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Nombre négatif — Wikipédia

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href="#Arithmétique_impliquant_les_nombres_négatifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Arithmétique impliquant les nombres négatifs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arithmétique_impliquant_les_nombres_négatifs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Arithmétique impliquant les nombres négatifs</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arithmétique_impliquant_les_nombres_négatifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Addition_et_soustraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addition_et_soustraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Addition et soustraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addition_et_soustraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Multiplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nombre négatif</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 68 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8" title="عدد سالب – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عدد سالب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmberu_negativu" title="Númberu negativu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Númberu negativu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99nfi_%C9%99d%C9%99dl%C9%99r" title="Mənfi ədədlər – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mənfi ədədlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Адмоўны лік – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адмоўны лік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Адмоўны лік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адмоўны лік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8B%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%8B%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="ঋণাত্মক ও অঋণাত্মক সংখ্যা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঋণাত্মক ও অঋণাত্মক সংখ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niver_leiel" title="Niver leiel – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Niver leiel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negativan_broj" title="Negativan broj – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Negativan broj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Һөөргэ тоо – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һөөргэ тоо" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_negatiu" title="Nombre negatiu – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nombre negatiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ژمارە نەرێنییەکان – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژمارە نەرێنییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Минуслă хисеп – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Минуслă хисеп" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhif_negatif" title="Rhif negatif – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhif negatif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_Zahl" title="Negative Zahl – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Negative Zahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αρνητικός αριθμός – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρνητικός αριθμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_number" title="Negative number – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Negative number" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_negativo" title="Número negativo – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Número negativo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenbaki_negatibo" title="Zenbaki negatibo – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zenbaki negatibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C" title="عدد منفی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عدد منفی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_negativo" title="Número negativo – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Número negativo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מספרים חיוביים ושליליים – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מספרים חיוביים ושליליים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऋणात्मक संख्या – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऋणात्मक संख्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%BE" title="Բացասական թիվ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բացասական թիվ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumur_negatif" title="Lumur negatif – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Lumur negatif" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_riil_negatif" title="Bilangan riil negatif – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bilangan riil negatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neikv%C3%A6%C3%B0_tala" title="Neikvæð tala – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Neikvæð tala" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numero_negativo" title="Numero negativo – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Numero negativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E3%81%AE%E6%95%B0%E3%81%A8%E8%B2%A0%E3%81%AE%E6%95%B0" title="正の数と負の数 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="正の数と負の数" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="უარყოფითი რიცხვი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უარყოფითი რიცხვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="ចំនួនអវិជ្ជមាន – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចំនួនអវិជ្ជមាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%88%98" title="음수 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_miiba" title="Isa miiba – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Isa miiba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ഋണസംഖ്യ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഋണസംഖ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऋण संख्या – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऋण संख्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombor_negatif" title="Nombor negatif – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nombor negatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numru_negattiv" title="Numru negattiv – maltais" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Numru negattiv" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negatief_getal" title="Negatief getal – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Negatief getal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negativt_tal" title="Negativt tal – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Negativt tal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negativt_tall" title="Negativt tall – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Negativt tall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_negatiu" title="Nombre negatiu – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nombre negatiu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakkoofsa_wawwee" title="Lakkoofsa wawwee – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Lakkoofsa wawwee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znak_liczby" title="Znak liczby – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Znak liczby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="نیگیٹو نمبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیگیٹو نمبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_negativo" title="Número negativo – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Número negativo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Num%C4%83r_negativ" title="Număr negativ – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Număr negativ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Отрицательное число – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отрицательное число" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мэлдьэхтээх чыыһылалар – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мэлдьэхтээх чыыһылалар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_number" title="Negative number – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Negative number" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1porn%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%ADslo" title="Záporné číslo – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Záporné číslo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negativno_%C5%A1tevilo" title="Negativno število – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Negativno število" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhamba_Hwaradada" title="Nhamba Hwaradada – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nhamba Hwaradada" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiinada_taban" title="Thiinada taban – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Thiinada taban" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Негативан број – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Негативан број" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negativa_tal" title="Negativa tal – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Negativa tal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namba_hasi" title="Namba hasi – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Namba hasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="எதிர்ம எண் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எதிர்ம எண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A" title="จำนวนลบและจำนวนไม่เป็นลบ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จำนวนลบและจำนวนไม่เป็นลบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negatif_say%C4%B1" title="Negatif sayı – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Negatif sayı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%27%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Від&#039;ємне число – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Від&#039;ємне число" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF" title="منفی عدد – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منفی عدد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfiy_sonlar" title="Manfiy sonlar – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Manfiy sonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_%C3%A2m" title="Số âm – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Số âm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9F%E6%95%B0" title="负数 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="负数" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D2%AF_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Эсрегү тойг – kalmouk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Эсрегү тойг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmouk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B9%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99" title="ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙ – amazighe standard marocain" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazighe standard marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9F%E6%95%B0" title="负数 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="负数" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E6%95%B8" title="負數 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="負數" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E6%95%B8" title="負數 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="負數" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:US_Navy_070317-N-3642E-379_During_the_warmest_part_of_the_day,_a_thermometer_outside_of_the_Applied_Physics_Laboratory_Ice_Station%27s_(APLIS)_mess_tent_still_does_not_break_out_of_the_sub-freezing_temperatures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/US_Navy_070317-N-3642E-379_During_the_warmest_part_of_the_day%2C_a_thermometer_outside_of_the_Applied_Physics_Laboratory_Ice_Station%27s_%28APLIS%29_mess_tent_still_does_not_break_out_of_the_sub-freezing_temperatures.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/US_Navy_070317-N-3642E-379_During_the_warmest_part_of_the_day%2C_a_thermometer_outside_of_the_Applied_Physics_Laboratory_Ice_Station%27s_%28APLIS%29_mess_tent_still_does_not_break_out_of_the_sub-freezing_temperatures.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/US_Navy_070317-N-3642E-379_During_the_warmest_part_of_the_day%2C_a_thermometer_outside_of_the_Applied_Physics_Laboratory_Ice_Station%27s_%28APLIS%29_mess_tent_still_does_not_break_out_of_the_sub-freezing_temperatures.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thermom%C3%A8tre" title="Thermomètre">Thermomètre</a> indiquant une température négative en <a href="/wiki/Degr%C3%A9_Fahrenheit" title="Degré Fahrenheit">degrés Fahrenheit</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>nombre négatif</b> est un <a href="/wiki/Nombre_r%C3%A9el" title="Nombre réel">nombre réel</a> qui est inférieur à <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9ro" title="Zéro">zéro</a>, comme <span class="texhtml">−3</span> ou <span class="texhtml">−<a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">π</a></span> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La première apparition connue des nombres négatifs est dans <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Neuf_Chapitres_sur_l%27art_math%C3%A9matique" title="Les Neuf Chapitres sur l&#39;art mathématique">Les Neuf Chapitres sur l'art mathématique</a></i> (<i>Jiǔzhāng Suànshù</i>), dont les versions qui nous sont parvenues datent du début de la <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Han" title="Dynastie Han">dynastie Han</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle&#160;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>), sans qu'on puisse dater les versions originales, sans doute plus anciennes<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <i>Les Neuf Chapitres</i> utilise des <a href="/wiki/Baguettes_%C3%A0_calculer" title="Baguettes à calculer">bâtons de numération</a> rouges pour les nombres positifs et des noirs pour les négatifs<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cela permettait aux <a href="/wiki/Chinois_(nation)" title="Chinois (nation)">Chinois</a> de résoudre un <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9quations_lin%C3%A9aires" title="Système d&#39;équations linéaires">système d'équations linéaires</a> à coefficients négatifs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Math%C3%A9matiques_indiennes" title="Mathématiques indiennes">En Inde</a>, on formule des règles cohérentes pour les travailler<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et on comprend leur signification (en même temps que celui du <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9ro" title="Zéro">zéro</a>) dans des situations telle que les emprunts et dettes<sup id="cite_ref-bourbaki49_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bourbaki49-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ainsi qu'en atteste le <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmasphutasiddhanta" title="Brahmasphutasiddhanta">Brahmasphutasiddhanta</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="7ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle), mais ces concepts peuvent être antérieurs<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Brahmagupta utilise les nombres négatifs dans l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89quation_du_second_degr%C3%A9" title="Équation du second degré">équation du second degré</a> et sa solution&#160;; son vocabulaire est celui du commerce (un nombre négatif est une dette, un nombre positif une richesse). </p><p>Les concepts indiens se diffusent lentement vers l'ouest&#160;; vers l'an 1000, les <a href="/wiki/Math%C3%A9matiques_arabes" title="Mathématiques arabes">mathématiciens arabo-musulmans</a> comme <a href="/wiki/Abu_l-Wafa" title="Abu l-Wafa">Abu l-Wafa</a> utilisent couramment le zéro et les nombres négatifs (pour représenter des dettes, encore), et l'<a href="/wiki/Occident" title="Occident">Occident</a> entre en contact avec ces concepts<sup id="cite_ref-bourbaki49_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bourbaki49-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Cependant la notion de quantité négative reste longtemps choquante&#160;; lorsque des nombres négatifs apparaissent on les considère comme «&#160;absurdes&#160;» ou faux. Par exemple <a href="/wiki/Diophante_d%27Alexandrie" title="Diophante d&#39;Alexandrie">Diophante</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle), à propos de l'équation 4<i>x</i> + 20 = 0, dont la solution est −5, dit qu'elle est «&#160;absurde&#160;». En Inde, <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_II" title="Bhāskara II">Bhāskara II</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="12ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle) utilise les nombres négatifs mais rejette les solutions négatives de l'équation quadratique&#160;; il les considère comme inadéquates et impossibles à interpréter. On fera de même en Occident au moins jusqu'au <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle<sup id="cite_ref-martinez_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinez-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. On s'autorise néanmoins à s'en servir, quitte à les appeler «&#160;absurdes&#160;» comme <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chuquet" title="Nicolas Chuquet">Nicolas Chuquet</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle) qui s'en sert comme <a href="/wiki/Exposant_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Exposant (mathématiques)">exposant</a>. </p><p>Les mathématiciens occidentaux résistent au concept, sauf dans le contexte commercial (toujours) où on peut les interpréter comme des dettes (<a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Fibonacci" title="Leonardo Fibonacci">Fibonacci</a>, chapitre 13 de <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Abaci" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Abaci">Liber Abaci</a></i>, 1202) ou des pertes (Fibonacci, <i>Flos</i>, 1225). </p><p>Les nombres négatifs acquièrent progressivement droit de cité au cours du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle, pour n'être véritablement acceptés qu'au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle<sup id="cite_ref-martinez_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinez-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"><span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell">Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif" title="Spécial:EditPage/Nombre négatif">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue&#160;! <a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire&#160;?</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Généralités"><span id="G.C3.A9n.C3.A9ralit.C3.A9s"></span>Généralités</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Généralités" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Généralités"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lorsqu'on parle de nombres <a href="/wiki/Nombre_positif" title="Nombre positif">positifs</a> ou négatifs, le nombre zéro est souvent exclu. Le dictionnaire Lexis<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> précise&#160;: <span class="citation">«&#160;Les nombres négatifs, les nombres positifs et le zéro forment l'ensemble des nombres relatifs&#160;»</span>. L'<a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie française">Académie française</a>, dans la <a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Neuvième_édition" title="Dictionnaire de l&#39;Académie française">neuvième édition de son <i>Dictionnaire</i></a>, précise quant à elle qu'un nombre négatif est <span class="citation">«&#160;inférieur à zéro et précédé du signe –&#160;»</span>. Pour certains auteurs cependant<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, les adjectifs «&#160;positif&#160;» et «&#160;négatif&#160;» sont pris au sens large, c'est-à-dire que zéro est inclus&#160;; zéro est donc, selon cette acception, un nombre (le seul) à la fois positif et négatif<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Lorsqu'un nombre est négatif et non nul, on peut préciser, afin d'éviter toute confusion, qu'il est <b>strictement négatif</b>. </p><p>Les entiers négatifs peuvent être regardés comme une extension des <a href="/wiki/Entier_naturel" title="Entier naturel">entiers naturels</a>, telle que l'équation <i>x</i> − <i>y</i> = <i>z</i> ait une solution significative pour toutes les valeurs de <i>x</i> et <i>y</i>&#160;; l'ensemble des entiers positifs ou négatifs s'appelle l'ensemble des <a href="/wiki/Entier_relatif" title="Entier relatif">entiers relatifs</a>. Les autres ensembles de nombres peuvent être alors construits, comme des extensions progressivement plus élaborées ou comme des généralisations à partir des entiers. </p> <ul><li>L'ensemble des entiers relatifs négatifs est habituellement noté <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cf449389b0dea4b7a6bc25c608b1964248670e1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.061ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{-}}"></span>&#160;;</li> <li>l'ensemble des entiers relatifs strictement négatifs est habituellement noté <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{-}^{*}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2217;<!-- ∗ --></mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{-}^{*}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a0b1d35ee780e5322a5947391bfcdc078167b90" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.061ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{-}^{*}}"></span>&#160;;</li> <li>l'ensemble des <a href="/wiki/Nombre_rationnel" title="Nombre rationnel">nombres rationnels</a> négatifs est habituellement noté <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bcb9766d6ba59550a0ce58dc6619d4bdc6e4ebc4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.319ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{-}}"></span>&#160;;</li> <li>l'ensemble des nombres rationnels strictement négatifs est habituellement noté <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{-}^{*}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2217;<!-- ∗ --></mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{-}^{*}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5c3d0725b31489215c952642749dc1832e17f8ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.319ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{-}^{*}}"></span>&#160;;</li> <li>l'ensemble des <a href="/wiki/Nombre_r%C3%A9el" title="Nombre réel">nombres réels</a> négatifs est habituellement noté <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} _{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} _{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6f88dff0035ce657c35306af2a2215090830a3e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.189ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} _{-}}"></span>&#160;;</li> <li>l'ensemble des nombres réels strictement négatifs est habituellement noté <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} _{-}^{*}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2217;<!-- ∗ --></mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} _{-}^{*}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fd7cb2a6a89f2059d5108035c5ad067164841a22" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.189ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} _{-}^{*}}"></span>.</li></ul> <p>Un nombre négatif est écrit sans <a href="/wiki/Espace_(typographie)" title="Espace (typographie)">espace séparateur</a> après le signe moins. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/Comptabilit%C3%A9" title="Comptabilité">comptabilité</a>, on représente un nombre négatif par un nombre écrit en <a href="/wiki/Rouge_(couleur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouge (couleur)">rouge</a>, ou par un nombre entre parenthèses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interprétation"><span id="Interpr.C3.A9tation"></span>Interprétation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Interprétation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Interprétation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les nombres négatifs ont du sens pour&#160;: </p> <ul><li>représenter des <a href="/wiki/Dette" title="Dette">dettes</a> ou des déficits (par opposition à des patrimoines positifs)&#160;;</li> <li>représenter des pertes ou plus généralement des variations «&#160;en moins&#160;». Exemple&#160;: des descentes (d'échelle ou d'ascenseur), par opposition à des montées représentées par des nombres positifs&#160;; des destructions (annulations, suppressions, etc.) par opposition à des créations (accroissements, etc.) représentées par des nombres positifs&#160;;</li> <li>décrire des valeurs sur une échelle qui descend au-dessous d'une référence préalablement fixée (un <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9ro" title="Zéro">zéro</a>), telle que la <a href="/wiki/Temp%C3%A9rature" title="Température">température</a>, le repérage de niveaux de sous-sol, la profondeur d'immersion sous le niveau de la mer…&#160;;</li> <li>compter une quantité manquante, par rapport à une référence. Exemples&#160;: un vide dans un objet plein&#160;; des manquants dans une unité militaire par rapport à son effectif nominal&#160;; la graduation d'une balance sans le plateau qui sert à contenir les objets à peser (elle est à zéro avec le plateau, donc en dessous quand on l'enlève).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arithmétique_impliquant_les_nombres_négatifs"><span id="Arithm.C3.A9tique_impliquant_les_nombres_n.C3.A9gatifs"></span>Arithmétique impliquant les nombres négatifs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Arithmétique impliquant les nombres négatifs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Arithmétique impliquant les nombres négatifs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addition_et_soustraction">Addition et soustraction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : Addition et soustraction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Addition et soustraction"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ajouter un nombre négatif revient à soustraire le nombre positif correspondant&#160;: </p> <dl><dd>5 + (−3) = 5 − 3 = 2</dd> <dd>−2 + (−5) = −2 − 5 = −7</dd></dl> <p>Soustraire un nombre positif d'un plus petit nombre positif donne un résultat négatif&#160;: </p> <dl><dd>4 − 6 = −2 (si vous avez en poche 4&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="euro">€</abbr> et que vous dépensez 6&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="euro">€</abbr>, alors vous avez une dette de 2&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="euro">€</abbr>).</dd></dl> <p>Soustraire un nombre positif d'un nombre négatif donne un résultat négatif&#160;: </p> <dl><dd>−3 − 6 = −9 (si vous avez une dette de 3&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="euro">€</abbr> et que vous dépensez encore 6&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="euro">€</abbr>, alors vous avez une dette de 9&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="euro">€</abbr>).</dd></dl> <p>Soustraire un nombre négatif équivaut à ajouter le nombre positif correspondant: </p> <dl><dd>5 − (−2) = 5 + 2 = 7 (si vous disposez d'une valeur nette de 5&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="euro">€</abbr> et que vous vous débarrassez d'une dette de 2&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="euro">€</abbr>, alors il vous reste une valeur 7&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="euro">€</abbr> en poche).</dd></dl> <p>Aussi: </p> <dl><dd>(−8) − (−3) = −5 (si vous avez une dette de 8&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="euro">€</abbr> et que vous vous débarrassez d'une dette de 3&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="euro">€</abbr>, alors vous aurez encore une dette de 5&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="euro">€</abbr>).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiplication">Multiplication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : Multiplication" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Multiplication"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le <a href="/wiki/Multiplication" title="Multiplication">produit</a> d'un nombre négatif par un nombre positif donne un résultat négatif: (−2) · 3 = −6. </p><p><i>Interprétation</i>&#160;: on aura une multiplication de ce genre lorsqu'un évènement négatif se reproduit plusieurs fois (dans l'exemple, le triplement d'une dette de 2&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="euro">€</abbr> aboutit à une dette de 6&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="euro">€</abbr>), ou lorsqu'une quantité positive disparait (dans l'exemple, la perte de <span class="nowrap">2 bourses</span> de 3&#160;euros). </p><p>La multiplication de deux nombres négatifs donne un résultat positif: (−2) · (−3) = 6. </p><p><i>Interprétation</i>&#160;: on aura une multiplication de ce genre lors de la disparition (qui se représente par un nombre négatif, si les créations sont comptées positivement) d'une quantité négative (une dette par exemple)&#160;; par exemple, <span class="nowrap">3 annulations</span> de dettes de 2&#160;euros chacune (on a bien un enrichissement de 6&#160;euros), ou encore la suppression de <span class="nowrap">2 vides</span> de chacun <span class="nowrap">3 unités</span> (correspondant bien à l'ajout de <span class="nowrap">6 unités</span>). </p><p>On retrouve la <a href="/wiki/Distributivit%C3%A9" title="Distributivité">distributivité</a> de la multiplication&#160;: </p> <dl><dd>(3 + (−3)) · (−2) = 3 · (−2) + (−3) · (−2).</dd></dl> <p>Le membre de gauche de cette relation est égal à 0 · (−2) = 0. Le côté droit est une somme de −6 + (−3) · (−2)&#160;; pour que les deux membres soient égaux, nous avons besoin que (−3) · (−2) = 6. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:85%; padding-left:1.6em; margin:0.3em 0;"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">«&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_number?oldid=348625585">Negative number</a>&#160;» <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_number?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Selon tous les dictionnaires français classiques. Certains auteurs considèrent cependant également zéro comme un nombre négatif: voir la section "Généralités".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Jan_Struik" title="Dirk Jan Struik">Dirk Jan Struik</a>, <i>A Concise History of Mathematics</i>, Dover, 2012 (<abbr class="abbr" title="Quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr> éd.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=wcGpAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA33"><abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;33</a>&#160;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&#160;<span class="italique">In these matrices we find negative numbers, which appear here for the first time in history.</span>&#160;»</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._G._Temple" title="Robert K. G. Temple">Robert K. G. Temple</a>, <i>The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention</i> (préfacé par <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a>), New York, Simon and Schuster, 1986 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-671-62028-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-671-62028-8"><span class="nowrap">978-0-671-62028-8</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">L'usage <a href="/wiki/Comptabilit%C3%A9" title="Comptabilité">comptable</a> moderne est exactement opposé&#160;: les chiffres positifs y sont noirs, les rouges représentent les quantités négatives.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#Les_produits_dérivés_imprimés" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</a></i>, 2007, <i>algebra</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bourbaki49-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bourbaki49_6-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-bourbaki49_6-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bourbaki"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicolas_Bourbaki"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bourbaki" title="Nicolas Bourbaki">Nicolas <span class="nom_auteur">Bourbaki</span></a>, <cite class="italique"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments_d%27histoire_des_math%C3%A9matiques" title="Éléments d&#39;histoire des mathématiques">Éléments d'histoire des mathématiques</a></cite> <small>&#91;<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence:Histoire_des_math%C3%A9matiques_(Bourbaki)" title="Référence:Histoire des mathématiques (Bourbaki)">détail des éditions</a>&#93;</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C3%89l%C3%A9ments+d%27histoire+des+math%C3%A9matiques&amp;rft.aulast=Bourbaki&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicolas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANombre+n%C3%A9gatif"></span></span></span>, 2007, § L'évolution de l'algèbre, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;70 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=Qvo8-KC__VAC&amp;pg=PA49"><abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;49 de l'éd. en anglais de 1998</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir <a href="/wiki/Manuscrit_de_Bakhshali" title="Manuscrit de Bakhshali">Manuscrit de Bakhshali</a> et <span class="ouvrage" id="O&#39;ConnorRobertson"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_J._O&#39;ConnorEdmund_F._Robertson"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor" title="John J. O&#39;Connor">John J. O'Connor</a> et <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Robertson" title="Edmund Robertson">Edmund F. Robertson</a>, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Bakhshali_manuscript"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Bakhshali manuscript</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">MacTutor</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_St_Andrews" title="Université de St Andrews">université de St Andrews</a></span></span>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martinez-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-martinez_8-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-martinez_8-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Alberto A. Martinez, <i>Negative Math: How Mathematical Rules Can Be Positively Bent</i>, Princeton University Press, 2006 <small>&#91;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=8HSodlYby9MC">lire en ligne</a>&#93;</small> (une histoire des controverses sur les nombres négatifs, principalement depuis les années 1600 jusqu'au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Librairie Larousse, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="LaurentBarussaud2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Denise_LaurentGuy_Barussaud2010">Denise Laurent et Guy Barussaud, <cite class="italique">Épreuves de mathématiques</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Foucher" title="Éditions Foucher">Foucher</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&#160;«&#160;<a href="/wiki/Concours_administratif_en_France" title="Concours administratif en France">Concours fonction publique</a>&#160;», <time>2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=iFE31iyu1ugC&amp;pg=PA46">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;46<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C3%89preuves+de+math%C3%A9matiques&amp;rft.pub=Foucher&amp;rft.aulast=Laurent&amp;rft.aufirst=Denise&amp;rft.au=Guy+Barussaud&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.pages=46&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANombre+n%C3%A9gatif"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alain2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Alain2004">Georges Alain, <cite class="italique">Pratique des Maths de A à Z</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Hatier" title="Hatier">Hatier</a>, <time>2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=uNBgDbhECZ4C&amp;pg=PT32">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;32<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pratique+des+Maths+de+A+%C3%A0+Z&amp;rft.pub=Hatier&amp;rft.aulast=Alain&amp;rft.aufirst=Georges&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=32&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANombre+n%C3%A9gatif"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BonnefondDaviaudRevranche2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="G._BonnefondD._DaviaudB._Revranche2017">G. Bonnefond, D. Daviaud, B. Revranche <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, <cite class="italique">Le Tout-en-un de <a href="/wiki/Classe_de_cinqui%C3%A8me_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Classe de cinquième française">la <abbr class="abbr" title="Cinquième">5<sup>e</sup></abbr></a></cite>, <a href="/wiki/Hatier" title="Hatier">Hatier</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&#160;«&#160;Chouette&#160;», <time>2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=jm4kDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA72">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;72<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+Tout-en-un+de+la+5e&amp;rft.pub=Hatier&amp;rft.aulast=Bonnefond&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.au=D.+Daviaud&amp;rft.au=B.+Revranche&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.pages=72&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANombre+n%C3%A9gatif"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Cette terminologie diffère donc de la terminologie anglo-saxonne, pour laquelle les «&#160;<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">negative numbers</span></i>&#160;» sont les nombres <i>strictement</i> négatifs, zéro n'étant considéré ni comme un nombre positif, ni comme un nombre négatif. Les nombres négatifs, avec le zéro, sont appelés en anglais les «&#160;<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">non-positive numbers</span></i>&#160;».</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nombre_n%C3%A9gatif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signe_(arithm%C3%A9tique)" title="Signe (arithmétique)">Signe (arithmétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signes_plus_et_moins" title="Signes plus et moins">Signes plus et moins</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Notion_de_nombre" title="Modèle:Palette Notion de nombre"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Notion_de_nombre&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Notion de <a href="/wiki/Nombre" title="Nombre">nombre</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Ensembles usuels</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entier_naturel" title="Entier naturel">Entier naturel</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {N} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {N} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/40eac26c488d3257e3fbe63619729673145d228c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.187ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {N} }"></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entier_relatif" title="Entier relatif">Entier relatif</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {Z} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {Z} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f0c672518c0350ca035befd41c26633a2d399431" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.096ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {Z} }"></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_d%C3%A9cimal" title="Nombre décimal">Nombre décimal</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {D} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">D</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {D} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a3f303c0b908a47cc0dfb5e7a7293a94a22dd0bf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.187ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {D} }"></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_rationnel" title="Nombre rationnel">Nombre rationnel</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {Q} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/feaa5ab94a056a5a25944ddf0c52c92a404715ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.279ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {Q} }"></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_r%C3%A9el" title="Nombre réel">Nombre réel</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {R} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ac7df6838b44979c6531f6a0306206fbdb0477ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.187ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {R} }"></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_complexe" title="Nombre complexe">Nombre complexe</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {C} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebe3a54bb4e56c039e18c3af24ba70ab377f7a07" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.187ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {C} }"></span>)</li></ul> </div></td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:7px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mathématiques"><img alt="Mathématiques" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/105px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/140px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Extensions</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quaternion" title="Quaternion">Quaternion</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {H} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">H</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {H} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d00daea5df233d805f1ec5d5ae84845bac2ad06" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.279ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {H} }"></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octonion" title="Octonion">Octonion</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {O} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">O</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {O} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c5cf3960cf7ba384648447c15581d5d4589a6d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.279ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {O} }"></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9d%C3%A9nion" title="Sédénion">Sédénion</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {S} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">S</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {S} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ef48a593f4503abeab608e8781ba478b7d1b304" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.914ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {S} }"></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_complexe_d%C3%A9ploy%C3%A9" title="Nombre complexe déployé">Nombre complexe déployé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarine" title="Tessarine">Tessarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_bicomplexe" title="Nombre bicomplexe">Nombre bicomplexe</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {C} _{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {C} _{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba9ab8af8ff8f4437f3c72de4e78738374ee4954" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.018ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {C} _{2}}"></span>)</li> <li>Nombre multicomplexe (<a href="/wiki/Nombre_multicomplexe_(Segre)" title="Nombre multicomplexe (Segre)"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {C} _{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {C} _{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee4170ef11ece45d8b66656c919e34eefdb51e42" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.151ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {C} _{n}}"></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_multicomplexe_(Fleury)" title="Nombre multicomplexe (Fleury)"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathcal {M}}\mathbb {C} _{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">M</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathcal {M}}\mathbb {C} _{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7be2600f9a2a7a3fdbdb7b08d21dec751dfde32e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:4.125ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathcal {M}}\mathbb {C} _{n}}"></span></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biquaternion" title="Biquaternion">Biquaternion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquaternion" title="Coquaternion">Coquaternion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternion_hyperbolique" title="Quaternion hyperbolique">Quaternion hyperbolique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octonion_d%C3%A9ploy%C3%A9" title="Octonion déployé">Octonion déployé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_hypercomplexe" title="Nombre hypercomplexe">Nombre hypercomplexe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_p-adique" title="Nombre p-adique">Nombre p-adique</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/425658dc852cec8a2d4b6f7d513e60977710d7f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.114ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}}"></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_hyperr%C3%A9el" title="Nombre hyperréel">Nombre hyperréel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_superr%C3%A9el" title="Nombre superréel">Nombre superréel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_dual" title="Nombre dual">Nombre dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droite_r%C3%A9elle_achev%C3%A9e" title="Droite réelle achevée">Droite réelle achevée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_cardinal" title="Nombre cardinal">Nombre cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_ordinal" title="Nombre ordinal">Nombre ordinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_surr%C3%A9el" title="Nombre surréel">Nombre surréel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_pseudo-r%C3%A9el" title="Nombre pseudo-réel">Nombre pseudo-réel</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Propriétés particulières</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parit%C3%A9_(arithm%C3%A9tique)" title="Parité (arithmétique)">Parité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_premier" title="Nombre premier">Nombre premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_compos%C3%A9" title="Nombre composé">Nombre composé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_figur%C3%A9" title="Nombre figuré">Nombre figuré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_parfait" title="Nombre parfait">Nombre parfait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_positif" title="Nombre positif">Nombre positif</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nombre négatif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraction_dyadique" title="Fraction dyadique">Fraction dyadique</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/14px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/21px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/28px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nombre_irrationnel" title="Nombre irrationnel">Nombre irrationnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_alg%C3%A9brique" title="Nombre algébrique">Nombre algébrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_transcendant" title="Nombre transcendant">Nombre transcendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_imaginaire_pur" title="Nombre imaginaire pur">Nombre imaginaire pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_de_Liouville" title="Nombre de Liouville">Nombre de Liouville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alg%C3%A8bre_des_p%C3%A9riodes" title="Algèbre des périodes">Période</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_normal" title="Nombre normal">Nombre normal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_univers" title="Nombre univers">Nombre univers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_constructible" title="Nombre constructible">Nombre constructible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_r%C3%A9el_calculable" title="Nombre réel calculable">Nombre réel calculable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nombre_transfini" title="Nombre transfini">Nombre transfini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiniment_petit" title="Infiniment petit">Infiniment petit</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Exemples</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">Pi</a> (<span class="texhtml">π</span>)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/14px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/21px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/28px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Racine_carr%C3%A9e_de_deux" title="Racine carrée de deux">Racine carrée de deux</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\sqrt {2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\sqrt {2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b6ac02637a190523aa10dde1b52ae41964dfff0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.191ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\sqrt {2}}}"></span>)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/14px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/21px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/28px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nombre_d%27or" title="Nombre d&#39;or">Nombre d’or</a> (φ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9ro" title="Zéro">Zéro</a> (0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_imaginaire" title="Unité imaginaire">Unité imaginaire</a> (<span class="texhtml">i</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_(nombre)" title="E (nombre)">Constante de Neper</a> (<span class="texhtml">e</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleph-z%C3%A9ro" title="Aleph-zéro">Aleph-zéro</a> (ℵ<sub>0</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_de_constantes_math%C3%A9matiques" title="Table de constantes mathématiques">Table de constantes mathématiques</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Articles liés</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiffre" title="Chiffre">Chiffre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ration" title="Numération">Numération</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraction_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Fraction (mathématiques)">Fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Opération (mathématiques)">Opération</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcul_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Calcul (mathématiques)">Calcul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alg%C3%A8bre" title="Algèbre">Algèbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arithm%C3%A9tique" title="Arithmétique">Arithmétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_d%27entiers" title="Suite d&#39;entiers">Suite d'entiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infini" title="Infini">Infini</a> (<span class="texhtml">∞</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffre_significatif" title="Chiffre significatif">Chiffre significatif</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Arithm%C3%A9tique_et_th%C3%A9orie_des_nombres" title="Arithmétique et théorie des nombres"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pascal%27s_triangle_5.svg/34px-Pascal%27s_triangle_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pascal%27s_triangle_5.svg/50px-Pascal%27s_triangle_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pascal%27s_triangle_5.svg/67px-Pascal%27s_triangle_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Arithm%C3%A9tique_et_th%C3%A9orie_des_nombres" title="Portail:Arithmétique et théorie des nombres">Arithmétique et théorie des nombres</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐v4897 Cached time: 20241124174522 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.234 seconds Real time usage: 0.385 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2901/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 53488/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 12852/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12635/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.074/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4537441/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 247.063 1 -total 31.31% 77.354 1 Modèle:Références 19.22% 47.480 1 Modèle:Portail 10.57% 26.114 1 Modèle:... 10.12% 24.998 1 Modèle:Traduction/Référence 8.66% 21.388 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau_de_section 8.63% 21.316 4 Modèle:Ouvrage 8.51% 21.031 1 Modèle:Catégorisation_badges 8.44% 20.856 1 Modèle:Palette 8.04% 19.862 2 Modèle:Indication_de_langue --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key frwiki:pcache:idhash:19766-0!canonical and timestamp 20241124174522 and revision id 212660655. 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