CINXE.COM

Blog | Oxford English Dictionary

<!doctype html> <!--[if lt IE 7 ]> <html lang="en" class="no-js ie6"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7 ]> <html lang="en" class="no-js ie7"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8 ]> <html lang="en" class="no-js ie8"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 9 ]> <html lang="en" class="no-js ie9"> <![endif]--> <!--[if (gt IE 9)|!(IE)]><!--> <html lang="en"> <!--<![endif]--> <head profile="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://public.oed.com/blog/","20201219133225","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1608384745"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <title>Blog | Oxford English Dictionary</title> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v6.3.1 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/"/> <link rel="next" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/page/2/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Blog | Oxford English Dictionary"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Welcome to this December update to the Oxford English Dictionary. After the unprecedented year documented in the Oxford Languages coronavirus updates and Words of the Year, we end 2020 with..."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Oxford English Dictionary"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/http://oedpublicpages.electricstudiolt.netdna-cdn.com/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/oed-appeals-large1.png"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Welcome to this December update to the Oxford English Dictionary. After the unprecedented year documented in the Oxford Languages coronavirus updates and Words of the Year, we end 2020 with..."/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Blog | Oxford English Dictionary"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@OEDOnline"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_1525145456-scaled.jpg"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201219133225\/http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebSite","@id":"#website","url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201219133225\/https:\/\/public.oed.com\/","name":"Oxford English Dictionary","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201219133225\/https:\/\/public.oed.com\/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://www.google.com/"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://fonts.googleapis.com/"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://s.w.org/"/> <script type="text/javascript"> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201219133225\/https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/13.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201219133225\/https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/13.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201219133225\/https:\/\/public.oed.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=5.5.3"}}; !function(e,a,t){var r,n,o,i,p=a.createElement("canvas"),s=p.getContext&&p.getContext("2d");function c(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode;s.clearRect(0,0,p.width,p.height),s.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0);var r=p.toDataURL();return s.clearRect(0,0,p.width,p.height),s.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),r===p.toDataURL()}function l(e){if(!s||!s.fillText)return!1;switch(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",e){case"flag":return!c([127987,65039,8205,9895,65039],[127987,65039,8203,9895,65039])&&(!c([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819])&&!c([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]));case"emoji":return!c([55357,56424,8205,55356,57212],[55357,56424,8203,55356,57212])}return!1}function d(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(i=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},o=0;o<i.length;o++)t.supports[i[o]]=l(i[o]),t.supports.everything=t.supports.everything&&t.supports[i[o]],"flag"!==i[o]&&(t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&t.supports[i[o]]);t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!t.supports.flag,t.DOMReady=!1,t.readyCallback=function(){t.DOMReady=!0},t.supports.everything||(n=function(){t.readyCallback()},a.addEventListener?(a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(r=t.source||{}).concatemoji?d(r.concatemoji):r.wpemoji&&r.twemoji&&(d(r.twemoji),d(r.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style type="text/css"> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 .07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225cs_/https://public.oed.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=5.5.3" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="contact-form-7-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225cs_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=5.1.7-b-modified-1586935439" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="email-subscribers-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225cs_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers/public/css/email-subscribers-public.css?ver=-b-modified-1586934478" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="global_fonts-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans%3A400%2C400i%2C700%7CPT+Serif&amp;ver=1" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="global_styles-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225cs_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/themes/OED-appeals/css/main.css?ver=1-b-modified-1601375135" type="text/css" media="all"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/themes/OED-appeals/js/jquery/jquery-3.3.1.min.js?ver=1-b-modified-1530783667" id="jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="email-subscribers-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var es_data = {"messages":{"es_empty_email_notice":"Please enter email address","es_rate_limit_notice":"You need to wait for sometime before subscribing again","es_single_optin_success_message":"Successfully Subscribed.","es_double_optin_success_message":"Your subscription was successful! Kindly check your mailbox and confirm your subscription. If you don't see the email within a few minutes, check the spam\/junk folder.","es_email_exists_notice":"Email Address already exists!","es_unexpected_error_notice":"Oops.. Unexpected error occurred.","es_invalid_email_notice":"Invalid email address","es_try_later_notice":"Please try after some time"},"es_ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201219133225\/https:\/\/public.oed.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers/public/js/email-subscribers-public.js?ver=-b-modified-1586934479" id="email-subscribers-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/themes/OED-appeals/js/modernizr/modernizr.js?ver=1-b-modified-1530783667" id="modernizr-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/themes/OED-appeals/js/jquery/popper.min.js?ver=1-b-modified-1530783666" id="popper-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/themes/OED-appeals/js/bootstrap-4.0/util.js?ver=1-b-modified-1530783668" id="bootstrap_util-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/themes/OED-appeals/js/bootstrap-4.0/dropdown.js?ver=1-b-modified-1530783668" id="bootstrap_dropdown-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/themes/OED-appeals/js/bootstrap-4.0/collapse.js?ver=1-b-modified-1530783668" id="bootstrap_collapse-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://public.oed.com/wp-json/"/><script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-25170276-10']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://ssl' : 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script><!--[if gte IE 9]><style type="text/css">.gradient{filter: none;}</style><![endif]--> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/themes/OED-appeals/js/jquery/jquery.cookie.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/themes/OED-appeals/js/chosen-dropdown/chosen.jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="application/javascript"> function allowCookie(){ jQuery(function($) { $.cookie('allowCookie', true, {path: '/', expires: 365}); $('.cookies-attention').removeClass('d-flex'); $('.cookies-attention').addClass('d-none'); }); } jQuery(function($) { $(document).ready(function () { checkCookie = $.cookie('allowCookie'); console.log(typeof checkCookie); if(typeof checkCookie == 'undefined') { $('.cookies-attention').removeClass('d-none'); $('.cookies-attention').addClass('d-flex'); } }); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225cs_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/themes/OED-appeals/css/chosen.min.css"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Qxcp-1u5lLATTWv_EPdwukduR5ZVWKOqy5mJsmcJKGE"/> </head> <body class="blog public-section"> <div class="cookies-attention d-none"> <p>We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. By clicking 'continue' or by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. You can change your cookie settings at any time.</p> <div class="cookies-attention__buttons"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://global.oup.com/cookiepolicy" target="_blank">Find Out More</a> <a href="#" onclick="allowCookie()" class="btn btn-link light">Continue</a> </div> </div> <div id="fb-root"></div> <header class="page-header"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/" class="site-logo" title="Oxford English Dictionary"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/themes/OED-appeals/images/oed-logo.png" alt="Oxford English Dictionary"/></a> <form class="collapse headersearch" id="headersearch" role="search" method="get" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/"> <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#headersearch" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="headersearch" class="headersearch__close pull-right"><i class="icon-close"></i></a> <button class="btn btn-primary headersearch__submit pull-right" type="submit"><i class="icon-search"></i></button> <div class="headersearch__input-wrapper"> <input type="hidden" name="post_type" value="any"> <input class="form-control" name="s" id="s" type="search" placeholder="Search" aria-label="Search"> </div> </form> <div class="navbar__items"> <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#headersearch" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="headersearch" class="btn btn-dark btn-search-collapse"><i class="icon-search"></i></a> <ul class="navbar-nav"> <div id="navbarNavDropdown" class="collapse navbar-collapse"><ul id="primary" class="navbar-nav mr-auto"><li id="menu-item-9798" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-9798 dropdown"><a title="ABOUT" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/about" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle" aria-haspopup="true">ABOUT <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu"> <li id="menu-item-9571" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9571"><a title="Welcome" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/welcome/">Welcome</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9572" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9572"><a title="Updates" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/updates/">Updates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9573" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9573 dropdown-submenu"><a title="History" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/history/">History</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu"> <li id="menu-item-9574" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9574"><a title="Rewriting the OED" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/history/rewriting-the-oed/">Rewriting the OED</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9575" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9575"><a title="Editions" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/history/oed-editions/">Editions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9576" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9576"><a title="Archives" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/history/archives/">Archives</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9577" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9577"><a title="Dictionary milestones" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/history/dictionary-milestones/">Dictionary milestones</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9578" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9578"><a title="OED staff" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/history/oed-staff/">OED staff</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-9579" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9579 dropdown-submenu"><a title="How to use the OED" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/how-to-use-the-oed/">How to use the OED</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu"> <li id="menu-item-9654" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9654"><a title="Abbreviations" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/how-to-use-the-oed/abbreviations/">Abbreviations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10126" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10126"><a title="Glossary of grammatical terms" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/how-to-use-the-oed/glossary-grammatical-terms/">Glossary of grammatical terms</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9656"><a title="Key to symbols and other conventions" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/how-to-use-the-oed/key-to-symbols-and-other-conventions/">Key to symbols and other conventions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9658" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-9658"><a title="Key to pronunciation" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/how-to-use-the-oed/key-to-pronunciation/">Key to pronunciation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9657"><a title="Key to frequency" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/how-to-use-the-oed/key-to-frequency/">Key to frequency</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9655" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9655"><a title="OED terminology" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/how-to-use-the-oed/glossary/">OED terminology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10671" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10671"><a title="Video guides" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/how-to-use-the-oed/video-guides/">Video guides</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-10467" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-10467"><a title="How words are added to the OED" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/how-words-enter-the-oed/">How words are added to the OED</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9653"><a title="How to subscribe" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/help/how-to-subscribe/">How to subscribe</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9582" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9582 dropdown-submenu"><a title="Help" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/help/">Help</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu"> <li id="menu-item-9584" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9584"><a title="Contact us" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/help/contact-us/">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-9585" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-9585 dropdown"><a title="COMMUNITY" href="/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/community" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle" aria-haspopup="true">COMMUNITY <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu"> <li id="menu-item-10630" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10630"><a title="Webinars and events" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/webinars-and-events/">Webinars and events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9587" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9587 dropdown-submenu"><a title="Contribute to the OED" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/contribute-to-the-oed/">Contribute to the OED</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu"> <li id="menu-item-9700" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9700"><a title="Submit evidence to the OED" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/contribute-to-the-oed/submission-form/">Submit evidence to the OED</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9742" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9742"><a title="Locate unidentified quotations" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/contribute-to-the-oed/unidentified-quotations-from-dr-johnsons-dictionary/">Locate unidentified quotations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-9586" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-9586"><a title="Appeals" href="/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/appeals">Appeals</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10452" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-10452 dropdown-submenu"><a title="The OED and research" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/the-oed-and-research/">The OED and research</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu"> <li id="menu-item-15976" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15976"><a title="OED Text Visualizer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://languages.oup.com/research/oed-text-visualizer/">OED Text Visualizer</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15978" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15978"><a title="OED Researcher API" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://languages.oup.com/research/oed-researcher-api/">OED Researcher API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-9588" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9588"><a title="Teaching resources" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/teaching-resources/">Teaching resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-9591" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-9589 current_page_item current_page_parent menu-item-9591 active"><a title="BLOG" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/">BLOG</a></li> </ul></div> </ul> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/http://www.oed.com/loginpage"><div class="btn btn-light btn-icon btn-signin"><i class="icon-sign-in"></i> Sign In</div></a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarNavDropdown" aria-controls="navbarNavDropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <i class="icon-toggler"></i> </button> </div> </nav> </header> <a tabindex="1" class="skip-link" href="#content">Jump to Content</a> <div id="content" class="content" role="main"> <div class="page-content col-lg-8 d-lg-none"> <h1>Welcome to the OED blog</h1> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-8"> <div class="page-content"> <h1 class="d-none d-lg-block">Welcome to the OED blog</h1> <div class="news-anons__wrapper single-column"> <article class="news-anons post-33703 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-quarterly-updates category-uncategorized"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-oed-december-2020-update/" class="news-anons__image"> <img width="745" height="220" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_1525145456-745x220.jpg" class="attachment-blog_thumbnail size-blog_thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy"/> </a> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-oed-december-2020-update/" title="Stop the clock for the OED December 2020 update">Stop the clock for the OED December 2020 update</a> </h2> <p><p>Welcome to this December update to the Oxford English Dictionary. After the unprecedented year documented in the Oxford Languages coronavirus updates and Words of the Year, we end 2020 with&#8230;</p> </p> <a class="btn btn-link news-anons__link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-oed-december-2020-update/" title="Stop the clock for the OED December 2020 update">Find out more</a> </article> <article class="news-anons post-33720 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history-of-english category-quarterly-updates category-uncategorized tag-etymology tag-revision"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/a-new-stream-of-work-on-the-oed/" class="news-anons__image"> <img width="745" height="220" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_1268223883-745x220.jpg" class="attachment-blog_thumbnail size-blog_thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy"/> </a> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/a-new-stream-of-work-on-the-oed/" title="A new stream of work on the OED">A new stream of work on the OED</a> </h2> <p><p>Revising the etymology and variant forms section in selected entries ahead of full revision Over the past eighteen months we have begun a new initiative as part of the ongoing&#8230;</p> </p> <a class="btn btn-link news-anons__link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/a-new-stream-of-work-on-the-oed/" title="A new stream of work on the OED">Find out more</a> </article> <article class="news-anons post-33684 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-quarterly-updates category-uncategorized tag-candy tag-oed-revision tag-revision tag-us-english"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/who-can-revise-candy-the-lexicographer-can/" class="news-anons__image"> <img width="745" height="220" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_134534930-745x220.jpg" class="attachment-blog_thumbnail size-blog_thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy"/> </a> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/who-can-revise-candy-the-lexicographer-can/" title="Who can revise ‘candy’? The lexicographer can…">Who can revise &#8216;candy&#8217;? The lexicographer can&#8230;</a> </h2> <p><p>2020 has been a strange year, all round, and it seems odd to think that back in January I was sitting down in the office to revise the candy range,&#8230;</p> </p> <a class="btn btn-link news-anons__link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/who-can-revise-candy-the-lexicographer-can/" title="Who can revise ‘candy’? The lexicographer can…">Find out more</a> </article> <article class="news-anons post-26686 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/trick-or-treat-halloween-revision/" class="news-anons__image"> <img width="745" height="220" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/pumpkins-745x220.jpg" class="attachment-blog_thumbnail size-blog_thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy"/> </a> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/trick-or-treat-halloween-revision/" title="Trick or treat? Some Halloween revisions to OED">Trick or treat? Some Halloween revisions to OED</a> </h2> <p><p>In most of the places where it is celebrated, this year&#8217;s Halloween will be very different to previous years&#8217;. One of the activities likely to be hit hardest by Coronavirus&#8230;</p> </p> <a class="btn btn-link news-anons__link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/trick-or-treat-halloween-revision/" title="Trick or treat? Some Halloween revisions to OED">Find out more</a> </article> <article class="news-anons post-22688 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-quarterly-updates category-uncategorized tag-oed-revision"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/revising-code-switching/" class="news-anons__image"> <img width="745" height="220" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_216996331-745x220.jpg" class="attachment-blog_thumbnail size-blog_thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy"/> </a> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/revising-code-switching/" title="Switching gears: revising code-switching, n.">Switching gears: revising code-switching, n.</a> </h2> <p><p>A few days ago, I had the following online conversation with a friend who wanted to invite me to speak in a linguistic anthropology class he was teaching: Friend: Hello&#8230;</p> </p> <a class="btn btn-link news-anons__link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/revising-code-switching/" title="Switching gears: revising code-switching, n.">Find out more</a> </article> <article class="news-anons post-22245 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-quarterly-updates category-uncategorized"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-oed-september-2020-update/" class="news-anons__image"> <img width="745" height="220" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/Bread-745x220.jpg" class="attachment-blog_thumbnail size-blog_thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy"/> </a> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-oed-september-2020-update/" title="Code red! It’s the OED September 2020 update">Code red! It&#8217;s the OED September 2020 update</a> </h2> <p><p>Over the past few months our searching out of new lexical information and breadthening of linguistic knowledge has continued apace. As usual, our new material this quarter comes from newly-revised&#8230;</p> </p> <a class="btn btn-link news-anons__link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-oed-september-2020-update/" title="Code red! It’s the OED September 2020 update">Find out more</a> </article> <article class="news-anons post-22261 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-ontario-dialects-project-and-canadian-english-in-the-oed/" class="news-anons__image"> <img width="745" height="220" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/Puddle-splashing-745x220.jpg" class="attachment-blog_thumbnail size-blog_thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy"/> </a> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-ontario-dialects-project-and-canadian-english-in-the-oed/" title="The Ontario Dialects Project and Canadian English in the OED">The Ontario Dialects Project and Canadian English in the OED</a> </h2> <p><p>This month’s update sees the publication of a number of new words from Canada, the first results of an ongoing collaboration between the OED and the Ontario Dialects Project (ODP),&#8230;</p> </p> <a class="btn btn-link news-anons__link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-ontario-dialects-project-and-canadian-english-in-the-oed/" title="The Ontario Dialects Project and Canadian English in the OED">Find out more</a> </article> <article class="news-anons post-22267 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-history-of-english category-quarterly-updates category-uncategorized tag-language-origins tag-oed-revision"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/a-load-of-old-codswallop/" class="news-anons__image"> <img width="745" height="220" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/codfish-scaled-745x220.jpg" class="attachment-blog_thumbnail size-blog_thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy"/> </a> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/a-load-of-old-codswallop/" title="A load of old codswallop? Revising codswallop, n.">A load of old codswallop? Revising codswallop, n.</a> </h2> <p><p>In 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary, together with the BBC, launched the Wordhunt Project: an appeal to the public for help in finding earlier evidence for fifty words and phrases&#8230;</p> </p> <a class="btn btn-link news-anons__link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/a-load-of-old-codswallop/" title="A load of old codswallop? Revising codswallop, n.">Find out more</a> </article> <article class="news-anons post-16540 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-quarterly-updates category-the-language-of tag-coronavirus tag-covid-19 tag-july-2020"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/july-2020-update-scientific-terminology-of-covid-19/" class="news-anons__image"> <img width="745" height="220" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/OED-July-update-coronavirus-745x220.jpg" class="attachment-blog_thumbnail size-blog_thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="OED July update coronavirus" loading="lazy"/> </a> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/july-2020-update-scientific-terminology-of-covid-19/" title="July 2020 update: scientific terminology of Covid-19">July 2020 update: scientific terminology of Covid-19</a> </h2> <p><p>As we increase our understanding of the virus and its effects and potential treatments, specialist scientific and medical language is increasingly prominent in everyday discourse. The OED decided to publish another update to cover these developments.</p> </p> <a class="btn btn-link news-anons__link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/july-2020-update-scientific-terminology-of-covid-19/" title="July 2020 update: scientific terminology of Covid-19">Find out more</a> </article> <article class="news-anons post-16518 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-oed-research category-quarterly-updates category-the-language-of tag-coronavirus tag-corpus-analysis tag-covid-19 tag-july-2020"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/using-corpora-to-track-the-language-of-covid-19-update-2/" class="news-anons__image"> <img width="745" height="220" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/OED-July-update-frontline-workers-united-nations-covid-19-response-1200x800-1-745x220.jpg" class="attachment-blog_thumbnail size-blog_thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="OED July covid-19 corpus analysis" loading="lazy"/> </a> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/using-corpora-to-track-the-language-of-covid-19-update-2/" title="Using corpora to track the language of Covid-19: update 2">Using corpora to track the language of Covid-19: update 2</a> </h2> <p><p>In the July 2020 OED update, we take a look at linguistic changes to Covid-19-related vocabulary, and describe the ways that OED lexicographers use corpora to track such changes. </p> </p> <a class="btn btn-link news-anons__link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/using-corpora-to-track-the-language-of-covid-19-update-2/" title="Using corpora to track the language of Covid-19: update 2">Find out more</a> </article> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-8"> <ul class="page-numbers"> <li><span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current">1</span></li> <li><a class="page-numbers" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/page/2/">2</a></li> <li><span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span></li> <li><a class="page-numbers" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/page/28/">28</a></li> <li><a class="next page-numbers" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/page/2/"></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-4"> <div class="dropdown archive-dropdown"> <a class="archive-dropdown__toggle dropdown-toggle" href="#" role="button" id="dropdownMenuLink" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> All Time </a> <div class="archive-dropdown__list dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenuLink"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2020/12/">December 2020</a>&nbsp;(3)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2020/10/">October 2020</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2020/09/">September 2020</a>&nbsp;(4)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2020/07/">July 2020</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2020/06/">June 2020</a>&nbsp;(3)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2020/05/">May 2020</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2020/04/">April 2020</a>&nbsp;(4)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2020/03/">March 2020</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2020/02/">February 2020</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2020/01/">January 2020</a>&nbsp;(4)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2019/10/">October 2019</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2019/07/">July 2019</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2019/06/">June 2019</a>&nbsp;(4)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2019/05/">May 2019</a>&nbsp;(3)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2019/04/">April 2019</a>&nbsp;(5)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2019/03/">March 2019</a>&nbsp;(17)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2019/02/">February 2019</a>&nbsp;(3)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2019/01/">January 2019</a>&nbsp;(7)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2018/12/">December 2018</a>&nbsp;(6)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2018/11/">November 2018</a>&nbsp;(5)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2018/10/">October 2018</a>&nbsp;(8)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2018/09/">September 2018</a>&nbsp;(6)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2018/08/">August 2018</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2018/07/">July 2018</a>&nbsp;(5)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2018/06/">June 2018</a>&nbsp;(11)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2018/05/">May 2018</a>&nbsp;(5)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2018/04/">April 2018</a>&nbsp;(3)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2018/03/">March 2018</a>&nbsp;(3)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2018/01/">January 2018</a>&nbsp;(5)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2017/12/">December 2017</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2017/10/">October 2017</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2017/09/">September 2017</a>&nbsp;(4)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2017/06/">June 2017</a>&nbsp;(4)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2017/05/">May 2017</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2017/03/">March 2017</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2017/01/">January 2017</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2016/12/">December 2016</a>&nbsp;(4)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2016/09/">September 2016</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2016/06/">June 2016</a>&nbsp;(5)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2016/04/">April 2016</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2016/03/">March 2016</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2015/12/">December 2015</a>&nbsp;(4)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2015/11/">November 2015</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2015/09/">September 2015</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2015/06/">June 2015</a>&nbsp;(6)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2015/03/">March 2015</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2014/12/">December 2014</a>&nbsp;(4)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2014/09/">September 2014</a>&nbsp;(3)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2014/06/">June 2014</a>&nbsp;(7)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2014/03/">March 2014</a>&nbsp;(3)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2014/01/">January 2014</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2013/12/">December 2013</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2013/09/">September 2013</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2013/06/">June 2013</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2013/05/">May 2013</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2013/04/">April 2013</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2013/03/">March 2013</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2013/02/">February 2013</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2012/12/">December 2012</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2012/10/">October 2012</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2012/09/">September 2012</a>&nbsp;(5)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2012/08/">August 2012</a>&nbsp;(64)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2011/03/">March 2011</a>&nbsp;(2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2010/09/">September 2010</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2009/12/">December 2009</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2009/09/">September 2009</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2008/12/">December 2008</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2008/09/">September 2008</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/2007/03/">March 2007</a>&nbsp;(1)</li> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4"> <div class="page-sidebar"> <div class="sidebar sidebar-desktop"> <div class="widget widget_search"><form role="search" method="get" id="search-form" class="clearfix search-form" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/"> <button type="submit" id="searchsubmit" class="btn btn-primary pull-right search-form__submit" title="Search"><i class="icon-search"></i></button> <div class="search-form__input-wrapper"> <input type="hidden" name="post_type" value="post"> <input type="text" name="s" id="s" value="" placeholder="Search the blog "/> </div> </form></div><div class="widget widget_categories"><div class="widget-title">Categories</div> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-184"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/category/history-of-english/">History of English</a> (40) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-329"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/category/oed-research/">OED &amp; Research</a> (9) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-187"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/category/oed-appeals/">OED Appeals</a> (15) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-185"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/category/people-and-the-oed/">People &amp; the OED</a> (54) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-182"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/category/quarterly-updates/" title="The OED is updated on a quarterly basis, with material including revised versions of existing entries, and new words and senses across the whole A to Z range.">Quarterly updates</a> (124) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-186"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/category/the-language-of/">The language of&#8230;</a> (53) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/category/uncategorized/">Uncategorized</a> (8) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-183"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/category/varieties-of-english/" title="Blog posts from the OED on World English, regionalisms, and more besides.">Varieties of English</a> (36) </li> </ul> </div><div class="widget widget_futher_reading"><div class="widget-title">Further Reading</div><div class="posts-container-wrap"> <div class="posts-container"><div id="post-15623" class="post-box flexbox flexbox-direction_column post-15623 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-oed-appeals tag-crowdsourcing"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-oeds-latest-exercise-in-crowdsourcing/" class="post-img"> <div class="thumb-container thumb-container-cover"> <div class="thumb-wrap"> <img width="355" height="160" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/M-OED-Appeal-1200x800-1-355x160.jpg" class="attachment-right_sidebar size-right_sidebar wp-post-image" alt="M OED Appeal" loading="lazy"/> </div> </div> </a> <div class="post-info flexbox flexbox-direction_column"> <h4 class="post-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-oeds-latest-exercise-in-crowdsourcing/">The OED’s latest exercise in crowdsourcing</a> </h4> </div> </div><div id="post-14871" class="post-box flexbox flexbox-direction_column post-14871 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-quarterly-updates tag-june-2020 tag-plant-based tag-voting"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-oed-june-2020-update/" class="post-img"> <div class="thumb-container thumb-container-cover"> <div class="thumb-wrap"> <img width="355" height="160" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/banana-bread-scaled-355x160.jpg" class="attachment-right_sidebar size-right_sidebar wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy"/> </div> </div> </a> <div class="post-info flexbox flexbox-direction_column"> <h4 class="post-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-oed-june-2020-update/">From pirates to plant-based: the OED June 2020 update</a> </h4> </div> </div><div id="post-14671" class="post-box flexbox flexbox-direction_column post-14671 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-quarterly-updates tag-june-2020 tag-revision"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/revising-spirit-n-for-oed3/" class="post-img"> <div class="thumb-container thumb-container-cover"> <div class="thumb-wrap"> <img width="355" height="160" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/spirit-scaled-355x160.jpg" class="attachment-right_sidebar size-right_sidebar wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy"/> </div> </div> </a> <div class="post-info flexbox flexbox-direction_column"> <h4 class="post-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/revising-spirit-n-for-oed3/">That’s the spirit: revising &#8216;spirit&#8217;, n. for OED3</a> </h4> </div> </div><div id="post-12777" class="post-box flexbox flexbox-direction_column post-12777 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-oed-research category-the-language-of category-varieties-of-english tag-american-english tag-australian-english tag-british-english tag-canadian-english tag-coronavirus tag-corpus-analysis tag-covid-19 tag-malaysian-english tag-philippine-english tag-singapore-english tag-west-african-english"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/circuit-breakers-ppes-veronica-buckets-world-englishes-covid-19/" class="post-img"> <div class="thumb-container thumb-container-cover"> <div class="thumb-wrap"> <img width="355" height="160" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/covid-19-writing-1200x800px-355x160.jpg" class="attachment-right_sidebar size-right_sidebar wp-post-image" alt="COVID-19 world english" loading="lazy"/> </div> </div> </a> <div class="post-info flexbox flexbox-direction_column"> <h4 class="post-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/circuit-breakers-ppes-veronica-buckets-world-englishes-covid-19/">Circuit breakers, PPEs, and Veronica buckets: World Englishes and Covid-19</a> </h4> </div> </div><div id="post-11001" class="post-box flexbox flexbox-direction_column post-11001 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-oed-research category-the-language-of tag-coronavirus tag-corpus-analysis tag-covid-19"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/corpus-analysis-of-the-language-of-covid-19/" class="post-img"> <div class="thumb-container thumb-container-cover"> <div class="thumb-wrap"> <img width="355" height="160" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/UK-public-NHS-guidelines-v2-1200x800-1-355x160.jpg" class="attachment-right_sidebar size-right_sidebar wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy"/> </div> </div> </a> <div class="post-info flexbox flexbox-direction_column"> <h4 class="post-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/corpus-analysis-of-the-language-of-covid-19/">Corpus analysis of the language of Covid-19</a> </h4> </div> </div><div id="post-10972" class="post-box flexbox flexbox-direction_column post-10972 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-oed-research tag-academic-research tag-digital-humanities"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/linguistic-dna-life-body-soul/" class="post-img"> <div class="thumb-container thumb-container-cover"> <div class="thumb-wrap"> <img width="355" height="160" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/Vanitas-still-life-Pieter-Symonsz-Potter-1200x800-1-355x160.jpg" class="attachment-right_sidebar size-right_sidebar wp-post-image" alt="Vanitas Still Life Pieter Symonsz Potter" loading="lazy"/> </div> </div> </a> <div class="post-info flexbox flexbox-direction_column"> <h4 class="post-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/linguistic-dna-life-body-soul/">Investigating the Linguistic DNA of life, body, and soul</a> </h4> </div> </div><div id="post-10982" class="post-box flexbox flexbox-direction_column post-10982 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-quarterly-updates tag-april-2020 tag-coronavirus tag-covid-19"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-language-of-covid-19/" class="post-img"> <div class="thumb-container thumb-container-cover"> <div class="thumb-wrap"> <img width="355" height="160" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/hello-i-m-nik-Tq-dPb9mI_Q-unsplash-scaled-355x160.jpg" class="attachment-right_sidebar size-right_sidebar wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy"/> </div> </div> </a> <div class="post-info flexbox flexbox-direction_column"> <h4 class="post-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-language-of-covid-19/">Social change and linguistic change: the language of Covid-19</a> </h4> </div> </div><div id="post-10969" class="post-box flexbox flexbox-direction_column post-10969 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-quarterly-updates tag-march-2020"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-revision-of-bear-n-1-march-2020/" class="post-img"> <div class="thumb-container thumb-container-cover"> <div class="thumb-wrap"> <img width="355" height="160" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/bear-1200x800-1-355x160.jpg" class="attachment-right_sidebar size-right_sidebar wp-post-image" alt="OED bear noun 1" loading="lazy"/> </div> </div> </a> <div class="post-info flexbox flexbox-direction_column"> <h4 class="post-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-revision-of-bear-n-1-march-2020/">A bear of many brains: the revision of bear, n.1</a> </h4> </div> </div><div id="post-10951" class="post-box flexbox flexbox-direction_column post-10951 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-quarterly-updates tag-march-2020"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/have-yourself-a-merry-little-update/" class="post-img"> <div class="thumb-container thumb-container-cover"> <div class="thumb-wrap"> <img width="355" height="160" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/Christmas-scaled-355x160.jpg" class="attachment-right_sidebar size-right_sidebar wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy"/> </div> </div> </a> <div class="post-info flexbox flexbox-direction_column"> <h4 class="post-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/have-yourself-a-merry-little-update/">Have yourself a merry little update: the March 2020 OED release notes</a> </h4> </div> </div><div id="post-10948" class="post-box flexbox flexbox-direction_column post-10948 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-quarterly-updates tag-march-2020"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/new-word-notes-for-march-2020/" class="post-img"> <div class="thumb-container thumb-container-cover"> <div class="thumb-wrap"> <img width="355" height="160" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/uploads/puggle-600px-355x160.jpg" class="attachment-right_sidebar size-right_sidebar wp-post-image" alt="puggle" loading="lazy"/> </div> </div> </a> <div class="post-info flexbox flexbox-direction_column"> <h4 class="post-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/new-word-notes-for-march-2020/">Cartoon bears and killer clowns: new entries in the OED March 2020 update</a> </h4> </div> </div></div> </div></div></div> <script type="text/javascript"> (function($){ //Make sidebar widget collapsed $collapsedWidget = $('.widget_categories .widget-title+ul'); $collapsedWidget.each(function (index ) { let $collapseBody = $(this), $collapseHead = $collapseBody.prev('.widget-title'); $collapseHead.attr({ class: "sidebar__navigation-toggle", 'data-toggle': "collapse", href: "#sidebar-nav"+index, 'aria-expanded': "false", 'aria-controls': "collapseExample" }); $collapseBody.attr({ class: "collapse-inner" }); $collapseBody.wrap($('<div />',{ class: "collapse show", id: "sidebar-nav"+index })) }) })(jQuery); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> (function($){ // Calculate image proportions for cutting function updateImageContainer(){ const $containers = $('.news-anons__image, .thumb-wrap'); const classes = { horizontal: 'horizontal', vertical: 'vertical' }; $containers.each(function () { let $container = $(this), $image = $container.find('img'), containerRatio = $container.width() / $container.height(), imageRatio = $image.width() / $image.height(); $container .removeClass( classes.horizontal ) .removeClass( classes.vertical ); if( imageRatio >= containerRatio ){ $container.addClass( classes.horizontal ); } else{ $container.addClass( classes.vertical ); } }) } $(document).ready(updateImageContainer); $(window).on('resize', updateImageContainer); //Set height to search blor sidebar equal H1 function makeHeightEqual(){ const $search = $('.widget.widget_search'), $title = $('h1.d-lg-block'), titleHeight = $title.outerHeight(); $search.height( titleHeight ); } $(document).ready(makeHeightEqual); $(window).on('resize', makeHeightEqual); })(jQuery); </script> <div class="b-rss bounced popup-btn" data-popupbtn="rss"> <div class="icon-area"> <i class="icon icon--newsletter"></i> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="content footer__wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/http://global.oup.com/" class="footer__logo"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/themes/OED-appeals/images/oed-logo-footer.svg" alt="OXFORD"/> </a> <nav class="footer__nav"> <div class="footer-navigation"><ul id="menu-footer" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-9387" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-9387"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://global.oup.com/cookiepolicy">Cookie policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9593" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9593"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9392" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-9392"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://global.oup.com/privacy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-861" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-861"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/legal-notice/">Legal notice</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14153" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14153"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="acenter">© 2020 Oxford University Press</div> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://twitter.com/OED" class="twitter"> <i class="icon-twitter"></i> @oed </a> </nav> <div class="footer__content"> <form action="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog" method="post" class="footer__form form-hidden" id="headersearch"> <div> <p><label><strong>Sign up for OED Word of the Day</strong></label></p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://global.oup.com/privacy" target="_blank">Click here to see our Privacy Policy</a> </div> <fieldset> <button class="btn btn-primary pull-right" type="submit">Sign Up</button> <div class="footer__form-input"> <input class="form-control" name="signup-email" type="text" placeholder="Enter e-mail address"> <div id="signup-result"> </div> </div> </fieldset> <input type="hidden" name="submitted" value="TRUE"/> </form> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LeppewUAAAAAOAuHrQ1eOkmnRJF_5qKj_y6ZOrc"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function( grecaptcha ) { var anr_onloadCallback = function() { grecaptcha.execute( '6LeppewUAAAAAOAuHrQ1eOkmnRJF_5qKj_y6ZOrc', { action: 'advanced_nocaptcha_recaptcha' } ).then( function( token ) { for ( var i = 0; i < document.forms.length; i++ ) { var form = document.forms[i]; var captcha = form.querySelector( 'input[name="g-recaptcha-response"]' ); if ( null === captcha ) continue; captcha.value = token; } }); }; grecaptcha.ready( anr_onloadCallback ); document.addEventListener( 'wpcf7submit', anr_onloadCallback, false ); if ( typeof wc_checkout_params !== 'undefined' ) { jQuery( document.body ).on( 'checkout_error', anr_onloadCallback ); } } )( grecaptcha ); </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = {"apiSettings":{"root":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201219133225\/https:\/\/public.oed.com\/wp-json\/contact-form-7\/v1","namespace":"contact-form-7\/v1"},"cached":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/scripts.js?ver=5.1.7-b-modified-1586935439" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="disqus_count-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var countVars = {"disqusShortname":"oedappeals"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/plugins/disqus-comment-system/public/js/comment_count.js?ver=3.0.13-b-modified-1519743321" id="disqus_count-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LeppewUAAAAAOAuHrQ1eOkmnRJF_5qKj_y6ZOrc&amp;ver=3.0" id="google-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="global_script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ES_CONFIG = {"site_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201219133225\/https:\/\/public.oed.com\/wp-content\/themes\/OED-appeals","admin_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201219133225\/https:\/\/public.oed.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/themes/OED-appeals/js/global.js?ver=1-b-modified-1601375888" id="global_script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225js_/https://public.oed.com/wp-includes/js/wp-embed.min.js?ver=5.5.3" id="wp-embed-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function( grecaptcha, sitekey, actions ) { var wpcf7recaptcha = { execute: function( action ) { grecaptcha.execute( sitekey, { action: action } ).then( function( token ) { var forms = document.getElementsByTagName( 'form' ); for ( var i = 0; i < forms.length; i++ ) { var fields = forms[ i ].getElementsByTagName( 'input' ); for ( var j = 0; j < fields.length; j++ ) { var field = fields[ j ]; if ( 'g-recaptcha-response' === field.getAttribute( 'name' ) ) { field.setAttribute( 'value', token ); break; } } } } ); }, executeOnHomepage: function() { wpcf7recaptcha.execute( actions[ 'homepage' ] ); }, executeOnContactform: function() { wpcf7recaptcha.execute( actions[ 'contactform' ] ); }, }; grecaptcha.ready( wpcf7recaptcha.executeOnHomepage ); document.addEventListener( 'change', wpcf7recaptcha.executeOnContactform, false ); document.addEventListener( 'wpcf7submit', wpcf7recaptcha.executeOnHomepage, false ); } )( grecaptcha, '6LeppewUAAAAAOAuHrQ1eOkmnRJF_5qKj_y6ZOrc', {"homepage":"homepage","contactform":"contactform"} ); </script> </div> </div> </footer> <div class="popup popup--rss" data-popup="rss"> <div class="custom-form"> <div role="form" class="wpcf7" id="wpcf7-f11050-o1" lang="en-US" dir="ltr"> <div class="screen-reader-response"></div> <form action="/web/20201219133225/https://public.oed.com/blog/#wpcf7-f11050-o1" method="post" class="wpcf7-form" novalidate="novalidate"> <div style="display: none;"> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7" value="11050"/> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_version" value="5.1.7"/> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_locale" value="en_US"/> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_unit_tag" value="wpcf7-f11050-o1"/> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_container_post" value="0"/> <input type="hidden" name="g-recaptcha-response" value=""/> </div> <div class="left-part"> <div class="text-box"> <span class="title">Oxford Languages newsletter</span></p> <p> Whether you are an academic, a developer, or just a worshipper of words, please provide your details below to receive the OED news and updates most relevant to you. </p> </p></div> <div class="field"> <span class="wpcf7-form-control-wrap yourname"><input type="text" name="yourname" value="" size="40" class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-required" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" placeholder="First Name*"/></span><br/> <span style="display: none;" class="tip-error-size">* - maximum number of characters 40</span> </div> <div class="field"> <span class="wpcf7-form-control-wrap syourname"><input type="text" name="syourname" value="" size="40" class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-required" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" placeholder="Surname*"/></span><br/> <span style="display: none;" class="tip-error-size">* - maximum number of characters 40</span> </div> <div class="field"> <span class="wpcf7-form-control-wrap usermail"><input type="email" name="usermail" value="" size="40" class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-email wpcf7-validates-as-required wpcf7-validates-as-email" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" placeholder="Your Email address*"/></span> </div> <div class="field"> <span class="wpcf7-form-control-wrap country"><select name="country" class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-select wpcf7-validates-as-required chosen-select" id="chosen-select" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false"><option value="">Country of residence*</option><option value="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</option><option value="Albania">Albania</option><option value="Algeria">Algeria</option><option value="Andorra">Andorra</option><option value="Angola">Angola</option><option value="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</option><option value="Argentina">Argentina</option><option value="Armenia">Armenia</option><option value="Australia">Australia</option><option value="Austria">Austria</option><option value="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</option><option value="Bahamas">Bahamas</option><option value="Bahrain">Bahrain</option><option value="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</option><option value="Barbados">Barbados</option><option value="Belarus">Belarus</option><option value="Belgium">Belgium</option><option value="Belize">Belize</option><option value="Benin">Benin</option><option value="Bhutan">Bhutan</option><option value="Bolivia">Bolivia</option><option value="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</option><option value="Botswana">Botswana</option><option value="Brazil">Brazil</option><option value="Brunei">Brunei</option><option value="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</option><option value="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</option><option value="Burma">Burma</option><option value="Burundi">Burundi</option><option value="Cabo Verde">Cabo Verde</option><option value="Cambodia">Cambodia</option><option value="Cameroon">Cameroon</option><option value="Canada">Canada</option><option value="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</option><option value="Chad">Chad</option><option value="Chile">Chile</option><option value="China">China</option><option value="Colombia">Colombia</option><option value="Comoros">Comoros</option><option value="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</option><option value="Côte d’Ivoire">Côte d’Ivoire</option><option value="Croatia">Croatia</option><option value="Cuba">Cuba</option><option value="Cyprus">Cyprus</option><option value="Czechia">Czechia</option><option value="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</option><option value="Denmark">Denmark</option><option value="Djibouti">Djibouti</option><option value="Dominica">Dominica</option><option value="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</option><option value="Ecuador">Ecuador</option><option value="Egypt">Egypt</option><option value="El Salvador">El Salvador</option><option value="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</option><option value="Eritrea">Eritrea</option><option value="Estonia">Estonia</option><option value="Eswatini">Eswatini</option><option value="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</option><option value="Fiji">Fiji</option><option value="Finland">Finland</option><option value="France">France</option><option value="Gabon">Gabon</option><option value="Gambia">Gambia</option><option value="Georgia">Georgia</option><option value="Germany">Germany</option><option value="Ghana">Ghana</option><option value="Greece">Greece</option><option value="Grenada">Grenada</option><option value="Guatemala">Guatemala</option><option value="Guinea">Guinea</option><option value="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</option><option value="Guyana">Guyana</option><option value="Haiti">Haiti</option><option value="Holy See">Holy See</option><option value="Honduras">Honduras</option><option value="Hungary">Hungary</option><option value="Iceland">Iceland</option><option value="India">India</option><option value="Indonesia">Indonesia</option><option value="Iran">Iran</option><option value="Iraq">Iraq</option><option value="Ireland">Ireland</option><option value="Israel">Israel</option><option value="Italy">Italy</option><option value="Jamaica">Jamaica</option><option value="Japan">Japan</option><option value="Jordan">Jordan</option><option value="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</option><option value="Kenya">Kenya</option><option value="Kiribati">Kiribati</option><option value="Kosovo">Kosovo</option><option value="Kuwait">Kuwait</option><option value="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</option><option value="Laos">Laos</option><option value="Latvia">Latvia</option><option value="Lebanon">Lebanon</option><option value="Lesotho">Lesotho</option><option value="Liberia">Liberia</option><option value="Libya">Libya</option><option value="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</option><option value="Lithuania">Lithuania</option><option value="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</option><option value="Madagascar">Madagascar</option><option value="Malawi">Malawi</option><option value="Malaysia">Malaysia</option><option value="Maldives">Maldives</option><option value="Mali">Mali</option><option value="Malta">Malta</option><option value="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</option><option value="Mauritania">Mauritania</option><option value="Mauritius">Mauritius</option><option value="Mexico">Mexico</option><option value="Micronesia">Micronesia</option><option value="Moldova">Moldova</option><option value="Monaco">Monaco</option><option value="Mongolia">Mongolia</option><option value="Montenegro">Montenegro</option><option value="Morocco">Morocco</option><option value="Mozambique">Mozambique</option><option value="Namibia">Namibia</option><option value="Nauru">Nauru</option><option value="Nepal">Nepal</option><option value="Netherlands">Netherlands</option><option value="New Zealand">New Zealand</option><option value="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</option><option value="Niger">Niger</option><option value="Nigeria">Nigeria</option><option value="North Korea">North Korea</option><option value="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</option><option value="Norway">Norway</option><option value="Oman">Oman</option><option value="Pakistan">Pakistan</option><option value="Palau">Palau</option><option value="Panama">Panama</option><option value="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</option><option value="Paraguay">Paraguay</option><option value="Peru">Peru</option><option value="Philippines">Philippines</option><option value="Poland">Poland</option><option value="Portugal">Portugal</option><option value="Qatar">Qatar</option><option value="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</option><option value="Romania">Romania</option><option value="Russia">Russia</option><option value="Rwanda">Rwanda</option><option value="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</option><option value="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</option><option value="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</option><option value="Samoa">Samoa</option><option value="San Marino">San Marino</option><option value="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</option><option value="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</option><option value="Senegal">Senegal</option><option value="Serbia">Serbia</option><option value="Seychelles">Seychelles</option><option value="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</option><option value="Singapore">Singapore</option><option value="Slovakia">Slovakia</option><option value="Slovenia">Slovenia</option><option value="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</option><option value="Somalia">Somalia</option><option value="South Africa">South Africa</option><option value="South Korea">South Korea</option><option value="South Sudan">South Sudan</option><option value="Spain">Spain</option><option value="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</option><option value="Sudan">Sudan</option><option value="Suriname">Suriname</option><option value="Sweden">Sweden</option><option value="Switzerland">Switzerland</option><option value="Syria">Syria</option><option value="Taiwan">Taiwan</option><option value="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</option><option value="Tanzania">Tanzania</option><option value="Thailand">Thailand</option><option value="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</option><option value="Togo">Togo</option><option value="Tonga">Tonga</option><option value="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</option><option value="Tunisia">Tunisia</option><option value="Turkey">Turkey</option><option value="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</option><option value="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</option><option value="Uganda">Uganda</option><option value="Ukraine">Ukraine</option><option value="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</option><option value="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</option><option value="United States">United States</option><option value="Uruguay">Uruguay</option><option value="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</option><option value="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</option><option value="Venezuela">Venezuela</option><option value="Vietnam">Vietnam</option><option value="Yemen">Yemen</option><option value="Zambia">Zambia</option><option value="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</option></select></span> </div> <div class="b-checkbox b-checkbox-newsletter"> <input type="checkbox" id="ch-1" class="checkbox-hidden"/><span class="replacer-checkbox"></span><label for="ch-1">I also would like to subscribe to the OED word of the day service (daily<br/> emails separate to the OED newsletter).</label> </div> <div class="b-checkbox b-checkbox-marketing"> <input type="checkbox" id="ch-2" class="checkbox-hidden"/><span class="replacer-checkbox"></span><label for="ch-2">I also want to receive email marketing from Oxford University<br/> Press in relation to our other products and services.</label> </div> </div> <div class="right-part"> <div class="text-box"> <p> Our <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225/https://global.oup.com/privacy?cc=gb">Privacy Policy</a> sets<br/> out how Oxford University Press handles your personal information, and<br/> your rights to object to your personal information being used for<br/> marketing to you or being processed as part of our business activities. </p> </p></div> <div class="descr-checkboxes"> <span class="slogan"><br/> How would you describe yourself and your interest in Oxford Languages?<br/> (Tick which best applies)<br/> </span></p> <div class="wrapper-checkboxes reqiured"> <div class="b-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="ch-researcher" name="checkbox_name" class="checkbox-hidden"/><span class="replacer-checkbox"></span><label for="ch-researcher">Researcher</label> </div> <div class="b-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="ch-developer" name="checkbox_name" class="checkbox-hidden"/><span class="replacer-checkbox"></span><label for="ch-developer">Developer</label> </div> <div class="b-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="ch-teacher" name="checkbox_name" class="checkbox-hidden"/><span class="replacer-checkbox"></span><label for="ch-teacher">Teacher</label> </div> <div class="b-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="ch-institution" name="checkbox_name" class="checkbox-hidden"/><span class="replacer-checkbox"></span><label for="ch-institution">Librarian</label> </div> <div class="b-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="ch-professional" name="checkbox_name" class="checkbox-hidden"/><span class="replacer-checkbox"></span><label for="ch-professional">Professional / Corporate</label> </div> <div class="b-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="ch-general" name="checkbox_name" class="checkbox-hidden"/><span class="replacer-checkbox"></span><label for="ch-general">General Interest</label> </div> </p></div> <div class="describe-error">* select at least one option from the list</div> </p></div> <p> <span class="wpcf7-form-control-wrap describe-yourself"><input type="text" name="describe-yourself" value="" size="40" class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text hidden-field describe-yourself" aria-invalid="false"/></span><br/> <span class="wpcf7-form-control-wrap check-wordoftheday"><input type="text" name="check-wordoftheday" value="false" size="40" class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text hidden-field check-wordoftheday" aria-invalid="false"/></span><br/> <span class="wpcf7-form-control-wrap check-marketing"><input type="text" name="check-marketing" value="false" size="40" class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text hidden-field check-marketing" aria-invalid="false"/></span><br/> <button type="submit" class="sign-up-newsletter"><br/> <i class="icon icon--newsletter"></i>Sign up to newsletter<br/> </button> </div> <div class="wpcf7-response-output wpcf7-display-none"></div></form></div> </div> </div> <div class="popup-overlay"></div> <div class="hidden-form"> <div class="emaillist"> <form action="#" method="post" class="es_subscription_form es_shortcode_form" id="es_subscription_form_1608384089" data-source="ig-es"> <div class="es-field-wrap"><label>Name*<br/><input type="text" name="name" placeholder="" value="" required/></label></div> <div class="es-field-wrap"><label>Email*<br/><input class="es_required_field es_txt_email" type="email" name="email" value="" placeholder="" required/></label></div> <input type="hidden" name="lists[]" value="3"/> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" name="es_email_page" value="33703"/> <input type="hidden" name="es_email_page_url" value="https://public.oed.com/blog/the-oed-december-2020-update/"/> <input type="hidden" name="status" value="Unconfirmed"/> <input type="hidden" name="es-subscribe" id="es-subscribe" value="89858f61e5"/> <label style="position:absolute;top:-99999px;left:-99999px;z-index:-99;"><input type="text" name="es_hp_0efe8350d0" class="es_required_field" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="-1"/></label> <input type="submit" name="submit" class="es_subscription_form_submit es_submit_button es_textbox_button" id="es_subscription_form_submit_1608384089" value="Subscribe"/> <span class="es_spinner_image" id="spinner-image"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133225im_/https://public.oed.com/wp-content/plugins/email-subscribers/public/images/spinner.gif"/></span> </form> <span class="es_subscription_message" id="es_subscription_message_1608384089"></span> </div> </div> <script> if ( window.history.replaceState ) { window.history.replaceState( null, null, window.location.href ); } </script> </body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 13:32:25 Dec 19, 2020 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 17:12:59 Feb 21, 2025. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.509 exclusion.robots: 0.027 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.017 esindex: 0.011 cdx.remote: 10.345 LoadShardBlock: 254.791 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 169.53 (4) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 487.681 (2) load_resource: 471.065 -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10