CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="norton-safeweb-site-verification" content="24usqpep0ejc5w6hod3dulxwciwp0djs6c6ufp96av3t4whuxovj72wfkdjxu82yacb7430qjm8adbd5ezlt4592dq4zrvadcn9j9n-0btgdzpiojfzno16-fnsnu7xd" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://substackcdn.com" /> <style> @layer legacy, tailwind, pencraft; </style> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/welcome.89fcd802b92c41d17d3d.css" /> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/color_links.c9908948e2f4e05476e6.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/6231.8d3ab58a.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/596.2c9df973.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/2479.2b8487f2.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/4162.882762f1.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/1764.11710c98.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/6908.a4af51df.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/6666.aaca9004.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/4364.42c69ef8.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/4769.92492746.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/9314.7ec37487.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/8118.d259ab81.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/1415.30136bb9.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/6015.9c290112.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/4213.606915eb.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/4713.16faf46d.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/186.5e9816ed.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/4976.18c3fcdc.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/8056.86104528.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/3894.216e944d.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/2457.7791652c.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/6965.0aefdab4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/1400.be5485b6.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/8617.7864596c.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/async/8013.e80700c2.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/4294.df610f0c.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/2675.bedc75df.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/7719.e02260c9.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/735.87ea0c1c.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/5640.151b5cf7.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/welcome.dea6b15f.css" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=0, viewport-fit=cover" /> <meta name="author" content="Better Stack" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://newsletter.betterstack.com/" /> <title data-preact-helmet>Hacking Scale by Better Stack | Substack</title> <meta data-preact-helmet property="og:type" content="article"><meta data-preact-helmet property="og:title" content="Hacking Scale by Better Stack | Substack"><meta data-preact-helmet name="twitter:title" content="Hacking Scale by Better Stack | Substack"><meta data-preact-helmet name="description" content="A weekly newsletter about building and scaling software from engineers at Better Stack. Click to read Hacking Scale by Better Stack, a Substack publication with thousands of subscribers."><meta data-preact-helmet property="og:description" content="A weekly newsletter about building and scaling software from engineers at Better Stack. Click to read Hacking Scale by Better Stack, a Substack publication with thousands of subscribers."><meta data-preact-helmet name="twitter:description" content="A weekly newsletter about building and scaling software from engineers at Better Stack. Click to read Hacking Scale by Better Stack, a Substack publication with thousands of subscribers."><meta data-preact-helmet name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><meta data-preact-helmet property="og:image" content="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbetterstack.substack.com%2Ftwitter%2Fsubscribe-card.jpg%3Fv%3D-1260466369%26version%3D9"><meta data-preact-helmet name="twitter:image" content="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbetterstack.substack.com%2Ftwitter%2Fsubscribe-card.jpg%3Fv%3D-1260466369%26version%3D9"><meta data-preact-helmet name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://newsletter.betterstack.com/" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Ffavicon.ico"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Ffavicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Ffavicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="48x48" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Ffavicon-48x48.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Fapple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Fapple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Fapple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Fapple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Fapple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Fapple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Fapple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Fapple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="167x167" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Fapple-touch-icon-167x167.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Fapple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="1024x1024" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2665d1e9-50b4-4313-805a-dcbba920bb6b%2Fapple-touch-icon-1024x1024.png"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="/feed" title="Hacking Scale by Better Stack"/> <style>:root{--color_theme_bg_pop:#5b63d3;--background_pop:#5b63d3;--cover_bg_color:#FFFFFF;--background_pop_darken:#4750ce;--print_on_pop:#ffffff;--color_theme_bg_pop_darken:#4750ce;--color_theme_print_on_pop:#ffffff;--border_subtle:rgba(204, 204, 204, 0.5);--background_subtle:rgba(230, 232, 248, 0.4);--print_pop:#5b63d3;--color_theme_accent:#5b63d3;--cover_print_primary:#363737;--cover_print_secondary:#757575;--cover_print_tertiary:#b6b6b6;--cover_border_color:#5b63d3;--font_family_body_preset:'SF Pro Display', -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Inter', 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol';--font_weight_body_preset:400;--font_preset_body:sans;--home_hero:newspaper;--home_posts:grid;--web_bg_color:#ffffff;--background_contrast_1:#f0f0f0;--color_theme_bg_contrast_1:#f0f0f0;--background_contrast_2:#dddddd;--color_theme_bg_contrast_2:#dddddd;--background_contrast_3:#b7b7b7;--color_theme_bg_contrast_3:#b7b7b7;--background_contrast_4:#929292;--color_theme_bg_contrast_4:#929292;--background_contrast_5:#515151;--color_theme_bg_contrast_5:#515151;--color_theme_detail:#e6e6e6;--background_contrast_pop:rgba(91, 99, 211, 0.4);--color_theme_bg_contrast_pop:rgba(91, 99, 211, 0.4);--input_background:#ffffff;--cover_input_background:#ffffff;--tooltip_background:#191919;--web_bg_color_h:0;--web_bg_color_s:0%;--web_bg_color_l:100%;--print_on_web_bg_color:#363737;--print_secondary_on_web_bg_color:#868787;--selected_comment_background_color:#fdf9f3;--background_pop_rgb:91, 99, 211;--background_pop_rgb_pc:91 99 211;--color_theme_bg_pop_rgb:91, 99, 211;--color_theme_bg_pop_rgb_pc:91 99 211;--color_theme_accent_rgb:91, 99, 211;--color_theme_accent_rgb_pc:91 99 211;}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/welcome.89fcd802b92c41d17d3d.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/color_links.c9908948e2f4e05476e6.css" /> <style></style> <script async="true" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-MWWB9F6017&l=GA4DataLayer" > </script> </head> <body class=""> <div id="entry"> <div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset coverTheme-PJLqY5"><div class="intro-popup"><div class="intro-popup-page"><div class="full-email-form"><div class="vertically-centered"><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Close" data-testid="close-welcome-modal" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft closeWelcomeModal-KVUfKQ iconButton2-DvFP7w iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonNew-KfJF0Q size_md-gCDS3o priority_tertiary-rlke8z"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-x"><path d="M18 6 6 18"></path><path d="m6 6 12 12"></path></svg></button><div class="pencraft pc-paddingBottom-32 pc-reset"><div draggable="false" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-position-relative pc-reset"><div style="width:88px;height:88px;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset bg-white-ZBV5av pc-borderRadius-sm overflow-hidden-WdpwT6 sizing-border-box-DggLA4"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_176,h_176,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b62237-9eb2-480e-abda-ac1ffc34a163_256x256.png"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_176,h_176,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b62237-9eb2-480e-abda-ac1ffc34a163_256x256.png" sizes="100vw" alt width="176" height="176" style="width:88px;height:88px;" draggable="false" class="img-OACg1c object-fit-cover-u4ReeV pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div></div></div><h1 class="publication-name balancedText-oQ__Kv">Hacking Scale by Better Stack</h1><p class="publication-tagline with-cover verbose balancedText-oQ__Kv">A weekly newsletter about building and scaling software from engineers at Better Stack</p><div class="publication-meta">Over 6,000 subscribers</div><div style="width:100%;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-center pc-reset"><div style="width:100%;max-width:380px;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-4 pc-reset"><div class="container-IpPqBD"><form action="/api/v1/free?nojs=true" method="post" novalidate class="form form-M5sC90"><input type="hidden" name="first_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="current_url"/><input type="hidden" name="current_referrer"/><input type="hidden" name="first_session_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_session_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="referral_code"/><input type="hidden" name="source" value="cover_page"/><input type="hidden" name="referring_pub_id"/><input type="hidden" name="additional_referring_pub_ids"/><div class="sideBySideWrap-vGXrwP"><div class="emailInputWrapper-QlA86j"><input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Type your email..." class="pencraft emailInput-OkIMeB emailInputOnWelcomePage-nqc9VK"/></div><button tabindex="0" type="submit" class="button rightButton primary subscribe-btn button-VFSdkv"><span class="button-text ">Subscribe</span></button></div><div id="error-container"></div></form></div><div translated class="pencraft pc-paddingLeft-0 pc-mobile-paddingLeft-16 pc-paddingRight-0 pc-mobile-paddingRight-16 pc-paddingTop-16 pc-reset line-height-20-t4M0El font-text-qe4AeH size-13-hZTUKr weight-regular-mUq6Gb reset-IxiVJZ tosText-yAQHNw">By subscribing, I agree to Substack’s <a href="https://substack.com/tos" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="tosLink-n6HoHl">Terms of Use</a> and acknowledge its <a href="https://substack.com/ccpa#personal-data-collected" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="tosLink-n6HoHl">Information Collection Notice</a> and <a href="https://substack.com/privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="tosLink-n6HoHl">Privacy Policy</a></div></div></div><a class="no-styles"><button tabindex="0" type="button" data-testid="maybeLater" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft maybeLater-PlK9NK buttonBase-GK1x3M button-iUdbkg buttonNew-KfJF0Q button2-bH8fBu priority_quaternary-kpMibu size_md-gCDS3o">No thanks<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-chevron-right"><path d="m9 18 6-6-6-6"></path></svg></button></a><div class="blurb-buffer"></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-20 pc-reset blurbs"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-reset blurb"><div class="pencraft pc-reset line-height-20-t4M0El font-text-qe4AeH size-13-hZTUKr weight-regular-mUq6Gb reset-IxiVJZ blurb-text blurbText-isJ4mY"><div style="position:relative;"><div>“Great deep dives into how companies overcome technical challenges”</div><div style="visibility:hidden;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset line-height-20-t4M0El font-text-qe4AeH size-13-hZTUKr weight-semibold-uqA4FV reset-IxiVJZ blurb-text blurbText-isJ4mY">PostHog, <a href="https://newsletter.posthog.com">Product for Engineers</a></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-reset blurb"><div class="pencraft pc-reset line-height-20-t4M0El font-text-qe4AeH size-13-hZTUKr weight-regular-mUq6Gb reset-IxiVJZ blurb-text blurbText-isJ4mY"><div style="position:relative;"><div>“A great newsletter to understand how to build complex systems”</div><div style="visibility:hidden;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset line-height-20-t4M0El font-text-qe4AeH size-13-hZTUKr weight-semibold-uqA4FV reset-IxiVJZ blurb-text blurbText-isJ4mY">javinpaul, <a href="https://javarevisited.substack.com">Javarevisited Newsletter</a></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-reset blurb"><div class="pencraft pc-reset line-height-20-t4M0El font-text-qe4AeH size-13-hZTUKr weight-regular-mUq6Gb reset-IxiVJZ blurb-text blurbText-isJ4mY"><div style="position:relative;"><div>“Extremely valuable byte-sized stories about building and scaling software—definitely worth your time reading.”</div><div style="visibility:hidden;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset line-height-20-t4M0El font-text-qe4AeH size-13-hZTUKr weight-semibold-uqA4FV reset-IxiVJZ blurb-text blurbText-isJ4mY">Vu Trinh, <a href="https://vutr.substack.com">VuTrinh.</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <script src="https://js.sentry-cdn.com/6c2ff3e3828e4017b7faf7b63e24cdf8.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script> window.Sentry && window.Sentry.onLoad(function() { window.Sentry.init({ environment: window._preloads.sentry_environment, dsn: window._preloads.sentry_dsn, }) }) </script> <script>window._preloads = JSON.parse("{\"isEU\":false,\"language\":\"en\",\"country\":\"SG\",\"base_url\":\"https://newsletter.betterstack.com\",\"stripe_publishable_key\":\"pk_live_51QfnARLDSWi1i85FBpvw6YxfQHljOpWXw8IKi5qFWEzvW8HvoD8cqTulR9UWguYbYweLvA16P7LN6WZsGdZKrNkE00uGbFaOE3\",\"captcha_site_key\":\"6LdYbsYZAAAAAIFIRh8X_16GoFRLIReh-e-q6qSa\",\"pub\":{\"apple_pay_disabled\":false,\"apex_domain\":null,\"author_id\":131972456,\"byline_images_enabled\":true,\"bylines_enabled\":true,\"chartable_token\":null,\"community_enabled\":true,\"copyright\":\"Better Stack\",\"cover_photo_url\":null,\"created_at\":\"2024-01-18T12:37:43.323Z\",\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"custom_domain\":\"newsletter.betterstack.com\",\"custom_publication_theme_id\":null,\"default_comment_sort\":\"best_first\",\"default_coupon\":null,\"default_group_coupon\":null,\"default_show_guest_bios\":true,\"email_banner_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/599d67dc-9563-4691-9a1f-f08c461a4f33_1100x220.png\",\"email_from_name\":\"Hacking Scale\",\"email_from\":null,\"embed_tracking_disabled\":false,\"explicit\":false,\"expose_paywall_content_to_search_engines\":true,\"fb_pixel_id\":\"1062799887416376\",\"fb_site_verification_token\":null,\"flagged_as_spam\":false,\"founding_subscription_benefits\":null,\"free_subscription_benefits\":null,\"ga_pixel_id\":null,\"google_site_verification_token\":null,\"google_tag_manager_token\":null,\"hero_image\":null,\"hero_text\":\"A weekly newsletter about building and scaling software from engineers at Better Stack\",\"hide_intro_subtitle\":null,\"hide_intro_title\":null,\"hide_podcast_feed_link\":false,\"homepage_type\":\"newspaper\",\"id\":2269685,\"image_thumbnails_always_enabled\":false,\"invite_only\":false,\"language\":\"en\",\"logo_url_wide\":null,\"logo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b62237-9eb2-480e-abda-ac1ffc34a163_256x256.png\",\"minimum_group_size\":2,\"moderation_enabled\":true,\"name\":\"Hacking Scale by Better Stack\",\"paid_subscription_benefits\":null,\"parsely_pixel_id\":null,\"payments_state\":\"disabled\",\"paywall_free_trial_enabled\":false,\"podcast_art_url\":null,\"paid_podcast_episode_art_url\":null,\"podcast_byline\":null,\"podcast_description\":null,\"podcast_enabled\":false,\"podcast_feed_url\":null,\"podcast_title\":null,\"post_preview_limit\":null,\"require_clickthrough\":false,\"show_pub_podcast_tab\":false,\"show_recs_on_homepage\":true,\"subdomain\":\"betterstack\",\"subscriber_invites\":0,\"support_email\":null,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#FF81CD\",\"theme_var_color_links\":true,\"theme_var_cover_bg_color\":null,\"trial_end_override\":null,\"twitter_pixel_id\":\"o7hjd\",\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"post_reaction_faces_enabled\":true,\"is_personal_mode\":false,\"plans\":null,\"stripe_user_id\":null,\"stripe_country\":null,\"stripe_publishable_key\":null,\"stripe_platform_account\":null,\"automatic_tax_enabled\":null,\"author_name\":\"Better Stack\",\"author_handle\":\"betterstack\",\"author_photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40a082fe-9310-4b0a-824f-c48109eb31d1_144x144.png\",\"author_bio\":null,\"twitter_share_on_publish_opt_in\":null,\"has_custom_tos\":false,\"has_custom_privacy\":false,\"theme\":{\"background_pop_color\":\"#5b63d3\",\"web_bg_color\":\"#ffffff\",\"cover_bg_color\":null,\"publication_id\":2269685,\"color_links\":null,\"font_preset_heading\":null,\"font_preset_body\":\"sans\",\"font_family_headings\":null,\"font_family_body\":null,\"font_family_ui\":null,\"font_size_body_desktop\":null,\"print_secondary\":null,\"custom_css_web\":null,\"custom_css_email\":null,\"home_hero\":\"newspaper\",\"home_posts\":\"grid\",\"home_show_top_posts\":false,\"hide_images_from_list\":false,\"home_hero_alignment\":\"left\",\"home_hero_show_podcast_links\":true,\"default_post_header_variant\":null},\"threads_v2_settings\":{\"photo_replies_enabled\":true,\"first_thread_email_sent_at\":null,\"create_thread_minimum_role\":\"free_subscriber\",\"activated_at\":null,\"reader_thread_notifications_enabled\":true,\"boost_free_subscriber_chat_preview_enabled\":false,\"push_suppression_enabled\":false},\"default_group_coupon_percent_off\":null,\"pause_return_date\":null,\"has_posts\":true,\"has_recommendations\":true,\"first_post_date\":\"2024-07-31T13:54:05.177Z\",\"has_podcast\":false,\"has_free_podcast\":false,\"has_subscriber_only_podcast\":false,\"has_community_content\":false,\"twitter_permissions\":\"none\",\"rankingDetail\":\"Launched 8 months ago\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Thousands of subscribers\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":0,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":1000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"Over 6,000 subscribers\",\"rankingDetailByLanguage\":{\"de\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Vor vor 8 Monaten gelauncht\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Tausende von Abonnenten\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":0,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":1000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"\u00DCber 6,000 Abonnenten\",\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"6,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"6.9K+\"},\"es\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lanzado hace 8 meses\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Miles de suscriptores\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":0,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":1000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"M\u00E1s de 6,000 suscriptores\",\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"6,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"6.9K+\"},\"fr\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lanc\u00E9 il y a 8 mois\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Des milliers d'abonn\u00E9s\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":0,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":1000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"Plus de 6,000 abonn\u00E9s\",\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"6,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"6.9K+\"},\"pt\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lan\u00E7ado 8 meses\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Milhares de subscritores\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":0,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":1000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"Mais de 6,000 subscritores\",\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"6,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"6.9K+\"},\"pt-br\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lan\u00E7ado 8 meses\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Milhares de assinantes\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":0,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":1000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"Mais de 6,000 assinantes\",\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"6,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"6.9K+\"},\"it\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lanciato 8 mesi\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Migliaia di abbonati\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":0,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":1000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"Oltre 6,000 abbonati\",\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"6,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"6.9K+\"},\"en\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Launched 8 months ago\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Thousands of subscribers\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":0,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":1000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"Over 6,000 subscribers\",\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"6,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"6.9K+\"}},\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"6,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"6.9K+\",\"author_bestseller_tier\":0,\"disable_monthly_subscriptions\":false,\"disable_annual_subscriptions\":false,\"hide_post_restacks\":false,\"notes_feed_enabled\":true,\"last_chat_post_at\":null,\"no_follow\":false,\"paywall_chat\":\"free\",\"sections\":[],\"multipub_migration\":null,\"navigationBarItems\":[{\"id\":\"f57d0274-9d4e-41d3-9f42-dfda420ee5b0\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"sibling_rank\":0,\"link_title\":null,\"link_url\":null,\"section_id\":null,\"post_id\":null,\"is_hidden\":false,\"standard_key\":\"leaderboard\",\"post_tag_id\":null,\"post\":null,\"section\":null,\"postTag\":null},{\"id\":\"f8f279f5-128c-4fcd-8d01-05adf7503678\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"sibling_rank\":0,\"link_title\":null,\"link_url\":null,\"section_id\":null,\"post_id\":null,\"is_hidden\":true,\"standard_key\":\"about\",\"post_tag_id\":null,\"post\":null,\"section\":null,\"postTag\":null},{\"id\":\"7986aab3-2e1e-4b8c-a17a-6873b0d892ec\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"sibling_rank\":0,\"link_title\":null,\"link_url\":null,\"section_id\":null,\"post_id\":null,\"is_hidden\":false,\"standard_key\":\"archive\",\"post_tag_id\":null,\"post\":null,\"section\":null,\"postTag\":null},{\"id\":\"7f1ffc4b-447d-44b3-8418-5a9e87791359\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"sibling_rank\":3,\"link_title\":\"Made by Better Stack\",\"link_url\":\"https://betterstack.com\",\"section_id\":null,\"post_id\":null,\"is_hidden\":null,\"standard_key\":null,\"post_tag_id\":null,\"post\":null,\"section\":null,\"postTag\":null}],\"contributors\":[{\"name\":\"Better Stack\",\"handle\":\"betterstack\",\"role\":\"admin\",\"owner\":true,\"user_id\":131972456,\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/40a082fe-9310-4b0a-824f-c48109eb31d1_144x144.png\",\"bio\":null},{\"name\":\"Richard Oliver Bray\",\"handle\":\"richardoliverbray\",\"role\":\"admin\",\"owner\":false,\"user_id\":251681141,\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2cfb44c1-5ecd-42e3-a7e9-f08a8ad4ad51_1424x1254.png\",\"bio\":null}],\"threads_v2_enabled\":true,\"viralGiftsConfig\":null,\"tier\":2,\"no_index\":false,\"can_set_google_site_verification\":true,\"can_have_sitemap\":true,\"founding_plan_name_english\":\"Founding Member\",\"draft_plans\":null,\"base_url\":\"https://newsletter.betterstack.com\",\"hostname\":\"newsletter.betterstack.com\",\"is_on_substack\":false,\"spotify_podcast_settings\":null,\"podcastPalette\":{\"DarkMuted\":{\"population\":72,\"rgb\":[73,153,137]},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"population\":6013,\"rgb\":[4,100,84]},\"LightMuted\":{\"population\":7,\"rgb\":[142,198,186]},\"LightVibrant\":{\"population\":3,\"rgb\":[166,214,206]},\"Muted\":{\"population\":6,\"rgb\":[92,164,156]},\"Vibrant\":{\"population\":5,\"rgb\":[76,164,146]}},\"pageThemes\":{\"podcast\":null},\"live_subscriber_counts\":false,\"logoPalette\":{\"Vibrant\":{\"rgb\":[5,245,246],\"population\":210},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[9,105,111],\"population\":91},\"LightVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[100,248,248],\"population\":92},\"Muted\":{\"rgb\":[105,165,168],\"population\":13},\"DarkMuted\":{\"rgb\":[94,54,54],\"population\":3},\"LightMuted\":{\"rgb\":[230,198,198],\"population\":4}}},\"confirmedLogin\":false,\"hide_intro_popup\":false,\"block_auto_login\":false,\"domainInfo\":{\"isSubstack\":false,\"customDomain\":\"newsletter.betterstack.com\"},\"experimentFeatures\":{},\"experimentExposures\":{},\"siteConfigs\":{\"score_upsell_email\":\"control\",\"first_chat_email_enabled\":true,\"notes_video_max_duration_minutes\":5,\"reader-onboarding-promoted-pub\":737237,\"new_commenter_approval\":false,\"pub_update_opennode_api_key\":false,\"live_stream_creation_from_desktop_enabled\":false,\"embedding_search_using_quantized_field\":false,\"zendesk_automation_cancellations\":false,\"hide_book_a_meeting_button\":false,\"free_signup_notification_strategy\":\"control\",\"mfa_action_box_enabled\":false,\"publication_max_bylines\":35,\"no_contest_charge_disputes\":false,\"feed_posts_previously_seen_weight\":0.1,\"publication_tabs_reorder\":false,\"comp_expiry_email_new_copy\":\"NONE\",\"free_unlock_required\":false,\"traffic_rule_check_enabled\":false,\"amp_emails_enabled\":false,\"enable_post_summarization\":false,\"bitcoin_enabled\":false,\"show_entire_square_image\":false,\"hide_subscriber_count\":false,\"publication_author_display_override\":\"\",\"ios_video_post_creation_enabled_beta\":false,\"generate_pdf_tax_report\":false,\"show_generic_post_importer\":false,\"enable_pledges_modal\":true,\"include_pdf_invoice\":false,\"app_upsell_after_posting_notes\":\"experiment\",\"notes_weight_watch_video\":5,\"use_post_podcast_import_batching\":true,\"meetings_v1\":false,\"prefer_publication_over_profile\":false,\"exempt_from_gtm_filter\":false,\"group_sections_and_podcasts_in_menu\":false,\"boost_optin_modal_enabled\":true,\"standards_and_enforcement_features_enabled\":false,\"pub_creation_captcha_behavior\":\"risky_pubs_or_rate_limit\",\"post_blogspot_importer\":false,\"clip_generation_3rd_party_vendor\":\"internal\",\"notes_weight_short_item_boost\":0.15,\"pub_tts_override\":\"default\",\"disable_monthly_subscriptions\":false,\"skip_welcome_email\":false,\"chat_reader_thread_notification_default\":false,\"scheduled_pinned_posts\":false,\"disable_redirect_outbound_utm_params\":false,\"reader_gift_referrals_enabled\":true,\"enable_bestseller_survey_modal\":false,\"dont_show_guest_byline\":false,\"like_comments_enabled\":true,\"smart_delivery_always_ask\":\"alwaysAskForPermission\",\"temporal_livestream_ended_draft\":true,\"enable_author_note_email_toggle\":false,\"meetings_embed_publication_name\":false,\"fallback_to_archive_search_on_section_pages\":false,\"livekit_track_egress_custom_base_url\":\"http://livekit-egress-custom-recorder-participant-test.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\",\"people_you_may_know_algorithm\":\"experiment\",\"welcome_screen_blurb_override\":\"\",\"post_recipients_batch_limit\":1000,\"like_posts_enabled\":true,\"notes_publication_mentions_enabled\":false,\"twitter_player_card_enabled\":true,\"live_stream_vertical_feed_attachments_enabled\":true,\"feed_promoted_user\":false,\"writer_beta_android_enable_post_editor_v2\":false,\"show_note_stats_for_all_notes\":false,\"section_specific_csv_imports_enabled\":false,\"bypass_profile_substack_logo_detection\":false,\"use_preloaded_player_sources\":false,\"generate_twitter_card_with_lamda\":false,\"list_pruning_enabled\":false,\"facebook_connect\":false,\"opt_in_to_sections_during_subscribe\":false,\"underlined_colored_links\":false,\"rate_limit_live_reaction_messages_v3\":\"16ps\",\"modal_rec_variant_user\":\"control\",\"extract_stripe_receipt_url\":false,\"max_image_upload_mb\":64,\"enable_android_dms_writer_beta\":false,\"threads_suggested_ios_version\":null,\"pledges_disabled\":false,\"threads_minimum_ios_version\":812,\"hide_podcast_email_setup_link\":false,\"subscribe_captcha_behavior\":\"default\",\"publication_ban_sample_rate\":0,\"grant_viral_gifts_to_gift_recipients\":\"experiment\",\"trending_leaderboards\":true,\"custom_themes_substack_subscribe_modal\":false,\"share_viral_gift_as_link\":\"experiment\",\"ios_new_leaderboards_enabled\":true,\"continue_support_cta_in_newsletter_emails\":false,\"bloomberg_syndication_enabled\":false,\"custom_publication_theme\":false,\"lists_enabled\":false,\"blocked_email_domains\":\"nastyx.com,heweek.com,marchub.com,wesolar.io,cetnob.com,asaud.com,sigmazon.com,ofionk.com,degcos.com,janfab.com,obisims.com,esterace.com,barakal.com,coloruz.com,rogtat.com,ploncy.com,konetas.com,pelagius.net,teeuk.com,laafd.com,vjuum.com,txcct.com,rteet.com,dpptd.com,funvahnuwa.com,btcmod.com,vtext.com,tmomail.net,txt.att.net,vzwpix.com,mms.att.net,mymetropcs.com,messaging.sprintpcs.com,txt.bell.ca,mms.cricketwireless.net,msg.telus.com,pm.sprint.com\",\"generated_database_maintenance_mode\":false,\"allow_document_freeze\":false,\"web_trending_leaderboard_enabled\":false,\"podcast_main_feed_is_firehose\":false,\"pub_app_incentive_gift\":\"\",\"no_embed_redirect\":false,\"translate_mobile_app\":false,\"customized_email_from_name_for_new_follow_emails\":\"treatment\",\"spotify_open_access_sandbox_mode\":false,\"fullstory_enabled\":false,\"chat_reply_poll_interval\":3,\"enable_reader_marketing_page\":false,\"force_pub_links_to_use_subdomain\":false,\"email_existing_users_on_import\":false,\"always_show_cookie_banner\":false,\"hide_media_download_option\":false,\"twitter_figures_enabled\":false,\"hide_post_restacks\":false,\"feed_item_source_debug_mode\":false,\"writer_beta_android_enable_post_editor\":false,\"daily_promoted_notes_enabled\":true,\"publication_homepage_title_display_override\":\"\",\"pub_banned_word_list\":\"\",\"post_preview_highlight_byline\":false,\"4k_video\":false,\"bypass_unlock_token_limit\":false,\"post_metering_enabled\":false,\"notifications_disabled\":\"\",\"cross_post_notification_threshold\":1000,\"facebook_connect_prod_app\":true,\"feed_enable_live_streams\":false,\"force_into_pymk_ranking\":false,\"minimum_android_version\":756,\"enable_transcription_translations\":false,\"chrome_snapshot_version\":\"2\",\"use_og_image_as_twitter_image_for_post_previews\":false,\"always_use_podcast_channel_art_as_episode_art_in_rss\":false,\"cookie_preference_middleware_enabled\":false,\"seo_tier_override\":\"NONE\",\"social_media_follower_thresholds_for_alerts\":\"750000|750000|750000\",\"no_follow_links\":false,\"publisher_api_enabled\":false,\"zendesk_support_priority\":\"default\",\"enable_global_navigation_ios\":true,\"enable_subscriber_referrals_awards\":true,\"onboarding_pymk_ranking\":false,\"use_publication_language_for_transcription\":false,\"show_substack_funded_gifts_tooltip\":true,\"disable_ai_transcription\":false,\"thread_permalink_preview_min_ios_version\":4192,\"feed_main_disabled\":false,\"android_toggle_on_website_enabled\":false,\"internal_android_enable_post_editor\":false,\"edit_profile_feed_item\":false,\"updated_inbox_ui\":false,\"web_reader_podcasts_tab\":false,\"use_temporal_thumbnail_selection_workflow\":false,\"enable_recharts\":true,\"live_stream_creation_enabled\":false,\"disable_card_element_in_europe\":false,\"enable_web_typing_indicators\":false,\"web_vitals_sample_rate\":0,\"allow_live_stream_auto_takedown\":\"true\",\"skip_twitter_step_in_writer_onboarding\":true,\"temporal_zync_post_editor\":false,\"ios_new_user_checklist_enabled\":false,\"use_ranker_for_category_tabs\":false,\"ai_image_generation_enabled\":true,\"disable_personal_substack_initialization\":false,\"section_specific_welcome_pages\":false,\"local_payment_methods\":\"control\",\"feed_post_score_scale_factor\":0.1,\"posts_in_rss_feed\":20,\"post_rec_endpoint\":\"\",\"publisher_dashboard_section_selector\":false,\"reader_surveys_platform_question_order\":\"36,1,4,2,3,5,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35\",\"ios_toggle_on_website_enabled\":false,\"login_guard_app_link_in_email\":true,\"modal_rec_variant_content\":\"control\",\"monthly_sub_is_one_off\":false,\"unread_notes_activity_digest\":\"control\",\"display_cookie_settings\":false,\"welcome_page_query_params\":false,\"enable_mobile_publication_setup\":false,\"enable_free_podcast_urls\":false,\"comp_expiry_emails_disabled\":false,\"use_microlink_for_instagram_embeds\":false,\"post_notification_batch_delay_ms\":30000,\"free_signup_confirmation_behavior\":\"with_email_validation\",\"social_context_in_pymk_feed_module_v2\":\"treatment-nofacepile\",\"ios_post_stats_for_admins\":false,\"live_stream_concurrent_viewer_count_drawer\":false,\"use_livestream_post_media_composition\":true,\"section_specific_preambles\":false,\"android_live_stream_multihost_enabled\":false,\"show_menu_on_posts\":false,\"app_upsell_follow_prompt\":\"control\",\"ios_priority_inbox_launch\":true,\"opt_into_all_trending_topics\":false,\"ios_writer_stats_public_launch_v2\":false,\"min_size_for_phishing_check\":1,\"enable_android_post_stats\":false,\"ios_chat_revamp_enabled\":false,\"post_notification_batch_chunk_size\":100,\"republishing_enabled\":false,\"app_mode\":false,\"show_phone_banner\":false,\"enable_author_pages\":false,\"enable_decagon_chat\":true,\"first_month_upsell\":\"control\",\"twitter_connect_flows_enabled\":false,\"enable_redis_note_stat_logging\":true,\"live_stream_invite_ttl_seconds\":300,\"show_attached_profile_for_pub_setting\":false,\"welcome_page_update_desktop_visuals_limited\":\"experiment\",\"rss_verification_code\":\"\",\"notification_post_emails\":\"experiment\",\"ios_profile_subdomain_chips\":true,\"chat_suppress_contributor_push_option_enabled\":false,\"use_granular_notification_settings_web\":true,\"feed_ranking_per_post_clip_cap\":2,\"export_hooks_enabled\":false,\"audio_encoding_bitrate\":null,\"bestseller_pub_override\":false,\"extra_seats_coupon_type\":false,\"post_subdomain_universal_links\":false,\"post_import_max_file_size\":26214400,\"notes_weight_follow\":4,\"livekit_reconnect_slate_url\":\"https://mux-livestream-assets.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/custom-disconnect-slate-tall.png\",\"exclude_from_pymk_suggestions\":false,\"minimum_ios_version\":2200,\"disable_annual_subscriptions\":false,\"enable_bestseller_survey_modal_override\":false,\"enable_android_dms\":false,\"non_mfa_password_login_guard\":\"block_suspicious\",\"feed_ranker_use_user_comment_reaction_cache\":true,\"pub_auto_moderation_enabled\":false,\"android_feed_image_carousel\":\"treatment\",\"recipes_enabled\":false,\"disable_deletion\":false,\"notes_weight_read_post\":5,\"notes_weight_reply\":3,\"live_stream_posts_in_feed_enabled\":false,\"new_user_checklist_enabled\":\"false\",\"livekit_egress_custom_base_url\":\"http://livekit-egress-custom-recorder.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\",\"clip_focused_video_upload_flow\":false,\"live_stream_max_guest_users\":2,\"enable_video_seo_data\":false,\"can_reimport_unsubscribed_users_with_2x_optin\":false,\"feed_posts_weight_subscribed\":0,\"included_in_demo_feed\":false,\"live_event_mixin\":\"\",\"review_incoming_email\":\"default\",\"app_install_prompts\":\"native_banner_if_supported\",\"media_clips_in_feed_3\":\"experiment\",\"ios_chat_uikit\":false,\"thread_permalink_preview_min_android_version\":2037,\"tabbed_notes_search\":\"control\",\"enable_home_screen_nav_bar_hiding_ios\":false,\"enable_mobile_video_stats\":true,\"post_management_search_engine\":\"elasticsearch\",\"create_feed_item_for_livestream\":true,\"load_test_unichat\":false,\"notes_read_post_baseline\":0,\"enable_small_queue_cards_ios\":true,\"show_open_post_as_pdf_button\":false,\"free_press_combo_subscribe_flow_enabled\":false,\"restack_with_image\":false,\"gift_from_substack_modal\":\"experiment\",\"use_publish_service_function\":false,\"gifts_from_substack_feature_available\":true,\"disable_ai_clips\":false,\"auto_moderation_temporal_bestsellers_enabled\":true,\"enable_elevenlabs_voiceovers\":false,\"accept_gift_home_header_enabled\":false,\"android_upgrade_alert_dialog\":true,\"iap_advanced_commerce_in_publisher_dash\":true,\"translated_notifications_enabled\":false,\"show_simple_post_editor\":false,\"enable_live_stream_auto_publish_flow\":true,\"headline_testing_enabled\":false,\"enable_publication_podcasts_page\":false,\"ios_payment_connection_enabled\":true,\"app_install_reminder_email\":\"experiment\",\"use_landscape_livestream_for_post_draft\":false,\"enable_viewing_all_livestream_viewers\":true,\"android_payment_settings_enabled\":true,\"feed_pub_carousel_enabled\":false,\"allow_scheduled_live_streams\":true,\"substack_read_post_email_variant_test\":\"control\",\"social_media_follower_thresholds_for_vitally_tag\":\"100000|50000|100000\",\"android_v2_post_video_player_enabled\":false,\"enable_direct_message_request_bypass\":false,\"enable_apple_news_sync\":false,\"postsById_batch_size\":20,\"banned_image_generation_word_list\":\"nude, naked, unclothed, undressed, withoutclothes, sex, sexy, erotic, topless, bottomless, barechest, barebody, scantilyclad, suggestive, lingerie, bikini, underwear, panties, bra, thong, porn, pornographic, provocative, orgy, fetish, kinky, bdsm, domination, submission, lewd, explicit, genitals, penis, vagina, buttocks, anus, breasts, nipples, areola, privateparts, crotch, pubicarea, thighgap, intercourse, masturbation, ejaculation, penetration, moaning, groping, fondling, exposing, stripping, flashing, adultcontent, XXX, NSFW, OnlyFans, camgirl, escort, prostitute, callgirl, massage, striptease, ass, busty, strip, stripclub, tits, spanking, pawg, bimbo, crotch, succubus, seductive\",\"enable_ios_livestream_stats\":false,\"disable_live_stream_reactions\":false,\"enable_high_follower_dm\":true,\"ios_welcome_video_profile_prompt\":false,\"vertical_scrolling_video_player_1_android\":\"treatment\",\"notes_weight_negative\":1,\"geppo_contacts_traffic_pct\":100,\"notes_weight_click_see_more\":2,\"ios_video_pager_alpha\":false,\"android_video_posts_enabled\":true,\"ios_video_post_creation_enabled\":true,\"enable_android_vertical_media_tab\":true,\"apple_fee_percent\":15,\"publication_ranking_exploration_score_noise_pct\":1,\"allow_anonymous_personal_pub_creation\":false,\"feed_posts_weight_reply\":3,\"feed_posts_weight_negative\":5,\"feed_posts_weight_like\":1.5,\"feed_posts_weight_share\":3,\"feed_posts_weight_save\":3,\"ios_onboarding_social_links\":\"treatment\",\"ios_live_stream_scheduling_enabled\":true,\"feed_posts_weight_sign_up\":4,\"enable_temporal_video_note_workflow\":true,\"live_stream_video_degradation_preference\":\"maintainFramerate\",\"android_v2_video_player_enabled\":false,\"ios_google_login\":\"control\",\"pause_app_badges\":false,\"notes_weight_like\":2,\"onboarding_suggestions_button_text\":\"experiment\",\"phone_verification_fallback_to_twilio\":false,\"ios_priority_inbox\":false,\"feed_posts_weight_long_click\":1,\"feed_juiced_user\":0,\"vertical_video_player_in_feed_1\":\"experiment\",\"android_feed_leaderboard_profiles_enabled\":true,\"geppo_use_for_contacts_traffic\":false,\"free_press_single_screen_subscribe_flow_enabled\":false,\"geppo_use_for_content_traffic\":false,\"notes_click_see_more_baseline\":0.35,\"android_edit_user_links\":true,\"ios_profile_leaderboard_ranking_enabled\":true,\"android_note_stats_enabled\":true,\"new_reader_onboarding_categories_step\":\"experiment\",\"use_advanced_commerce_api_for_iap\":false,\"allow_multiple_feed_post_impressions\":\"experiment\",\"larger_wordmark_on_publication_homepage\":false,\"enable_mobile_stats_for_admins\":false,\"notes_weight_follow_boost\":1.5,\"related_posts_web\":\"experiment\",\"notes_weight_click_item\":3,\"ios_onboarding_social_links_2\":\"experiment\",\"multiplex_advanced_commerce_skus\":true,\"enable_ios_user_stats\":true,\"notes_watch_video_baseline\":0.08,\"social_media_follower_thresholds_for_auto_dm\":\"10000|10000|10000\",\"live_stream_create_draft_when_first_inserted\":false,\"add_section_and_tag_metadata\":false,\"android_creator_stats_enabled\":true,\"enable_livestream_combined_stats\":false,\"enable_drip_campaigns\":false,\"stop_personal_pub_to_destination_redirects\":true,\"create_unprocessed_clips\":true,\"ios_video_pager_media_tab\":true,\"new_bestseller_leaderboard_feed_item_enabled\":false,\"ios_video_pager_modal\":true,\"publisher_banner\":\"\",\"android_feed_leaderboards_enabled\":true,\"ios_feed_video_buffer\":0,\"auto_moderation_report_public_figures_enabled\":true,\"skip_local_web_search_2\":\"experiment\",\"enable_debug_logs_ios\":false,\"show_pub_content_on_profile_for_pub_id\":0,\"show_pub_content_on_profile\":false,\"use_post_queue_layout_for_category_tab\":\"11, 96\",\"video_tab_mixture_pattern\":\"npnnnn\",\"ios_connect_stripe_default_enable_iap\":true,\"phone_verification_banned_countries\":\"PH, BD, UA, PK, UZ, ID, MA, KG, ML, AZ, GT, SN, BZ, EG, MM, VN, ZW, NG, JO, RU, MY, KE, CN, MZ, TZ, MW, ZM, KH, VE, CF\",\"use_activity_item_ranker_experiment\":\"experiment\",\"geppo_content_traffic_pct\":100,\"user_comment_reactions_readonly_enabled\":true,\"yws_in_sagemaker\":\"experiment\"},\"publicationSettings\":{\"block_ai_crawlers\":false,\"credit_token_enabled\":false,\"custom_tos_and_privacy\":false,\"did_identity\":null,\"disable_optimistic_bank_payments\":false,\"display_welcome_page_details\":true,\"enable_meetings\":false,\"payment_pledges_enabled\":false,\"enable_post_page_conversion\":true,\"enable_prev_next_nav\":true,\"enable_restacking\":true,\"gifts_from_substack_disabled\":false,\"google_analytics_4_token\":\"G-MWWB9F6017\",\"group_sections_and_podcasts_in_menu_enabled\":false,\"live_stream_homepage_visibility\":\"contributorsAndAdmins\",\"live_stream_homepage_style\":\"autoPlay\",\"medium_length_description\":\"\",\"notes_feed_enabled\":true,\"paywall_unlock_tokens\":false,\"post_preview_crop_gravity\":\"auto\",\"reader_referrals_enabled\":true,\"reader_referrals_leaderboard_enabled\":true,\"seen_coming_soon_explainer\":false,\"seen_google_analytics_migration_modal\":false,\"local_currency_modal_seen\":false,\"local_payment_methods_modal_seen\":false,\"twitter_pixel_signup_event_id\":null,\"twitter_pixel_subscribe_event_id\":null,\"use_local_currency\":false,\"welcome_page_opt_out_text\":\"No thanks\",\"cookie_settings\":\"\",\"show_restacks_below_posts\":true,\"holiday_gifting_post_header\":false,\"homepage_message_text\":\"\",\"homepage_message_link\":\"\",\"about_us_author_ids\":\"\",\"archived_section_ids\":\"\",\"column_section_ids\":\"\",\"fp_primary_column_section_ids\":\"\",\"event_section_ids\":\"\",\"podcasts_metadata\":\"\",\"video_section_ids\":\"\"},\"publicationUserSettings\":null,\"userSettings\":{\"user_id\":null,\"activity_likes_enabled\":true,\"hasDismissedSectionToNewsletterRename\":false,\"is_guest_post_enabled\":true,\"feed_web_nux_seen_at\":null,\"has_seen_select_to_restack_tooltip_nux\":false,\"invite_friends_nux_dismissed_at\":null,\"suggestions_feed_item_last_shown_at\":null,\"has_seen_select_to_restack_modal\":false,\"last_home_tab\":null,\"last_notification_alert_shown_at\":null,\"disable_reply_hiding\":false,\"newest_seen_chat_item_published_at\":null,\"explicitContentEnabled\":false,\"contactMatchingEnabled\":false,\"messageRequestLevel\":\"everyone\",\"liveStreamAcceptableInviteLevel\":\"everyone\",\"liveStreamAcceptableChatLevel\":\"everyone\",\"creditTokensTreatmentExposed\":false,\"appBadgeIncludesChat\":false,\"autoPlayVideo\":true,\"smart_delivery_enabled\":false,\"chatbotTermsLastAcceptedAt\":null,\"has_seen_notes_post_app_upsell\":false,\"substack_summer_nux_dismissed_at\":null,\"first_note_id\":null,\"show_concurrent_live_stream_viewers\":false,\"has_dismissed_fp_download_pdf_nux\":false,\"edit_profile_feed_item_dismissed_at\":null,\"mobile_permalink_app_upsell_seen_at\":null,\"new_user_checklist_enabled\":false},\"subscriberCountDetails\":\"thousands of subscribers\",\"mux_env_key\":\"u42pci814i6011qg3segrcpp9\",\"sentry_environment\":\"production\",\"launchWelcomePage\":false,\"twitterCardUrl\":null,\"blurbs\":[{\"id\":\"4539674\",\"recommended_publication_id\":2269685,\"recommending_publication_id\":1318225,\"created_at\":\"2024-11-12T12:36:47.290Z\",\"updated_at\":\"2024-11-12T12:36:47.290Z\",\"blurb_active\":true,\"description\":\"Great deep dives into how companies overcome technical challenges\",\"email_sent_at\":\"2024-11-12T13:32:07.182Z\",\"recommendingPublication\":{\"id\":1318225,\"name\":\"Product for Engineers\",\"subdomain\":\"productforengineers\",\"custom_domain\":\"newsletter.posthog.com\",\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"hero_text\":\"Helping engineers and founders flex their product muscles\",\"logo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fe72ab71-149a-44a9-8b5a-b91485b0c98f_371x371.png\",\"author_id\":69984721,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#D10000\",\"created_at\":\"2023-01-16T10:21:24.415Z\",\"email_from_name\":\"PostHog\",\"copyright\":\"PostHog\",\"founding_plan_name\":null,\"community_enabled\":true,\"invite_only\":false,\"payments_state\":\"disabled\",\"language\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"homepage_type\":\"magaziney\",\"is_personal_mode\":false,\"author\":{\"id\":69984721,\"name\":\"PostHog\",\"handle\":\"productforengineers\",\"previous_name\":\"Andy Vandervell\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/310c0899-3074-48e4-a9d9-f7ff8f5290f4_371x371.png\",\"bio\":\"The team behind PostHog and the Product for Engineers newsletter\",\"profile_set_up_at\":\"2023-01-16T10:19:59.895Z\"}},\"author_name\":\"PostHog\",\"author\":{\"id\":69984721,\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/310c0899-3074-48e4-a9d9-f7ff8f5290f4_371x371.png\"}},{\"id\":\"4677803\",\"recommended_publication_id\":2269685,\"recommending_publication_id\":1444904,\"created_at\":\"2024-12-10T10:02:24.105Z\",\"updated_at\":\"2024-12-10T10:02:24.105Z\",\"blurb_active\":true,\"description\":\"A great newsletter to understand how to build complex systems\",\"email_sent_at\":\"2024-12-14T08:32:18.542Z\",\"recommendingPublication\":{\"id\":1444904,\"name\":\"Javarevisited Newsletter\",\"subdomain\":\"javarevisited\",\"custom_domain\":null,\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"hero_text\":\"Java, Programming, and System Design interview questions and articles delivered twice a week to 41,000+ smart people.\",\"logo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fb9abffb-bd2d-4fe4-a166-4f88de0a3cba_512x512.png\",\"author_id\":16859097,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#BAA049\",\"created_at\":\"2023-02-24T02:21:08.796Z\",\"email_from_name\":\"Javarevisited Newsletter\",\"copyright\":\"javinpaul\",\"founding_plan_name\":\"Founding Member\",\"community_enabled\":true,\"invite_only\":false,\"payments_state\":\"enabled\",\"language\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"homepage_type\":\"newspaper\",\"is_personal_mode\":false,\"author\":{\"id\":16859097,\"name\":\"javinpaul\",\"handle\":\"javinpaul\",\"previous_name\":null,\"photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5663d1cb-2e66-4a0d-8f76-8a3aad3f2382_48x48.png\",\"bio\":\"I write a weekly newsletter to help you learn Java, coding, and system design.\",\"profile_set_up_at\":\"2023-02-16T14:56:47.646Z\"}},\"author_name\":\"javinpaul\",\"author\":{\"id\":16859097,\"photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5663d1cb-2e66-4a0d-8f76-8a3aad3f2382_48x48.png\"}},{\"id\":\"4650468\",\"recommended_publication_id\":2269685,\"recommending_publication_id\":1930705,\"created_at\":\"2024-12-04T16:51:13.402Z\",\"updated_at\":\"2024-12-10T16:58:08.488Z\",\"blurb_active\":true,\"description\":\"Extremely valuable byte-sized stories about building and scaling software\u2014definitely worth your time reading.\",\"email_sent_at\":\"2024-12-08T17:32:23.635Z\",\"recommendingPublication\":{\"id\":1930705,\"name\":\"VuTrinh.\",\"subdomain\":\"vutr\",\"custom_domain\":null,\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"hero_text\":\"My mom read my articles to support her son. Now, she can design a data architecture and write ETL scripts.\",\"logo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fb91e59e-4df2-4ac8-b3b4-1f4e830f7b42_256x256.png\",\"author_id\":167177248,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#121BFA\",\"created_at\":\"2023-09-06T14:27:19.731Z\",\"email_from_name\":\"Vu Trinh\",\"copyright\":\"Vu Trinh\",\"founding_plan_name\":null,\"community_enabled\":true,\"invite_only\":false,\"payments_state\":\"disabled\",\"language\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"homepage_type\":\"magaziney\",\"is_personal_mode\":false,\"author\":{\"id\":167177248,\"name\":\"Vu Trinh\",\"handle\":\"vutr\",\"previous_name\":null,\"photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4805f673-db97-4f7c-85c4-44b345a8de80_256x256.png\",\"bio\":\"My mom read my articles to support her son. Now, she can design a data architecture and write ETL scripts. \",\"profile_set_up_at\":\"2023-09-06T14:19:32.001Z\"}},\"author_name\":\"Vu Trinh\",\"author\":{\"id\":167177248,\"photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4805f673-db97-4f7c-85c4-44b345a8de80_256x256.png\"}}],\"topThreePosts\":[{\"id\":146792793,\"editor_v2\":false,\"publication_id\":2269685,\"title\":\"How Netflix Uses Throttling to Prevent 4 Big Streaming Problems\",\"social_title\":null,\"search_engine_title\":null,\"search_engine_description\":null,\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"slug\":\"how-netflix-uses-throttling-to-prevent\",\"post_date\":\"2024-08-15T13:02:09.306Z\",\"audience\":\"everyone\",\"podcast_duration\":null,\"video_upload_id\":null,\"podcast_upload_id\":null,\"write_comment_permissions\":\"none\",\"should_send_free_preview\":false,\"free_unlock_required\":false,\"default_comment_sort\":null,\"canonical_url\":\"https://newsletter.betterstack.com/p/how-netflix-uses-throttling-to-prevent\",\"section_id\":null,\"top_exclusions\":[],\"pins\":[],\"is_section_pinned\":false,\"section_slug\":null,\"section_name\":null,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":13},\"restacked_post_id\":null,\"restacked_post_slug\":null,\"restacked_pub_name\":null,\"restacked_pub_logo_url\":null,\"position\":1,\"subtitle\":\"Netflix reveals their unconventional trick to keep viewers happy\",\"cover_image\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31101ae0-be27-453c-b6fc-4119e304eabf_3591x1900.png\",\"cover_image_is_square\":false,\"cover_image_is_explicit\":false,\"podcast_url\":\"\",\"videoUpload\":null,\"podcastFields\":{\"post_id\":146792793,\"podcast_episode_number\":null,\"podcast_season_number\":null,\"podcast_episode_type\":null,\"should_syndicate_to_other_feed\":null,\"syndicate_to_section_id\":null,\"hide_from_feed\":false,\"free_podcast_url\":null,\"free_podcast_duration\":null},\"podcast_preview_upload_id\":null,\"podcastUpload\":null,\"podcastPreviewUpload\":null,\"voiceover_upload_id\":\"2074b831-b75b-4122-9466-d012768e6252\",\"voiceoverUpload\":{\"id\":\"2074b831-b75b-4122-9466-d012768e6252\",\"name\":\"netflix_final.mp3\",\"created_at\":\"2024-08-21T14:12:12.745Z\",\"uploaded_at\":\"2024-08-21T14:12:19.184Z\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"state\":\"transcoded\",\"post_id\":146792793,\"user_id\":251681141,\"duration\":372.8457,\"height\":null,\"width\":null,\"thumbnail_id\":1,\"preview_start\":null,\"preview_duration\":null,\"media_type\":\"audio\",\"primary_file_size\":\"4474507\",\"is_mux\":false,\"mux_asset_id\":null,\"mux_playback_id\":null,\"mux_preview_asset_id\":null,\"mux_preview_playback_id\":null,\"mux_rendition_quality\":null,\"mux_preview_rendition_quality\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"copyright_infringement\":null,\"src_media_upload_id\":null,\"live_stream_id\":null},\"has_voiceover\":true,\"description\":\"Netflix reveals their unconventional trick to keep viewers happy\",\"body_json\":null,\"body_html\":null,\"truncated_body_text\":\"It would be really difficult to find someone who has never heard of Netflix before.\",\"wordcount\":1121,\"postTags\":[{\"id\":\"121c388e-7fe0-4c50-911c-92959a0e2537\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"name\":\"programming\",\"slug\":\"programming\",\"hidden\":false},{\"id\":\"28e72d84-f618-40b8-abaa-e24ee1691f2f\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"name\":\"technology\",\"slug\":\"technology\",\"hidden\":false},{\"id\":\"69714a3e-1377-41a8-9aa8-83a3b3252b4d\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"name\":\"scaling\",\"slug\":\"scaling\",\"hidden\":false},{\"id\":\"76b8ae49-fa06-4200-826f-809f661609be\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"name\":\"netflix\",\"slug\":\"netflix\",\"hidden\":false}],\"teaser_post_eligible\":true,\"postCountryBlocks\":[],\"headlineTest\":null,\"coverImagePalette\":{\"Vibrant\":{\"rgb\":[98,158,214],\"population\":12},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[27.45757575757575,67.63939393939393,105.14242424242425],\"population\":0},\"LightVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[236,139,139],\"population\":8},\"Muted\":{\"rgb\":[125,125,125],\"population\":9},\"DarkMuted\":{\"rgb\":[31.68181818181816,78.04545454545445,121.31818181818184],\"population\":0},\"LightMuted\":{\"rgb\":[223,196,196],\"population\":95}},\"publishedBylines\":[{\"id\":251681141,\"name\":\"Richard Oliver Bray\",\"handle\":\"richardoliverbray\",\"previous_name\":\"Richard Bray\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2cfb44c1-5ecd-42e3-a7e9-f08a8ad4ad51_1424x1254.png\",\"bio\":null,\"profile_set_up_at\":\"2024-07-10T08:54:13.868Z\",\"publicationUsers\":[{\"id\":2817996,\"user_id\":251681141,\"publication_id\":2269685,\"role\":\"admin\",\"public\":true,\"is_primary\":false,\"publication\":{\"id\":2269685,\"name\":\"Hacking Scale by Better Stack\",\"subdomain\":\"betterstack\",\"custom_domain\":\"newsletter.betterstack.com\",\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"hero_text\":\"A weekly newsletter about building and scaling software from engineers at Better Stack\",\"logo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/87b62237-9eb2-480e-abda-ac1ffc34a163_256x256.png\",\"author_id\":131972456,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#FF81CD\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-18T12:37:43.323Z\",\"email_from_name\":\"Hacking Scale\",\"copyright\":\"Better Stack\",\"founding_plan_name\":null,\"community_enabled\":true,\"invite_only\":false,\"payments_state\":\"disabled\",\"language\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"homepage_type\":\"newspaper\",\"is_personal_mode\":false}}],\"is_guest\":false,\"bestseller_tier\":null}],\"reaction\":null,\"reaction_count\":13,\"comment_count\":0,\"child_comment_count\":0,\"audio_items\":[{\"post_id\":146792793,\"voice_id\":\"voiceover\",\"audio_url\":\"https://api.substack.com/api/v1/audio/upload/2074b831-b75b-4122-9466-d012768e6252/src\",\"type\":\"voiceover\",\"status\":\"completed\",\"duration\":372.8457},{\"post_id\":146792793,\"voice_id\":\"en-US-OnyxTurboMultilingualNeural\",\"audio_url\":\"https://substack-video.s3.amazonaws.com/video_upload/post/146792793/tts/5c1958e0-205c-4852-b579-99aa336fa85b/en-US-OnyxTurboMultilingualNeural.mp3\",\"type\":\"tts\",\"status\":\"completed\"}],\"is_geoblocked\":false,\"hasCashtag\":false},{\"id\":146640134,\"editor_v2\":false,\"publication_id\":2269685,\"title\":\"How OpenAI Scaled Kubernetes to 7,500 Nodes by Removing One Plugin\",\"social_title\":null,\"search_engine_title\":null,\"search_engine_description\":null,\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"slug\":\"how-openai-scaled-kubernetes-to-7500\",\"post_date\":\"2024-07-31T13:54:05.177Z\",\"audience\":\"everyone\",\"podcast_duration\":null,\"video_upload_id\":null,\"podcast_upload_id\":null,\"write_comment_permissions\":\"none\",\"should_send_free_preview\":false,\"free_unlock_required\":false,\"default_comment_sort\":null,\"canonical_url\":\"https://newsletter.betterstack.com/p/how-openai-scaled-kubernetes-to-7500\",\"section_id\":null,\"top_exclusions\":[],\"pins\":[],\"is_section_pinned\":false,\"section_slug\":null,\"section_name\":null,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":25},\"restacked_post_id\":null,\"restacked_post_slug\":null,\"restacked_pub_name\":null,\"restacked_pub_logo_url\":null,\"position\":2,\"subtitle\":\"The one change that improved OpenAI's network.\",\"cover_image\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd0e7206-f377-41f9-84f1-8ca86197c981_1708x1193.png\",\"cover_image_is_square\":false,\"cover_image_is_explicit\":false,\"podcast_url\":\"\",\"videoUpload\":null,\"podcastFields\":{\"post_id\":146640134,\"podcast_episode_number\":null,\"podcast_season_number\":null,\"podcast_episode_type\":null,\"should_syndicate_to_other_feed\":null,\"syndicate_to_section_id\":null,\"hide_from_feed\":false,\"free_podcast_url\":null,\"free_podcast_duration\":null},\"podcast_preview_upload_id\":null,\"podcastUpload\":null,\"podcastPreviewUpload\":null,\"voiceover_upload_id\":\"be9babea-ae31-4d01-bdbf-916ef1b08105\",\"voiceoverUpload\":{\"id\":\"be9babea-ae31-4d01-bdbf-916ef1b08105\",\"name\":\"kube_article_vo.mp3\",\"created_at\":\"2024-08-07T09:02:42.919Z\",\"uploaded_at\":\"2024-08-07T09:03:01.596Z\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"state\":\"transcoded\",\"post_id\":146640134,\"user_id\":251681141,\"duration\":348.10776,\"height\":null,\"width\":null,\"thumbnail_id\":1,\"preview_start\":null,\"preview_duration\":null,\"media_type\":\"audio\",\"primary_file_size\":\"4177651\",\"is_mux\":false,\"mux_asset_id\":null,\"mux_playback_id\":null,\"mux_preview_asset_id\":null,\"mux_preview_playback_id\":null,\"mux_rendition_quality\":null,\"mux_preview_rendition_quality\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"copyright_infringement\":null,\"src_media_upload_id\":null,\"live_stream_id\":null},\"has_voiceover\":true,\"description\":\"The one change that improved OpenAI's network.\",\"body_json\":null,\"body_html\":null,\"truncated_body_text\":\"One of the biggest names in AI tripled the size of its infrastructure, going from 2,500 nodes to 7,500 in just a few years.\",\"wordcount\":1001,\"postTags\":[{\"id\":\"121c388e-7fe0-4c50-911c-92959a0e2537\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"name\":\"programming\",\"slug\":\"programming\",\"hidden\":false},{\"id\":\"28e72d84-f618-40b8-abaa-e24ee1691f2f\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"name\":\"technology\",\"slug\":\"technology\",\"hidden\":false},{\"id\":\"69714a3e-1377-41a8-9aa8-83a3b3252b4d\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"name\":\"scaling\",\"slug\":\"scaling\",\"hidden\":false},{\"id\":\"ad5afb3a-3784-4022-95a9-284efbca9c20\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"name\":\"openai\",\"slug\":\"openai\",\"hidden\":false}],\"teaser_post_eligible\":true,\"postCountryBlocks\":[],\"headlineTest\":null,\"coverImagePalette\":{\"Vibrant\":{\"rgb\":[92,225,252],\"population\":3},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[62,102,136],\"population\":100},\"LightVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[112,224,252],\"population\":10},\"Muted\":{\"rgb\":[119,146,158],\"population\":81},\"DarkMuted\":{\"rgb\":[60,66,59],\"population\":52},\"LightMuted\":{\"rgb\":[168,213,179],\"population\":67}},\"publishedBylines\":[{\"id\":251681141,\"name\":\"Richard Oliver Bray\",\"handle\":\"richardoliverbray\",\"previous_name\":\"Richard Bray\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2cfb44c1-5ecd-42e3-a7e9-f08a8ad4ad51_1424x1254.png\",\"bio\":null,\"profile_set_up_at\":\"2024-07-10T08:54:13.868Z\",\"publicationUsers\":[{\"id\":2817996,\"user_id\":251681141,\"publication_id\":2269685,\"role\":\"admin\",\"public\":true,\"is_primary\":false,\"publication\":{\"id\":2269685,\"name\":\"Hacking Scale by Better Stack\",\"subdomain\":\"betterstack\",\"custom_domain\":\"newsletter.betterstack.com\",\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"hero_text\":\"A weekly newsletter about building and scaling software from engineers at Better Stack\",\"logo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/87b62237-9eb2-480e-abda-ac1ffc34a163_256x256.png\",\"author_id\":131972456,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#FF81CD\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-18T12:37:43.323Z\",\"email_from_name\":\"Hacking Scale\",\"copyright\":\"Better Stack\",\"founding_plan_name\":null,\"community_enabled\":true,\"invite_only\":false,\"payments_state\":\"disabled\",\"language\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"homepage_type\":\"newspaper\",\"is_personal_mode\":false}}],\"is_guest\":false,\"bestseller_tier\":null}],\"reaction\":null,\"reaction_count\":25,\"comment_count\":0,\"child_comment_count\":0,\"audio_items\":[{\"post_id\":146640134,\"voice_id\":\"voiceover\",\"audio_url\":\"https://api.substack.com/api/v1/audio/upload/be9babea-ae31-4d01-bdbf-916ef1b08105/src\",\"type\":\"voiceover\",\"status\":\"completed\",\"duration\":348.10776},{\"post_id\":146640134,\"voice_id\":\"en-US-JennyNeural\",\"audio_url\":\"https://substack-video.s3.amazonaws.com/video_upload/post/146640134/tts/cb3c56b2-8a1b-4276-bec2-c6a94f04b9bc/en-US-JennyNeural.mp3\",\"type\":\"tts\",\"status\":\"completed\"}],\"is_geoblocked\":false,\"hasCashtag\":false},{\"id\":147236941,\"editor_v2\":false,\"publication_id\":2269685,\"title\":\"Here's What Really Caused 8.5 Million Computers to Crash\",\"social_title\":null,\"search_engine_title\":null,\"search_engine_description\":null,\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"slug\":\"heres-what-really-caused-85-million\",\"post_date\":\"2024-08-28T13:00:58.846Z\",\"audience\":\"everyone\",\"podcast_duration\":null,\"video_upload_id\":null,\"podcast_upload_id\":null,\"write_comment_permissions\":\"none\",\"should_send_free_preview\":false,\"free_unlock_required\":false,\"default_comment_sort\":null,\"canonical_url\":\"https://newsletter.betterstack.com/p/heres-what-really-caused-85-million\",\"section_id\":null,\"top_exclusions\":[],\"pins\":[],\"is_section_pinned\":false,\"section_slug\":null,\"section_name\":null,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":5},\"restacked_post_id\":null,\"restacked_post_slug\":null,\"restacked_pub_name\":null,\"restacked_pub_logo_url\":null,\"position\":3,\"subtitle\":\"How one security product crippled the world because of bad programming\",\"cover_image\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e4f6371-9931-4cdb-aa06-8feb86e395f8_2222x2031.png\",\"cover_image_is_square\":false,\"cover_image_is_explicit\":false,\"podcast_url\":\"\",\"videoUpload\":null,\"podcastFields\":{\"post_id\":147236941,\"podcast_episode_number\":null,\"podcast_season_number\":null,\"podcast_episode_type\":null,\"should_syndicate_to_other_feed\":null,\"syndicate_to_section_id\":null,\"hide_from_feed\":false,\"free_podcast_url\":null,\"free_podcast_duration\":null},\"podcast_preview_upload_id\":null,\"podcastUpload\":null,\"podcastPreviewUpload\":null,\"voiceover_upload_id\":\"c9432e0b-3802-449c-a093-cc3624e80d03\",\"voiceoverUpload\":{\"id\":\"c9432e0b-3802-449c-a093-cc3624e80d03\",\"name\":\"crowdstrike.mp3\",\"created_at\":\"2024-09-06T14:09:59.938Z\",\"uploaded_at\":\"2024-09-06T14:10:05.961Z\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"state\":\"transcoded\",\"post_id\":147236941,\"user_id\":251681141,\"duration\":458.68408,\"height\":null,\"width\":null,\"thumbnail_id\":1,\"preview_start\":null,\"preview_duration\":null,\"media_type\":\"audio\",\"primary_file_size\":\"5504567\",\"is_mux\":false,\"mux_asset_id\":null,\"mux_playback_id\":null,\"mux_preview_asset_id\":null,\"mux_preview_playback_id\":null,\"mux_rendition_quality\":null,\"mux_preview_rendition_quality\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"copyright_infringement\":null,\"src_media_upload_id\":null,\"live_stream_id\":null},\"has_voiceover\":true,\"description\":\"How one security product crippled the world because of bad programming\",\"body_json\":null,\"body_html\":null,\"truncated_body_text\":\"On July 19th, 2024 the largest cyber event in history hit the world. It affected 8.5 million Windows machines used for finance, healthcare, and other sectors.\",\"wordcount\":1319,\"postTags\":[{\"id\":\"121c388e-7fe0-4c50-911c-92959a0e2537\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"name\":\"programming\",\"slug\":\"programming\",\"hidden\":false},{\"id\":\"28692955-06ce-48d3-840b-5fdcdf0dc5a2\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"name\":\"crowdstrike\",\"slug\":\"crowdstrike\",\"hidden\":false},{\"id\":\"69714a3e-1377-41a8-9aa8-83a3b3252b4d\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"name\":\"scaling\",\"slug\":\"scaling\",\"hidden\":false}],\"teaser_post_eligible\":true,\"postCountryBlocks\":[],\"headlineTest\":null,\"coverImagePalette\":{\"Vibrant\":{\"rgb\":[244,188,110],\"population\":33},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[123.25000000000003,75.65000000000002,9.349999999999975],\"population\":0},\"LightVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[162,197,230],\"population\":90},\"Muted\":{\"rgb\":[124,124,124],\"population\":1},\"DarkMuted\":{\"rgb\":[142.21153846153848,87.28846153846155,10.788461538461501],\"population\":0},\"LightMuted\":{\"rgb\":[196,195,173],\"population\":42}},\"publishedBylines\":[{\"id\":251681141,\"name\":\"Richard Oliver Bray\",\"handle\":\"richardoliverbray\",\"previous_name\":\"Richard Bray\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2cfb44c1-5ecd-42e3-a7e9-f08a8ad4ad51_1424x1254.png\",\"bio\":null,\"profile_set_up_at\":\"2024-07-10T08:54:13.868Z\",\"publicationUsers\":[{\"id\":2817996,\"user_id\":251681141,\"publication_id\":2269685,\"role\":\"admin\",\"public\":true,\"is_primary\":false,\"publication\":{\"id\":2269685,\"name\":\"Hacking Scale by Better Stack\",\"subdomain\":\"betterstack\",\"custom_domain\":\"newsletter.betterstack.com\",\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"hero_text\":\"A weekly newsletter about building and scaling software from engineers at Better Stack\",\"logo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/87b62237-9eb2-480e-abda-ac1ffc34a163_256x256.png\",\"author_id\":131972456,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#FF81CD\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-18T12:37:43.323Z\",\"email_from_name\":\"Hacking Scale\",\"copyright\":\"Better Stack\",\"founding_plan_name\":null,\"community_enabled\":true,\"invite_only\":false,\"payments_state\":\"disabled\",\"language\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"homepage_type\":\"newspaper\",\"is_personal_mode\":false}}],\"is_guest\":false,\"bestseller_tier\":null}],\"reaction\":null,\"reaction_count\":5,\"comment_count\":0,\"child_comment_count\":0,\"audio_items\":[{\"post_id\":147236941,\"voice_id\":\"voiceover\",\"audio_url\":\"https://api.substack.com/api/v1/audio/upload/c9432e0b-3802-449c-a093-cc3624e80d03/src\",\"type\":\"voiceover\",\"status\":\"completed\",\"duration\":458.68408},{\"post_id\":147236941,\"voice_id\":\"en-US-JennyNeural\",\"audio_url\":\"https://substack-video.s3.amazonaws.com/video_upload/post/147236941/tts/4ea63534-8af6-4e8d-ae37-6bdc8454be7b/en-US-JennyNeural.mp3\",\"type\":\"tts\",\"status\":\"completed\"}],\"is_geoblocked\":false,\"hasCashtag\":false}],\"topThreeSubscribers\":[{\"id\":1053550,\"name\":\"Mykal Machon\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dade2a47-ac7d-4221-bc28-15e1b7b95810_499x499.jpeg\",\"bestseller_tier\":null,\"is_subscribed\":false},{\"id\":1058864,\"name\":\"Brett\",\"photo_url\":\"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/de958245-4e42-4bb3-8686-3c95490366ea_144x144.png\",\"bestseller_tier\":null,\"is_subscribed\":false},{\"id\":1258562,\"name\":\"Luke\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dfdd24ae-7b1a-4d40-bb66-313988e7a590_144x144.png\",\"bestseller_tier\":null,\"is_subscribed\":false}],\"activeLiveStream\":null,\"freeTrialCoupon\":null,\"isChatActive\":false,\"isMeetingsActive\":false,\"hasViralGiftsCount\":0,\"features\":{},\"showCookieBanner\":false,\"disabledCookies\":[],\"dd_env\":\"prod\",\"dd_ti\":true,\"mainBundleCSS\":[\"https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/main.e6ac88a65f265a386f25.css\",\"https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/color_links.c9908948e2f4e05476e6.css\"]}")</script> <script>window._analyticsConfig = JSON.parse("{\"properties\":{\"subdomain\":\"betterstack\",\"publication_id\":2269685,\"has_plans\":false,\"pub_community_enabled\":true,\"is_personal_publication\":false,\"is_subscribed\":false,\"is_free_subscribed\":false,\"is_author\":false,\"is_contributor\":false,\"is_admin\":false,\"is_founding\":false},\"adwordsAccountId\":\"AW-316245675\",\"adwordsEventSendTo\":\"Tf76CKqcyL4DEKuN5pYB\"}")</script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5368.8fbd81f0.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/4490.0853620b.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3466.9390f54c.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/2787.dd55f097.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/6457.f5a81fb7.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3138.762c9d26.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/6545.d15fcae0.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3915.6db4495a.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/409.af10efd9.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/8377.4a708a72.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/1621.23245045.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/1941.0c5a8d71.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/8688.909b1442.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/7184.71757d1f.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3771.3d9a583d.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3359.23301de5.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3956.c1b19536.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5863.96da7d1c.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/4205.339ea76d.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/6231.8c2385a3.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3075.5a0d8215.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/596.77442cbf.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/2272.b873a760.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/1262.8b354ed7.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/7944.a756225c.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3686.e6594f0c.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/968.a2d78b97.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/1756.83395654.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/2479.e0556575.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5953.6a59130a.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3615.1d2870bf.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/6666.33bcc480.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/8427.b11b4d57.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/8696.b7c5a59b.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/1026.8d07b77b.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/4364.54eb5f99.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/7152.29f06cb7.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/1904.79ba3827.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/6316.23cc9a9f.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/9931.eb824b53.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/6454.3f97155c.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/2047.85366af8.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5690.5f068d61.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/9027.b3840e7b.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/1466.6bbfa6d7.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5431.22bc02f0.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/2035.dc752d6f.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/565.763f026f.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/6336.8996d4aa.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5869.1ebf42c7.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/7668.536366e3.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/8381.07397fc1.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/789.37139d11.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3201.8e015ea3.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/2932.96bdf09e.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/366.0203e2b7.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/7340.e071c63d.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/1426.5e43505d.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5467.7d09bd25.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/7726.f33d546b.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/7244.1492af23.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/6651.619f0a33.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/9022.097fba68.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/9539.763162dc.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/9760.3b93fbba.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/642.7791d3be.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/9505.b7c9cbad.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/9017.d968ff6f.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/6304.d8b32b7d.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/8783.22db4f14.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/4948.ed157335.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/5959.2de301dc.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/6498.f29b31dc.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/5147.62c9e0eb.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/4769.53e5db8b.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/6537.77223370.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/2926.b66edd22.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/9314.7e77435c.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/8118.b5505a17.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/7381.01091de5.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/1415.0f00e52e.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/7710.0af693dc.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/4754.a7c372e8.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/5590.1f69ee6d.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/2667.03b01077.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/9327.5d94bfa3.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/6015.b83b1850.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/6175.6ca5b627.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/4213.6f465166.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/6993.daf8ad1a.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/4713.2509edbf.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/5871.4a866c47.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/186.359588f8.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/6927.0a0690f3.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/4976.1dbd68a8.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/8056.fc559398.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/3894.abd1971d.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/3134.ee4cb44f.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/2457.1c832495.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/6965.c1b2e7e2.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/1400.3b1a5f92.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/8617.131c92a2.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/8013.cc14ba9b.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/4834.beb4efe8.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/953.76be7471.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5456.3adb680a.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/5477.a25aaa36.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/4656.1dd3d510.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/2674.2cddc9de.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/7833.f0954a00.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/7075.587220a5.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/2675.dcb83175.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/9065.4781e5a5.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/8100.5951a0de.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/6918.9afd4e4a.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/4647.2de4549e.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3100.210434ef.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/6617.523d2d82.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/222.89a90655.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/7937.d5fa82e0.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/8074.79d5a2fa.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/294.0cbe2bd7.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5364.f1b96a09.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/7719.c4659ffd.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/6001.bfd8b0d7.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/1020.ad48d507.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/6426.6baba0aa.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/8842.5860ecaa.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/4601.b89a36c8.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5725.5bc36370.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/1995.2ad056b4.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5902.eb33273c.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/4637.f2de8d01.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/async/7499.3b8c69ba.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5341.17b0b37c.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/6628.8ed9bdba.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/1402.902fd809.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/7589.c7305867.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/735.936910d8.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/1094.5ef3b9eb.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/4449.4f38fadb.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3860.194b2fca.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5129.ac86e83d.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/welcome.7ed60fcd.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/6559.e960fd35.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3436.6b775a5b.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script defer src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/7450.36b9cd70.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script nomodule> (function() { var message = 'Your browser does not support modern JavaScript modules. Please upgrade your browser for the best experience.'; var warningDiv = document.createElement('div'); warningDiv.style.color = 'red'; warningDiv.style.padding = '10px'; warningDiv.style.margin = '10px 0'; warningDiv.style.border = '1px solid red'; warningDiv.style.backgroundColor = 'lightyellow'; warningDiv.innerText = message; document.body.prepend(warningDiv); })(); </script>  <script> (function(h,o,u,n,d) { h=h[d]=h[d]||{q:[],onReady:function(c){h.q.push(c)}} d=o.createElement(u);d.async=1;d.src=n n=o.getElementsByTagName(u)[0];n.parentNode.insertBefore(d,n) })(window,document,'script','https://www.datadoghq-browser-agent.com/us1/v5/datadog-rum.js','DD_RUM') window.DD_RUM.onReady(function() { window.DD_RUM.init({ clientToken: 'puba71073f072643721169b68f352438710', applicationId: '2e321b35-c76b-4073-8d04-cc9a10461793', site: 'datadoghq.com', service: 'substack-web', env: window._preloads.dd_env, version: 'affcd05181e3ea46195ccbc67152de2ef8f0fd17', sessionSampleRate: 1, sessionReplaySampleRate: 100, trackUserInteractions: window._preloads.dd_ti, trackResources: true, trackLongTasks: true, defaultPrivacyLevel: 'mask-user-input', allowedTracingUrls: [/https?:\/\/(.+\/.)?substack(cdn)?\.com/] }); }) </script>   <script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js" data-cf-beacon='{"token": "216309cffb464db4b0e02daf0b8e8060"}'></script>   <noscript><img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" alt="" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1062799887416376&ev=PageView&noscript=1"/></noscript> <noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" alt="" src="https://analytics.twitter.com/i/adsct?p_id=Twitter&p_user_id=0&txn_id=o7hjd&events=%5B%5B%22pageview%22%2Cnull%5D%5D&tw_sale_amount=0&tw_order_quantity=0&tw_iframe_status=0"/> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" alt="" src="https://t.co/i/adsct?p_id=Twitter&p_user_id=0&txn_id=o7hjd&events=%5B%5B%22pageview%22%2Cnull%5D%5D&tw_sale_amount=0&tw_order_quantity=0&tw_iframe_status=0"/> </noscript> <script> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='https://static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); twq('config','o7hjd'); </script> <noscript> <style> #nojs-banner { position: fixed; bottom: 0; left: 0; padding: 16px 16px 16px 32px; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background: red; color: white; font-family: -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 13px; line-height: 13px; } #nojs-banner a { color: inherit; text-decoration: underline; } </style> <div id="nojs-banner"> This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. Please <a href="https://enable-javascript.com/" target="_blank">turn on JavaScript</a> or unblock scripts </div> </noscript> </body> </html>