CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91340a494bd1f9e6',cH: '8jHliVN.yQm8_S7x0PcBwjk8cq9AGAlJ3L9lnt9zezU-1739777092-1.2.1.1-mS3GCqb5prYpc4EtN5Dvx0nZyLxUOHhFJ8yOt4Cvcmg5vfzJ8yY8jwZM9wU.m4uq',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/113330\/an-equivalent-circuit-model-approach-for-battery-pack-simulation-in-a-hybrid-electric-vehicle-system-powertrain?__cf_chl_tk=0fAQ4_KhLkvjaZFhYj.VVLIG34k31cfymifMtMdGvz4-1739777092-1.0.1.1-jUfGhXLbFh4Ze9AFG_Q.EdE9pyWCm1sNQAozwXl38ck",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739777092',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/113330\/an-equivalent-circuit-model-approach-for-battery-pack-simulation-in-a-hybrid-electric-vehicle-system-powertrain?__cf_chl_f_tk=0fAQ4_KhLkvjaZFhYj.VVLIG34k31cfymifMtMdGvz4-1739777092-1.0.1.1-jUfGhXLbFh4Ze9AFG_Q.EdE9pyWCm1sNQAozwXl38ck",md: "tCCLDMGRu7UzVGJWlu.d1VO9.ACZTP2queKUkFEkgKA-1739777092-1.2.1.1-u3m.geDH4e76jCm4TrahNpiCDmuVyEvoSwTDLqr0vKowroqb41Tc2URue1Wyfxfnls3pmHmfckEJiVyl_G0tPxQ9uOz3y.1LPde60c86LqRCUivkxCORjFecGCGrmlfIJicFc.DQU02V_pLre3TyHsBPnaS9WeZL9FyorHXycdjHrCtxodSqNJ1IuZsLGm4gyyGkNaWsGitI9liPZ4wkR0WNpZl1gdaBv2KOZIkYU5Gq1yqUYd05EDMFALppWctFZZAkrt1sP8mXwGlm_P5YsG.AjT3Jr3NIWnJXzyKKhkI_whbYI5joKqB.RXgko4mNXGudv_pLg0NUDx3A2.B8SU0KVpLgetXXOJZavuTKdX7JTHM0O9AeW7qdseJXr34dJvjcB0Z5IB0e7FNH8UQn_LIX1gh8s.oI2gowFYdCE7a5.Ubp9wjrjLo1U2m0ZjzOCNciOrLuQR2cfZwqgNPVwKJg_RydNz2W_rdILkdEcfmtCQq4Gmd98vHofxqpYGUv2vrSiGNLyjR6DpJfFlEb6TN4wVq3zbqtccS5T_zTOeoQT5S2pyxSTvE_EJADJUzOKRjwUfJKHETV5vEX65NBkGxHo7.A55i5MSgj.HzVRnmSU.QTe8UoQ2gC.N8aGWHo1WspgqCzUkIG4BFLB39VaHNuMnbiGolwjyIMRKQ5wLEObA1DpfSWPrRlYGGvSLbjotk1e6UBI1qbjAf6PlJk_RYUHdWclIa_aar2NwlZwAvURvO.OfSUXDPUyDeT8GQCbx2AMoIn153G8mj.jRWCpKz1iZNNVGnZ7EvsRmGjtPCkXf9oKbsxNS.JmZ.IKUPPkQkSWOh2cnX2P04l7izdo0ny6SLU2fwQ32KfCQtuPGE2_e6hxBu3.FZii9BmlXxrJ7aKwKGzgCBBbIXa1DIXT.RH19dazSzml3cjT._801.eOz.Qv82znd4733eppvEkjegQM2A1Wv50Y4Vx.BmiHfeKc_qO_nliuhNrOtmuMxCFYtUTiLcUNGPYv6.AwLN7xBSdOMD49ceJlY82LuGnwJAhOd0qWlzWgyz88m8PNZE4Y5dGyRcM0X8tA96PKT2uW3Q3s2fwXqGfrtYj3QQAm5UJG_jcv9ooGhE92ke3h_JB2Xk6zZb1THI4kQZ7syfimAXz2LvcdDk5OkU3Oz1HeTpZo7qIZvqyUvRT_3GqiIs9TZ7i.LEBvWUI7iWkZiCLXM3ChsN.82O_53htmE0dkpKkLVpnZv5LE4pB6JO8bMtbHgMBP12WNp6vtosisgL9NHyEtxGUmwG8yl.9UEswOVpIA8yRPtwRAal37YuEteHnenyQkxobBs2P_1qpMbAhQUhrKOzrP3Z3RWt0FJBTCRVUBB3jaf1omdxBBSwucQvs3DJR48BG5B0UQRr5ByqXLkH1.YDPOedPXNGdbDeaTutej6hcseAXPUVfeT6VOufoiWKoRSJ7QZGO9iUukXxc.ebNmy6QmkVR4efCPYPV1r2..NlpZcgdpXNxHbnYXeNa2E_0zHwDHXuh8q5uHuntmdLG1cJAw5rnZT7j3io6J2BlBtYVTnw5bjXmsQBs_QCk0E3I8MUJuLPhi8QWsNTz4BQIICao9iSj226SQoY9SQqI72Bo3sCQUFkQ5JnoQGLhAnNOd_.tG7_hunnzPcVNpHx_AfiVL4ZX3tORObvDZCkcQQ7knHP4YnCJUd5_rPOeMODGMGxVtv7lwM3Bsnp80StKdTkF18ApLXn8.HhyyGmNMKcdmYgxCYC4bO0lpBk_86PlYf0l3iaplp2GcR4cV6UDn_kf0a4y1H0B4mIuXLwL_R_vJAr.4Thf8KyLLN2Y6ZmD.H9OePmmOR6gOnnF77jZv4JzeF65uQnd82YHOGDVQLjAFhWC8ZQbkVyKjf1abJL9RyLGdF6RUeyNm3FDUCQrk28HmqnubQ_pnW1CuvEAxD6kf2PvoCsd4cCu6hRXKjM.CcXEzrmEY4HIUAEZIfmcH6QkYSeHXBwAQlYwdE.TfoNkTcSGUw_lUs4rx1P.ecLqRWvVP2lkQtDS6iSqmNQ0OR67oNcBIlqAFmMYE1Lo6YJKhkTIl2GV7_coTkE_WtIN8ort0WwGQGxExABpAsdMFvth9vMxq_EMLWyaqZooVYpbDmrwuDE14h6hKcPhqiuJwNgnjeMFFXhW66Dm285euBxU9.GAIYGPdAs3AL52qnHHhZ3efAPyzF9Rgzc",mdrd: "gICqjxq_9FktspdsoIhxzvDgxbV67NJ4JPhOhXuqUfk-1739777092-1.2.1.1-3o3Jq198F2kbJGBwd0UMO4ubfip9IJFekBZ_DyLsHoIlgtqC1xgxqUVH3xvspVjR4HeUJoU_lU5RuH3Ef_7CLgjIkfZxObr7eXpb1Zk.NmiYMlGn9BUwSgXFgCCR0LOJVLPAhbQjMyxG87ZXqaGWiSWs7lH4WxoqqSaw0gAYYVu2o.tzPjw.U1q2y_1l6MzjZQqjDTS.mU.FwI6HrAdKslpBZNOEZhIsut9tj1ouzJE_qlIiiW4iVW9qCMM0lmwl05KqHvVn54zZNgiomlrWE7cXDPus6XArAkyhnt2Mdrx.WJgKzE.eOPTRtj83BqEcg4HvURNsmNn9Dk4vNApS_8dQx_JHyiz0.GCraQZNHZc48M5R2lJrTHJd8AS.cqMHFXh9.TDmRwvaSQSsy5ISyx3Ik9Gu6QeNgHF5jNZoj6kz2ZJaPwaU9T8BdJDxLgTsvUrmXX6VDxJIvDGRpoND.spiH.yiT0Q.48Swk9_XmqyZ9bHyZUvdhEeCjNaO9xdYGneaVkJ1IQZvVEr.yODDJtiFbDjg7Yxh9Vb5NxCSSAsaV_1uWyM1GWPb3OyEWtHsJmIIF3Ux102i5Q704sD1fNffa19E5_1x7Ci0J5bJ.HVgBj0UE.frFpkaSZCS0aLhvZ99yVS3VvMEWOxrANyXz_Yyla.1fvWE969Hl2nuHvE6UKe20uhlR._QS3kFj8WsAw.afv6R27i3cbPhdDFnzgmrCPDH9znqNtrTh_pDlnbzBWH0PT1Mf9WuwUZiT9_qg2.3bwalVK2CO4KFn4cTin9M.ou.d1KdTYtDNXSCpGU7HTM4gQatWIxK68KYkOWcAxlikzuGWzXX6ZQlZK5L2kCqD4nBKLiYzjrds8KRn6KR_HQGC0vKK0vSz0ZNps_FdDC2iFevSwHYJ1rSPi5B0w0RMh1iRpLr4GsNYlmLaNUqVaxU3tPWU0IteXlZ7Nt.rELCYcXxZ18guA3OmmRqUqtejnn4mawCdE9LWG6hYpJ_vMKD.vWqU974fcehvhqwHWQauUIEf4Mmi02Coc4_cCB0bCn3532GrAc4e9yi49A_9gNbm5JTqaTFHbrb9t1uwoBHsOBZRiVIzE7LH_F3ZuNwTDgxJX55Gn1L6Qm6gjGqey_IV3zVfopbEvqXKL9fnZAclWMJ.nSRq8dB2h7.d83Aa5Rr9.Z.H1GPYobnIQhKiSj2CxmceWdrCMQsbYZlR5kGi9RoGnoFBKsswfPdtbnJ7_debVl6YOYb9qL8kF4SG3F6PthyLmpUtYWHDpHhX0XCdTH6NkQZP9CDsjN1NMu3oXChavxVbEMLhKEdGs0lx8.CuKA5zsFeROUHyCvEoZZ4U9jNJ7_yPE3WtXjGcBQHurGj4EW2mtd44p9XFkEYAd4tjRobJOWV4Uy5QY3L_1kbWYhm5flEe.4.wt7RRZPoIuQf_FoHKZdDe28wgomFYVt22tGhQ7BHDLdfJgdD8QCbbI6oXGCHwvH.ka4eMFO_zuG99IrnI3uxWQQamfN7K2Yp5yahcyr6dkNI3Du.LqWlA9DjTqx_xLVFE2TInqplZs_DhyoKjvlCtRjOCrx7w50TX9a4H5YbV5OzJVQuyImBy81w0XDc9543TqTT86ExdpwpB5Cv917XWRUlPpkqOtEd5XmvHCZnlDLHJUXBJ1WchFTf1hO3xLxdC2i25G99hPruBBgHDSUeR_ECWEXCrOO2yVOZJwwj.Bc9raFxiftNEV9j_8mmUEOKCEqWh6DDuB2aQeamJ1hT5OHdyvwXRm7EEwjXstwazcjba5GuimQ4BoG8STl88FIr1U3aiFSBhD6HTb.wE.y94OqC5ncdg.63R15xjrNBXgFRFZy6aE10biX_IO1oFp7S5or3nydwaR.wY.ebXOLcRCCchbtrnPrX7ZXbMC2fHs76r5aTEVsqfWa0Gn6uqbh0Bw.TGQvyoSzMAVdKJwSOKzzgTE31mLU690mVshzREYPuSc6w"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91340a494bd1f9e6';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/113330\/an-equivalent-circuit-model-approach-for-battery-pack-simulation-in-a-hybrid-electric-vehicle-system-powertrain?__cf_chl_rt_tk=0fAQ4_KhLkvjaZFhYj.VVLIG34k31cfymifMtMdGvz4-1739777092-1.0.1.1-jUfGhXLbFh4Ze9AFG_Q.EdE9pyWCm1sNQAozwXl38ck" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>