CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913558c9bef98f82',cH: 'NkwjYJqL6uY5tkQtHZIBaxLz7EZaXxYxoVHAX_kapxM-1739790793-1.2.1.1-tBoqClW5mBeC77ogKTeTpizD3e_sEhFXON3F93NO8RYcEX16aGqdQnl8r4IPS9Tl',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=innovative%20solutions&__cf_chl_tk=vkZsk.PE1KgIz0Ue45DZkO6UR.1dAewVqbhshOmjr4Q-1739790793-1.0.1.1-t_8wmSVdIz.EtCH55fJSglwDogyXo6tQHWIQIy9CmXo",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739790793',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=innovative%20solutions&__cf_chl_f_tk=vkZsk.PE1KgIz0Ue45DZkO6UR.1dAewVqbhshOmjr4Q-1739790793-1.0.1.1-t_8wmSVdIz.EtCH55fJSglwDogyXo6tQHWIQIy9CmXo",md: "JcPYn183CsJhnaVp.pY5isur0O32rJ9fgz5kcgigCrU-1739790793-1.2.1.1-5Tm6y1wIo1oCmlBX5uI0oATiG4FZAwXoRlZlwEsoDnCeCOvjRUzXRBa7k6j36r2D3_wRrfXwJ0qRPghfU9mBGR.E9YosaP9krMdWYku5hIqDWcI_H0hy8n3aKSeAUM0tgscJqdx1Hp5.MFnOfG3MwpktBmTTPuvCpe2taksdMg6on8sElSyrwbGd4A00eXIbQ9H7YyfmWgZsPVAN82N4gVGAu1e0M6Fw6IkTBpHrh5c2M7IHk8I0zQGIaWcFi5..YvV7PXWgW6IbiyiaUtMUPxkAihHsoHNdl_PKSGPahvl9oU50b_QIE2cbG0QrZEkn4RF.CHrvT91TvHDl0KuuuGOMxXUF6xvxyJ95pxhIdJnh6s4XWrQ7LWGht1HcQc0vZ_bwAwPV5GTRHuL6Scl7qg02lDRcGUf4ZZoNicD496pIIrVYBjQQCsjhqkPwvo7zUkJ.B7qub95fxcwE0G3LoqVQF3Eo6bl2ElYM8CLi6ULOgEo4ovP0t5Uw2LxuTnbBlYqiluh733YeRRbctNXUBfrKjPcT9HUIswt0zU.pLh3ujevsDvy7O.kC8BZY1fCTGpQ_tscR7kv.9GcPCzG0CrZ8KXNh0NIxkcQK.2YW5tqG1d3R.Jm4iCVWHVcDkzDi5UwYJuPyaz5UTZL4vzQxfGGVeZwqn9dB0zQpMVP_CNrGyhizZH9fMWKSz2j7XNzz9FSu5hGJWf3kq.agU6U6AC7fm.jxs0GFDAPMGx5hJqppEHY_sGbmOUqQ8UMscpG34u7ZW0UMziWtKCdGOLqaraGzjipmBxyDhn7TdqBTHr6O2jSxQHbrMtytPHK5oWGIBoSuD08fhBrqWhdwtosPINnEy5lQARir9OqTJ6pymHJYKJ7GB.ty7eDf1fL4tHpKDN68fyyxL_bF7We0wxYHwTDjZs0h7GlddpKHL6iR8iYoXGk7tW5TUTPjw7J8SIJZ9hfk7jk6wew_9KDF026vcG7jC2NUuXcwbMmmlBx8rdW936OgREUxh6tgbyj91IEK5qujHFT_T04I9BNc7d9Me5usyOJuRo0ix17RM01edtUza8vHtj4Nm0Gzgu_ofTzpUtbK1wYQAUGqeuXQPeoRTf.iEpRULXBZdYUpTCzS5x6rIpYSpNoGtpq8HcSZxm3X0r0UJYF_W.45Q5rIt3HhDe_hguMA73zCeSTH_6WW1xFN3RDMvfRMlXo6CwswvyntjjGjYVGaY9IbO4FkbkFB6MlRMsxHMIXD7VZ3G9XlxCHLQfT5vxCZ4IqJ4sP1Sys_vn7NpYqgvponV20r2bBZgq.X8qjCqB5ZDZSLIBmOoHRzN_sFN8x8DzOJU2rIPPGzlE9KFZg007v4kANOS1FIjki2Jc7H2j964xemeOJae.BS5eysEEBdcOOXJwW5SKng3pmFeQ7zSwJEIp3RcPNgltIO.7dwkbFfc6voru2hT7O2xe5HaVI3GNNnqhONMEGV995_XqxS29dWKjLQCsnk7KRK9nVvSJOFQUe696MLrBI9PBX5Hvpv2n2_CAe2knLZ_eRfPh9hxHx9Idth_WG1USG02vqUl87qD7UxvNwZE0sHzXNieguZdydq0BWtw7IMEa_rjPHwLwqA5teGGOoQ9ZzOp6_R3XCnUjxX_C74lVk5UgyTcV7CLx9Zu_Z49lfuVeSX.OQPR_6nuEw1_t3J2kgnbwTeIWdv7fkbRe90ANXzrV8zzcFKcdGPC_jRFI_PEjNYjEnRha8vYaZrycGPZQFPm8tXO0_nMEbLonSVPjW6O_M2K0Id8XJ18C0IYLNrWZ.SK8_bUHae3rzN86YUGPmoC6FMOB1yfNQIoJ1deEMIYfGaweHhFNZMA.JyfXA4ta9dtRWLZz58rHM6rj8NPlAl8cfrHeHwL1vY3CzdbyNxqj4txUJ4Ib6f7GQJVwkZXBKU7FjCFAYzdrTCNB3RT5kMWEaNgUoVnFtaowZyVa.iOr2bxn1hjVarW5LYz2i4",mdrd: "YTAbWi9qhwOGXGHS7ZIDll9x6.JOQMoKBDMpTzXG_T0-1739790793-1.2.1.1-ykXl8WqBKYu07c6WZaGL0X5p0aTXktKzj.m.DNbjfHMTBpUI6XVvCS8aJUEr.Y9VaDqr0dAQD9HIoixnqS..2P6SeAtuWD6cDhj4vdG0MOeZC9bXWL9EmoC0eVTV8iLmMaYk9YirZXvVHBCXWPt9nNJulfof_suMVhpOi_OEtzhallXWgcOTkQJiCttCaVJMZTXAX5IqxKX6FI44ICWmOzTilzPd3OoaZYMKeKkXOQ5MTYa7nFHpwf0Wz2N2elC1kogckD69kyvk2qON9U94WftOuxFbwrj1k2LpxTOKKILKNxYlzIPX8e1qCltRfDRx7.oGY5fPdMgR5IjDfdbfAjJYeb0YGShrQ20kXuXf1bihDyHA37Kpsl91Z2q4DmSPg5CEW7xpsSG34hf8fHAiM2bSS6Gy9.Ra5FqptZixvQBgtxhvDY07tUs7.XLFheVCWCJ9qh41gmYALzfrmonG_BqQi.93hgFPWnBqK65GtR7o4ibviDSaEwtCKWVVm247Z9XRo2.WDoijDSnJoarOEuBWs64ke_jRp4fgWeB4EfSN1ORuMc1MNKltQaPyOXyBkspdL3p39nhmSaHtXs1tWt1Gkee5H2TTAUXN3I3NIaKmjnG6dWPHOFQAExewqakuKvZR5X1OI2d30XWfQh9E1YkI1Y8vSKcDWVFIoQiHnNAp4juUzALTowbJbvRNt359y5JS8yFnFmiorFRNVsPVZZOysmN293x65YeIe_MCHBFPSGfqL_u.2ZN9mQKETaDDlFD1ugtnswL9ylIAG7hA6F1gd.wvBSlFbCUHKpaQl5D.Psj3c3khPpbzT14omxCq_a6vfYW8rvDJGjKMPAIQURh0ZcVRnAaUea2CCMLrGn4krqDo8sdjha66If0sOzdSIznRYPcLRgBcy2.azodvux7XyHjW6v4JM5rHaH3qbrdSLOTXk5zRstvdTCT985ec_k6WiUgHfUxwJc70uOOCSFo7hq2rF_rviRN6MDxV1GEsMHYjUXJI5JpYaqlPwt2Xrtbwnq4q3Ut.xK49qjzem_UP6HMCLsA2hAS3BsePQQF0i.tQbSKQsiJdnUgxUASb2_6jivHzpExyFnX1hG0Mwfvic8Xw4Ti4V9Bq0BGm8XOR_vUfgL.ID5KYScugOZgzARtKjCouka5ZWz0PbapwYIwZuPTDWCINLwgtgJjbrpymdaf2c9uXQ35qDsrOKo3o3IzdCtkcSylhpxbzN3xSQbp.rTcm.9iG2exlAoMk937gV9rElUluqPmdUeLubNS8ZEH46IYB3vdEGFPaCKMOlOa4nh0wStBSQ_skr6RZDI4W1RdfKubAw8sHmJ.KuiweXs0kQczgXoqxUw_B4T3PZBw6v.ynvqa9rXdkHIgZQgOmjvdsfrUbX4XJ8ZrZX_JO0XuPdWNFnaD0eGcGvHGq0ursqpctI0vhEWPTbKBK0mEqNVQmQRWudhrqbdaqhb0OpdyhgGhY6eqStALrU.8jglfxFk1_nqVY4tlEIYSKErw8567a5lCQJwIWEY_eajSIbg.gYzXtCBhyTay0_RTwgiMzeaKdZy2AZQ7Eu6ZKI8sdPsZDqCXPQl0qeF9tjd5QrPmEu0IZV3T0iGTpGokZOtcunjuKcr_wpnBU6kqZCnn7Bkb3b85L3lmEBa0Xp9yrnhMHW6zHfvwk7bMMJMUtLXqzDizrlI5uto51p6c7bia3qwdqAChfACw984iGFz9mAxCFhkxzsFsaKrm.DferspiNiyhpI5dSuDErzVQOF9NFsqHmvKq1WFaqNYz5cTAN7Kj5g98A0_xNn6nUAFDW7XENxeZHnWG9d._pPvFl5ZNP5d8UbzW4n0AY_IkzCSEHDrEZNTbTxgGd2MT16ssTrSS3nlVGBHr1oc6bPgYoxaVAA11BeQe.J6fv0_kEsFe_eIaxStgfP2tbBxJXTvp6HoVhCxUrrIGnaGbdneJ4QarNvQ4e5zSh221AfXDd7vbF"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913558c9bef98f82';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=innovative%20solutions&__cf_chl_rt_tk=vkZsk.PE1KgIz0Ue45DZkO6UR.1dAewVqbhshOmjr4Q-1739790793-1.0.1.1-t_8wmSVdIz.EtCH55fJSglwDogyXo6tQHWIQIy9CmXo" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>