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class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Portraits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Portraits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Portraits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Portraits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Miniatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miniatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Miniatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miniatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_portraits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_portraits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Other portraits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_portraits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Catherine Howard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharina_Howard" title="Catharina Howard – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Catharina Howard" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%BEerine_Haward" title="Caþerine Haward – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Caþerine Haward" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="كاثرين هوارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاثرين هوارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina_Howard" title="Catalina Howard – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Catalina Howard" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Hovard" title="Yekaterina Hovard – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yekaterina Hovard" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="کاترین هاوارد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاترین هاوارد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Катрин Хауърд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Катрин Хауърд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Howard" title="Katherine Howard – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Katherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_Howard" title="Caterina Howard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caterina Howard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%C5%99ina_Howardov%C3%A1" title="Kateřina Howardová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kateřina Howardová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catrin_Howard" title="Catrin Howard – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Catrin Howard" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Αικατερίνη Χάουαρντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αικατερίνη Χάουαρντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina_Howard" title="Catalina Howard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catalina Howard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalina_Howard" title="Katalina Howard – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Katalina Howard" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="کاترین هاوارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاترین هاوارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarina_Howard" title="Catarina Howard – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Catarina Howard" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EC%84%9C%EB%A6%B0_%ED%95%98%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C" title="캐서린 하워드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐서린 하워드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1_%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Եկատերինա Հովարդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եկատերինա Հովարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="कैथरीन हॉवर्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैथरीन हॉवर्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Howard" title="Katarina Howard – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katarina Howard" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="קתרין הווארד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קתרין הווארד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="კათრინ ჰოვარდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კათრინ ჰოვარდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharina_Hauarda" title="Catharina Hauarda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Catharina Hauarda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Katalin_angol_kir%C3%A1lyn%C3%A9" title="Howard Katalin angol királyné – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Howard Katalin angol királyné" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Катерина Хауард – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Катерина Хауард" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="كاثرين هوارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاثرين هوارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catrina_%E1%B8%A4ouarde" title="Catrina Ḥouarde – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Catrina Ḥouarde" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharina_Howard" title="Catharina Howard – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Catharina Howard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="キャサリン・ハワード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キャサリン・ハワード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Howard" title="Katarina Howard – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Katarina Howard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Howard" title="Katarina Howard – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Katarina Howard" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarzyna_Howard" title="Katarzyna Howard – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katarzyna Howard" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarina_Howard" title="Catarina Howard – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catarina Howard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Говард, Екатерина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Говард, Екатерина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar%C3%ADna_Howardov%C3%A1" title="Katarína Howardová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Katarína Howardová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Howard" title="Katarina Howard – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Katarina Howard" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="کاترین ھۆوارد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاترین ھۆوارد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Катарина Хауард – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Катарина Хауард" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Howard" title="Katherine Howard – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Katherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katariina_Howard" title="Katariina Howard – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katariina Howard" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Howard" title="Katarina Howard – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katarina Howard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="கத்தரீன் ஹவார்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கத்தரீன் ஹவார்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="แคเทอริน เฮาเวิร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคเทอริน เฮาเวิร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Катерина Говард – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катерина Говард" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E7%91%9F%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7" title="凯瑟琳·霍华德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凯瑟琳·霍华德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Catherine Howard" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188926#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Queen of England from 1540 to 1541</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Catherine Howard, see <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Howard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Catherine Howard (disambiguation)">Catherine Howard (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Catherine Howard</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady,_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_(Royal_Collection).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady%2C_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG/250px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady%2C_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady%2C_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG/375px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady%2C_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady%2C_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG/500px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady%2C_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait miniature possibly of Catherine Howard or <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1540</span> (Royal Collection)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of England">Queen consort of England</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">28 July 1540 – 23 November 1541<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1523</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lambeth" title="Lambeth">Lambeth</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 February 1542 (aged about 19)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, London, England (decapitated)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">13 February 1542<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter_ad_Vincula" title="Church of St Peter ad Vincula">Church of St Peter ad Vincula</a>, Tower of London</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> <br /></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1540)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Howard_family" title="Howard family">Howard</a> (by birth)<br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a> (by marriage)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Edmund_Howard" title="Lord Edmund Howard">Lord Edmund Howard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Culpeper" title="Joyce Culpeper">Joyce Culpeper</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_Howard_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Catherine Howard's signature"><img alt="Catherine Howard's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Catherine_Howard_Signature.svg/125px-Catherine_Howard_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Catherine_Howard_Signature.svg/188px-Catherine_Howard_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Catherine_Howard_Signature.svg/250px-Catherine_Howard_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="82" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Catherine Howard</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1523</span> – 13 February 1542) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_royal_consorts" title="List of English royal consorts">Queen of England</a> from July 1540 until November 1541 as the <a href="/wiki/Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Wives of Henry VIII">fifth wife</a> of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>. She was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edmund_Howard" title="Lord Edmund Howard">Lord Edmund Howard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Culpeper" title="Joyce Culpeper">Joyce Culpeper</a>, a cousin to <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a> (the second wife of Henry VIII), and the niece of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk</a>. Thomas Howard was a prominent politician at Henry's court. He secured her a place in the household of Henry's fourth wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a>, where Howard caught the King's interest. She married him on 28 July 1540 at <a href="/wiki/Oatlands_Palace" title="Oatlands Palace">Oatlands Palace</a> in Surrey, just 19 days after the annulment of his marriage to Anne. He was 49, and it is widely accepted that she was about 17 at the time of her marriage to Henry VIII. </p><p>Catherine was stripped of her title as queen in November 1541 and beheaded three months later on the grounds of treason for committing adultery with her distant cousin, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Culpeper" title="Thomas Culpeper">Thomas Culpeper</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catherine had an aristocratic ancestry as a granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk</a> (1443–1524), but her father, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edmund_Howard" title="Lord Edmund Howard">Lord Edmund Howard</a>, was not wealthy, being the third son of his father – under the rules of <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>, the eldest son inherited all of the father's estate. </p><p>Catherine's mother, <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Culpeper" title="Joyce Culpeper">Joyce Culpeper</a>, already had five children from her first husband, Ralph Leigh (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1476</span> – 1509) when she married Lord Edmund Howard, and they had another six together, Catherine being about her mother's tenth child. With little to sustain the family, her father often had to beg for the help of his more affluent relatives. </p><p>Her father's sister, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Boleyn,_Countess_of_Wiltshire" title="Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire">Elizabeth Howard</a>, was the mother of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>. Therefore, Catherine Howard was the first cousin of Anne Boleyn, and the first cousin once removed of Lady Elizabeth (later Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>), Anne's daughter by Henry VIII. She also was the second cousin of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a>, as her grandmother <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Tilney" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Tilney">Elizabeth Tilney</a> was the sister of Seymour's grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Say" title="Anne Say">Anne Say</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFiXjKTkR0QYCpgPA9_9]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFiXjKTkR0QYCpgPA9_9]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Catherine's mother died in 1528, her father married two more times. In 1531, he was appointed Controller of <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Calais" title="Pale of Calais">Calais</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde1982_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde1982-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was dismissed from his post in 1539, and died in March 1539. Catherine was the third of Henry VIII's wives to have been a member of the English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were royalty from continental Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catherine was born in <a href="/wiki/Lambeth" title="Lambeth">Lambeth</a> in or about 1523, although the exact date is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne201925,_183–187_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne201925,_183–187-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell201719,_55–60_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell201719,_55–60-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated date has been determined from the wills of family members, the known birth order of her and her siblings in various dated records, and the age range of her ladies-in-waiting, being in the same age group and often, same past household of the <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Howard,_Duchess_of_Norfolk" title="Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk">Dowager Duchess of Norfolk</a>, where Catherine would spend a large portion of her childhood and adolescence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell201716–19_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell201716–19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unfortunately Catherine did not have a good start in life, mostly due to the routinely poor decisions of her father, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edmund_Howard" title="Lord Edmund Howard">Edmund Howard</a>. Being the third son of a prominent family, Edmund's opportunities were limited to relying on the generosity of his wealthier family members and his own ability to pave his way. Sadly, he was both overly proud and a spendthrift. His insult to the King and further events would continue to devolve and slowly ensnare him, and by extension, his family. Edmund developed a gambling addiction that meant the ever constant threat of debtors' prison, and he went into hiding on multiple occasions. In his desperate 1527 letter to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a> he states, "Humbly I beseech your grace to be my good lord, for without your gracious help I am utterly undone. Sir, so it is that I am so far in danger of the King's Laws by reason of the debt that I am in, that I dare not go abroad, nor come in mine own house, and am fain to absent me from my wife and my poor children... Sir there is no help but, through your grace and your good mediation to the King's Grace."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell201741_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell201741-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If Cardinal Wolsey did assist the family in response to the letter written in 1527, which there is little evidence of, the funds arrived piecemeal and were probably not enough. The lowest point for the family came between 1524 and 1531, the period which roughly corresponds with Catherine Howard's birth and early years. The image this paints is of a girl likely neglected and potentially unwanted, as her birth meant a future dowry to come up with money for. Generally, Catherine's young life was filled with uncertainty and instability, so it is understandable as to why she has been often described as barely literate and generally unlearned. She clearly was not a high priority for her father, still less her education and future prospects. In 1531, help came to Catherine indirectly through the intervention of her cousin and soon-to-be queen, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>, whom Edmund approached regarding a position; he was assigned to be the Comptroller at Calais.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell201744–45_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell201744–45-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether due to her mother Joyce's death in about 1528, her family's financial problems, or Catherine nearing the age suitable for wardship, Catherine's family was broken up in 1531, when she was about 8 years of age. Two of her older half-sisters were married off, and both Catherine and her brother Henry were sent to be wards of <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Howard,_Duchess_of_Norfolk" title="Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk">Agnes Howard</a>, her step-grandmother and the Dowager <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Norfolk" title="Duchess of Norfolk">Duchess of Norfolk</a>. The duchess managed large households at <a href="/wiki/Chesworth_House" title="Chesworth House">Chesworth House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Horsham" title="Horsham">Horsham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, and at Norfolk House in <a href="/wiki/Lambeth" title="Lambeth">Lambeth</a> where dozens of attendants, along with her many wards—usually the children of aristocratic but poor relatives—resided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1951137–140_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1951137–140-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While sending young children to be educated and trained in aristocratic households was common among European nobles at the time, supervision at both Chesworth House and Lambeth was apparently lax. The Dowager Duchess was often at Court and seems to have had little direct involvement in the upbringing of her wards and young female attendants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell201750_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell201750-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001424_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001424-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Duchess's household at Horsham, in around 1536, Catherine began music lessons with two teachers, one of whom was Henry Mannox, and they began a relationship. Mannox's exact age at the time is unknown. It has recently been stated that he was in his late thirties, perhaps 36, but this is not supported by Catherine's biographers. Evidence exists that Mannox was not yet married, and it would have been highly unusual for someone from his background at the time to not be married by his mid-thirties. He married sometime in the late 1530s, perhaps in 1539, and there is also some evidence that he was the same age as two other men serving in the household, including his cousin Edward Waldegrave, who was in his late teens or early twenties between 1536 and 1538. This evidence indicates that Mannox too was in his early to mid-twenties in 1536.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell201763_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell201763-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agnes-Howard-ne-Tilney-Duchess-of-Norfolk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Agnes-Howard-ne-Tilney-Duchess-of-Norfolk.jpg/220px-Agnes-Howard-ne-Tilney-Duchess-of-Norfolk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Agnes-Howard-ne-Tilney-Duchess-of-Norfolk.jpg/330px-Agnes-Howard-ne-Tilney-Duchess-of-Norfolk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Agnes-Howard-ne-Tilney-Duchess-of-Norfolk.jpg/440px-Agnes-Howard-ne-Tilney-Duchess-of-Norfolk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Agnes Howard, née Tilney, the second wife of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, line engraving from 1793, based on an original from 1513.</figcaption></figure> <p>The details and dates of this relationship are debated among modern historians. The most popular theory, first put forward in 2004 by <a href="/wiki/Retha_Warnicke" title="Retha Warnicke">Retha Warnicke</a>, was that the relationship between them was abusive, with Mannox <a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">grooming</a> and preying on Catherine between 1536 and 1538; this is expanded upon in detail by Conor Byrne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne201958–60_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne201958–60-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other biographers, like Gareth Russell, believe that Mannox's interactions with Catherine took place over a much shorter time, that Mannox was roughly the same age as her, but that "their relationship was nonetheless inappropriate, on several levels." He believes Catherine was increasingly repulsed by Mannox's pressure to have sex with her and was angered by his gossiping with servants about the details of what had gone on between them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell201754_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell201754-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mannox and Catherine both confessed during her adultery inquisitions as the wife of King Henry that they had engaged in sexual contact, but not actual <a href="/wiki/Coitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coitus">coitus</a>. When questioned, Catherine was quoted as saying, "At the flattering and fair persuasions of Mannox, being but a young girl, I suffered him at sundry times to handle and touch the secret parts of my body, which neither became me with honesty to permit nor him to require."<sup id="cite_ref-ABF1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABF1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2017279_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2017279-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catherine severed contact with Mannox in 1538, most likely in the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell201755–56_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell201755–56-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not true, as is sometimes stated, that this was because she began to spend more time at the Dowager Duchess's mansion in Lambeth, as Lambeth was Mannox's home parish and he also married here, perhaps in 1538 or 1539. He was still living in Lambeth in 1541.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetters_and_Papers,_Henry_VIII16,_[httpswwwbritish-historyacukletters-papers-hen8vol16pp605-613_1321]_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetters_and_Papers,_Henry_VIII16,_[httpswwwbritish-historyacukletters-papers-hen8vol16pp605-613_1321]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterward, Catherine was pursued by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Dereham" title="Francis Dereham">Francis Dereham</a>, a secretary of the Dowager Duchess. They allegedly became lovers, addressing each other as "husband" and "wife". Dereham also entrusted Catherine with various wifely duties, such as keeping his money when he was away on business. Many of Catherine's roommates among the Dowager Duchess's maids of honour and attendants knew of the relationship, which apparently ended in 1539 when the Dowager Duchess found out. Despite this, Catherine and Dereham may have parted with intentions to marry upon his return from <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, agreeing to a precontract of marriage. If indeed they exchanged vows before having sexual intercourse, they would have been considered married in the eyes of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-ABF1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABF1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrival_at_court">Arrival at court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arrival at court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catherine's uncle, the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a>, found her a place at Court in the household of the King's fourth wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991413_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991413-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young and attractive <a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting" title="Lady-in-waiting">lady-in-waiting</a>, Catherine quickly caught the eye of multiple men, including the King and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Culpeper" title="Thomas Culpeper">Thomas Culpeper</a>. In the early stages of her time at court, and prior to the arrival of Anne of Cleves, the relationship between the King and Catherine has been little remarked upon. He seems to have found her attractive, and whenever they happened to be in each other's company they publicly flirted, but little else appears to have happened. As Anne arrived and the King came to show little interest in her, an opportunity for Catherine slowly began to present itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell201789–90,_97–98_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell201789–90,_97–98-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to this point, Catherine and Thomas Culpeper had slowly entered into a quasi-relationship and one that was not sexual – although, from later testimony, Culpeper expected it to soon become so, also telling Catherine that he loved her (likely more lust than actual love). Catherine rejected this, and in response he moved onto another woman within the Queen's household. This deeply upset Catherine, who does appear to have had some level of feelings for him at this time, for on one occasion she broke down in tears in front of her fellow maids of honor. Prior to this instance, it was she who controlled how long her relationships lasted and when they ended. During this time, word reached back to Francis Dereham of the rumored soon-to-be marriage between the pair, and he arrived at court to dispute this with them both. After being, again, told off by Catherine, he returned to the dowager duchess's household, which he requested to leave, as Catherine was no longer there. Believing this desperation was temporary and soon to blow over, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Howard,_Duchess_of_Norfolk" title="Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk">Agnes Howard</a> denied this request.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell201799_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell201799-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King had displayed little interest in Anne from the beginning, but some historians have argued that, with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a> failing to find a new match, Norfolk saw an opportunity. The Howards may have sought to recreate the influence gained during <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>'s reign as <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sander" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Sander">Nicholas Sander</a>, the religiously conservative <a href="/wiki/Howard_family" title="Howard family">Howard family</a> may have seen Catherine as a figurehead for their fight by expressed determination to restore <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> to England. Catholic bishop <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a> entertained the couple at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Palace" title="Winchester Palace">Winchester Palace</a> with "feastings".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2011432_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2011432-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Russell does not accept this interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell201789_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell201789-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the King's interest in Catherine grew, so did the house of Norfolk's influence. Her youth, prettiness and vivacity were captivating for the middle-aged sovereign, who claimed he had never known "the like to any woman". Within months of her arrival at court, Henry bestowed gifts of land and expensive cloth upon Catherine. The first administrative evidence of this was a grant made on 24 April 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2018519,_696_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2018519,_696-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry called her his 'very jewel of womanhood' (that he called her his 'rose without a thorn' is likely a myth).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001432–433_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001432–433-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Marillac" title="Charles de Marillac">Charles de Marillac</a>, thought her "delightful". Holbein's portrait showed a young auburn-haired girl with a characteristically hooked Howard nose; Catherine was said to have a "gentle, earnest face",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2011433_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2011433-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Elisabeth and Agnes Strickland, who co-authored the Victorian-era biography of Catherine Howard in "The Lives of the Queens of England: Volume IV", where she is described as petite in stature, but of a full frame. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Template:Wives of Henry VIII"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Template talk:Wives of Henry VIII"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wives of Henry VIII"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_of_Aragon_(1485-1536).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Catherine_of_Aragon_%281485-1536%29.jpg/124px-Catherine_of_Aragon_%281485-1536%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Catherine_of_Aragon_%281485-1536%29.jpg/186px-Catherine_of_Aragon_%281485-1536%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Catherine_of_Aragon_%281485-1536%29.jpg/248px-Catherine_of_Aragon_%281485-1536%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a><br />m. 1509–1533</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AnneBoleynHever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AnneBoleynHever.jpg/110px-AnneBoleynHever.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AnneBoleynHever.jpg/165px-AnneBoleynHever.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AnneBoleynHever.jpg/220px-AnneBoleynHever.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1765" data-file-height="2360" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a><br />m. 1533–1536</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour,_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour%2C_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/110px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour%2C_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour%2C_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/165px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour%2C_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour%2C_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour%2C_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4241" data-file-height="6824" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a><br />m. 1536–1537</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_d%27Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portrait_d%27Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein.jpg/124px-Portrait_d%27Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portrait_d%27Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein.jpg/186px-Portrait_d%27Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portrait_d%27Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein.jpg/248px-Portrait_d%27Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a><br />m. 1540</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HowardCatherine02.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HowardCatherine02.jpeg/118px-HowardCatherine02.jpeg" decoding="async" width="118" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HowardCatherine02.jpeg/177px-HowardCatherine02.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/HowardCatherine02.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="255" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catherine Howard</a><br />m. 1540–1542</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg/116px-Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg/174px-Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg/232px-Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3042" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a><br />m. 1543–1547</div></div></div></div></div> <p>King Henry and Catherine were married by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bonner" title="Edmund Bonner">Edmund Bonner</a> Bishop of London at <a href="/wiki/Oatlands_Palace" title="Oatlands Palace">Oatlands Palace</a> on 28 July 1540, the same day Cromwell was executed. She was a teenager and he was 49. Catherine adopted the French motto <i>"Non autre volonté que la sienne"</i>, meaning "No other will but his". The marriage was made public on 8 August, and prayers were said in the Chapel Royal at <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001437_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001437-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry "indulged her every whim" thanks to her "caprice".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001437_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001437-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catherine was young, joyous and carefree. She was too young to take part in administrative matters of State. Nevertheless, every night Sir Thomas Heneage, <a href="/wiki/Groom_of_the_Stool" title="Groom of the Stool">Groom of the Stool</a>, came to her chamber to report on the King's well-being. No plans were made for a coronation, yet she still travelled downriver in the royal barge into the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> to a gun salute and some acclamation. She was settled by jointure at <a href="/wiki/Baynard%27s_Castle" title="Baynard's Castle">Baynard Castle</a>. Little changed at court, other than the arrival of many Howards. Every day she dressed with new clothes in the French fashion bedecked with precious jewels, decorated in gold around her sleeves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001440–441_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001440–441-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Queen escaped plague-ridden London in August 1540 when on <a href="/wiki/Royal_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Entry">progress</a>. The royal couple's entourage travelled on honeymoon through <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buckingham" title="Buckingham">Buckingham</a>. The King embarked on a lavish spending spree to celebrate his marriage, with extensive refurbishments and developments at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a>. This was followed by more expensive gifts for Christmas at Hampton Court Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001446–447_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001446–447-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That winter the King's bad moods deepened and grew more furious, caused in part by the pain from his ulcerous legs. He accused councillors of being "lying time-servers", and began to regret executing Cromwell. After a dark and depressed March, his mood lifted at Easter. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Catherine_Howard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Catherine_Howard.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Catherine_Howard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Catherine_Howard.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Catherine_Howard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Catherine_Howard.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Catherine_Howard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Catherine Howard as queen consort</figcaption></figure> <p>Preparations were in place for any signs of a royal pregnancy, reported by Marillac on 15 April as "if it be found true, to have her crowned at <a href="/wiki/Whitsun" title="Whitsun">Whitsuntide</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001449_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001449-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:#CDF; color: black; width:auto"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Family_tree_of_the_Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Template:Family tree of the Wives of Henry VIII"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Family_tree_of_the_Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Template talk:Family tree of the Wives of Henry VIII"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Family_tree_of_the_Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Family tree of the Wives of Henry VIII"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Family tree of the <a href="/wiki/Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Wives of Henry VIII">wives of Henry VIII</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> and all six of his wives were related through a common ancestor, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00"><span style="font-size:85%;">1239–1307</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a><br />King of England<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1272–1307</span></span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1275</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_England,_Duchess_of_Brabant" title="Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant">Margaret</a><br />Duchess of Brabant</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1282</span>–1316</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Rhuddlan" title="Elizabeth of Rhuddlan">Elizabeth</a><br />Countess of Hereford</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00"><span style="font-size:85%;">1284–1327</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a><br />King of England<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1307–1327</span></span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1300–1355</span><br /><a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="John III, Duke of Brabant">John III</a><br />Duke of Brabant</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1312–1360</span><br /><a href="/wiki/William_de_Bohun,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton">William de Bohun</a><br />Earl of Northampton</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00"><span style="font-size:85%;">1312–1377</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a><br />King of England<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1327–1377</span></span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1323–1380</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Brabant,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Margaret of Brabant, Countess of Flanders">Margaret of Brabant</a><br />Countess of Flanders</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1338–1368</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence">Lionel of Antwerp</a><br />Duke of Clarence</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1340–1399</span><br /><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a><br />Duke of Lancaster</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1350–1405</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Margaret_III,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Margaret III, Countess of Flanders">Margaret III</a><br />Countess of Flanders<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350</span>–1385</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fitzalan,_Countess_of_Arundel" title="Elizabeth Fitzalan, Countess of Arundel">Elizabeth Fitzalan</a><br />Countess of Arundel</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1355–1382</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Philippa,_5th_Countess_of_Ulster" title="Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster">Philippa</a><br />Countess of Ulster</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1371–1419</span><br /><a href="/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John</a><br />Duke of Burgundy</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1366–1425</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fitzalan,_Duchess_of_Norfolk" title="Elizabeth Fitzalan, Duchess of Norfolk">Elizabeth Fitzalan</a><br />Duchess of Norfolk</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1371–1417</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mortimer" title="Elizabeth Mortimer">Elizabeth Mortimer</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1374–1398</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_4th_Earl_of_March" title="Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March">Roger Mortimer</a><br />Earl of March</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1371</span>–1410</span><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort</a><br />Earl of Somerset</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1373–1418</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Lancaster" title="Catherine of Lancaster">Catherine</a><br />Queen of Castile</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1379</span>–1440</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Westmorland" title="Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland">Joan Beaufort</a><br />Countess of Westmorland</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1393–1466</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy,_Duchess_of_Cleves" title="Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves">Mary</a><br />Duchess of Cleves</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1388</span></span><br />Margaret de Mowbray</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1395</span>–1436</span><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_7th_Baron_Clifford#Marriage_and_issue" title="John Clifford, 7th Baron Clifford">Elizabeth</a><br />Baroness de Clifford</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1388–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1411</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Mortimer" title="Anne de Mortimer">Anne de Mortimer</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1404–1444</span><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">John Beaufort</a><br />Duke of Somerset</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1405–1454</span><br /><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a><br />King of Castile</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1400–1460</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville</a><br />Earl of Salisbury</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1419–1481</span><br /><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="John I, Duke of Cleves">John I</a><br />Duke of Cleves</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1425</span>–1485</span><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">John Howard</a><br />Duke of Norfolk</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Mary Clifford</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1411–1460</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard</a><br />Duke of York</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1430</span></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Alice_Neville" title="Alice Neville">Alice Neville</a><br />Baroness FitzHugh of Ravensworth</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1458–1521</span><br /><a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="John II, Duke of Cleves">John II</a><br />Duke of Cleves</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1443–1524</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard</a><br />Duke of Norfolk</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1448</span>–1499/1501</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wentworth" title="Henry Wentworth">Henry Wentworth</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00"><span style="font-size:85%;">1442–1483</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a><br />King of England<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1461–1470</span><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1470–1483</span></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1441/43–1509</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1451–1504</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a><br />Queen of Castile</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1455/1465</span>–bef. 1507</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_FitzHugh" title="Elizabeth FitzHugh">Elizabeth FitzHugh</a><br />Lady Parr of Kendal</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1490–1538/1539</span><br /><a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="John III, Duke of Cleves">John III</a><br />Duke of Cleves<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1478</span>–1539</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_Edmund_Howard" title="Lord Edmund Howard">Edmund Howard</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1480</span>–1538</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Boleyn,_Countess_of_Wiltshire" title="Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire">Elizabeth Boleyn</a><br />Countess of Wiltshire</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1478</span>–1550</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Margery_Wentworth" title="Margery Wentworth">Margery Wentworth</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;">1466–1503</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00"><span style="font-size:85%;">1457–1509</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a><br />King of England<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1485–1509</span></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1483</span>–1517</span><br />Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parr_(courtier)" title="Thomas Parr (courtier)">Thomas Parr</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCFFFF; border:2px solid #00F"><span style="font-size:85%;">1515–1557</span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a></b><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">4th wife:<br />1540</span></i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCFFFF; border:2px solid #00F"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1524–1542</span></span><br /><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catherine Howard</a></b><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">5th wife:<br />1540–1542</span></i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCFFFF; border:2px solid #00F"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1507</span>–1536</span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a></b><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">2nd wife:<br />1533–1536</span></i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCFFFF; border:2px solid #00F"><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1508</span>–1537</span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a></b><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">3rd wife:<br />1536–1537</span></i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FDC; border:2px solid #F00"><span style="font-size:85%;">1491–1547</span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></b><br />King of England<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1509–1547</span></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCFFFF; border:2px solid #00F"><span style="font-size:85%;">1485–1536</span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a></b><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">1st wife:<br />1509–1533</span></i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCFFFF; border:2px solid #00F"><span style="font-size:85%;">1512–1548</span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a></b><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">6th wife:<br />1543–1547</span></i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00"><span style="font-size:85%;">1533–1603</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a><br />Queen of England<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1558–1603</span></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00"><span style="font-size:85%;">1537–1553</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a><br />King of England<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1547–1553</span></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00"><span style="font-size:85%;">1516–1558</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a><br />Queen of England<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1553–1558</span></span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Downfall">Downfall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Downfall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catherine may have been involved during her marriage to the King with Henry's favourite male courtier, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Culpeper" title="Thomas Culpeper">Thomas Culpeper</a>, a young man who "had succeeded [him] in the Queen's affections", according to Dereham's later testimony. She had considered marrying Culpeper during her time as a maid-of-honour to <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culpeper called Catherine "my little, sweet fool" in a love letter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001454_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001454-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been alleged that in spring 1541 the pair were meeting secretly. Their meetings were allegedly arranged by one of Catherine's older ladies-in-waiting, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Boleyn,_Viscountess_Rochford" title="Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford">Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford</a> (Lady Rochford), the widow of Catherine's executed cousin, <a href="/wiki/George_Boleyn,_2nd_Viscount_Rochford" class="mw-redirect" title="George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford">George Boleyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>'s brother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001449_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001449-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People who claimed to have witnessed her earlier sexual behaviour while she lived at <a href="/wiki/Lambeth" title="Lambeth">Lambeth</a> reportedly contacted her for favours in return for their silence, and some of these blackmailers may have been appointed to her royal household. <a href="/wiki/John_Lassells" title="John Lassells">John Lassells</a>, a supporter of Cromwell, approached the Archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, telling him that his sister Mary refused to become a part of Queen Catherine's household, stating that she had witnessed the "light" ways of Queen Catherine while they were living together at Lambeth. Cranmer then interrogated Mary Lassells, who alleged that Catherine had had sexual relations while under the Duchess of Norfolk's care, before her relationship with the King. </p><p>Cranmer immediately took up the case to topple his rivals, the Roman Catholic Norfolk family. Lady Rochford was interrogated, and confessed that she had watched for Catherine backstairs as Culpeper had made his escapes from the Queen's room.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1961173_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1961173-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CatherineHowardLetter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CatherineHowardLetter.jpg/220px-CatherineHowardLetter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CatherineHowardLetter.jpg/330px-CatherineHowardLetter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CatherineHowardLetter.jpg/440px-CatherineHowardLetter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Letter from Catherine Howard to Thomas Culpeper</figcaption></figure> <p>During the investigation a love letter written in the Queen's distinctive handwriting was found in Culpeper's chambers. This is the only letter of hers that has survived (other than her later "confession").<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarquhar200177_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarquhar200177-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1961170–171_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1961170–171-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>, 1 November 1541, the King arranged to be found praying in the Chapel Royal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001453_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001453-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he received a letter describing the allegations against Catherine. On 7 November 1541, Archbishop Cranmer led a delegation of councillors to <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Palace" title="Winchester Palace">Winchester Palace</a> in Southwark, to question her. Even the staunch Cranmer found the teenaged Catherine's frantic, incoherent state pitiable, saying, "I found her in such lamentation and heaviness as I never saw no creature, so that it would have pitied any man's heart to have looked upon her."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman200681–82_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman200681–82-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ordered the guards to remove any objects she might use to commit suicide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imprisonment_and_death">Imprisonment and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Imprisonment and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Establishing the existence of a pre-contract between Catherine and Dereham would have had the effect of terminating Catherine's marriage to Henry, but it would also have allowed Henry to annul their marriage and banish her from court to live in poverty and disgrace instead of executing her, although there is no indication that Henry would have chosen that alternative. Initially Catherine made a frank confession of her relationship with Dereham, but subsequently she steadfastly denied any pre-contract, maintaining that Dereham had raped her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2017313–319_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2017313–319-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catherine was stripped of her title as queen on 23 November 1541 and imprisoned in the new <a href="/wiki/Syon_Abbey" title="Syon Abbey">Syon Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, formerly a convent, where she remained throughout the winter of 1541.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001453_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001453-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was obliged by a Privy Councillor to return the ring previously owned by Anne of Cleves, which the King had given her; it was a symbol of removal of her regal and lawful rights. The King would be at Hampton Court, but she would not see him again. Despite these actions, her marriage to Henry was never formally annulled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidM1yHXitDdyQCpgPA483_483]_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidM1yHXitDdyQCpgPA483_483]-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culpeper and Dereham were arraigned at the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a> on 1 December 1541 for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>. They were executed at <a href="/wiki/Tyburn" title="Tyburn">Tyburn</a> on 10 December 1541, Culpeper being beheaded and Dereham being <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">hanged, drawn and quartered</a>. According to custom, their heads were placed on spikes on <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a>. Many of Catherine's relatives were also detained in the Tower, tried, found guilty of concealing treason and sentenced to life imprisonment and forfeiture of goods. Her uncle, the Duke of Norfolk, distanced himself from the scandal by retreating to <a href="/wiki/Kenninghall" title="Kenninghall">Kenninghall</a> to write a letter of apology, laying all the blame on his niece and stepmother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991474_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991474-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_Earl_of_Surrey" title="Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey">Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey</a>, a poet, remained a favourite of the King. Meanwhile, the King sank further into morbidity and indulged his appetite for food and women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001456–457_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001456–457-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catherine remained in limbo until <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> introduced on 29 January 1542 a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_attainder" title="Bill of attainder">bill of attainder</a>, which was passed on 7 February 1542.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991478_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991478-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent_by_Commission_Act_1541" title="Royal Assent by Commission Act 1541">Royal Assent by Commission Act 1541</a> made it treason, and punishable by death, for a queen consort to fail to disclose her sexual history to the King within 20 days of their marriage, or to incite someone to commit adultery with her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir200982_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir200982-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIves1992651–664_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIves1992651–664-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This measure retroactively solved the matter of Catherine's supposed pre-contract and made her unequivocally guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991481_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991481-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No formal trial was held. </p><p>When the Lords of the Council came for her, she allegedly panicked and screamed as they manhandled her into the barge that would escort her to the Tower on Friday 10 February 1542, her flotilla passing under London Bridge where the heads of Culpeper and Dereham were impaled (and where they remained until 1546). Entering through the <a href="/wiki/Traitors%27_Gate" title="Traitors' Gate">Traitors' Gate</a>, she was led to her prison cell. The next day the bill of attainder received <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> and her execution was scheduled for 7:00 a.m. on Monday 13 February 1542.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991481_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991481-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrangements for the execution were supervised by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Gage_(Tudor_politician)" title="John Gage (Tudor politician)">John Gage</a> in his role as <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower" title="Constable of the Tower">Constable of the Tower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter20021129_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter20021129-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The night before her execution, Catherine is believed to have spent many hours practising how to lay her head upon the block, which had been brought to her at her request.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991480_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991480-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died with relative composure but looked pale and terrified; she required assistance to climb the <a href="/wiki/Scaffold" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaffold">scaffold</a>. According to popular folklore her <a href="/wiki/Last_words" title="Last words">last words</a> were, "I die a Queen, but I would rather have died the wife of Culpeper", but no eyewitness accounts support this, instead reporting that she stuck to traditional final words, asking for forgiveness for her sins and acknowledging that she deserved to die "a thousand deaths" for betraying the King, who had always treated her so graciously. She described her punishment as "worthy and just" and asked for mercy for her family and prayers for her soul. This was typical of the speeches given by people executed during that period, most likely in an effort to protect their families, since the condemned's last words would be relayed to the King. Catherine was then beheaded with the executioner's axe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2011_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, when told by Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Paget,_1st_Baron_Paget" title="William Paget, 1st Baron Paget">William Paget</a> how the Queen had "wonderfully abused the King", laid his hand on his heart and announced by his faith as a gentleman that "She hath done wonderous naughtly".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEState_Papers_8_(5),_p._636_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState_Papers_8_(5),_p._636-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon hearing news of Catherine's execution, King Francis wrote a letter to Henry regretting the "lewd and naughty [evil] behaviour of the Queen" and advising him that "the lightness of women cannot bend the honour of men".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991475_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991475-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Queen_Catherine_Howard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tomb_of_Queen_Catherine_Howard.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Queen_Catherine_Howard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tomb_of_Queen_Catherine_Howard.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Queen_Catherine_Howard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tomb_of_Queen_Catherine_Howard.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Queen_Catherine_Howard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Catherine Howard's grave, St. Peter ad Vincula</figcaption></figure> <p>Lady Rochford was executed immediately thereafter on Tower Green. Both bodies were buried in an unmarked grave in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter_ad_Vincula" title="Church of St Peter ad Vincula">Church of St Peter ad Vincula</a>, where the bodies of Catherine's cousins, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne</a> and George Boleyn, also lay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991482_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991482-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cousins were also in the crowd, including the Earl of Surrey. King Henry did not attend. Catherine's body was not one of those identified during restorations of the chapel during <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s reign. She is commemorated on a plaque on the west wall dedicated to all those who died in the Tower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2008_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2008-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001457–458_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001457–458-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catherine has been the subject of contention for modern biographies, <i>A Tudor Tragedy</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lacey_Baldwin_Smith" title="Lacey Baldwin Smith">Lacey Baldwin Smith</a> (1967), <i>Katherine Howard: A Tudor Conspiracy</i> by <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Denny" title="Joanna Denny">Joanna Denny</a> (2006), <i>Katherine Howard: Henry VIII's Slandered Queen</i> by Conor Byrne (2019), and <i>Young and Damned and Fair</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Russell_(author)" title="Gareth Russell (author)">Gareth Russell</a> (2017). Each is more or less sympathetic, though they disagree on various important points involving Catherine's motivations, date of birth and overall character. </p><p>Her life has also been described in the five collective studies of Henry's queens that have appeared since the publication of <a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alison Weir (historian)">Alison Weir</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Wives_of_Henry_VIII_(book)" title="The Six Wives of Henry VIII (book)">The Six Wives of Henry VIII</a></i> (1991)—such as <a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">David Starkey</a>'s <i>The Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII</i> (2003). Several of these writers have been highly critical of Catherine's conduct, if sympathetic to her eventual fate and regarding her punishment as excessive. Baldwin Smith described Catherine's life as one of <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a> and characterized her as a "<a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquent" class="mw-redirect" title="Juvenile delinquent">juvenile delinquent</a>", as did <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hackett" title="Francis Hackett">Francis Hackett</a> in his 1929 biography of Henry. Weir had much the same judgement, describing her as an "empty-headed wanton". Other writers, especially those studying historical trends larger than Catherine's life, have been much more critical towards her. In his book <i>Tudor Queens of England</i>, which profiles 14 consorts and sovereigns, <a href="/wiki/David_Loades" title="David Loades">David Loades</a> described Catherine as a "stupid and oversexed adolescent" who "certainly behaved like a whore", and wrote that her denial of a <a href="/wiki/Precontract" title="Precontract">precontract</a> was "a measure of her stupidity"; however, he also said that she died when she was "just 20 years old, a mere child". In her book <i>Elizabeth's Women</i>, profiling the rise of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> (Catherine's stepdaughter), <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Borman" title="Tracy Borman">Tracy Borman</a> wrote that Catherine was "as much a sexual predator as [Francis] Dereham" and blamed Catherine almost entirely for her own fate. </p><p>Loades's and Borman's characterizations are unusually harsh, however. The general trend has been more fair to Catherine, particularly in the works of <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a>, Karen Lindsey, <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Denny" title="Joanna Denny">Joanna Denny</a>, Conor Byrne, Josephine Wilkinson, and Gareth Russell. <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Worsley" title="Lucy Worsley">Lucy Worsley</a> also takes a kinder, modern view of the accusations against Catherine and their relation to the men who took advantage of her in her youth. In her <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> miniseries <i>Six Wives</i> she states that today, instead of the "good-time girl" some historians accuse her of having been, we would call her an "abused child."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portraits">Portraits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Portraits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_Miniature_of_Katherine_Howard_(Strawberry_Hill).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_Miniature_of_Katherine_Howard_%28Strawberry_Hill%29.jpg/150px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_Miniature_of_Katherine_Howard_%28Strawberry_Hill%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_Miniature_of_Katherine_Howard_%28Strawberry_Hill%29.jpg/225px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_Miniature_of_Katherine_Howard_%28Strawberry_Hill%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_Miniature_of_Katherine_Howard_%28Strawberry_Hill%29.jpg/300px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_Miniature_of_Katherine_Howard_%28Strawberry_Hill%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait Miniature assumed to be Katherine Howard</i>, c. 1540<br />(Buccleuch Collection)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong198350_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong198350-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There is no authenticated contemporary likeness of Catherine Howard,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeard_&_Whitaker2013183_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard_&_Whitaker2013183-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is no documentary evidence that she ever had her portrait painted. "[T]here is a good chance that any image of Catherine would have been destroyed" after her execution, or "ignored, until their identity became a subject of debate to later generations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2017383_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2017383-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debate continues about the identity of the sitter(s) for potential portraits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miniatures">Miniatures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Miniatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Portrait_miniature" title="Portrait miniature">portrait miniatures</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady,_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_(Royal_Collection).JPG" title="File:Hans Holbein the Younger - Portrait of a Lady, perhaps Katherine Howard (Royal Collection).JPG">one</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_Miniature_of_Katherine_Howard_(Strawberry_Hill).jpg" title="File:Hans Holbein the Younger - Portrait Miniature of Katherine Howard (Strawberry Hill).jpg">another</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Buccleuch_collection" title="Duke of Buccleuch collection">Buccleuch Collection</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been traditionally considered to be contemporary portraits of the ill fated queen. The Royal Collection version at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, if confirmed to be her depiction, would be the only surviving painting from life and roughly dated to the time of her queenship. The historian David Starkey has confirmed a date of roughly 1540, based on the details of her dress and the technique of the miniature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey2003xxvi,_650–651_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey2003xxvi,_650–651-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is wearing a pendant jewel that is similar to that shown in Holbein's <a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour,_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" title="File:Hans Holbein the Younger - Jane Seymour, Queen of England - Google Art Project.jpg">portrait of Jane Seymour</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, Vienna. It is also identical to that worn in two other portraits of Henry VIII's Queens, one being the <a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Catherine_Parr.jpg" title="File:Queen Catherine Parr.jpg">Hastings portrait</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Queen Catherine Parr</a> and the other being a <a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_(workshop_of)_-_Jane_Seymour_(Mauritshuis).jpg" title="File:Hans Holbein the Younger (workshop of) - Jane Seymour (Mauritshuis).jpg">Workshop of Hans Holbein portrait</a> of Queen <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong198350_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong198350-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201532:_"The_necklace,_though_with_a_different_pendant,_can_be_seen_in_both_the_full-sized_portrait_of_Jane_Seymour,_Henry's_third_consort,_and_in_the_miniature_thought_to_depict_Henry's_fifth_wife,_Katherine_Howard"_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201532:_"The_necklace,_though_with_a_different_pendant,_can_be_seen_in_both_the_full-sized_portrait_of_Jane_Seymour,_Henry's_third_consort,_and_in_the_miniature_thought_to_depict_Henry's_fifth_wife,_Katherine_Howard"-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If this identification is correct, then the necklace and pendant may have been given to Catherine by Henry VIII on their marriage in 1540. To further bolster that these portraits are of a Tudor queen, and potentially Catherine Howard, it is also by the fact that, for female sitters, duplicate versions of miniatures do not generally exist, with the exception of royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong198350_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong198350-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, there are no confirmed likenesses of her to compare these portraits with. Both versions have long been documented as of Catherine Howard, since 1736 for the Buccleuch version and 1739 (or at least the 1840s) for the Windsor version.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeard_&_Whitaker2013183_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard_&_Whitaker2013183-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in more recent years, the traditional assumptions about these portraits are being challenged, and with reasonable evidence. The art historian, <a href="/wiki/Franny_Moyle" title="Franny Moyle">Franny Moyle</a>, in <i>The King's Painter: The Life and Times of Hans Holbein</i> (2021), argues that the <a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady,_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_(Royal_Collection).JPG" title="File:Hans Holbein the Younger - Portrait of a Lady, perhaps Katherine Howard (Royal Collection).JPG">Royal Collection miniature</a> is not a likeness of Catherine Howard. Instead, she argues that it is a depiction of <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a>, who also married the King in 1540 (making the dating by David Starkey still accurate and confirmed with a potential re-identification).<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Moyle was "struck by the sitter's uncanny likeness" to Holbein's <a href="/wiki/File:Anne_of_Cleves,_miniature_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg" title="File:Anne of Cleves, miniature by Hans Holbein the Younger.jpg">1539 miniature of Anne</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria & Albert Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also makes note of the fact that Holbein, who is known for using symbolism in subtle ways, chose to mount the miniature on a <a href="/wiki/Diamonds_(suit)" title="Diamonds (suit)">Four of Diamonds</a> playing card and by doing so, it is speculated, was referring to the miniature as being Anne of Cleves, the Fourth Wife of Henry VIII.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyle2021496_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyle2021496-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Moyle notes that, royal jewelry of the Queens of England, then and now, is property of the crown and current titleholder. As such, individual pieces would have been passed down and worn by multiple of Henry's queens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyle2021496_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyle2021496-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_portraits">Other portraits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other portraits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Holbein drawing (below) is also traditionally identified as being of Catherine Howard, but this also appears to be without foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker194553,_pl._62:_"Though_a_certain_resemblance_may_be_admitted,_it_is_nevertheless_conclusive_that_the_features_are_not_the_same_as_in_Catherine's_portrait_by_Holbein_in_the_J._H._Dunn_Collection,_or_the_miniatures_at_Windsor_and_in_the_Buccleuch_Collection."_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker194553,_pl._62:_"Though_a_certain_resemblance_may_be_admitted,_it_is_nevertheless_conclusive_that_the_features_are_not_the_same_as_in_Catherine's_portrait_by_Holbein_in_the_J._H._Dunn_Collection,_or_the_miniatures_at_Windsor_and_in_the_Buccleuch_Collection."-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Unknown_woman_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_RL_12218.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An unidentified woman c. 1532–43, Hans Holbein the Younger[72]"><img alt="An unidentified woman c. 1532–43, Hans Holbein the Younger[72]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Unknown_woman_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_RL_12218.jpg/85px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Unknown_woman_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_RL_12218.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Unknown_woman_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_RL_12218.jpg/127px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Unknown_woman_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_RL_12218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Unknown_woman_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_RL_12218.jpg/169px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Unknown_woman_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_RL_12218.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="1313" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>An unidentified woman</i> c. 1532–43, Hans Holbein the Younger<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker194553,_pl._62:_"Though_a_certain_resemblance_may_be_admitted,_it_is_nevertheless_conclusive_that_the_features_are_not_the_same_as_in_Catherine's_portrait_by_Holbein_in_the_J._H._Dunn_Collection,_or_the_miniatures_at_Windsor_and_in_the_Buccleuch_Collection."_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker194553,_pl._62:_"Though_a_certain_resemblance_may_be_admitted,_it_is_nevertheless_conclusive_that_the_features_are_not_the_same_as_in_Catherine's_portrait_by_Holbein_in_the_J._H._Dunn_Collection,_or_the_miniatures_at_Windsor_and_in_the_Buccleuch_Collection."-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherinehoward3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unknown woman engraved as Catherine Howard, 1797, Francesco Bartolozzi after Hans Holbein[72]"><img alt="Unknown woman engraved as Catherine Howard, 1797, Francesco Bartolozzi after Hans Holbein[72]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Catherinehoward3.jpg/78px-Catherinehoward3.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Catherinehoward3.jpg/117px-Catherinehoward3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Catherinehoward3.jpg/156px-Catherinehoward3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Unknown woman engraved as Catherine Howard</i>, 1797, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Bartolozzi" title="Francesco Bartolozzi">Francesco Bartolozzi</a> after Hans Holbein<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker194553,_pl._62:_"Though_a_certain_resemblance_may_be_admitted,_it_is_nevertheless_conclusive_that_the_features_are_not_the_same_as_in_Catherine's_portrait_by_Holbein_in_the_J._H._Dunn_Collection,_or_the_miniatures_at_Windsor_and_in_the_Buccleuch_Collection."_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker194553,_pl._62:_"Though_a_certain_resemblance_may_be_admitted,_it_is_nevertheless_conclusive_that_the_features_are_not_the_same_as_in_Catherine's_portrait_by_Holbein_in_the_J._H._Dunn_Collection,_or_the_miniatures_at_Windsor_and_in_the_Buccleuch_Collection."-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>A contemporary portrait of a lady in black, by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, was identified by art historian, Sir <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Cust" title="Lionel Cust">Lionel Cust</a>, in 1909, as Catherine Howard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1910193–199_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1910193–199-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TMA_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2017385–387_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2017385–387-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portrait (below), dated c. 1535–1540, is exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art" title="Toledo Museum of Art">Toledo Museum of Art</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Lady,_probably_a_Member_of_the_Cromwell_Family" title="Portrait of a Lady, probably a Member of the Cromwell Family">Portrait of a Lady, probably a Member of the Cromwell Family</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-TMA_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two copies are extant: a 16th-century version at <a href="/wiki/Hever_Castle" title="Hever Castle">Hever Castle</a> is exhibited as <a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein-the-Younger-Portrait-of-a-Lady-thought-to-be-Catherine-Howard.jpg" title="File:Hans Holbein-the-Younger-Portrait-of-a-Lady-thought-to-be-Catherine-Howard.jpg"><i>Portrait of a Lady, thought to be Catherine Howard</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2017385–387_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2017385–387-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey200770–75_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey200770–75-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Portrait Gallery (London)">National Portrait Gallery</a> exhibits a similar painting, <a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_woman,_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg" title="File:Unknown woman, formerly known as Catherine Howard by Hans Holbein the Younger.jpg"><i>Unknown woman, formerly known as Catherine Howard</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NPG_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPG-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dating from the late 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-NPG_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPG-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscribed <i>ETATIS SVÆ 21</i>, indicating that the lady was depicted at the age of twenty-one, the portrait has long been associated with Henry VIII's young queen, but she is now thought to be a member of the <a href="/wiki/Cromwell_family" title="Cromwell family">Cromwell family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TMA_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPG_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPG-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holbein,_Hans_(II)_-_Portrait_of_a_lady,_probably_of_the_Cromwell_Family_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_-_WGA11565.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of a Lady, probably a Member of the Cromwell Family c. 1535–1540 (Toledo Museum of Art)[80][79]"><img alt="Portrait of a Lady, probably a Member of the Cromwell Family c. 1535–1540 (Toledo Museum of Art)[80][79]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Holbein%2C_Hans_%28II%29_-_Portrait_of_a_lady%2C_probably_of_the_Cromwell_Family_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_-_WGA11565.jpg/82px-Holbein%2C_Hans_%28II%29_-_Portrait_of_a_lady%2C_probably_of_the_Cromwell_Family_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_-_WGA11565.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Holbein%2C_Hans_%28II%29_-_Portrait_of_a_lady%2C_probably_of_the_Cromwell_Family_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_-_WGA11565.jpg/124px-Holbein%2C_Hans_%28II%29_-_Portrait_of_a_lady%2C_probably_of_the_Cromwell_Family_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_-_WGA11565.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Holbein%2C_Hans_%28II%29_-_Portrait_of_a_lady%2C_probably_of_the_Cromwell_Family_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_-_WGA11565.jpg/165px-Holbein%2C_Hans_%28II%29_-_Portrait_of_a_lady%2C_probably_of_the_Cromwell_Family_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_-_WGA11565.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Portrait of a Lady, probably a Member of the Cromwell Family</i> c. 1535–1540<br />(Toledo Museum of Art)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein-the-Younger-Portrait-of-a-Lady-thought-to-be-Catherine-Howard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of a Lady, thought to be Catherine Howard, 16th century, follower of Hans Holbein the Younger (Hever Castle)[77]"><img alt="Portrait of a Lady, thought to be Catherine Howard, 16th century, follower of Hans Holbein the Younger (Hever Castle)[77]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hans_Holbein-the-Younger-Portrait-of-a-Lady-thought-to-be-Catherine-Howard.jpg/78px-Hans_Holbein-the-Younger-Portrait-of-a-Lady-thought-to-be-Catherine-Howard.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hans_Holbein-the-Younger-Portrait-of-a-Lady-thought-to-be-Catherine-Howard.jpg/117px-Hans_Holbein-the-Younger-Portrait-of-a-Lady-thought-to-be-Catherine-Howard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hans_Holbein-the-Younger-Portrait-of-a-Lady-thought-to-be-Catherine-Howard.jpg/157px-Hans_Holbein-the-Younger-Portrait-of-a-Lady-thought-to-be-Catherine-Howard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Portrait of a Lady, thought to be Catherine Howard</i>, 16th century, follower of Hans Holbein the Younger (Hever Castle)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey200770–75_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey200770–75-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_woman,_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unknown woman, formerly known as Catherine Howard, late 17th century, after Hans Holbein the Younger[80][79]"><img alt="Unknown woman, formerly known as Catherine Howard, late 17th century, after Hans Holbein the Younger[80][79]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Unknown_woman%2C_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/78px-Unknown_woman%2C_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Unknown_woman%2C_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/118px-Unknown_woman%2C_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Unknown_woman%2C_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/157px-Unknown_woman%2C_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3665" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Unknown woman, formerly known as Catherine Howard, late 17th century, after Hans Holbein the Younger</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_woman,_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard,_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unknown woman, formerly known as Catherine Howard, 1902, after Hans Holbein the Younger[80][79]"><img alt="Unknown woman, formerly known as Catherine Howard, 1902, after Hans Holbein the Younger[80][79]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Unknown_woman%2C_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard%2C_engraving.jpg/80px-Unknown_woman%2C_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard%2C_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Unknown_woman%2C_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard%2C_engraving.jpg/120px-Unknown_woman%2C_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard%2C_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Unknown_woman%2C_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard%2C_engraving.jpg/159px-Unknown_woman%2C_formerly_known_as_Catherine_Howard%2C_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1313" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Unknown woman, formerly known as Catherine Howard, 1902, after Hans Holbein the Younger</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>In 1967 art historian Sir <a href="/wiki/Roy_Strong" title="Roy Strong">Roy Strong</a> noted that both the Toledo portrait and the National Portrait Gallery version appear in the context of a series of portraits of members of the family of the <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Protector</a>'s uncle, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Oliver_Cromwell" title="Sir Oliver Cromwell">Sir Oliver Cromwell</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1562</span>–1655), and have provenances linking them with the Cromwell family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281_82-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that the portrait in the Toledo Museum of Art, "should by rights depict a lady of the Cromwell family aged 21 c. 1535–40" and suggested that the lady might be <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Seymour,_Lady_Cromwell" title="Elizabeth Seymour, Lady Cromwell">Elizabeth Seymour</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Cromwell,_1st_Baron_Cromwell" title="Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell">Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a>, Earl of Essex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281_82-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated that a "dated parallel for costume, notably the distinctive cut of the sleeves, is Holbein's <a href="/wiki/File:Christina_of_Denmark,_Duchess_of_Milan.jpg" title="File:Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan.jpg"><i>Christina of Denmark</i></a> of 1538."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1967281_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1967281-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Rowlands agreed that "the portrait could certainly belong to the period c. 1535–40, but the headdress suggests a date towards its end."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowlands1985146_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands1985146-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herbert Norris claimed that the sitter is wearing a sleeve that follows a style set by Anne of Cleves,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris1998281_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris1998281-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would date the portrait to after 6 January 1540, when Anne's marriage to Henry VIII took place.<sup id="cite_ref-LadyDay_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LadyDay-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original Holbein is dated to 1535–1540,<sup id="cite_ref-TMA_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the National Portrait Gallery dates their copy to the late 1600s.<sup id="cite_ref-NPG_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPG-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would seem to indicate a sitter who was still a connection to be commemorated over a century later (unlike Catherine).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a> and Derek Wilson believe that the portrait is likely to depict <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Seymour,_Lady_Cromwell" title="Elizabeth Seymour, Lady Cromwell">Elizabeth Seymour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2006215_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2006215-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHKynDn8DnhECq22shewearswidow27sweeds22pg386_386]_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHKynDn8DnhECq22shewearswidow27sweeds22pg386_386]-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2018_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2018-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antonia Fraser has argued that the sitter is Jane Seymour's sister, Elizabeth, the widow of Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ughtred" title="Anthony Ughtred">Anthony Ughtred</a>, on the grounds that the lady bears a resemblance to Jane, especially around the nose and chin, and wears widow's black. The lady's sumptuous black clothing, an indication of wealth and status, did not necessarily signify mourning; her jewellery suggests otherwise. Derek Wilson observed that "In August 1537 Cromwell succeeded in marrying his son, Gregory, to Elizabeth Seymour", the queen's younger sister. He was therefore related by marriage to the King, "an event worth recording for posterity, by a portrait of his [Cromwell's] daughter-in-law."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2006215_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2006215-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painting was in the possession of the Cromwell family for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2017385–387_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2017385–387-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hans Holbein's most recent biographer, <a href="/wiki/Franny_Moyle" title="Franny Moyle">Franny Moyle</a>, "One of the most striking portraits of a woman Holbein ever delivered was of Cromwell's daughter-in-law, painted probably in 1539 as she turned twenty-one."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyle2021484_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyle2021484-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Workshop_of_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_portrait_of_a_Lady.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of a Young Woman, c. 1540–45, Workshop of Hans Holbein the Younger[89][90]"><img alt="Portrait of a Young Woman, c. 1540–45, Workshop of Hans Holbein the Younger[89][90]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Workshop_of_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_portrait_of_a_Lady.jpg/94px-Workshop_of_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_portrait_of_a_Lady.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Workshop_of_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_portrait_of_a_Lady.jpg/142px-Workshop_of_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_portrait_of_a_Lady.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Workshop_of_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_portrait_of_a_Lady.jpg/189px-Workshop_of_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_portrait_of_a_Lady.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Portrait of a Young Woman</i>, c. 1540–45, Workshop of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_&_Franco2000124,_fig._22_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_&_Franco2000124,_fig._22-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019b_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019b-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniatureenlarged.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of an Unknown Lady, Likely Mary I c. 1535, Lucas Horenbout (1490/95–1544)[89]"><img alt="Portrait of an Unknown Lady, c. 1535, Lucas Horenbout (1490/95–1544)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Miniatureenlarged.jpg/120px-Miniatureenlarged.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Miniatureenlarged.jpg/180px-Miniatureenlarged.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Miniatureenlarged.jpg/240px-Miniatureenlarged.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Portrait of an Unknown Lady</i>, Likely <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> c. 1535, Lucas Horenbout (1490/95–1544)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_&_Franco2000124,_fig._22_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_&_Franco2000124,_fig._22-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>Most recently Susan James, Jamie Franco, and Conor Byrne have identified a <a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_MET_DP280856.jpg" title="File:Portrait of a Young Woman MET DP280856.jpg"><i>Portrait of a Young Woman</i></a>, attributed to the workshop of Hans Holbein the Younger, at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, as a portrait of the Queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_&_Franco2000124,_fig._22_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_&_Franco2000124,_fig._22-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne2019107–115,_185_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2019107–115,_185-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brett Dolman has noted that the hypothesis is "seductive but inconclusive." However, it more closely matches general assumptions of Catherine's appearance, than the other non-confirmed and discredited options. This portrait is in the right timeframe and depicts a fairly young woman of wealth and high status within the social hierarchy of the Tudor era. It is also known that Catherine preferred <a href="/wiki/French_hood" title="French hood">French hoods</a>, as depicted, and also had a love of fashion. This depiction is unique from many other portraits, in that it has no other similar likenesses, that would clearly depict the same woman. Meaning that, it is less likely to be another copy of a known person and instead, potentially someone who has not been previously identified. All of these factors make it a reasonable potential to be Catherine, based on all the evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolman2013124–126_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolman2013124–126-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/File:Miniatureenlarged.jpg" title="File:Miniatureenlarged.jpg">portrait of an Unknown Lady</a> (circa 1535), has also been considered as a potential miniature of Catherine. However, upon further analysis by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishartstudies.ac.uk">British Art Studies</a>, a peer-reviewed art scholarship publisher, Polly Saltmarsh asserts that this is a depiction of the future Queen Mary I, who matches the miniature in several ways. The likeness has an upturned nose and blue-grey eyes, which are known features of Mary's and normally in her confirmed depictions. The miniature, by being one, is also a confirmed likeness of a royal family member, being that miniatures did not exist outside of the royal family during this time period. Finally, by being dated to roughly 1535, is identification is also accurate for Mary, because the lettering translates from the latin "XVIII" to 18. Commonly, roman numerals in Tudor miniatures and portraits would equate to either the year or the sitter's age. Mary I was turning 18 in 1534. Overall, all of these facts point toward this conclusion. It is unlikely for Catherine Howard to have been painted in 1535, being an 11 year-old girl and the daughter of an impoverished younger son of a prominent family, the Howards. To make things more plausible, it would mean changing the dating from the circa 1535 timeframe up 5 years, to roughly 1540. When comparing the two options, again, Mary I is the best fit for identification.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">She was forbidden to use the title on 23 November 1541.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are several spellings of "Katherine". Her one surviving signature spells it "Katheryn". Biographer <a href="/wiki/Lacey_Baldwin_Smith" title="Lacey Baldwin Smith">Lacey Baldwin Smith</a> uses the common modern spelling "Catherine"; other historians use the traditional English form "Katherine", such as <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFiXjKTkR0QYCpgPA9_9]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFiXjKTkR0QYCpgPA9_9]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton2009">Norton 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FiXjKTkR0QYC&pg=PA9">9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde1982-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde1982_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyde1982">Hyde 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Edwards, John (19 May 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/4891">"Katherine [Catalina, Catherine, Katherine of Aragon]"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4891">10.1093/ref:odnb/4891</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Katherine+%5BCatalina%2C+Catherine%2C+Katherine+of+Aragon%5D&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4891&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnicke2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Warnicke, Retha M (23 September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/558">"Anne [Anne of Cleves] (1515–1557), queen of England, fourth consort of Henry VIII"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F558">10.1093/ref:odnb/558</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidM1yHXitDdyQCpgPA483_483]_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1991">Weir 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1yHXitDdyQC&pg=PA483">483</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991474-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991474_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1991">Weir 1991</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001456–457-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001456–457_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2001">Weir 2001</a>, pp. 456–457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991478-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991478_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1991">Weir 1991</a>, p. 478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir200982-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir200982_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2009">Weir 2009</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIves1992651–664-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIves1992651–664_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIves1992">Ives 1992</a>, pp. 651–664.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991481-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991481_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991481_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1991">Weir 1991</a>, p. 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter20021129-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter20021129_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2002">Potter 2002</a>, p. 1129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991480-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991480_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1991">Weir 1991</a>, p. 480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2011-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2011_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2011">Russell 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEState_Papers_8_(5),_p._636-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEState_Papers_8_(5),_p._636_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFState_Papers_8_(5),_p._636">State Papers 8 (5), p. 636</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991475-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991475_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1991">Weir 1991</a>, p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991482-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1991482_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1991">Weir 1991</a>, p. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2008-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2008_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheeler2008">Wheeler 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2001457–458-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2001457–458_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2001">Weir 2001</a>, pp. 457–458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Russell, England (director) (2016). <i>Six Wives with Lucy Worsley</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six+Wives+with+Lucy+Worsley&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong198350-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong198350_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong198350_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong198350_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrong1983">Strong 1983</a>, p. 50: "Research on Tudor miniatures before c. 1570 indicates a sitter of exceptional importance, as duplicates in the case of women exist only as Henry VIII's queens."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard_&_Whitaker2013183-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeard_&_Whitaker2013183_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeard_&_Whitaker2013183_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeard_&_Whitaker2013">Heard & Whitaker 2013</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2017383-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2017383_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2017">Russell 2017</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/422293/portrait-of-a-lady-perhaps-katherine-howard-1520-1542">"<i>Portrait of a Lady, perhaps Katherine Howard (1520–1542)</i>, c. 1540, Hans Holbein the Younger. RCIN 422293"</a>. <i>Royal Collection Trust</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Collection+Trust&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+a+Lady%2C+perhaps+Katherine+Howard+%281520%E2%80%931542%29%2C+c.+1540%2C+Hans+Holbein+the+Younger.+RCIN+422293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rct.uk%2Fcollection%2F422293%2Fportrait-of-a-lady-perhaps-katherine-howard-1520-1542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libsvcs-1.its.yale.edu/strawberryhill/oneitem.asp?id=552">"<i>Portrait Miniature of Katherine Howard</i>, Hans Holbein the Younger. Strawberry Hill ID: sh-000454"</a>. <i>The Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lewis+Walpole+Library%2C+Yale+University&rft.atitle=Portrait+Miniature+of+Katherine+Howard%2C+Hans+Holbein+the+Younger.+Strawberry+Hill+ID%3A+sh-000454&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibsvcs-1.its.yale.edu%2Fstrawberryhill%2Foneitem.asp%3Fid%3D552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey2003xxvi,_650–651-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey2003xxvi,_650–651_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarkey2003">Starkey 2003</a>, pp. xxvi, 650–651.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mauritshuis.nl/en/explore/the-collection/artworks/portrait-of-jane-seymour-15091537-278/">"<i>Portrait of Jane Seymour (1509?–1537)</i>, c. 1540, Hans Holbein the Younger (studio of)"</a>. <i>Mauritshuis</i>. The Hague<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mauritshuis&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+Jane+Seymour+%281509%3F%E2%80%931537%29%2C+c.+1540%2C+Hans+Holbein+the+Younger+%28studio+of%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mauritshuis.nl%2Fen%2Fexplore%2Fthe-collection%2Fartworks%2Fportrait-of-jane-seymour-15091537-278%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201532:_"The_necklace,_though_with_a_different_pendant,_can_be_seen_in_both_the_full-sized_portrait_of_Jane_Seymour,_Henry's_third_consort,_and_in_the_miniature_thought_to_depict_Henry's_fifth_wife,_Katherine_Howard"-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201532:_"The_necklace,_though_with_a_different_pendant,_can_be_seen_in_both_the_full-sized_portrait_of_Jane_Seymour,_Henry's_third_consort,_and_in_the_miniature_thought_to_depict_Henry's_fifth_wife,_Katherine_Howard"_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2015">Edwards 2015</a>, p. 32: "The necklace, though with a different pendant, can be seen in both the full-sized portrait of Jane Seymour, Henry's third consort, and in the miniature thought to depict Henry's fifth wife, Katherine Howard".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberge2021" class="citation web cs1">Alberge, Dalya (2 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/may/01/how-holbein-left-clever-clue-in-portrait-to-identify-henry-viiis-queen">"How Holbein Left Clever Clue in Portrait to Identify Henry VIII's Queen"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>Art historian Franny Moyle has amassed evidence to show that this is the face of the noblewoman whom the king married in 1540 to form a political alliance</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+Holbein+Left+Clever+Clue+in+Portrait+to+Identify+Henry+VIII%27s+Queen&rft.date=2021-05-02&rft.aulast=Alberge&rft.aufirst=Dalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2021%2Fmay%2F01%2Fhow-holbein-left-clever-clue-in-portrait-to-identify-henry-viiis-queen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelvin2021" class="citation web cs1">Selvin, Claire (3 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/hans-holbein-portrait-of-a-lady-anne-of-cleves-1234591478/">"New Research Raises Questions About the Subject of a Celebrated Hans Holbein Miniature Portrait"</a>. <i>Art News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>Moyle has drawn connections between the woman shown in this miniature portrait to a 1539 portrait of Anne of Cleves in the Victoria & Albert Museum in London</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+News&rft.atitle=New+Research+Raises+Questions+About+the+Subject+of+a+Celebrated+Hans+Holbein+Miniature+Portrait&rft.date=2021-05-03&rft.aulast=Selvin&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnews.com%2Fart-news%2Fnews%2Fhans-holbein-portrait-of-a-lady-anne-of-cleves-1234591478%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyle2021496-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyle2021496_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyle2021496_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoyle2021">Moyle 2021</a>, p. 496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker194553,_pl._62:_"Though_a_certain_resemblance_may_be_admitted,_it_is_nevertheless_conclusive_that_the_features_are_not_the_same_as_in_Catherine's_portrait_by_Holbein_in_the_J._H._Dunn_Collection,_or_the_miniatures_at_Windsor_and_in_the_Buccleuch_Collection."-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker194553,_pl._62:_"Though_a_certain_resemblance_may_be_admitted,_it_is_nevertheless_conclusive_that_the_features_are_not_the_same_as_in_Catherine's_portrait_by_Holbein_in_the_J._H._Dunn_Collection,_or_the_miniatures_at_Windsor_and_in_the_Buccleuch_Collection."_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker194553,_pl._62:_"Though_a_certain_resemblance_may_be_admitted,_it_is_nevertheless_conclusive_that_the_features_are_not_the_same_as_in_Catherine's_portrait_by_Holbein_in_the_J._H._Dunn_Collection,_or_the_miniatures_at_Windsor_and_in_the_Buccleuch_Collection."_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker194553,_pl._62:_"Though_a_certain_resemblance_may_be_admitted,_it_is_nevertheless_conclusive_that_the_features_are_not_the_same_as_in_Catherine's_portrait_by_Holbein_in_the_J._H._Dunn_Collection,_or_the_miniatures_at_Windsor_and_in_the_Buccleuch_Collection."_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker1945">Parker 1945</a>, p. 53, pl. 62: "Though a certain resemblance may be admitted, it is nevertheless conclusive that the features are not the same as in Catherine's portrait by Holbein in the J. H. Dunn Collection, or the miniatures at Windsor and in the Buccleuch Collection.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/912218/an-unidentified-woman">"<i>An unidentified woman</i>, c. 1532–43, Hans Holbein the Younger. RCIN 912218"</a>. <i>Royal Collection Trust</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Collection+Trust&rft.atitle=An+unidentified+woman%2C+c.+1532%E2%80%9343%2C+Hans+Holbein+the+Younger.+RCIN+912218&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rct.uk%2Fcollection%2F912218%2Fan-unidentified-woman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1910193–199-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1910193–199_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCust1910">Cust 1910</a>, pp. 193–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMA-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TMA_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMA_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMA_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMA_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emuseum.toledomuseum.org/objects/55183/portrait-of-a-lady-probably-a-member-of-the-cromwell-family?ctx=4e6469e4-7031-4c72-b9ad-26d24d7dcb05&idx=1">"<i>Portrait of a Lady, probably a Member of the Cromwell Family</i>, c. 1535–40, Hans Holbein the Younger"</a>. <i>Toledo Museum of Art</i>. Toledo, Ohio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toledo+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+a+Lady%2C+probably+a+Member+of+the+Cromwell+Family%2C+c.+1535%E2%80%9340%2C+Hans+Holbein+the+Younger.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femuseum.toledomuseum.org%2Fobjects%2F55183%2Fportrait-of-a-lady-probably-a-member-of-the-cromwell-family%3Fctx%3D4e6469e4-7031-4c72-b9ad-26d24d7dcb05%26idx%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span> "The painting belonged to the Cromwells for centuries, so she was probably a member of that prominent family. It has been suggested that she may be <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Seymour,_Lady_Cromwell" title="Elizabeth Seymour, Lady Cromwell">Elizabeth Seymour</a>, daughter-in-law of Henry's powerful government minister <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a> and sister of Henry's third wife, Jane Seymour."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2017385–387-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2017385–387_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2017385–387_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2017385–387_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2017">Russell 2017</a>, pp. 385–387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey200770–75-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey200770–75_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey200770–75_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarkey2007">Starkey 2007</a>, pp. 70–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPG-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPG_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPG_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPG_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPG_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?search=ap&npgno=1119">"<i>Unknown woman, formerly known as Catherine Howard</i>, late 17th century"</a>. <i>National Portrait Gallery</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft.atitle=Unknown+woman%2C+formerly+known+as+Catherine+Howard%2C+late+17th+century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fportrait.php%3Fsearch%3Dap%26npgno%3D1119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span> "This portrait was previously identified as Catherine Howard, fifth wife of Henry VIII. The sitter is now thought to be a member of the Cromwell family, perhaps Elizabeth Seymour (c. 1518–1568), sister of Henry VIII's third wife, Jane Seymour, and wife of Thomas Cromwell's son Gregory."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019a_81-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2019a">Fitzgerald 2019a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281_82-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1967278–281_82-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrong1967">Strong 1967</a>, pp. 278–281: "The portrait should by rights depict a lady of the Cromwell family aged 21 c. 1535–40..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1967281-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1967281_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrong1967">Strong 1967</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands1985146-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowlands1985146_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowlands1985">Rowlands 1985</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris1998281-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris1998281_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris1998">Norris 1998</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LadyDay-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LadyDay_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner_&_Schmid2012">Wagner & Schmid 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUCY3otvttEC&pg=PA38">38</a> Anne of Cleves was queen consort from 6 January – 9 July 1540. Until 1752, the year commenced on <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Day" title="Lady Day">Lady Day</a></i>, 25 March.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2006215-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2006215_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2006215_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2006">Wilson 2006</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHKynDn8DnhECq22shewearswidow27sweeds22pg386_386]-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHKynDn8DnhECq22shewearswidow27sweeds22pg386_386]_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2002">Fraser 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKynDn8DnhEC&q=%22she+wears+widow%27s+weeds%22&pg=386">386</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2018-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2018_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2018">MacCulloch 2018</a>, Plate 27: "There can be little doubt that this Holbein masterpiece, the original in Toledo, depicts Elizabeth Seymour (c 1518–1568) ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyle2021484-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyle2021484_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoyle2021">Moyle 2021</a>, p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_&_Franco2000124,_fig._22-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_&_Franco2000124,_fig._22_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_&_Franco2000124,_fig._22_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_&_Franco2000124,_fig._22_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames_&_Franco2000">James & Franco 2000</a>, p. 124, fig. 22: It is suggested that <a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_MET_DP280856.jpg" title="File:Portrait of a Young Woman MET DP280856.jpg"><i>Portrait of a Young Woman</i></a>, c. 1540–45 at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York (ref. 49.7.30) seems to depict the same sitter as <a href="/wiki/File:Miniatureenlarged.jpg" title="File:Miniatureenlarged.jpg"><i>Portrait of an Unknown Lady</i></a>, c. 1535, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Horenbout" title="Lucas Horenbout">Lucas Horenbout</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a>, New Haven (ref. B1974.2.59), whom they identify as Catherine Howard. <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTEJames & Franco2000124, fig. 22" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019b-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald2019b_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2019b">Fitzgerald 2019b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2019107–115,_185-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne2019107–115,_185_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByrne2019">Byrne 2019</a>, pp. 107–115, 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolman2013124–126-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolman2013124–126_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDolman2013">Dolman 2013</a>, pp. 124–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaltmarsh2020" class="citation journal cs1">Saltmarsh, Polly (30 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishartstudies.ac.uk/issues/issue-index/issue-17/portrait-of-an-unknown-lady">"Portrait of an Unknown Lady: Technical Analysis of an Early Tudor Miniature"</a>. <i>British Art Studies</i> (17)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Art+Studies&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+an+Unknown+Lady%3A+Technical+Analysis+of+an+Early+Tudor+Miniature&rft.issue=17&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft.aulast=Saltmarsh&rft.aufirst=Polly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishartstudies.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fissue-index%2Fissue-17%2Fportrait-of-an-unknown-lady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2019" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Conor (2019). <i>Katherine Howard: Henry VIII's Slandered Queen</i>. Stroud: <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750990608" title="Special:BookSources/9780750990608"><bdi>9780750990608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katherine+Howard%3A+Henry+VIII%27s+Slandered+Queen&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780750990608&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Conor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCust1910" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Cust" title="Lionel Cust">Cust, Lionel</a> (July 1910). "A Portrait of Queen Catherine Howard, by Hans Holbein the Younger". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine" title="The Burlington Magazine">The Burlington Magazine</a></i>. <b>17</b> (88): 193–199. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/858358">858358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Portrait+of+Queen+Catherine+Howard%2C+by+Hans+Holbein+the+Younger&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=88&rft.pages=193-199&rft.date=1910-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F858358%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cust&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolman2013" class="citation book cs1">Dolman, Brett (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJJZWOGp8zIC&pg=124">"Wishful Thinking: Reading the Portraits of Henry VIII's Queens"</a>. In Betteridge, Thomas; <a href="/wiki/Suzannah_Lipscomb" title="Suzannah Lipscomb">Lipscomb, Suzannah</a> (eds.). <i>Henry VIII and the Court: Art, Politics and Performance</i>. Farnham: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. pp. 115–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409411857" title="Special:BookSources/9781409411857"><bdi>9781409411857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wishful+Thinking%3A+Reading+the+Portraits+of+Henry+VIII%27s+Queens&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII+and+the+Court%3A+Art%2C+Politics+and+Performance&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pages=115-129&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781409411857&rft.aulast=Dolman&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJJZWOGp8zIC%26pg%3D124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2015" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, J. Stephan (2015). <i>A Queen of New Invention: Portraits of Lady Jane Grey Dudley, England's 'Nine Days Queen'<span></span></i>. Palm Springs: Old John Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780986387302" title="Special:BookSources/9780986387302"><bdi>9780986387302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Queen+of+New+Invention%3A+Portraits+of+Lady+Jane+Grey+Dudley%2C+England%27s+%27Nine+Days+Queen%27&rft.place=Palm+Springs&rft.pub=Old+John+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780986387302&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=J.+Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarquhar2001" class="citation book cs1">Farquhar, Michael (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treasuryofroyals00farq"><i>A Treasure of Royal Scandals</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7394-2025-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7394-2025-9"><bdi>0-7394-2025-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treasure+of+Royal+Scandals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7394-2025-9&rft.aulast=Farquhar&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreasuryofroyals00farq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2019a" class="citation web cs1">Fitzgerald, Teri (18 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006050006/https://queenanneboleyn.com/2019/08/18/all-that-glitters-hans-holbeins-lady-of-the-cromwell-family-by-teri-fitzgerald/">"All that Glitters: Hans Holbein's Lady of the Cromwell Family"</a>. <i>queenanneboleyn.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://queenanneboleyn.com/2019/08/18/all-that-glitters-hans-holbeins-lady-of-the-cromwell-family-by-teri-fitzgerald/">the original</a> on 6 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=queenanneboleyn.com&rft.atitle=All+that+Glitters%3A+Hans+Holbein%27s+Lady+of+the+Cromwell+Family&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Teri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqueenanneboleyn.com%2F2019%2F08%2F18%2Fall-that-glitters-hans-holbeins-lady-of-the-cromwell-family-by-teri-fitzgerald%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2019b" class="citation web cs1">Fitzgerald, Teri (4 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onthetudortrail.com/Blog/2019/11/04/catherine-howard-and-the-cromwells-by-teri-fitzgerald/">"Catherine Howard and the Cromwells"</a>. <i>onthetudortrail.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=onthetudortrail.com&rft.atitle=Catherine+Howard+and+the+Cromwells&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Teri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonthetudortrail.com%2FBlog%2F2019%2F11%2F04%2Fcatherine-howard-and-the-cromwells-by-teri-fitzgerald%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKynDn8DnhEC"><i>The Six Wives of Henry VIII</i></a>. London, UK: Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8421-2633-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8421-2633-2"><bdi>978-1-8421-2633-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Six+Wives+of+Henry+VIII&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-8421-2633-2&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHKynDn8DnhEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState_Papers_8_(5),_p._636" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Record_Commission" title="Record Commission">Great Britain. Record Commission</a> (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scc_AAAAcAAJ&pg=636"><i>State Papers</i></a>. Vol. <b>8</b> (5): King Henry the Eighth: Foreign Correspondence: 1537-1542. Published Under the Authority of her Majesty's Commission. London: [Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode]. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scc_AAAAcAAJ&pg=636">636</a>. <q>She hath done wonderous naughtly</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Papers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=636&rft.pub=%5BPrinted+by+George+E.+Eyre+and+William+Spottiswoode%5D&rft.date=1849&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Record+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dscc_AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3D636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard_&_Whitaker2013" class="citation book cs1">Heard, Kate; Whitaker, Lucy (2013). <i>The Northern Renaissance: Dürer to Holbein</i>. London: Royal Collection Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781905686827" title="Special:BookSources/9781905686827"><bdi>9781905686827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Renaissance%3A+D%C3%BCrer+to+Holbein&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Collection+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781905686827&rft.aulast=Heard&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Whitaker%2C+Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2006" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Eleanor (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexwithqueen900y00herm"><i>Sex with the Queen</i></a></span> (hardback). New York: William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-084673-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-084673-9"><bdi>0-06-084673-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+with+the+Queen&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-06-084673-9&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexwithqueen900y00herm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1982" class="citation book cs1">Hyde, Patricia (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1509-1558/member/howard-sir-george-1519-80">"Howard, Sir George (by 1519–80), of London and Kidbrooke, Kent"</a>. In Bindoff, S. T. (ed.). <i>The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509–1558</i>. Historyofparliamentonline.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Howard%2C+Sir+George+%28by+1519%E2%80%9380%29%2C+of+London+and+Kidbrooke%2C+Kent&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Parliament%3A+the+House+of+Commons+1509%E2%80%931558&rft.pub=Historyofparliamentonline.org&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histparl.ac.uk%2Fvolume%2F1509-1558%2Fmember%2Fhoward-sir-george-1519-80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIves1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Ives" title="Eric Ives">Ives, Eric W.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FCVII.CCCCXXIV.651">"The Fall of Anne Boleyn Reconsidered"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review" title="The English Historical Review">The English Historical Review</a></i>. <b>107</b> (424): 651–664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FCVII.CCCCXXIV.651">10.1093/ehr/CVII.CCCCXXIV.651</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/575248">575248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+Anne+Boleyn+Reconsidered&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=424&rft.pages=651-664&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FCVII.CCCCXXIV.651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F575248%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fehr%252FCVII.CCCCXXIV.651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_&_Franco2000" class="citation book cs1">James, Susan E.; Franco, Jamie S. (2000). "Susanna Horenbout, Levina Teerlinc and the Mask of Royalty". <i>Jaarboek Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten Antwerpen</i>. pp. 91–125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Susanna+Horenbout%2C+Levina+Teerlinc+and+the+Mask+of+Royalty&rft.btitle=Jaarboek+Koninklijk+Museum+voor+Schone+Kunsten+Antwerpen&rft.pages=91-125&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Susan+E.&rft.au=Franco%2C+Jamie+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetters_and_Papers,_Henry_VIII" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/search/series/letters-papers-hen8">"Letters and Papers, Henry VIII (1509–1547)"</a>. <i>British History Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141967660" title="Special:BookSources/9780141967660"><bdi>9780141967660</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cromwell%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780141967660&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLBwDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyle2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franny_Moyle" title="Franny Moyle">Moyle, Franny</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20zNDwAAQBAJ"><i>The King's Painter: The Life and Times of Hans Holbein</i></a>. London: Head of Zeus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788541206" title="Special:BookSources/9781788541206"><bdi>9781788541206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Painter%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Hans+Holbein&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Head+of+Zeus&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781788541206&rft.aulast=Moyle&rft.aufirst=Franny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20zNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris1998" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Herbert (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tudorcostumefash00norr"><i>Tudor Costume and Fashion</i></a></span>. With a new introduction written by Richard Martin (new ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486298450" title="Special:BookSources/0486298450"><bdi>0486298450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+Costume+and+Fashion&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0486298450&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftudorcostumefash00norr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Norton" title="Elizabeth Norton">Norton, Elizabeth</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FiXjKTkR0QYC"><i>Jane Seymour: Henry VIII's True Love</i></a> (hardback). Chalford: Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848681026" title="Special:BookSources/9781848681026"><bdi>9781848681026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane+Seymour%3A+Henry+VIII%27s+True+Love&rft.place=Chalford&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781848681026&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFiXjKTkR0QYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1945" class="citation book cs1">Parker, K. T. (1945). <i>The Drawings of Hans Holbein in the Collection of His Majesty the King at Windsor Castle</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Phaidon_Press" title="Phaidon Press">Phaidon Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drawings+of+Hans+Holbein+in+the+Collection+of+His+Majesty+the+King+at+Windsor+Castle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=K.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2002" class="citation journal cs1">Potter, David (2002). "Sir John Gage, Tudor Courtier and Soldier (1479–1556)". <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review" title="The English Historical Review">The English Historical Review</a></i>. <b>117</b> (474): 1109–1146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2F117.474.1109">10.1093/ehr/117.474.1109</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3490799">3490799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Sir+John+Gage%2C+Tudor+Courtier+and+Soldier+%281479%E2%80%931556%29&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=474&rft.pages=1109-1146&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2F117.474.1109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3490799%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1951" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Howard; Godfrey, Walter H., eds. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol23/pp137-140"><i>Norfolk House and Old Paradise Street</i></a>. Survey of London. Vol. 23. British History Online. pp. 137–140<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norfolk+House+and+Old+Paradise+Street&rft.series=Survey+of+London&rft.pages=137-140&rft.pub=British+History+Online&rft.date=1951&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fsurvey-london%2Fvol23%2Fpp137-140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlands1985" class="citation book cs1">Rowlands, John (1985). <i>Holbein: The Paintings of Hans Holbein the Younger</i>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">William Collins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780008128296" title="Special:BookSources/9780008128296"><bdi>9780008128296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+and+Damned+and+Fair%3A+the+Life+of+Catherine+Howard&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Collins&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780008128296&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwFTECwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lacey_Baldwin_Smith" title="Lacey Baldwin Smith">Smith, Lacey Baldwin</a> (1961). <i>A Tudor Tragedy: The Life and Times of Catherine Howard</i>. New York: Pantheon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tudor+Tragedy%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Catherine+Howard&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Lacey+Baldwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey, David</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixwivesqueensof00davi"><i>Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0701172983" title="Special:BookSources/0701172983"><bdi>0701172983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Wives%3A+The+Queens+of+Henry+VIII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0701172983&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixwivesqueensof00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2007" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, David (2007). Grosvenor, Bendor (ed.). <i>Lost Faces: Identity and Discovery in Tudor Royal Portraiture</i>. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the galleries of Philip Mould Ltd, 6–18 March 2007. London: Philip Mould Ltd. pp. 70–75, ill. (col.), 109–124: Inventory is BL Stowe MS 599, ff. 55–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Faces%3A+Identity+and+Discovery+in+Tudor+Royal+Portraiture.&rft.place=London&rft.series=Catalogue+of+an+exhibition+held+at+the+galleries+of+Philip+Mould+Ltd%2C+6%E2%80%9318+March+2007&rft.pages=70-75%2C+ill.+%28col.%29%2C+109-124%3A+Inventory+is+BL+Stowe+MS+599%2C+ff.+55-68&rft.pub=Philip+Mould+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Strong" title="Roy Strong">Strong, Roy</a> (May 1967). "Holbein in England – I and II". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine" title="The Burlington Magazine">The Burlington Magazine</a></i>. <b>109</b> (770): 276–281. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/875299">875299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine&rft.atitle=Holbein+in+England+%E2%80%93+I+and+II&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=770&rft.pages=276-281&rft.date=1967-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F875299%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Strong" title="Roy Strong">Strong, Roy</a> (1983). <i>Artists of the Tudor Court: The Portrait Miniature Rediscovered, 1520–1620</i>. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Victoria & Albert Museum, 9 July–6 November 1983. London: Victoria & Albert Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0905209346" title="Special:BookSources/0905209346"><bdi>0905209346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artists+of+the+Tudor+Court%3A+The+Portrait+Miniature+Rediscovered%2C+1520%E2%80%931620&rft.place=London&rft.series=Catalogue+of+an+exhibition+held+at+the+Victoria+%26+Albert+Museum%2C+9+July%E2%80%936+November+1983&rft.pub=Victoria+%26+Albert+Museum&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0905209346&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner_&_Schmid2012" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, John A.; Schmid, Susan Walters (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUCY3otvttEC"><i>Encyclopedia of Tudor England</i></a> (hardback). Vol. 3. Santa Barbara: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598842982" title="Special:BookSources/9781598842982"><bdi>9781598842982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Tudor+England&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781598842982&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Susan+Walters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUCY3otvttEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alison Weir (historian)">Weir, Alison</a> (1991). <i>The Six Wives of Henry VIII</i>. New York: Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3683-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3683-4"><bdi>0-8021-3683-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Six+Wives+of+Henry+VIII&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8021-3683-4&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2001" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Alison (2001). <i>Henry VIII: King and Court</i> (hardback). London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-06022-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-06022-8"><bdi>0-224-06022-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%3A+King+and+Court&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-224-06022-8&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2011" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Alison (2011). <i>Henry VIII: King and Court</i> (ebook). Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%3A+King+and+Court&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2009" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Alison (2009). <i>The Lady in The Tower: The Fall of Anne Boleyn</i>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06319-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06319-7"><bdi>978-0-224-06319-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lady+in+The+Tower%3A+The+Fall+of+Anne+Boleyn&rft.place=London&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-224-06319-7&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2008" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Elisabeth (2008). <i>Men of Power: Court intrigue in the life of Catherine Howard</i>. Glastonbury: Martin Wheeler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781872882017" title="Special:BookSources/9781872882017"><bdi>9781872882017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+of+Power%3A+Court+intrigue+in+the+life+of+Catherine+Howard&rft.place=Glastonbury&rft.pub=Martin+Wheeler&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781872882017&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Derek (2006). <i>Hans Holbein: Portrait of an Unknown Man</i> (revised ed.). London, UK: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844139187" title="Special:BookSources/9781844139187"><bdi>9781844139187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hans+Holbein%3A+Portrait+of+an+Unknown+Man&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781844139187&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoutell1863" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boutell" title="Charles Boutell">Boutell, Charles</a> (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/amanualheraldry00boutgoog#page/n346/mode/2up"><i>A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular</i></a>. London: Winsor & Newton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+Heraldry%2C+Historical+and+Popular&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Winsor+%26+Newton&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Boutell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Famanualheraldry00boutgoog%23page%2Fn346%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2014" class="citation web cs1">Byrne, Conor (1 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onthetudortrail.com/Blog/2014/08/01/katherine-howards-birthday-a-guest-post-by-conor-byrne/">"Katherine Howard's Birthday"</a>. <i>On the Tudor Trail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=On+the+Tudor+Trail&rft.atitle=Katherine+Howard%27s+Birthday&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonthetudortrail.com%2FBlog%2F2014%2F08%2F01%2Fkatherine-howards-birthday-a-guest-post-by-conor-byrne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenny2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Denny" title="Joanna Denny">Denny, Joanna</a> (2005). <i>Katherine Howard: A Tudor Conspiracy</i>. London: Portrait. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0749950889" title="Special:BookSources/0749950889"><bdi>0749950889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katherine+Howard%3A+A+Tudor+Conspiracy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Portrait&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0749950889&rft.aulast=Denny&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Doran" title="Susan Doran">Doran, Susan</a> (2011). <i>The Tudor Chronicles</i>. London: Quercus. p. 183, pl. (col.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847244222" title="Special:BookSources/9781847244222"><bdi>9781847244222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tudor+Chronicles&rft.place=London&rft.pages=183%2C+pl.+%28col.%29&rft.pub=Quercus&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781847244222&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrier1975" class="citation book cs1">Harrier, Richard C. (1975). <i>The Canon of Sir Thomas Wyatt's Poetry</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/469897866">469897866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+Sir+Thomas+Wyatt%27s+Poetry&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F469897866&rft.aulast=Harrier&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1990" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Barbara J. (1990). "Women and Politics in Early Tudor England". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a></i>. <b>33</b> (2): 259–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00013327">10.1017/S0018246X00013327</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639457">2639457</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154533002">154533002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Women+and+Politics+in+Early+Tudor+England&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-281&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154533002%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2639457%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00013327&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Barbara+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence-Young2014" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence-Young, D. (2014). <i>Catherine Howard - Henry's Fifth Failure</i>. Fayetteville, North Carolina: GMTA Publishing/Celestial Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-06159-69527" title="Special:BookSources/978-06159-69527"><bdi>978-06159-69527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catherine+Howard+-+Henry%27s+Fifth+Failure&rft.place=Fayetteville%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=GMTA+Publishing%2FCelestial+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-06159-69527&rft.aulast=Lawrence-Young&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey1995" class="citation book cs1">Lindsey, Karen (1995). <i>Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII</i>. Cambridge: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-40823-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-40823-6"><bdi>0-201-40823-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divorced%2C+Beheaded%2C+Survived%3A+Feminist+Reinterpretation+of+the+Wives+of+Henry+VIII&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-201-40823-6&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson_II2011" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JcbV309c5UC&pg=RA1-PA407"><i>Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families</i></a>. Vol. II (2nd ed.). CreateSpace. pp. 407–418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1449966386" title="Special:BookSources/978-1449966386"><bdi>978-1449966386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magna+Carta+Ancestry%3A+A+Study+in+Colonial+and+Medieval+Families&rft.pages=407-418&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CreateSpace&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1449966386&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8JcbV309c5UC%26pg%3DRA1-PA407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson_IV2011" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JcbV309c5UC&pg=RA3-PA107"><i>Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families</i></a>. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). CreateSpace. pp. 107–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1460992708" title="Special:BookSources/978-1460992708"><bdi>978-1460992708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magna+Carta+Ancestry%3A+A+Study+in+Colonial+and+Medieval+Families&rft.pages=107-109&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CreateSpace&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1460992708&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8JcbV309c5UC%26pg%3DRA3-PA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnicke2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Warnicke, Retha M. (2008) [First Published 2004]. "Katherine [Catherine] [<i>née</i> Katherine Howard]". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4892">10.1093/ref:odnb/4892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Katherine+%5BCatherine%5D+%5Bn%C3%A9e+Katherine+Howard%5D&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4892&rft.aulast=Warnicke&rft.aufirst=Retha+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+Howard" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Howard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catherine_Howard" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Catherine Howard">Catherine Howard</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/museum/item.asp?item_id=13">Letter from Catherine Howard to Thomas Culpeper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/sixwives/meet/ch_handbook_fate.html">PBS <i>Six Wives of Henry VIII</i>, which describes Catherine's death</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006050006/https://queenanneboleyn.com/2019/08/18/all-that-glitters-hans-holbeins-lady-of-the-cromwell-family-by-teri-fitzgerald/">Teri Fitzgerald, <i>All that Glitters: Hans Holbein's Lady of the Cromwell Family</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onthetudortrail.com/Blog/2019/11/04/catherine-howard-and-the-cromwells-by-teri-fitzgerald/">Teri Fitzgerald, <i>Catherine Howard and the Cromwells</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp00802">Portraits of Catherine Howard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188926#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_HL_PO_PU_1_1541_37H8n33">Original images of the Act concerning the Attainder of the late Queen Katharine and her Complices</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_royal_consorts" title="List of English royal consorts">Queen consort of England</a> </b><br />28 July 1540 – 13 February 1542 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Lady of Ireland </b><br />28 July 1540 – 13 February 1542 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_royal_consorts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_consort" title="Template:British consort"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_consort" title="Template talk:British consort"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_consort" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British consort"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_royal_consorts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_royal_consorts" title="List of English royal consorts">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_royal_consorts" title="List of Scottish royal consorts">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_consorts" title="List of British royal consorts">British</a> royal consorts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Royal consorts in England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Shaftesbury" title="Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury">Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Damerham" title="Æthelflæd of Damerham">Æthelflæd of Damerham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_(wife_of_Eadwig)" title="Ælfgifu (wife of Eadwig)">Ælfgifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_(wife_of_Edgar)" title="Ælfthryth (wife of Edgar)">Ælfthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_York" title="Ælfgifu of York">Ælfgifu of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigrid_the_Haughty" title="Sigrid the Haughty">Sigrid the Haughty</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tos%C5%82awa" title="Świętosława">Świętosława</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdgyth_(wife_of_Edmund_Ironside)" title="Ealdgyth (wife of Edmund Ironside)">Ealdgyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wessex" title="Edith of Wessex">Edith of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Mercia" title="Edith of Mercia">Edith of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Flanders" title="Matilda of Flanders">Matilda of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Scotland" title="Matilda of Scotland">Matilda of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adeliza_of_Louvain" title="Adeliza of Louvain">Adeliza of Louvain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_I,_Countess_of_Boulogne" title="Matilda I, Countess of Boulogne">Matilda of Boulogne</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary">Margaret of France</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Navarre" title="Berengaria of Navarre">Berengaria of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Isabella of Angoulême">Isabella of Angoulême</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence" title="Eleanor of Provence">Eleanor of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of Castile">Eleanor of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England">Margaret of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Isabella of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault" title="Philippa of Hainault">Philippa of Hainault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia" title="Anne of Bohemia">Anne of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Valois" title="Isabella of Valois">Isabella of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_England" title="Joan of Navarre, Queen of England">Joan of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catherine Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_Guildford_Dudley" title="Lord Guildford Dudley">Guildford Dudley</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gruoch" title="Gruoch">Gruoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingibiorg_Finnsdottir" title="Ingibiorg Finnsdottir">Ingibiorg Finnsdottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Margaret of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethelreda_(daughter_of_Gospatric)" title="Ethelreda (daughter of Gospatric)">Ethelreda of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybilla_of_Normandy" title="Sybilla of Normandy">Sybilla of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Maud, Countess of Huntingdon">Maud of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_de_Beaumont" title="Ermengarde de Beaumont">Ermengarde de Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Joan of England, Queen of Scotland">Joan of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Coucy" title="Marie de Coucy">Marie de Coucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_England" title="Margaret of England">Margaret of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Dreux,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland">Yolande de Dreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Burgh" title="Elizabeth de Burgh">Elizabeth de Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_the_Tower" title="Joan of the Tower">Joan of the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Drummond,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret Drummond, Queen of Scotland">Margaret Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_de_Ross" title="Euphemia de Ross">Euphemia de Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabella_Drummond" title="Anabella Drummond">Anabella Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots">Joan Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_of_Valois" title="Madeleine of Valois">Madeleine of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell">James Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Royal_consorts_in_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li><b>Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Mary of Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark" title="Prince George of Denmark">George of Denmark and Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_royal_consorts_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li><b>British royal consorts after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark" title="Prince George of Denmark">George of Denmark and Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Alexandra of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Philip of Greece and Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla" title="Queen Camilla">Camilla Shand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188926#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188926#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188926#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078187179">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84307163">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1811790/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfH4wCF67BC38fgPGwwG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118721143">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50056174">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20041026003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p126248508">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1615360582024">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000142696&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810624046405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/104217">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259433805171">Israel</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007321239805171">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614670206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118721143.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118721143">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w48nsg">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6d25612">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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