have been effectively agreed upon between plaintiff and defendant or not. If the GPL were not agreed upon by the parties, defendant would notwithstanding lack the necessary rights to copy, distribute, and make the software 'netfilter/iptables' publicly available.</dd></dl> This exactly mirrored the predictions given previously by the FSF's Eben Moglen. This ruling was important because it was the first time that a court had confirmed that violating terms of the GPL could be a copyright violation and established <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> as to the enforceability of the GPLv2 under German law.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> In May 2005, Daniel Wallace <a href="/wiki/Wallace_v._International_Business_Machines_Corp._et_al." class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace v. International Business Machines Corp. et al.">filed suit</a> against the Free Software Foundation in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_District_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern District of Indiana">Southern District of Indiana</a>, contending that the GPL is an illegal attempt to fix prices (at zero). The suit was dismissed in March 2006, on the grounds that Wallace had failed to state a valid antitrust claim; the court noted that "the GPL encourages, rather than discourages, free competition and the distribution of computer operating systems, the benefits of which directly pass to consumers".<a href="#cite_note-Dismissal_of_Wallace_v-88">[82]</a> Wallace was denied the possibility of further amending his complaint, and was ordered to pay the FSF's legal expenses. On 8 September 2005, the Seoul Central District Court ruled that the GPL was not material to a case dealing with <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a> derived from GPL-licensed work.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> Defendants argued that since it is impossible to maintain trade secrets while being compliant with GPL and distributing the work, they are not in breach of trade secrets. This argument was considered without ground. On 6 September 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Gpl-violations.org" title="Gpl-violations.org">gpl-violations.org</a> project prevailed in court litigation against <a href="/wiki/D-Link" title="D-Link">D-Link</a> Germany GmbH regarding D-Link's copyright-infringing use of parts of the Linux kernel in <a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">storage</a> devices they distributed.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> The judgment stated that the GPL is valid, legally binding, and stands in a German court.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> In late 2007, the <a href="/wiki/BusyBox" title="BusyBox">BusyBox</a> developers and the <a href="/wiki/Software_Freedom_Law_Center" title="Software Freedom Law Center">Software Freedom Law Center</a> embarked upon a program to gain GPL compliance from distributors of BusyBox in <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>, suing those who would not comply. These were claimed to be the first US uses of courts for enforcement of GPL obligations. (See <a href="/wiki/BusyBox#GPL_lawsuits" title="BusyBox">BusyBox GPL lawsuits</a>.) On 11 December 2008, the Free Software Foundation <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_v._Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Software Foundation v. Cisco Systems">sued Cisco Systems, Inc.</a> for copyright violations by its Linksys division, of the FSF's GPL-licensed <a href="/wiki/Coreutils" class="mw-redirect" title="Coreutils">coreutils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Readline" class="mw-redirect" title="Readline">readline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parted" class="mw-redirect" title="Parted">Parted</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wget" title="Wget">Wget</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binutils" class="mw-redirect" title="Binutils">binutils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GNU Debugger</a> software packages, which Linksys distributes in the Linux firmware<a href="#cite_note-Ewing,_James-2004-92">[86]</a> of its <a href="/wiki/WRT54G" class="mw-redirect" title="WRT54G">WRT54G</a> <a href="/wiki/Wireless_router" title="Wireless router">wireless routers</a>, as well as numerous other devices including DSL and Cable modems, Network Attached Storage devices, Voice-Over-IP gateways, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">virtual private network</a> devices, and a home theater/media player device.<a href="#cite_note-Free_Software_Foundation-2008-93">[87]</a> After six years of repeated complaints to <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a> by the FSF, claims by Cisco that they would correct, or were correcting, their compliance problems (not providing complete copies of all source code and their modifications), of repeated new violations being discovered and reported with more products, and lack of action by Linksys (a process described on the FSF blog as a "five-years-running game of Whack-a-Mole"<a href="#cite_note-Free_Software_Foundation-2008-93">[87]</a>) the FSF took them to court. Cisco settled the case six months later by agreeing "to appoint a Free Software Director for Linksys" to ensure compliance, "to notify previous recipients of Linksys products containing FSF programs of their rights under the GPL," to make source code of FSF programs freely available on its website, and to make a monetary contribution to the FSF.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> In 2011, it was noticed that GNU Emacs had been accidentally releasing some binaries without corresponding source code for two years, in opposition to the intended spirit of the <a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Copyright_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright violation">copyright violation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> Richard Stallman described this incident as a "very bad mistake",<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> which was promptly fixed. The FSF did not sue any downstream redistributors who also unknowingly violated the GPL by distributing these binaries. In 2017 Artifex, the maker of <a href="/wiki/Ghostscript" title="Ghostscript">Ghostscript</a>, sued <a href="/wiki/Hancom" title="Hancom">Hancom</a>, the maker of an office suite that included Ghostscript. Artifex offers two licenses for Ghostscript; one is the AGPL License and the other is a commercial license. Hancom did not acquire a commercial license from Artifex nor did it release its office suite as free software. Artifex sued Hancom in US District Court and made two claims. First, Hancom's use of Ghostscript was a violation of copyright; and second, Hancom's use of Ghostscript was a license violation. Judge <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Scott_Corley" title="Jacqueline Scott Corley">Jacqueline Scott Corley</a> found the GPL license was an enforceable contract and Hancom was in breach of contract.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> On 20 July 2021, the developers of the open-source <a href="/wiki/Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a> chess engine sued <a href="/wiki/ChessBase" title="ChessBase">ChessBase</a>, the creator of chess software, for violating the GPLv3 license.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> It was claimed that Chessbase had made only slight modifications to the Stockfish code and sold the new engines (Fat Fritz 2 and Houdini 6) to their customers.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> Additionally, Fat Fritz 2 was marketed as if it was an innovative engine. ChessBase had infringed on the license by not distributing these products as Free Software in accordance with the GPL. A year later on 7 November 2022, both parties reached an agreement and ended the dispute. In the near future ChessBase will no longer sell products containing Stockfish code, while informing their customers of this fact with an appropriate notice on their web pages. However, one year later, Chessbase's license would be reinstated. Stockfish did not seek damages or financial compensation.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compatibility_and_multi-licensing">Compatibility and multi-licensing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Compatibility and multi-licensing">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quick-guide-gplv3-compatibility.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Quick-guide-gplv3-compatibility.svg/350px-Quick-guide-gplv3-compatibility.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Quick-guide-gplv3-compatibility.svg/525px-Quick-guide-gplv3-compatibility.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Quick-guide-gplv3-compatibility.svg/700px-Quick-guide-gplv3-compatibility.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>Quick guide of <a href="/wiki/License_compatibility" title="License compatibility">license compatibility</a> with GPLv3 according to the FSF. Dashed line indicates that the GPLv2 is only compatible with the GPLv3 with the clause "or any later version".</figcaption></figure> Code licensed under several other licenses can be combined with a program under the GPL without conflict, as long as the combination of restrictions on the work as a whole does not put any additional restrictions beyond what GPL allows.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> In addition to the regular terms of the GPL, there are additional restrictions and permissions one can apply: <ol><li>If a user wants to combine code licensed under different versions of GPL, then this is only allowed if the code with the earlier GPL version includes an "or any later version" statement.<a href="#cite_note-GNU_Project-105">[99]</a> For instance, the GPLv3-licensed <a href="/wiki/GNU_LibreDWG" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU LibreDWG">GNU LibreDWG</a> library cannot be used anymore by <a href="/wiki/LibreCAD" title="LibreCAD">LibreCAD</a> and <a href="/wiki/FreeCAD" title="FreeCAD">FreeCAD</a> who have GPLv2-only dependencies.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a></li> <li>Code licensed under <a href="/wiki/LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a> is permitted to be linked with any other code no matter what license that code has,<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> though the LGPL does add additional requirements for the combined work. LGPLv3 and GPLv2-only can thus commonly not be linked, as the combined Code work would add additional LGPLv3 requirements on top of the GPLv2-only licensed software. Code licensed under LGPLv2.x without the "any later version" statement can be <a href="/wiki/Software_relicensing" title="Software relicensing">relicensed</a> if the whole combined work is licensed to GPLv2 or GPLv3.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a></li></ol> FSF maintains a list<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> of GPL-<a href="/wiki/License_compatibility" title="License compatibility">compatible</a> free software licenses<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> containing many of the most common free software licenses, such as the original <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT/X license</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a> (in its current 3-clause form), and the <a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic License</a> 2.0.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> Starting from GPLv3, it is unilaterally compatible for materials (like text and other media) under <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a> to be remixed into the GPL-licensed materials (prominently software), not vice versa, for niche use cases like game engine (GPL) with game scripts (CC BY-SA).<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> David A. Wheeler has advocated that free/open source software developers use only GPL-compatible licenses, because doing otherwise makes it difficult for others to participate and contribute code.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> As a specific example of license incompatibility, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>' <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> cannot be included in the GPL-licensed Linux kernel, because it is licensed under the GPL-incompatible <a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">Common Development and Distribution License</a>. Furthermore, ZFS is protected by patents, so distributing an independently developed GPL-ed implementation would still require Oracle's permission.<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> A number of businesses use <a href="/wiki/Multi-licensing" title="Multi-licensing">multi-licensing</a> to distribute a GPL version and sell a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> license to companies wishing to combine the package with proprietary code, using dynamic linking or not. Examples of such companies include <a href="/wiki/MySQL_AB" title="MySQL AB">MySQL AB</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digia_PLC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digia PLC (page does not exist)">Digia PLC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qt_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Qt framework">Qt framework</a>, before 2011 from <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a>), and Riverbank Computing (<a href="/wiki/PyQt" title="PyQt">PyQt</a>). Other companies, like the <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Foundation</a> (products include <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla Application Suite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Mozilla Thunderbird</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>), used multi-licensing to distribute versions under the GPL and some other open-source licenses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text_and_other_media">Text and other media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Text and other media">edit</a>]</div> It is possible to use the GPL for text documents (or more generally for all kinds of media) if it is clear what constitutes the source code (defined as "the preferred form of the work for making changes in it").<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> For manuals and textbooks, though, the FSF recommends the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> (GFDL) instead, which it created for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> developers recommended (in a resolution adopted in 2006) to license documentation for their project under the GPL, because of the incompatibility of the GFDL with the GPL (text licensed under the GFDL cannot be incorporated into GPL software).<a href="#cite_note-Srivastava-2006-118">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Debian_Project-119">[113]</a> Also, the <a href="/wiki/FLOSS_Manuals" title="FLOSS Manuals">FLOSS Manuals</a> foundation, an organization devoted to creating manuals for free software, decided to eschew the GFDL in favor of the GPL for its texts in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> If the GPL is used for <a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer fonts</a>, any documents or images made with such fonts might also have to be distributed under the terms of the GPL. This is not the case in countries that recognize <a href="/wiki/Typefaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Typefaces">typefaces</a> (the appearance of fonts) as being a useful article and thus <a href="/wiki/Threshold_of_originality" title="Threshold of originality">not eligible for copyright</a>, but font files as copyrighted <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">computer software</a> (which can complicate font embedding, since the document could be considered 'linked' to the font; in other words, embedding a vector font in a document could force it to be released under the GPL, but a rasterized rendering of the font would not be subject to the GPL). The FSF provides <a href="/wiki/GPL_font_exception" title="GPL font exception">an exception</a> for cases where this is not desired.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Adoption">edit</a>]</div> Historically, the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the <a href="/wiki/FOSS" class="mw-redirect" title="FOSS">FOSS</a> domain.<a href="#cite_note-Black_Duck_Software-2015-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_A._Wheeler-2-122">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_A._Wheeler-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-freecode2008-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asay-2009-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Black_Duck_Software-2013-123">[117]</a> A 1997 survey of <a href="/wiki/Ibiblio" title="Ibiblio">MetaLab</a>, then the largest free software archive, showed that the GPL accounted for about half of the software licensed therein.<a href="#cite_note-David_A._Wheeler-2-122">[116]</a> Similarly, a 2000 survey of <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a> 7.1 found that 53% of the source code was licensed under the GPL.<a href="#cite_note-David_A._Wheeler-9">[9]</a> As of 2003<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit">[update]</a>, about 68% of all projects and 82.1% of the open source industry certified licensed projects listed on <a href="/wiki/SourceForge.net" class="mw-redirect" title="SourceForge.net">SourceForge.net</a> were from the GPL license family.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> As of August 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit">[update]</a>, the GPL family accounted for 70.9% of the 44,927 <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> projects listed on <a href="/wiki/Freecode" title="Freecode">Freecode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-freecode2008-10">[10]</a> After the release of the GPLv3 in June 2007, adoption of this new GPL version was much discussed<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> and some projects decided against upgrading. For instance the Linux kernel,<a href="#cite_note-Torvalds-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kerner-2008-43">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/BusyBox" title="BusyBox">BusyBox</a>,<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-www.hp.com-128">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Prokoudine-2012-129">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/VLC_media_player" title="VLC media player">VLC media player</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> and <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> decided against adopting GPLv3. On the other hand, in 2009, two years after the release of GPLv3, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> open-source programs office manager <a href="/wiki/Chris_DiBona" title="Chris DiBona">Chris DiBona</a> reported that the number of open-source project licensed software that had moved from GPLv2 to GPLv3 was 50%, counting the projects hosted at <a href="/wiki/Google_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Code">Google Code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Asay-2009-11">[11]</a> In 2011, four years after the release of the GPLv3, 6.5% of all open-source license projects are GPLv3 while 42.5% are GPLv2 according to Black Duck Software data.<a href="#cite_note-Byfield-2011-133">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> Following in 2011 451 Group analyst Matthew Aslett argued in a blog post that copyleft licenses went into decline and permissive licenses increased, based on statistics from Black Duck Software.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> Similarly, in February 2012 Jon Buys reported that among the top 50 projects on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> five projects were under a GPL license, including dual licensed and AGPL projects.<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> GPL usage statistics from 2009 to 2013 was extracted from <a href="/wiki/Freecode" title="Freecode">Freecode</a> data by Walter van Holst while analyzing <a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">license proliferation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-License_proliferation-12">[12]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Usage of GPL family licenses in % on <a href="/wiki/Freecode" title="Freecode">Freecode</a><a href="#cite_note-License_proliferation-12">[12]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>2009 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014-06-18<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>72%</td> <td>63%</td> <td>61%</td> <td>59%</td> <td>58%</td> <td>approx. 54% </td></tr></tbody></table> In August 2013, according to Black Duck Software, the website's data shows that the GPL license family is used by 54% of open-source projects, with a breakdown of the individual licenses shown in the following table.<a href="#cite_note-Black_Duck_Software-2013-123">[117]</a> However, a later study in 2013 showed that software licensed under the GPL license family has increased, and that even the data from Black Duck Software has shown a total increase of software projects licensed under GPL. The study used public information gathered from repositories of the <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> Project, and the study criticized Black Duck Software for not publishing their methodology used in collecting statistics.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> Daniel German, Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Victoria" title="University of Victoria">University of Victoria</a> in Canada, presented a talk in 2013 about the methodological challenges in determining which are the most widely used free software licenses, and showed how he could not replicate the result from Black Duck Software.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> In 2015, according to Black Duck, GPLv2 lost its first position to the <a href="/wiki/MIT_license" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT license">MIT license</a> and is now second, the GPLv3 dropped to fourth place while the <a href="/wiki/Apache_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache license">Apache license</a> kept its third position.<a href="#cite_note-Black_Duck_Software-2015-7">[7]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Usage of GPL family licenses in the FOSS domain in % according to Black Duck Software </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>License </th> <th>2008-05-08<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> </th> <th>2009-03-11<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> </th> <th>2011-11-22<a href="#cite_note-Byfield-2011-133">[127]</a> </th> <th>2013-08-12<a href="#cite_note-Black_Duck_Software-2013-123">[117]</a> </th> <th>2015-11-19<a href="#cite_note-Black_Duck_Software-2015-7">[7]</a> </th> <th>2016-06-06<a href="#cite_note-Black_Duck_Software-2016-143">[137]</a> </th> <th>2017-01-02<a href="#cite_note-Black_Duck_Software-2017-144">[138]</a> </th> <th>2018-06-04<a href="#cite_note-Black_Duck_Software-2018-145">[139]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>GPLv2 </td> <td>58.69% </td> <td>52.2% </td> <td>42.5% </td> <td>33% </td> <td>23% </td> <td>21% </td> <td>19% </td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>GPLv3 </td> <td>1.64% </td> <td>4.15% </td> <td>6.5% </td> <td>12% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>LGPLv2.1 </td> <td>11.39% </td> <td>9.84% </td> <td>? </td> <td>6% </td> <td>5% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>LGPLv3 </td> <td>? (<0.64%) </td> <td>0.37% </td> <td>? </td> <td>3% </td> <td>2% </td> <td>2% </td> <td>2% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>GPL family together </td> <td>71.72% (+ <0.64%) </td> <td>66.56% </td> <td>? </td> <td>54% </td> <td>39% </td> <td>36% </td> <td>33% </td> <td>24% </td></tr></tbody></table> A March 2015 analysis of the <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> repositories revealed, for the GPL license family, a usage percentage of approximately 25% among licensed projects.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> In June 2016, an analysis of <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Project" title="Fedora Project">Fedora Project</a>'s packages revealed the GNU GPLv2 or later as the most popular license, and the GNU GPL family as the most popular license family (followed by the MIT, BSD, and GNU LGPL families).<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> An analysis of whitesourcesoftware.com in April 2018 of the FOSS ecosystem saw the GPLv3 on third place (18%) and the GPLv2 on fourth place (11%), after MIT license (26%) and Apache 2.0 license (21%).<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_barrier_to_application_stores">Legal barrier to application stores</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legal barrier to application stores">edit</a>]</div> The GPL is incompatible with many application <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital distribution</a> systems, like the <a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a>, and certain other software distribution platforms (on smartphones as well as PCs). The problem lies in the right "to make a copy for your neighbour", as this right is violated by digital rights management systems embedded within the platform to prevent copying of paid software. Even if the application is free in the application store in question, it might result in a violation of that application store's terms.<a href="#cite_note-The_GPL-149">[143]</a> There is a distinction between an app store, which sells <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a>-restricted software under proprietary licenses, and the more general concept of <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital distribution</a> via some form of online software repository. Virtually all modern Unix systems and <a href="/wiki/Linux_distributions" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux distributions">Linux distributions</a> have application repositories, including <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedora (operating system)">Fedora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>. These specific application <a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">repositories</a> all contain GPL-licensed software apps, in some cases even when the core project does not permit GPL-licensed code in the base system (for instance OpenBSD<a href="#cite_note-Copyright_Policy-150">[144]</a>). In other cases, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_App_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu App Store">Ubuntu App Store</a>, proprietary commercial software applications and GPL-licensed applications are both available via the same system; the reason that the Mac App Store (and similar projects) is incompatible with GPL-licensed apps is not inherent in the concept of an app store, but is rather specifically due to Apple's terms-of-use requirement<a href="#cite_note-The_GPL-149">[143]</a> that all apps in the store utilize Apple DRM restrictions. Ubuntu's app store does not demand any such requirement: "These terms do not limit or restrict your rights under any applicable open source software licenses."<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microsoft">Microsoft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Microsoft">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_and_open_source" title="Microsoft and open source">Microsoft and open source</a></div> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ballmer" title="Steve Ballmer">Steve Ballmer</a> referred to Linux as "a cancer that attaches itself in an intellectual property sense to everything it touches".<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> In response to Microsoft's attacks on the GPL, several prominent Free Software developers and advocates released a joint statement supporting the license.<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> Microsoft has released <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_Services_for_UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX">Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX</a>, which contains GPL-licensed code. In July 2009, Microsoft itself released a body of around 20,000 lines of Linux driver code under the GPL.<a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a> code that is part of the submitted code used open-source components licensed under the GPL and was originally statically linked to proprietary binary parts, the latter being inadmissible in GPL-licensed software.<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Viral"_nature">"Viral" nature</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: "Viral" nature">edit</a>]</div> The description of the GPL as <a href="/wiki/Viral_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral license">"viral"</a>, when called 'General Public Virus' or 'GNU Public Virus' (GPV), dates back to a year after the GPLv1 was released.<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a> In 2001, the term received broader public attention when <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mundie" title="Craig Mundie">Craig Mundie</a>, Microsoft Senior Vice President, described the GPL as being "viral".<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> Mundie argues that the GPL has a "viral" effect in that it only allows the conveyance of whole programs, which means programs that <a href="/wiki/GPL_linking_exception" title="GPL linking exception">link</a> to GPL libraries must themselves be under a GPL-compatible license, else they cannot be combined and distributed. In 2006, Richard Stallman responded in an interview that Mundie's metaphor of a "virus" is wrong as software under the GPL does not "attack" or "infect" other software. Accordingly, Stallman believes that comparing the GPL to a virus is inappropriate, and that a better metaphor for software under the GPL would be a <a href="/wiki/Chlorophytum_comosum" title="Chlorophytum comosum">spider plant</a>: if one takes a piece of it and puts it somewhere else, it grows there too.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> On the other hand, the concept of a viral nature of the GPL was taken up by others later too.<a href="#cite_note-Nikolai_Bezroukov-2001-160">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> For instance, a 2008 article stated: "The GPL license is 'viral,' meaning any derivative work you create containing even the smallest portion of the previously GPL licensed software must also be licensed under the GPL license."<a href="#cite_note-New_Media_Rights-2008-162">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barrier_to_commercialization">Barrier to commercialization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Barrier to commercialization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></div> The FreeBSD project has stated that "a less publicized and unintended use of the GPL is that it is very favorable to large companies that want to undercut software companies. In other words, the GPL is well suited for use as a marketing weapon, potentially reducing overall economic benefit and contributing to monopolistic behavior" and that the GPL can "present a real problem for those wishing to commercialize and profit from software."<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> Richard Stallman wrote about the practice of selling license exceptions to free software licenses as an example of ethically acceptable commercialization practice. Selling exceptions here means that the copyright holder of a given software releases it (along with the corresponding source code) to the public under a free software license, "then lets customers pay for permission to use the same code under different terms, for instance allowing its inclusion in proprietary applications". Stallman considered selling exceptions "acceptable since the 1990s, and on occasion I've suggested it to companies. Sometimes this approach has made it possible for important programs to become free software". Although the FSF does not practice selling exceptions, a comparison with the X11 license (which is a non-copyleft free software license) is proposed for suggesting that this commercialization technique should be regarded as ethically acceptable. Releasing a given program under a non-copyleft free software license would permit embedding the code in proprietary software. Stallman comments that "either we have to conclude that it's wrong to release anything under the X11 license—a conclusion I find unacceptably extreme—or reject this implication. Using a non-copyleft license is weak, and usually an inferior choice, but it's not wrong. In other words, selling exceptions permits some embedding in proprietary software, and the X11 license permits even more embedding. If this doesn't make the X11 license unacceptable, it doesn't make selling exceptions unacceptable".<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open-source_criticism">Open-source criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Open-source criticism">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, developer and author <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bezroukov" title="Nikolai Bezroukov">Nikolai Bezroukov</a> published an analysis and comprehensive critique of GPL's foundations and Stallman's software development model, called "Labyrinth of Software Freedom".<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> Version 2 of the <a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a> (Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License) was created by Debian project leader <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hocevar" title="Sam Hocevar">Sam Hocevar</a> in 2004 as a parody of the GPL.<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source software</a> advocate <a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a> questioned the relevance of GPL then for the FOSS ecosystem, stating: "We don't need the GPL anymore. It's based on the belief that open source software is weak and needs to be protected. Open source would be succeeding faster if the GPL didn't make lots of people nervous about adopting it."<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> Richard Stallman replied: "GPL is designed to ... ensure that every user of a program gets the essential freedoms—to run it, to study and change the source code, to redistribute copies, and to publish modified versions ... [Raymond] addresses the issue in terms of different goals and values—those of 'open source,' which do not include defending software users' freedom to share and change software."<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Allison_Randal" title="Allison Randal">Allison Randal</a>, who took part in the GPL draft committee, criticized GPLv3 for being <a href="/wiki/License_compatibility" title="License compatibility">incompatible</a> with the GPLv2<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> and for missing clarity in the formulation.<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Whurley" title="Whurley">Whurley</a> prophesied in 2007 the downfall of the GPL due to the lack of focus on developers with GPLv3 which would drive them towards permissive licenses.<a href="#cite_note-Whurley-2007-172">[166]</a> In 2009, David Chisnall described in an <a href="/wiki/InformIT_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="InformIT (publisher)">InformIT</a> article, "The Failure of the GPL", the problems with the GPL such as its incompatibility and complexity of the license text.<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Dtrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Dtrace">dtrace</a> developer and <a href="/wiki/Joyent" title="Joyent">Joyent</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Technical_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Technical Officer">CTO</a> <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Cantrill" title="Bryan Cantrill">Bryan Cantrill</a> called the copyleft GPL a "Corporate Open Source <a href="/wiki/Anti-pattern" title="Anti-pattern">Anti-pattern</a>" by being "anti-collaborative" and recommended instead <a href="/wiki/Permissive_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive license">permissive</a> software licenses.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPLv3_criticism">GPLv3 criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: GPLv3 criticism">edit</a>]</div> In September 2006, during the draft process of the GPLv3, several high-profile developers of the Linux kernel like Linus Torvalds, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(computer_programmer)" title="Andrew Morton (computer programmer)">Andrew Morton</a>, warned of a split in the FOSS community: "the release of GPLv3 portends the <a href="/wiki/Balkanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkanisation">Balkanisation</a> of the entire Open Source Universe upon which we rely."<a href="#cite_note-David_Woodhouse-2006-39">[37]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a> also argued in 2006 during the GPLv3 draft that a united, collaborating community is more important than a single license.<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> Following the GPLv3 release in 2007, some journalists<a href="#cite_note-Kerner-2008-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Byfield-2011-133">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toybox" title="Toybox">Toybox</a> developer Rob Landley<a href="#cite_note-Landley-2013-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Landley-47">[45]</a> criticized that with the introduction of the GPLv3 the split between the open source and free software community became wider than ever because the significantly extended GPLv3 is essentially incompatible with the GPLv2.<a href="#cite_note-GNU_Project-105">[99]</a> Compatibility is only given under the optional "or later" clause of the GPL, which was not taken by the Linux kernel, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Torvalds-41">[39]</a> Bruce Byfield noted that before the release of GPLv3, GPLv2 was a unifying element between the open-source and the free software community.<a href="#cite_note-Byfield-2011-133">[127]</a> For the LGPLv3, <a href="/wiki/GNU_TLS" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU TLS">GNU TLS</a> maintainer Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos similarly argued, "If we assume that its [the LGPLv3] primary goal is to be used by free software, then it blatantly fails that",<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> after he re-licensed GNU TLS from LGPLv3 back to LGPLv2.1 due to license compatibility issues.<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Rosen_(attorney)" title="Lawrence Rosen (attorney)">Lawrence Rosen</a>, attorney and computer specialist, praised in 2007 how the community using the Apache license was now able to work together with the GPL community in a compatible manner, as the problems of GPLv2 compatibility with Apache licensed software were resolved with the GPLv3. He said, "I predict that one of the biggest success stories of GPLv3 will be the realization that the entire universe of free and open-source software can thus be combined into comprehensive open source solutions for customers worldwide."<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> In July 2013, <a href="/wiki/Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a> developer <a href="/wiki/Armin_Ronacher" title="Armin Ronacher">Armin Ronacher</a> drew a less optimistic conclusion on the GPL compatibility in the FOSS ecosystem: "When the GPL is involved the complexities of licensing becomes a non fun version of a riddle", also noting that the conflict between Apache License 2.0 and GPLv2 still has impact on the ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-licensing" title="Multi-licensing">Multi-licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Public_Licence" title="European Union Public Licence">European Union Public Licence</a> (EUPL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPL_font_exception" title="GPL font exception">GPL font exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPL_linking_exception" title="GPL linking exception">GPL linking exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of free and open-source software licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Software_using_the_GPL_license" title="Category:Software using the GPL license">Category:Software using the GPL license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_information_licence" title="Public information licence">Public information licence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 50em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Sections 3a and 3b of the license </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Sections 2b and 4 of the license </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "GPLv3 broke "the" GPL into incompatible forks that can't share code....FSF expected universal compliance, but hijacked lifeboat clause when boat wasn't sinking...."<a href="#cite_note-Landley-2013-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Landley-47">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> example: if only <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a>- (LGPL-) libraries, LGPL-software-components and components with <a href="/wiki/Permissive_free_software_licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive free software licenses">permissive free software licenses</a> are used (thus not GPL itself), then only the source code of LGPL parts has to be made available—for the developer's own self-developed software components this is not required (even when the underlying operating system used is licensed under GPL, as is the case with Linux). </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> A counterexample is the GPL'ed <a href="/wiki/GNU_Bison" title="GNU Bison">GNU Bison</a>: the parsers it outputs do contain parts of itself and are therefore derivatives, which would fall under the GPL if not for a special exception granted by GNU Bison.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> See Progress Software Corporation v. MySQL AB, 195 F. Supp. 2d 328 (D. Mass. 2002), on defendant's motion for preliminary injunction. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_General_Public_License&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-The_Debian_Project-2017-1"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Debian_Project-2017_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debian.org/legal/licenses/">"License information"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Debian_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Project">Debian Project</a>. <a href="/wiki/Software_in_the_Public_Interest" title="Software in the Public Interest">Software in the Public Interest</a> (published 12 July 2017). 1997–2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720142826/https://www.debian.org/legal/licenses/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017. <q>... This page presents the opinion of some debian-legal contributors on how certain licenses follow the Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG). ... Licenses currently found in Debian main include:<div><ul><li>...</li><li>Expat/MIT-style licenses</li><li>...</li></ul></div></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Debian+Project&rft.atitle=License+information&rft.date=1997%2F2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Flegal%2Flicenses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_GNU_Project-2017-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_GNU_Project-2017_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_GNU_Project-2017_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.en.html">"Various Licenses and Comments about Them"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (published 4 April 2017). 2014–2017. GNU General Public License (GPL) version 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720140022/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017. <q>... This is the latest version of the GNU GPL: a free software license, and a copyleft license. ... GPLv3 is not compatible with GPLv2 by itself. However, most software released under GPLv2 allows you to use the terms of later versions of the GPL as well. When this is the case, you can use the code under GPLv3 to make the desired combination. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+GNU+Project&rft.atitle=Various+Licenses+and+Comments+about+Them&rft.pages=GNU+General+Public+License+%28GPL%29+version+3&rft.date=2014%2F2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Flicense-list.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Open_Source_Initiative-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Open_Source_Initiative_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.org/licenses/alphabetical">"Licenses by Name"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a>. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720141629/https://opensource.org/licenses/alphabetical">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017. <q>... The following licenses have been approved by the OSI. ...<div><ul><li>GNU General Public License version 2 (GPL-2.0)</li><li>GNU General Public License version 3 (GPL-3.0)</li><li>...</li></ul></div></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Source+Initiative&rft.atitle=Licenses+by+Name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensource.org%2Flicenses%2Falphabetical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_GNU_Project-2017a-4"><a href="#cite_ref-The_GNU_Project-2017a_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.en.html">"Various Licenses and Comments about Them"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (published 4 April 2017). 2014–2017. GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720140022/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017. <q>... This is the previous version of the GNU GPL: a free software license, and a copyleft license. ... GPLv2 is, by itself, not compatible with GPLv3. However, most software released under GPLv2 allows you to use the terms of later versions of the GPL as well. When this is the case, you can use the code under GPLv3 to make the desired combination. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+GNU+Project&rft.atitle=Various+Licenses+and+Comments+about+Them&rft.pages=GNU+General+Public+License+%28GPL%29+version+2&rft.date=2014%2F2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Flicense-list.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Free_Software_Foundation-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Free_Software_Foundation_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing/essays/pragmatic.html">"Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism – Free Software Foundation"</a>. Free Software Foundation. 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Walter instead chose to use data from a software index, namely Freecode... Walter's 2009 data set consisted of 38,674 projects... The final column in the table shows the number of projects licensed under "any version of the GPL". In addition, Walter presented pie charts that showed the proportion of projects under various common-licenses. Notable in those data sets was that, whereas in 2009 the proportion of projects licensed GPLv2-only and GPLv3 was respectively 3% and 2%, by 2013, those numbers had risen to 7% and 5%." </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516005712/http://www.dwheeler.com/blog/2006/09/01/#gpl-bsd">"Why the GPL rocketed Linux to success"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwheeler.com/blog/2006/09/01/#gpl-bsd">the original</a> on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2006. <q>So while the BSDs have lost energy every time a company gets involved, the GPL'ed programs gain every time a company gets involved.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+the+GPL+rocketed+Linux+to+success&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwheeler.com%2Fblog%2F2006%2F09%2F01%2F%23gpl-bsd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/larsbrinkhoff/emacs-16.56/blob/master/etc/COPYING">"GNU Emacs Copying Permission Notice (1985)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. 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Fsf.org. Retrieved 17 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Upgrade+to+GPL+Version+3+--GPLv3&rft.pub=Fsf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgplv3.fsf.org%2Frms-why.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gpl3launch-18"><a href="#cite_ref-gpl3launch_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsf.org/news/gplv3_launched">"FSF releases the GNU General Public License, version 3 – Free Software Foundation – working together for free software"</a>. Fsf.org. Retrieved 15 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FSF+releases+the+GNU+General+Public+License%2C+version+3+%E2%80%93+Free+Software+Foundation+%E2%80%93+working+together+for+free+software&rft.pub=Fsf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsf.org%2Fnews%2Fgplv3_launched&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-1.0.html">"GNU General Public License, version 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU+General+Public+License%2C+version+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Fold-licenses%2Fgpl-1.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/gnu.announce/msg/bf254a45c6f512f3">"New General Public License"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+General+Public+License&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fgnu.announce%2Fmsg%2Fbf254a45c6f512f3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> For the reasoning see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html">The GNU project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/library.html">"GNU Library General Public License, version 2.0"</a>. Retrieved 21 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU+Library+General+Public+License%2C+version+2.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fcopyleft%2Flibrary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spdx.org/licenses/">"SPDX License List – Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX)"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Discussion+Draft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgplv3.fsf.org%2Fgpl-draft-2007-05-31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gplv3.fsf.org/dd3-faq">"GPL version 3 FAQ"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fourth+Discussion+Draft+Rationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgplv3.fsf.org%2Fgpl3-dd4-rationale.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiemann2007" class="citation web cs1">Tiemann, Michael (7 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814210433/https://opensource.org/node/152">"GNU Affero GPL version 3 and the "ASP loophole""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">OSI</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensource.org/node/152">the original</a> on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU+Affero+GPL+version+3+and+the+%22ASP+loophole%22&rft.pub=OSI&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft.aulast=Tiemann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopensource.org%2Fnode%2F152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fsfaffero-37"><a href="#cite_ref-fsfaffero_37-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/index.html">List of free-software licences on the FSF website</a>: "We recommend that developers consider using the GNU AGPL for any software which will commonly be run over a network." </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#SeparateAffero">"GPL FAQ: Why did you decide to write the GNU Affero GPLv3 as a separate license?"</a>. GNU Project. Free Software Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Project&rft.atitle=GPL+FAQ%3A+Why+did+you+decide+to+write+the+GNU+Affero+GPLv3+as+a+separate+license%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Fgpl-faq.html%23SeparateAffero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Woodhouse-2006-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_Woodhouse-2006_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Woodhouse-2006_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Woodhouse-2006_39-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_E.J._BottomleyMauro_Carvalho_ChehabThomas_GleixnerChristoph_Hellwig2006" class="citation web cs1">James E.J. Bottomley; Mauro Carvalho Chehab; Thomas Gleixner; Christoph Hellwig; Dave Jones; Greg Kroah-Hartman; Tony Luck; Andrew Morton; Trond Myklebust; David Woodhouse (15 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/200422/">"Kernel developers' position on GPLv3 – The Dangers and Problems with GPLv3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a>. Retrieved 11 March 2015. <q>The current version (Discussion Draft 2) of GPLv3 on first reading fails the necessity test of section 1 on the grounds that there's no substantial and identified problem with GPLv2 that it is trying to solve. However, a deeper reading reveals several other problems with the current FSF draft: 5.1 DRM Clauses ... 5.2 Additional Restrictions Clause ... 5.3 Patents Provisions ... since the FSF is proposing to shift all of its projects to GPLv3 and apply pressure to every other GPL-licensed project to move, we foresee the release of GPLv3 portends the <a href="/wiki/Balkanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkanisation">Balkanisation</a> of the entire Open Source Universe upon which we rely.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kernel+developers%27+position+on+GPLv3+%E2%80%93+The+Dangers+and+Problems+with+GPLv3&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2006-09-15&rft.au=James+E.J.+Bottomley&rft.au=Mauro+Carvalho+Chehab&rft.au=Thomas+Gleixner&rft.au=Christoph+Hellwig&rft.au=Dave+Jones&rft.au=Greg+Kroah-Hartman&rft.au=Tony+Luck&rft.au=Andrew+Morton&rft.au=Trond+Myklebust&rft.au=David+Woodhouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F200422%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetreley2006" class="citation web cs1">Petreley, Nicholas (27 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/1000100">"A fight against evil or a fight for attention?"</a>. Linux Journal. Retrieved 11 March 2015. <q>Second, the war between Linus Torvalds and other Kernel developers and the Free Software Foundation over GPLv3 is continuing, with Torvalds saying he's fed up with the FSF.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+fight+against+evil+or+a+fight+for+attention%3F&rft.pub=Linux+Journal&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft.aulast=Petreley&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Fnode%2F1000100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torvalds-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torvalds_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torvalds_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torvalds_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torvalds_41-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds" class="citation web cs1">Torvalds, Linus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git/tree/COPYING">"COPYING"</a>. kernel.org. Retrieved 13 August 2013. <q>[T]he only valid version of the GPL as far as the kernel is concerned is _this_ particular version of the license (ie v2, not v2.2 or v3.x or whatever), unless explicitly otherwise stated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COPYING&rft.pub=kernel.org&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fcgit%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Fstable%2Flinux-stable.git%2Ftree%2FCOPYING&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PaKIZ7gJlRU">Linus Torvalds says GPL v3 violates everything that GPLv2 stood for</a> <a href="/wiki/Debconf" class="mw-redirect" title="Debconf">Debconf</a> 2014, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a> (accessed 11 March 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-Kerner-2008-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kerner-2008_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerner-2008_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerner-2008_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerner2008" class="citation news cs1">Kerner, Sean Michael (8 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3720371/Torvalds+Still+Keen+On+GPLv2.htm">"Torvalds Still Keen On GPLv2"</a>. 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So, the GPL Version 3 reflects the FSF's goals and the GPL Version 2 pretty closely matches what I think a license should do and so right now, Version 2 is where the kernel is.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+News&rft.atitle=Torvalds+Still+Keen+On+GPLv2&rft.date=2008-01-08&rft.aulast=Kerner&rft.aufirst=Sean+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetnews.com%2Fdev-news%2Farticle.php%2F3720371%2FTorvalds%2BStill%2BKeen%2BOn%2BGPLv2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techlawforum.net/post.cfm/gpl-3-overview">"GPL 3 Overview"</a>. Tech LawForum. 29 June 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GPL+3+Overview&rft.pub=Tech+LawForum&rft.date=2007-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techlawforum.net%2Fpost.cfm%2Fgpl-3-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/quick-guide-gplv3.html#new-compatible-licenses">"A Quick Guide to GPLv3"</a>. GNU Software Project. Free Software Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Software+Project&rft.atitle=A+Quick+Guide+to+GPLv3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Fquick-guide-gplv3.html%23new-compatible-licenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landley-2013-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landley-2013_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landley-2013_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandley2013" class="citation web cs1">Landley, Rob (13 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/SGmtP5Lg_t0">"Embedded Linux Conference 2013 – Toybox: Writing a New Command Line"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Linux_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Linux Foundation">The Linux Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0&t=15m10s">the original</a> (video) on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Embedded+Linux+Conference+2013+%E2%80%93+Toybox%3A+Writing+a+New+Command+Line&rft.pub=The+Linux+Foundation&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft.aulast=Landley&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DSGmtP5Lg_t0%26t%3D15m10s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landley-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landley_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landley_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandley" class="citation web cs1">Landley, Rob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://landley.net/talks/celf-2013.txt">"Transcript of CELF 2013 Toybox talk"</a>. landley.net. Retrieved 21 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+CELF+2013+Toybox+talk&rft.pub=landley.net&rft.aulast=Landley&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flandley.net%2Ftalks%2Fcelf-2013.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linus_Torvalds-2000-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Linus_Torvalds-2000_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinus_Torvalds2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> (8 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0009.1/0096.html">"Linux-2.4.0-test8"</a>. lkml.iu.edu. Retrieved 21 November 2015. <q>The only one of any note that I'd like to point out directly is the clarification in the COPYING file, making it clear that it's only _that_particular version of the GPL that is valid for the kernel. This should not come as any surprise, as that's the same license that has been there since 0.12 or so, but I thought I'd make that explicit</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux-2.4.0-test8&rft.pub=lkml.iu.edu&rft.date=2000-09-08&rft.au=Linus+Torvalds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flkml.iu.edu%2Fhypermail%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F0009.1%2F0096.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">"GNU General Public License"</a>. 29 June 2007. 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Free Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107142639/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/selling.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Project&rft.atitle=Selling+Free+Software&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fselling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#CanIUseGPLToolsForNF">"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses"</a>. GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. Can I use GPL-covered editors such as GNU Emacs to develop nonfree programs? 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Free Software Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Project&rft.atitle=GPL+FAQ%3A+Port+program+to+GNU%2FLinux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Fgpl-faq.html%23PortProgramToGL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/quick-guide-gplv3.html#neutralizing-laws-that-prohibit-free-software-but-not-forbidding-drm">"A Quick Guide to GPLv3 – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation (FSF)"</a>. 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Research Policy. 34 (10): 1511–1532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.respol.2005.07.003">10.1016/j.respol.2005.07.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Policy&rft.atitle=Copyright+or+copyleft%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1511-1532&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.respol.2005.07.003&rft.aulast=De+Laat&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/html_node/Conditions.html">"Conditions for Using Bison"</a>. GNU Project. 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LWN.net. 7 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reasoning+behind+the+%22preferred+form%22+language+in+the+GPL&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F431651%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman2006" class="citation web cs1">Stallman, Richard M. 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Barcelona.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Will+the+%22Not+a+contract%22+phrase+go%3F&rft.btitle=Transcript&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.date=2006-06-22&rft.aulast=Moglen&rft.aufirst=Eben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffsfeurope.org%2Fprojects%2Fgplv3%2Fbarcelona-moglen-transcript.en.html%23q7-a-contract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuadamuz-Gonzalez2004" class="citation journal cs1">Guadamuz-Gonzalez, Andres (2004). "Viral contracts or unenforceable documents? Contractual validity of copyleft licenses". 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbb.de/fileadmin/download/urteil_lg_muenchen_gpl.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D-Link+Judgement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbb.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fdownload%2Furteil_lg_muenchen_gpl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ewing,_James-2004-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Ewing,_James-2004_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwing,_James2004" class="citation web cs1">Ewing, James (1 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7322">"Linux on Linksys Wi-Fi Routers"</a>. Linux Journal. Retrieved 23 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+on+Linksys+Wi-Fi+Routers&rft.pub=Linux+Journal&rft.date=2004-08-01&rft.au=Ewing%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F7322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Free_Software_Foundation-2008-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Free_Software_Foundation-2008_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Free_Software_Foundation-2008_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsf.org/news/2008-12-cisco-suit">"Free Software Foundation Files Suit Against Cisco For GPL Violations"</a> (Press release). Free Software Foundation. 11 December 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Software+Foundation+Files+Suit+Against+Cisco+For+GPL+Violations&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft.date=2008-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsf.org%2Fnews%2F2008-12-cisco-suit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsf.org/news/2009-05-cisco-settlement.html">"FSF Settles Suit Against Cisco"</a> (Press release). Free Software Foundation. 20 May 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FSF+Settles+Suit+Against+Cisco&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft.date=2009-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsf.org%2Fnews%2F2009-05-cisco-settlement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockmeier2011" class="citation web cs1">Brockmeier, Joe (29 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.networkworld.com/article/737764/opensource-subnet-say-what-gnu-emacs-violates-the-gpl.html">"Say what? GNU Emacs violates the GPL"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Network_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Network World">Network World</a>. Retrieved 19 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Say+what%3F+GNU+Emacs+violates+the+GPL&rft.pub=Network+World&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft.aulast=Brockmeier&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F737764%2Fopensource-subnet-say-what-gnu-emacs-violates-the-gpl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton2011" class="citation web cs1">Naughton, Edward J. (8 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127150256/http://brownrudnick.com/blog/emerging-technologies/license-revoked-applying-section-4-of-the-gpl-and-the-lessons-of-best-buy-to-googles-android/">"License revoked: Applying Section 4 of the GPL and the lessons of Best Buy to Google's Android"</a>. brownrudnick.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brownrudnick.com/blog/emerging-technologies/license-revoked-applying-section-4-of-the-gpl-and-the-lessons-of-best-buy-to-googles-android/">the original</a> on 27 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brownrudnick.com&rft.atitle=License+revoked%3A+Applying+Section+4+of+the+GPL+and+the+lessons+of+Best+Buy+to+Google%27s+Android&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft.aulast=Naughton&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrownrudnick.com%2Fblog%2Femerging-technologies%2Flicense-revoked-applying-section-4-of-the-gpl-and-the-lessons-of-best-buy-to-googles-android%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoulskill2011" class="citation web cs1">Soulskill (29 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://developers.slashdot.org/story/11/07/29/1445252/Emacs-Has-Been-Violating-the-GPL-Since-2009">"Emacs Has Been Violating the GPL Since 2009"</a>. slashdot.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=slashdot.org&rft.atitle=Emacs+Has+Been+Violating+the+GPL+Since+2009&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft.au=Soulskill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.slashdot.org%2Fstory%2F11%2F07%2F29%2F1445252%2FEmacs-Has-Been-Violating-the-GPL-Since-2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman2011" class="citation web cs1">Stallman, Richard (28 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2011-07/msg01155.html">"Re: Compiled files without sources????"</a>. lists.gnu.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lists.gnu.org&rft.atitle=Re%3A+Compiled+files+without+sources%3F%3F%3F%3F&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.gnu.org%2Farchive%2Fhtml%2Femacs-devel%2F2011-07%2Fmsg01155.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/722791/">"A federal court has ruled that the GPL is an enforceable contract"</a>. LWN.net. 15 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+federal+court+has+ruled+that+the+GPL+is+an+enforceable+contract&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F722791%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2017" class="citation web cs1">Robertson, Donald (11 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/update-on-artifex-v-hancom-gnu-gpl-compliance-case-1">"Update on Artifex v. Hancom GNU GPL compliance case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Update+on+Artifex+v.+Hancom+GNU+GPL+compliance+case&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft.date=2017-10-11&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsf.org%2Fblogs%2Flicensing%2Fupdate-on-artifex-v-hancom-gnu-gpl-compliance-case-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2021/our-lawsuit-against-chessbase/">"Our lawsuit against ChessBase – Stockfish – Open Source Chess Engine"</a>. stockfishchess.org. Retrieved 22 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stockfishchess.org&rft.atitle=Our+lawsuit+against+ChessBase+%E2%80%93+Stockfish+%E2%80%93+Open+Source+Chess+Engine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstockfishchess.org%2Fblog%2F2021%2Four-lawsuit-against-chessbase%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2021/statement-on-fat-fritz-2/">"Statement on Fat Fritz 2 – Stockfish – Open Source Chess Engine"</a>. stockfishchess.org. Retrieved 22 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stockfishchess.org&rft.atitle=Statement+on+Fat+Fritz+2+%E2%80%93+Stockfish+%E2%80%93+Open+Source+Chess+Engine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstockfishchess.org%2Fblog%2F2021%2Fstatement-on-fat-fritz-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2022/chessbase-stockfish-agreement/">"ChessBase GmbH and the Stockfish team reach an agreement and end their legal dispute – Stockfish – Open Source Chess Engine"</a>. stockfishchess.org. Retrieved 22 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stockfishchess.org&rft.atitle=ChessBase+GmbH+and+the+Stockfish+team+reach+an+agreement+and+end+their+legal+dispute+%E2%80%93+Stockfish+%E2%80%93+Open+Source+Chess+Engine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstockfishchess.org%2Fblog%2F2022%2Fchessbase-stockfish-agreement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stockfishchess.org/files/settlement_german.pdf">"Settlement (German)"</a> (PDF). 7 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Settlement+%28German%29&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstockfishchess.org%2Ffiles%2Fsettlement_german.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stockfishchess.org/files/settlement_english.pdf">"Settlement (English)"</a> (PDF). 7 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Settlement+%28English%29&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstockfishchess.org%2Ffiles%2Fsettlement_english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">"The GNU General Public License v3.0"</a>. GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 24 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Project&rft.atitle=The+GNU+General+Public+License+v3.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Fgpl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNU_Project-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GNU_Project_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GNU_Project_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#v2v3Compatibility">"GPL FAQ: Is GPLv3 compatible with GPLv2?"</a>. GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 3 June 2014. <q>No. Some of the requirements in GPLv3, such as the requirement to provide Installation Information, do not exist in GPLv2. As a result, the licenses are not compatible: if you tried to combine code released under both these licenses, you would violate section 6 of GPLv2. However, if code is released under GPL "version 2 or later," that is compatible with GPLv3 because GPLv3 is one of the options it permits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Project&rft.atitle=GPL+FAQ%3A+Is+GPLv3+compatible+with+GPLv2%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Fgpl-faq.html%23v2v3Compatibility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel2013" class="citation web cs1">Larabel, Michael (24 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109200145/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTI4Mjc">"FSF Wastes Away Another "High Priority" Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTI4Mjc">the original</a> on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2013. <q>Both LibreCAD and FreeCAD both want to use LibreDWG and have patches available for supporting the DWG file format library, but can't integrate them. The programs have dependencies on the popular GPLv2 license while the Free Software Foundation will only let LibreDWG be licensed for GPLv3 use, not GPLv2.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FSF+Wastes+Away+Another+%22High+Priority%22+Project&rft.pub=Phoronix&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.aulast=Larabel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DMTI4Mjc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkoudine2012" class="citation web cs1">Prokoudine, Alexandre (27 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109103213/http://libregraphicsworld.org/blog/entry/libredwg-drama-the-end-or-the-new-beginning">"LibreDWG drama: the end or the new beginning?"</a>. libregraphicsworld.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libregraphicsworld.org/blog/entry/libredwg-drama-the-end-or-the-new-beginning">the original</a> on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2013. <q>... the unfortunate situation with support for DWG files in free CAD software via LibreDWG. We feel, by now it ought to be closed. We have the final answer from FSF. ... "We are not going to change the license."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LibreDWG+drama%3A+the+end+or+the+new+beginning%3F&rft.pub=libregraphicsworld.org&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft.aulast=Prokoudine&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibregraphicsworld.org%2Fblog%2Fentry%2Flibredwg-drama-the-end-or-the-new-beginning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/lgpl-2.1.html#SEC2">"GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1 – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation (FSF)"</a>. fsf.org. 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Or Else"</a>. David A. Wheeler. Retrieved 26 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Make+Your+Open+Source+Software+GPL-Compatible.+Or+Else.&rft.pub=David+A.+Wheeler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwheeler.com%2Fessays%2Fgpl-compatible.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612175303/http://kerneltrap.org/node/8066">"Linux: ZFS, Licenses and Patents"</a>. Tag1 Consulting. 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Retrieved 21 November 2015. <q>Since BusyBox can be found in so many embedded systems, it finds itself at the core of the GPLv3 anti-DRM debate. ... The real outcomes, however, are this: BusyBox will be GPLv2 only starting with the next release. It is generally accepted that stripping out the "or any later version" is legally defensible, and that the merging of other GPLv2-only code will force that issue in any case</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Busy+busy+busybox&rft.pub=lwn.net&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft.au=corbet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F202106%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandley2006" class="citation web cs1">Landley, Rob (9 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/202110/">"Re: Move GPLv2 vs v3 fun..."</a> lwn.net. Retrieved 21 November 2015. <q>Don't invent a straw man argument please. I consider licensing BusyBox under GPLv3 to be useless, unnecessary, overcomplicated, and confusing, and in addition to that it has actual downsides. 1) Useless: We're never dropping GPLv2.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Move+GPLv2+vs+v3+fun...&rft.pub=lwn.net&rft.date=2006-09-09&rft.aulast=Landley&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F202110%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.hp.com-128"><a href="#cite_ref-www.hp.com_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2008/080623a.html">"HP Press Release: HP Contributes Source Code to Open Source Community to Advance Adoption of Linux"</a>. www.hp.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hp.com&rft.atitle=HP+Press+Release%3A+HP+Contributes+Source+Code+to+Open+Source+Community+to+Advance+Adoption+of+Linux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hp.com%2Fhpinfo%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress%2F2008%2F080623a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prokoudine-2012-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Prokoudine-2012_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkoudine2012" class="citation web cs1">Prokoudine, Alexandre (26 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109103037/http://libregraphicsworld.org/blog/entry/whats-up-with-dwg-adoption-in-free-software">"What's up with DWG adoption in free software?"</a>. libregraphicsworld.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libregraphicsworld.org/blog/entry/whats-up-with-dwg-adoption-in-free-software">the original</a> on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2015. <q>[Blender's Toni Roosendaal:] "Blender is also still 'GPLv2 or later'. For the time being we stick to that, moving to GPL 3 has no evident benefits I know of."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+up+with+DWG+adoption+in+free+software%3F&rft.pub=libregraphicsworld.org&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft.aulast=Prokoudine&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibregraphicsworld.org%2Fblog%2Fentry%2Fwhats-up-with-dwg-adoption-in-free-software&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blender.org/about/license/">"License – blender.org"</a>. Retrieved 17 December 2016. <q>The source code we develop at blender.org is default being licensed as GNU GPL Version 2 or later. </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=License+%E2%80%93+blender.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blender.org%2Fabout%2Flicense%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis-Courmont" class="citation web cs1">Denis-Courmont, Rémi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.videolan.org/press/2007-1.html">"VLC media player to remain under GNU GPL version 2"</a>. videolan.org. Retrieved 21 November 2015. <q>In 2001, VLC was released under the OSI-approved GNU General Public version 2, with the commonly-offered option to use 'any later version' thereof (though there was not any such later version at the time). Following the release by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) of the new version 3 of its GNU General Public License (GPL) on the 29th of June 2007, contributors to the VLC media player, and other software projects hosted at videolan.org, debated the possibility of updating the licensing terms for future version of the VLC media player and other hosted projects, to version 3 of the GPL. ... There is strong concern that these new additional requirements might not match the industrial and economic reality of our time, especially in the market of consumer electronics. It is our belief that changing our licensing terms to GPL version 3 would currently not be in the best interest of our community as a whole. Consequently, we plan to keep distributing future versions of VLC media player under the terms of the GPL version 2.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VLC+media+player+to+remain+under+GNU+GPL+version+2&rft.pub=videolan.org&rft.aulast=Denis-Courmont&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9mi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.videolan.org%2Fpress%2F2007-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Copyright">"Copyright"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 August 2013. <q>At the time, the decision seemed sensible in the face of a deadlock. But now, GPLv2 is used for 42.5% of free software, and GPLv3 for less than 6.5%, according to Black Duck Software.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7+Reasons+Why+Free+Software+Is+Losing+Influence%3A+Page+2&rft.pub=Datamation.com&rft.date=2011-11-22&rft.aulast=Byfield&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.datamation.com%2Fopen-source%2F7-reasons-why-free-software-is-losing-influence_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itworld.com/article/2832379/it-management/gpl--copyleft-use-declining-faster-than-ever.html">GPL, copyleft use declining faster than ever</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904082743/https://www.itworld.com/article/2832379/it-management/gpl--copyleft-use-declining-faster-than-ever.html">Archived</a> 4 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on ITworld on 16 December 2011 by Brian Proffitt </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProffitt2011" class="citation web cs1">Proffitt, Brian (16 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203213915/http://www.itworld.com/it-managementstrategy/233753/gpl-copyleft-use-declining-faster-ever">"GPL, copyleft use declining faster than ever – Data suggests a sharper rate of decline, which raises the question: why?"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dwheeler.com&rft.atitle=GNU+GENERAL+PUBLIC+LICENSE+Version+2%2C+June+1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwheeler.com%2Ffrozen%2Fmicrosoft-interix-gpl.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Free_Software_Leaders_Stand_Together">Free Software Leaders Stand Together </a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Software+Leaders+Stand+Together&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2009" class="citation news cs1">Clarke, Gavin (20 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/07/20/microsoft_windows_drivers_linux/">"Microsoft embraces Linux cancer to sell Windows servers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Microsoft+embraces+Linux+cancer+to+sell+Windows+servers&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2009%2F07%2F20%2Fmicrosoft_windows_drivers_linux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2009" class="citation news cs1">Clarke, Gavin (23 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/07/23/microsoft_hyperv_gpl_violation/">"Microsoft opened Linux-driver code after 'violating' GPL"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jargon+File+2.2.1&rft.atitle=General+Public+Virus&rft.date=1990-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatb.org%2Fesr%2Fjargon%2Foldversions%2Fjarg221.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackvän1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hackvän, Stig (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718132324/http://devlinux.org/lw-gnu-published.html">"Reverse-engineering the GNU Public Virus — Is copyleft too much of a good thing?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://devlinux.org/lw-gnu-published.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2011. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cypherpunks.venona.com/date/1998/10/msg00429.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+propose%3A+%27cypherpunks+license%27+%28Re%3A+Wanted%3A+Twofish+source+code%29&rft.pub=Cypherpunks+mailing+list&rft.date=1998-10-08&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcypherpunks.venona.com%2Fdate%2F1998%2F10%2Fmsg00429.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck2000" class="citation web cs1">Buck, Joe (10 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2000-10/msg00198.html">"Re: Using of parse tree externally"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a> mailing list. Retrieved 29 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Using+of+parse+tree+externally&rft.pub=GCC+mailing+list&rft.date=2000-10-10&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgcc.gnu.org%2Fml%2Fgcc%2F2000-10%2Fmsg00198.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffis2000" class="citation web cs1">Griffis, L. Adrian (15 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210455/http://themes.freshmeat.net/articles/view/172#comment-5548">"The GNU Public Virus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themes.freshmeat.net/articles/view/172#comment-5548">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+GNU+Public+Virus&rft.date=2000-07-15&rft.aulast=Griffis&rft.aufirst=L.+Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemes.freshmeat.net%2Farticles%2Fview%2F172%23comment-5548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.microsoft.com/speeches/speech-transcript-craig-mundie-the-new-york-university-stern-school-of-business/">Speech Transcript – Craig Mundie, The New York University Stern School of Business</a>", Prepared Text of Remarks by <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mundie" title="Craig Mundie">Craig Mundie</a>, Microsoft Senior Vice President, The Commercial Software Model The New York University Stern School of Business 3 May 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoynder2006" class="citation web cs1">Poynder, Richard (21 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/The_Basement_Interviews/Richard_Stallman_Interview_djvu.txt">"The Basement Interviews: Freeing the Code"</a>. Retrieved 5 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Basement+Interviews%3A+Freeing+the+Code&rft.date=2006-03-21&rft.aulast=Poynder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FThe_Basement_Interviews%2FRichard_Stallman_Interview_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopraDexter2007" class="citation book cs1">Chopra, Samir; Dexter, Scott (14 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7ppFih2mSwC&pg=PT74">Decoding liberation: the promise of free and open source software</a>. Routledge. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97893-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97893-4"><bdi>978-0-415-97893-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decoding+liberation%3A+the+promise+of+free+and+open+source+software&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-08-14&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97893-4&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft.au=Dexter%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7ppFih2mSwC%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Sam (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freeasinfreedomr00will">Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software</a>. O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00287-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00287-4"><bdi>0-596-00287-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+as+in+Freedom%3A+Richard+Stallman%27s+Crusade+for+Free+Software&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2002-03&rft.isbn=0-596-00287-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreeasinfreedomr00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikolai_Bezroukov-2001-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Nikolai_Bezroukov-2001_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolai_Bezroukov2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bezroukov" title="Nikolai Bezroukov">Nikolai Bezroukov</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011222205401/http://icfcst.kiev.ua/panorama/OSS/bsd_vs_gpl.shtml">"Comparative merits of GPL, BSD and Artistic licences (Critique of Viral Nature of GPL v.2 – or In Defense of Dual Licensing Idea)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icfcst.kiev.ua/panorama/OSS/bsd_vs_gpl.shtml">the original</a> on 22 December 2001. <q>Viral property stimulates proliferation of licenses and contributes to the "GPL-enforced nightmare" – a situation when many other licenses are logically incompatible with the GPL and make life unnecessary difficult for developers working in the Linux environment (KDE is a good example here, Python is a less known example).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparative+merits+of+GPL%2C+BSD+and+Artistic+licences+%28Critique+of+Viral+Nature+of+GPL+v.2+%E2%80%93+or+In+Defense+of+Dual+Licensing+Idea%29&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Nikolai+Bezroukov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficfcst.kiev.ua%2Fpanorama%2FOSS%2Fbsd_vs_gpl.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeere2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Geere, Duncan (16 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-12/16/alternatives-to-copyright">"Some rights reserved: the alternatives to copyright"</a>. Wired UK. Retrieved 30 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+UK&rft.atitle=Some+rights+reserved%3A+the+alternatives+to+copyright&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft.aulast=Geere&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2011-12%2F16%2Falternatives-to-copyright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friedfrank.com/siteFiles/Publications/ACC-GNY_Newsletter_OpenSourceInMATransactions.pdf">"Inoculating Your Purchase – Contractual Protection from Viral Licenses in M&A Transactions"</a> (PDF). Friedfrank.com. Retrieved 30 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inoculating+Your+Purchase+%E2%80%93+Contractual+Protection+from+Viral+Licenses+in+M%26A+Transactions&rft.pub=Friedfrank.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friedfrank.com%2FsiteFiles%2FPublications%2FACC-GNY_Newsletter_OpenSourceInMATransactions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.buddlefindlay.com/article/2013/07/01/legal-update-on-information-and-communication-technology-%E2%80%93-july-2013">http://www.buddlefindlay.com/article/2013/07/01/legal-update-on-information-and-communication-technology-%E2%80%93-july-2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316223946/http://www.buddlefindlay.com/article/2013/07/01/legal-update-on-information-and-communication-technology-%E2%80%93-july-2013">Archived</a> 16 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Media_Rights-2008-162"><a href="#cite_ref-New_Media_Rights-2008_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Media_Rights2008" class="citation web cs1">New Media Rights (12 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmediarights.org/open_source/new_media_rights_open_source_licensing_guide">"Open Source Licensing Guide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/California_Western_School_of_Law" title="California Western School of Law">California Western School of Law</a>. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Source+Licensing+Guide&rft.pub=California+Western+School+of+Law&rft.date=2008-09-12&rft.au=New+Media+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmediarights.org%2Fopen_source%2Fnew_media_rights_open_source_licensing_guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontague2013" class="citation web cs1">Montague, Bruce (13 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/bsdl-gpl/article.html#GPL-ADVANTAGES">"GPL Advantages and Disadvantages"</a>. FreeBSD. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GPL+Advantages+and+Disadvantages&rft.pub=FreeBSD&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.aulast=Montague&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebsd.org%2Fdoc%2Fen_US.ISO8859-1%2Farticles%2Fbsdl-gpl%2Farticle.html%23GPL-ADVANTAGES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Richard Stallman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/selling-exceptions">On Selling Exceptions to the GNU GPL</a>. Free Software Foundation. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Bezroukov, Nikolai, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softpanorama.org/Copyright/License_classification/index.shtml">Labyrinth of Software Freedom</a> – "BSD vs GPL and social aspects of free licensing debate" on softpanorama.org by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bezroukov" title="Nikolai Bezroukov">Nikolai Bezroukov</a> Accessed 23 September 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/itm/seminars03-04/OSLicense.ver2.doc">The Scope of Open Source Licensing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109200847/http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/itm/seminars03-04/OSLicense.ver2.doc">Archived</a> 9 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> by Josh Lerner and Jean Tirole (2002) </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Hocevar2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hocevar" title="Sam Hocevar">Sam Hocevar</a> (21 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/149050/should-i-change-the-name-of-the-wtfpl#comment617907_161949">"Should I change the name of the WTFPL?"</a>. Programmers Stack Exchange (User comment). Retrieved 19 July 2016. <q>The WTFPL is a parody of the GPL, which has a similar copyright header and list of permissions to modify (i.e. none), see for instance gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html. The purpose of the WTFPL wording is to give more freedom than the GPL does.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Programmers+Stack+Exchange&rft.atitle=Should+I+change+the+name+of+the+WTFPL%3F&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft.au=Sam+Hocevar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprogrammers.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F149050%2Fshould-i-change-the-name-of-the-wtfpl%23comment617907_161949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiancuzzi2005" class="citation web cs1">Biancuzzi, Federico (30 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417163519/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/06/30/esr_interview.html">"ESR: "We Don't Need the GPL Anymore""</a>. onlamp.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/06/30/esr_interview.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2015. <q>We don't need the GPL anymore. It's based on the belief that open source software is weak and needs to be protected. Open source would be succeeding faster if the GPL didn't make lots of people nervous about adopting it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESR%3A+%22We+Don%27t+Need+the+GPL+Anymore%22&rft.pub=onlamp.com&rft.date=2005-06-30&rft.aulast=Biancuzzi&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlamp.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Fonlamp%2F2005%2F06%2F30%2Fesr_interview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150117151743/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/09/22/gpl3.html">"RMS: The GNU GPL Is Here to Stay"</a>. onlamp.com. 22 September 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/09/22/gpl3.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015. <q>ESR addresses the issue in terms of different goals and values—those of "open source," which do not include defending software users' freedom to share and change software. Perhaps he thinks the GNU GPL is not needed to achieve those goals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RMS%3A+The+GNU+GPL+Is+Here+to+Stay&rft.pub=onlamp.com&rft.date=2005-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlamp.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Fonlamp%2F2005%2F09%2F22%2Fgpl3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandal2007" class="citation web cs1">Randal, Allison (13 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radar.oreilly.com/2007/04/gplv3-linux-and-gplv2-compatib.html">"GPLv3, Linux and GPLv2 Compatibility"</a>. radar.oreilly.com. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. Retrieved 19 January 2016. <q>You might think the FSF would have to be insane to unleash this licensing hell. ... If the license were purely a cleaned up version of the GPLv2, there would be no incompatibility, the FSF would have no agenda involved in getting projects to update to the new license, and at the same time there would be no reason for projects to object to updating. Smooth sailing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radar.oreilly.com&rft.atitle=GPLv3%2C+Linux+and+GPLv2+Compatibility&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft.aulast=Randal&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradar.oreilly.com%2F2007%2F04%2Fgplv3-linux-and-gplv2-compatib.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandal2007" class="citation web cs1">Randal, Allison (14 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radar.oreilly.com/2007/05/gplv3-clarity-and-simplicity.html">"GPLv3, Clarity and Simplicity"</a>. radar.oreilly.com. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. Retrieved 19 January 2016. <q>Looking at the near-finished draft, I have to say it's unlikely that they ever considered simplicity a priority, if they considered it at all. ... The language choices of an open source license can support that freedom, can empower the users and the developers. The GPLv3 doesn't.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radar.oreilly.com&rft.atitle=GPLv3%2C+Clarity+and+Simplicity&rft.date=2007-05-14&rft.aulast=Randal&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradar.oreilly.com%2F2007%2F05%2Fgplv3-clarity-and-simplicity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whurley-2007-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Whurley-2007_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhurley2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Whurley" title="Whurley">Whurley</a> (6 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011022019/http://talk.bmc.com/blogs/blog-whurley/whurley/the-death-of-a-software-license">"The Death Of A Software License"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://talk.bmc.com/blogs/blog-whurley/whurley/the-death-of-a-software-license">the original</a> on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2016. <q>Version 3 is going to distance Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation from the developers that make the organization so influential to begin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Death+Of+A+Software+License&rft.date=2007-06-06&rft.au=Whurley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftalk.bmc.com%2Fblogs%2Fblog-whurley%2Fwhurley%2Fthe-death-of-a-software-license&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisnall2009" class="citation web cs1">Chisnall, David (31 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1390172&seqNum=3">"The Failure of the GPL"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Informit.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Informit.com">informit.com</a>. Retrieved 24 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Failure+of+the+GPL&rft.pub=informit.com&rft.date=2009-08-31&rft.aulast=Chisnall&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informit.com%2Farticles%2Farticle.aspx%3Fp%3D1390172%26seqNum%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantrill2014" class="citation web cs1">Cantrill, Bryan (17 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/Pm8P4oCIY3g">"Corporate Open Source Anti-patterns"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pm8P4oCIY3g&t=37m05s">the original</a> on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2015. <q>Anti-pattern: Anti-collaborative licensing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Corporate+Open+Source+Anti-patterns&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft.aulast=Cantrill&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DPm8P4oCIY3g%26t%3D37m05s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2006" class="citation web cs1">Hill, Benjamin Mako (28 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922064257/http://archive09.linux.com/feature/51666">"Notes on the GPLv3"</a>. linux.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive09.linux.com/feature/51666">the original</a> on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2016. <q>The GPL is one thing that almost everyone in the free and open-source software communities have in common. For that reason, the revision has the potential to highlight disagreements, differences in opinion, differences in business models, and differences in tactics. ... We would be wise to remember that the potential for the GPL to hinder our ability to work together is far more dangerous than the even the most radical change textual change the FSF might suggest. ... Above all, we must remember that our community and its goals are more important than any single license – no matter how widespread.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+GPLv3&rft.pub=linux.com&rft.date=2006-01-28&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Mako&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive09.linux.com%2Ffeature%2F51666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall2007" class="citation web cs1">McDougall, Paul (10 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413091038/http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2007/07/linux_creator_c.html">"Linux Creator Calls GPLv3 Authors 'Hypocrites' As Open Source Debate Turns Nasty"</a>. informationweek.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2007/07/linux_creator_c.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2015. <q>... the latest sign of a growing schism in the open source community between business-minded developers like Torvalds and free software purists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Creator+Calls+GPLv3+Authors+%27Hypocrites%27+As+Open+Source+Debate+Turns+Nasty&rft.pub=informationweek.com&rft.date=2007-07-10&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Fblog%2Fmain%2Farchives%2F2007%2F07%2Flinux_creator_c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMavrogiannopoulos2013" class="citation web cs1">Mavrogiannopoulos, Nikos (26 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nmav.gnutls.org/2013/03/the-perils-of-lgplv3.html">"The perils of LGPLv3"</a>. gnutls.org. Retrieved 18 November 2015. <q>LGPLv3 is the latest version of the GNU Lesser General Public License. It follows the successful LGPLv2.1 license, and was released by Free Software Foundation as a counterpart to its GNU General Public License version 3. The goal of the GNU Lesser General Public Licenses is to provide software that can be used by both proprietary and free software. This goal has been successfully handled so far by LGPLv2.1, and there is a multitude of libraries using that license. Now we have LGPLv3 as the latest, and the question is how successful is LGPLv3 on this goal? In my opinion, very little. If we assume that its primary goal is to be used by free software, then it blatantly fails that.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+perils+of+LGPLv3&rft.pub=gnutls.org&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft.aulast=Mavrogiannopoulos&rft.aufirst=Nikos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnmav.gnutls.org%2F2013%2F03%2Fthe-perils-of-lgplv3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnutls.org/abi-tracker/changelog/gnutls/3.1.10/log.html">"GnuTLS 3.1.10: changelog"</a>. www.gnutls.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnutls.org&rft.atitle=GnuTLS+3.1.10%3A+changelog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnutls.org%2Fabi-tracker%2Fchangelog%2Fgnutls%2F3.1.10%2Flog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikos_Mavrogiannopoulos2012" class="citation web cs1">Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos (18 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/529558/">"gnutls is moving"</a>. Retrieved 11 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=gnutls+is+moving&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft.au=Nikos+Mavrogiannopoulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F529558%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2007" class="citation web cs1">Rosen, Lawrence (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosenlaw.com/GPLv3-Comments.htm">"Comments on GPLv3"</a>. Rosenlaw.com. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comments+on+GPLv3&rft.pub=Rosenlaw.com&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rosenlaw.com%2FGPLv3-Comments.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonacher2013" class="citation web cs1">Ronacher, Armin (23 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lucumr.pocoo.org/2013/7/23/licensing/">"Licensing in a Post Copyright World"</a>. lucumr.pocoo.org. Retrieved 18 November 2015. <q>The License Compatibility Clusterfuck – When the GPL is involved the complexities of licensing becomes a non fun version of a riddle. So many things to consider and so many interactions to consider. And that GPL incompatibilities are still an issue that actively effects people is something many appear to forget. For instance one would think that the incompatibility of the GPLv2 with the Apache Software License 2.0 should be a thing of the past now that everything upgrades to GPLv3, but it turns out that enough people are either stuck with GPLv2 only or do not agree with the GPLv3 that some Apache Software licensed projects are required to migrate. For instance Twitter's Bootstrap is currently migrating from ASL2.0 to MIT precisely because some people still need GPLv2 compatibility. Among those projects that were affected were Drupal, WordPress, Joomla, the MoinMoin Wiki and others. And even that case shows that people don't care that much about licenses any more as Joomla 3 just bundled bootstrap even though they were not licenses in a compatible way (GPLv2 vs ASL 2.0). The other traditional case of things not being GPL compatible is the OpenSSL project which has a license that does not go well with the GPL. That license is also still incompatible with the GPLv3. The whole ordeal is particularly interesting as some not so nice parties have started doing license trolling through GPL licenses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lucumr.pocoo.org&rft.atitle=Licensing+in+a+Post+Copyright+World&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft.aulast=Ronacher&rft.aufirst=Armin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flucumr.pocoo.org%2F2013%2F7%2F23%2Flicensing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+General+Public+License" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonacher2009" class="citation web cs1">Ronacher, Armin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lucumr.pocoo.org/2009/2/12/are-you-sure-you-want-to-use-gpl/">"Are you sure you want to use the GPL?"</a>. lucumr.pocoo.org.</cite><span 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href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7603#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html">GNU General Public License v3.0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GNU General Public License v2.0</a>—This 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Compliance</a> (Covers GPLv2 and v3)—from the <a href="/wiki/Software_Freedom_Law_Center" title="Software Freedom Law Center">Software Freedom Law Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502102348/http://sapnakumar.org/Publications_files/EnfGPL.pdf">A paper on enforcing the GPL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions about the GPL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060109051638/http://www.rattlesnake.com/software-law/GNU-GPL-and-Commentaries.html">GNU General Public License and Commentaries</a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Chassell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Chassell">Robert Chassell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.fsfe.org/Transcripts#Licences_and_the_GNU_GPL">List of presentation transcripts about the GPL and free software licenses</a> <a 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Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU Affero General Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAT_Modified_General_Public_License" title="GNAT Modified General Public License">GNAT Modified General Public License</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_variants" title="GNU variants">variants</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">coreutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Find_Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Find Utilities">findutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Autotools" title="GNU Autotools">Build system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Binutils" title="GNU Binutils">binutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GRUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs" title="GNU TeXmacs">GNU TeXmacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Taler" title="GNU Taler">GNU Taler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">GNU R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Scientific_Library" title="GNU Scientific Library">GSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Multiple_Precision_Arithmetic_Library" title="GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library">GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_(software)" title="Electric (software)">GNU Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Archimedes" title="GNU Archimedes">GNU Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard" title="GNU Privacy Guard">GNU Privacy Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnuzilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">IceCat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Health" title="GNU Health">GNU Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUmed" title="GNUmed">GNUmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LilyPond" title="LilyPond">GNU LilyPond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Go" title="GNU Go">GNU Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Chess" title="GNU Chess">GNU Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnash_(software)" title="Gnash (software)">Gnash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Guix" title="GNU Guix">Guix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GNU_packages" title="List of GNU packages">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Oliva" title="Alexandre Oliva">Alexandre Oliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn" title="Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Fox_(programmer)" title="Brian Fox (programmer)">Brian Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Heinz" title="Federico Heinz">Federico Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_C._F._Greve" title="Georg C. F. Greve">Georg C. F. Greve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Sullivan" title="William John Sullivan">John Sullivan</a></li> <li>Nagarjuna G.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard M. Stallman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_anti-Windows_campaigns" title="Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns">Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_Software_Foundation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_Software_Foundation" title="Template:Free Software Foundation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_Software_Foundation" title="Template talk:Free Software Foundation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_Software_Foundation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free Software Foundation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_Software_Foundation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Knauth" title="Geoffrey Knauth">Geoffrey Knauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Poole_(technologist)" title="Henry Poole (technologist)">Henry Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard M. Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerald Jay Sussman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GNU General Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU Affero General Public License</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Directory" title="Free Software Directory">Free Software Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FSF_Free_Software_Awards" title="FSF Free Software Awards">FSF Free Software Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_anti-Windows_campaigns" title="Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns">Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sister organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Europe" title="Free Software Foundation Europe">FSF Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Latin_America" title="Free Software Foundation Latin America">FSF Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_of_India" title="Free Software Foundation of India">FSF India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_Programming_Freedom" title="League for Programming Freedom">League for Programming Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">Comparison of Linux distributions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><a 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