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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Oceanography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceanography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceanography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceanography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agulhas_Current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agulhas_Current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Agulhas Current</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agulhas_Current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upwellings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upwellings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Upwellings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upwellings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agulhas_meanders_and_Natal_pulses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agulhas_meanders_and_Natal_pulses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Agulhas meanders and Natal pulses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agulhas_meanders_and_Natal_pulses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agulhas_leakage_and_rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agulhas_leakage_and_rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Agulhas leakage and rings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agulhas_leakage_and_rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benguela_Current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benguela_Current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Benguela Current</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benguela_Current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deep_water_eddies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_water_eddies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Deep water eddies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_water_eddies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphard_Banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphard_Banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Alphard Banks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphard_Banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalgleish_Bank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalgleish_Bank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Dalgleish Bank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalgleish_Bank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gondwana_breakup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gondwana_breakup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gondwana breakup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gondwana_breakup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pliocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pliocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pliocene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pliocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Human evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Commercial importance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercial_importance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Biodiversity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crustaceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crustaceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Crustaceans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crustaceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Fishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fur_seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fur_seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Fur seals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fur_seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cetaceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cetaceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Cetaceans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cetaceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc_Agulhas" title="Banc Agulhas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banc Agulhas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_di_Agulhas" title="Banco di Agulhas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Banco di Agulhas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="აგულიასის ქვაბული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აგულიასის ქვაბული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguljaso_dubuma" title="Aguljaso dubuma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aguljaso dubuma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agulhasbank" title="Agulhasbank – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Agulhasbank" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="アガラスバンク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アガラスバンク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agulyas_(soylik)" title="Agulyas (soylik) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Agulyas (soylik)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_das_Agulhas" title="Banco das Agulhas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Banco das Agulhas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%81_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Агульяс (банка) – 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system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Agulhas_Bank&params=34_42_33.1_S_22_28_12.4_E_type:landmark_dim:356km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°42′33.1″S</span> <span class="longitude">22°28′12.4″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.709194°S 22.470111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-34.709194; 22.470111</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Broad southernmost part of the African continental shelf</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Agulhas Bank</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agulhas_Bank_NOAA_ETOPO1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Agulhas Bank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Agulhas_Bank_NOAA_ETOPO1.jpg/280px-Agulhas_Bank_NOAA_ETOPO1.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Agulhas_Bank_NOAA_ETOPO1.jpg/420px-Agulhas_Bank_NOAA_ETOPO1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Agulhas_Bank_NOAA_ETOPO1.jpg/560px-Agulhas_Bank_NOAA_ETOPO1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="417" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the Agulhas Bank centred on the Outeniqua Basin</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Ecology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Realm</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Temperate Southern Africa</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">116,000 km<sup>2</sup> (45,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">-50 to -200 m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Agulhas_Bank&params=34_42_33.1_S_22_28_12.4_E_type:landmark_dim:356km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°42′33.1″S</span> <span class="longitude">22°28′12.4″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.709194°S 22.470111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-34.709194; 22.470111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Oceans or seas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Agulhas Bank</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, from Portuguese for <a href="/wiki/Cape_Agulhas" title="Cape Agulhas">Cape Agulhas</a>, <i>Cabo das Agulhas</i>, "Cape of Needles")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a broad, shallow part of the southern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> which extends up to 250 km (160 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Agulhas" title="Cape Agulhas">Cape Agulhas</a> before falling steeply to the <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal plain</a>. </p><p>It is the ocean region where the warm <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and the cold <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> meet. This convergence leads to treacherous <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a> conditions, accounting for numerous wrecked ships in the area over the years. However, the meeting of the oceans here also fuels the <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">nutrient cycle</a> for marine life, making it one of the best <a href="/wiki/Fishing_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing bank">fishing grounds</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent_and_characteristics">Extent and characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extent and characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bioregions_of_SA_EEZ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bioregions_of_SA_EEZ.png/220px-Bioregions_of_SA_EEZ.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bioregions_of_SA_EEZ.png/330px-Bioregions_of_SA_EEZ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bioregions_of_SA_EEZ.png/440px-Bioregions_of_SA_EEZ.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2549" /></a><figcaption>The South African marine bioregions from the 2004 classification.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecoregions_of_SA_EEZ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ecoregions_of_SA_EEZ.png/220px-Ecoregions_of_SA_EEZ.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ecoregions_of_SA_EEZ.png/330px-Ecoregions_of_SA_EEZ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ecoregions_of_SA_EEZ.png/440px-Ecoregions_of_SA_EEZ.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2549" /></a><figcaption>South African marine ecoregions from the 2011 classification</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecoregions_of_the_South_African_exclusive_economic_zone" title="Marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone">Marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone</a></div> <p>The Agulhas Bank stretches approximately 800 km (500 mi) along the African coast,<sup id="cite_ref-SeaAtlas_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeaAtlas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a> (18°E) to <a href="/wiki/Port_Alfred" title="Port Alfred">Port Alfred</a> (26°E),<sup id="cite_ref-Blanke-etal-2009-intro_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanke-etal-2009-intro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and up to 250 km (160 mi) from it. The bank slopes down relatively steeply from the coast to about 50 m (160 ft) deep and reaches 200 m (660 ft) before dropping steeply to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) on its southern edge.<sup id="cite_ref-SeaAtlas_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeaAtlas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shelf spans an area of 116,000 km<sup>2</sup> (45,000 sq mi) with a mean depth slightly over 100 m (330 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Whittle-2012-intro_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittle-2012-intro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is entirely within the exclusive economic zone of South Africa. </p><p>The National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004 recognised 34 biozones nested within 9 bioregions (of which four were offshore). The National Biodiversity Assessment 2011 replaced these ecozones and biozones with the terms ecoregions and ecozones. In 2011, the Agulhas Ecoregion was divided into four distinct ecozones: Agulhas inshore, Agulhas inner shelf, Agulhas outer shelf, and Agulhas shelf edge.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 33 different <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> habitats types were identified on the Agulhas Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are dozens of warm temperate <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a> along the coast of the Agulhas Ecoregion spanning from 5–30 m (16–98 ft) below sea level. Many rocky sub-tidal reefs are of <a href="/wiki/Aeolianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolianite">aeolianite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> origin, but <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstone</a> reefs are also present. The Agulhas reefs are very heterogeneous and include several possible different sub-types. Some of the reefs are within protected areas, but only a few of those protected areas include protection from fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-NBA-2011-reefs_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBA-2011-reefs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceanography">Oceanography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oceanography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Agulhas Bank is a natural boundary between <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, resulting in one of the most turbulent waters of the world oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruijter-etal-2003-p45_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruijter-etal-2003-p45-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agulhas_Current">Agulhas Current</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Agulhas Current"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agulhas_Current_NLOM_.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Agulhas_Current_NLOM_.png/220px-Agulhas_Current_NLOM_.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Agulhas_Current_NLOM_.png/330px-Agulhas_Current_NLOM_.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Agulhas_Current_NLOM_.png/440px-Agulhas_Current_NLOM_.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Eddies of the Agulhas Current meanders past the Agulhas Bank leaking warm and salty water into the South Atlantic before retroflecting back into the Indian Ocean</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas Current</a></div> <p>The Agulhas Current flows south along the African east-coast and along the south-eastern edge of the bank. It then <a href="/wiki/Retroflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflection">retroflects</a> back into the Indian Ocean south-west of the bank. This retroflection results in intense <a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">eddy</a> activities such as meanders, eddies, and filaments.<sup id="cite_ref-Blanke-etal-2009-intro_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanke-etal-2009-intro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In upper layer water, the Agulhas rings and eddies move warm and salty water into the large South Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">gyre</a>, which exports it to the tropics. In the lower ocean layers water is transported in the opposite direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruijter-etal-2003-p45_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruijter-etal-2003-p45-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upwellings">Upwellings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Upwellings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyclonic eddies is another source of edge upwelling west of Port Elisabeth. Plumes of warm surface water migrate onto the bank along its eastern edge, providing subtropical surface water from the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittle-2012-intro_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittle-2012-intro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summer, easterly winds can intermittently drive coastal <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> along the South African south coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittle-2012-intro_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittle-2012-intro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Agulhas Bank is dominated by westerly winds and most of the upwelling on the bank is related to the interaction of the Agulhas Current on the eastern edge, but easterly winds do occur, especially in summer and fall, and can generate local upwelling cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Blanke-etal-2009-intro_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanke-etal-2009-intro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the current is diverged away from the coast, dynamic processes draws an onshore <a href="/wiki/Ekman_layer" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a> of cold water from below the warm shelf-edge flow. In spring and summer, at a depth of 100 m (330 ft), a semi-permanent ridge of cold water is present on the eastern and central shelf.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittle-2012-intro_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittle-2012-intro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In summer, there is mixture of subtropical water separated by <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermoclines</a> from cool waters, but there is a considerable seasonal variation. On the shelf, bottom waters exhibit characteristics of the central Indian Ocean in the east and central Atlantic Ocean waters in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittle-2012-intro_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittle-2012-intro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agulhas_meanders_and_Natal_pulses">Agulhas meanders and Natal pulses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Agulhas meanders and Natal pulses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Agulhas Current flows south along the African east coast, it tends to bulge inshore frequently, a deviation from the current's normal path known as Agulhas Current meanders (ACM). These bulges are occasionally (1-7 times per year) followed by a much larger offshore bulge, known as Natal pulses (NP). Natal pulses move along the coast at 20 km (12 mi) per day. An ACM can bulge up to 20 km (12 mi) and a NP up to 120 km (75 mi) from the current's mean position.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AC passes 34 km (21 mi) offshore and an ACM can reach 123 km (76 mi) offshore. When the AC meanders, its width broadens from 88 km (55 mi) to 125 km (78 mi) and its velocity weakens from 208 cm/s (82 in/s) to 136 cm/s (54 in/s). An ACM induces a strong inshore counter-current.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large-scale cyclonic meanders known as Natal pulses are formed as the Agulhas Current reaches the continental shelf on the South African east-coast (i.e. the eastern Agulhas Bank off <a href="/wiki/Natal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Province">Natal</a>). As these pulses move along the coast on the Agulhas Bank, they tend to pinch off Agulhas rings from the Agulhas Current. Such a ring shedding can be triggered by a Natal pulse alone, but sometimes meanders on the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Return_Current" title="Agulhas Return Current">Agulhas Return Current</a> merge to contribute to the shedding of an Agulhas ring.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agulhas_leakage_and_rings">Agulhas leakage and rings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Agulhas leakage and rings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Eddy_and_the_Plankton_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Eddy_and_the_Plankton_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg/220px-The_Eddy_and_the_Plankton_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Eddy_and_the_Plankton_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg/330px-The_Eddy_and_the_Plankton_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Eddy_and_the_Plankton_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg/440px-The_Eddy_and_the_Plankton_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Light blue plankton in a 150 km (93 mi) wide anti-cyclonic (counter-clockwise) Agulhas ring, 800 km (500 mi) off the coast of South Africa. Such eddies, among the largest in the world, are peeled off the Agulhas Current on the eastern edge of the Agulhas Bank.</figcaption></figure> <p>Agulhas rings are large <a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclonic">anticyclonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">eddies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Warm_core_ring" title="Warm core ring">warm core rings</a> of ocean water that are pinched off the Agulhas Current along the eastern edge of the Agulhas Bank from where they move into the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic">South Atlantic</a>. As the Agulhas Current reaches the east coast of South Africa, large solitary meanders known as Natal pulses form at irregular intervals. 165 days after the appearance of a Natal pulse, an Agulhas ring is formed off Durban. The Agulhas rings are among the largest eddies in the world and play an important role in the Agulhas Leakage, the transport of warm water from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, which affects the global climate.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average diameter of the Agulhas rings is 320 km (200 mi), but they can reach 500 km. They extend down to the ocean floor; circulate at 0.3–1.5 m/s (0.98–4.92 ft/s); and move into the South Atlantic at 4–8 km (2.5–5.0 mi)/day. Only half of the Agulhas eddies that leave the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Basin (page does not exist)">Cape Basin</a> manage to cross the <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Ridge" title="Walvis Ridge">Walvis Ridge</a> and those that do tend to lose half their energy before reaching the ridge within six months. The Agulhas rings transport an estimated 1-5 <a href="/wiki/Sverdrup" title="Sverdrup">Sv</a> (millions m<sup>2</sup>/s) of water from the Indian Ocean to the South Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Agulhas rings are thought to be of global climatic importance. Their delivery of warm water from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean can control the rate of <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline overturning</a> of the entire Atlantic. Other factors contribute, to various degrees, to the inter-ocean exchanges in the region, including filaments from the Agulhas Current and intrusions of water from Antarctica. Cold, cyclonic eddies have been observed in the southwestern Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on model simulations, researchers have found that the interaction of the Agulhas Current and the eastern edge of the bank can result in the Agulhas rings.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The provenance of ocean sediments can be determined by analysing <a href="/wiki/Terrigenous_sediment" title="Terrigenous sediment">terrigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> isotope ratios in deep ocean cores. Sediments underlying the Agulhas Current and Return Current have significantly higher ratios than surrounding sediments. Analyses of cores in the South Atlantic deposited during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (LGM, 20 000 years ago), show that the Agulhas leakage (shedding of Agulhas rings) was significantly reduced. It has been hypothesised that the reason for this was that the Agulhas Current was stronger which resulted in a more eastward retroflection and therefore less leakage. However, analyses of such cores south of Africa show that the trajectory of the current was the same during the LGM and that the reduced leakage must be explained by a weaker current. Consequently, it can be predicted that a stronger Agulhas Current will result in its retroflection occurring more eastward and an increased Agulhas leakage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benguela_Current">Benguela Current</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Benguela Current"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benguela_Current" title="Benguela Current">Benguela Current</a></div> <p>Compared to the Agulhas Current, the Benguela Current on the west and south-west coast of Africa is more intense and steadier. Its dynamic southern upwelling system is driven by the prevailing northward winds that produce an intense off-shore <a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a>. Most of this upwelling is concentrated to a few upwelling cells in the southern region: <a href="/wiki/Namaqua_National_Park" title="Namaqua National Park">Namaqua</a> (30°S), <a href="/wiki/Cape_Columbine" title="Cape Columbine">Cape Columbine</a> (32.5°S), and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a> (34°S). The wind is most intense from October to February, and the contrast in sea surface temperature between the open sea and the shelf is most prominent during summer.<sup id="cite_ref-Blanke-etal-2009-intro_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanke-etal-2009-intro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coastal upwelling is also common on the western bank, but the more stable atmospheric condition results in larger cold water plumes that sometimes merge to form a continuous upwelling regime along the South African south-west coast. This upwelling zone is the southernmost extension of the Benguela Current Large Maritime Ecosystem. The Agulhas Current regularly flows around the southern tip of the bank and brings warm water to the western bank along the bank's western edge.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittle-2012-intro_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittle-2012-intro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regularly, the <a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_meteorology" title="Mesoscale meteorology">mesoscale</a> eddies from the east interact with the Benguela upwelling system on the African west coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Blanke-etal-2009-intro_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanke-etal-2009-intro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_water_eddies">Deep water eddies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deep water eddies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flowing south along the South American continental slope, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Deep_Water#Spreading_pathways" title="North Atlantic Deep Water">Deep Western Boundary Current</a> (DWBC) carries <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Deep_Water" title="North Atlantic Deep Water">North Atlantic Deep Water</a> (NADW) into the South Atlantic. At about 8°S and at a depth of 2,200–3,500 m (7,200–11,500 ft), the DWBC breaks into anticyclonic eddies during periods of strong <a href="/wiki/Meridional_overturning_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridional overturning circulation">meridional overturning circulation</a>. One such NADW eddy was observed in 2003 and the researchers speculated that a deeply penetrating Agulhas ring pinched it off the NADW slope current. Spinning at 20 cm/s (7.9 in/s), these deep-water eddies move around the southern tip of the Agulhas Bank and into the Indian Ocean. Most of the NADW flow (more than 7 <a href="/wiki/Sverdrup" title="Sverdrup">Sv</a>) meanders east around the Agulhas Plateau together with the surface Agulhas Return Current, but a smaller portion (3 Sv) continues north along the African east-coast as the Agulhas Undercurrent.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of 89.5 Sv released from the North Atlantic, 3.6 Sv leaves the South Atlantic south of the Agulhas Bank. However, 0.9 Sv recirculate in the basin north of the Walvis Ridge for centuries, of which 50-90% end up flowing south of the Agulhas Bank within 300 years, increasing the net inter-oceanic exchange with 4.1-4.5 Sv.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphard_Banks">Alphard Banks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alphard Banks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juvenile_Cape_knifejaw_at_Alphard_Banks_P4100494.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Juvenile_Cape_knifejaw_at_Alphard_Banks_P4100494.jpg/220px-Juvenile_Cape_knifejaw_at_Alphard_Banks_P4100494.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Juvenile_Cape_knifejaw_at_Alphard_Banks_P4100494.jpg/330px-Juvenile_Cape_knifejaw_at_Alphard_Banks_P4100494.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Juvenile_Cape_knifejaw_at_Alphard_Banks_P4100494.jpg/440px-Juvenile_Cape_knifejaw_at_Alphard_Banks_P4100494.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Juvenile Cape knifejaw and kelp forest at Alphard Banks</figcaption></figure> <p>The Alphard Banks are a small group of long extinct volcanic seamounts on the Agulhas Bank south of Cape Agulhas. They rise from the bottom at about 80 m to about 14 m on the top. They are the southernmost recreational diving sites on the African continental shelf, and are seldom dived due to the distance offshore. The Alpard banks are in the Alphard Banks Controlled-Pelagic Linefish Zone of the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank_Complex_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area">Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The habitats are depth and profile related, with the shallower, flatter, areas of the pinnacle tops dominated by spiny kelp (<i><a href="/wiki/Ecklonia_radiata" title="Ecklonia radiata">Ecklonia radiata</a></i>), and encrusting invertebrates, and the deeper, steeper, areas below 30 m having little kelp and a more upright invertebrate community.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalgleish_Bank">Dalgleish Bank</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dalgleish Bank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalgleish_sea_fan_at_Dalgleish_Bank_P1310313.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dalgleish_sea_fan_at_Dalgleish_Bank_P1310313.jpg/220px-Dalgleish_sea_fan_at_Dalgleish_Bank_P1310313.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dalgleish_sea_fan_at_Dalgleish_Bank_P1310313.jpg/330px-Dalgleish_sea_fan_at_Dalgleish_Bank_P1310313.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dalgleish_sea_fan_at_Dalgleish_Bank_P1310313.jpg/440px-Dalgleish_sea_fan_at_Dalgleish_Bank_P1310313.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Dalgleish sea fan at Dalgleish Bank</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalgleish Bank is a relatively shallow area of rocky reef about 11 km offshore of Buffelsbaai, or 15.5 km, (about 8.3 nautical miles) bearing 218°T from Knysna Heads. Maximum depth in the immediate vicinity is about 80 m, and the shallowest part of the reef is about 29 m. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agulhas_Bank_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Agulhas_Bank_NOAA.jpg/220px-Agulhas_Bank_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Agulhas_Bank_NOAA.jpg/330px-Agulhas_Bank_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Agulhas_Bank_NOAA.jpg/440px-Agulhas_Bank_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>The Agulhas Bank relative to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Ridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agulhas Ridge (page does not exist)">Agulhas Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Basin" title="Agulhas Basin">Basin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Plateau" title="Agulhas Plateau">Plateau</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Gondwana.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Southern_Gondwana.png/220px-Southern_Gondwana.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Southern_Gondwana.png/330px-Southern_Gondwana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Southern_Gondwana.png/440px-Southern_Gondwana.png 2x" data-file-width="3997" data-file-height="3017" /></a><figcaption>As Gondwana formed 500 mya, a rift appeared which eventually developed into the Agulhas Sea. This sea filled with sediments that were to become the Cape Supergroup, which subsequently were folded into the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Belt</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marine_geology_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine geology of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">Marine geology of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</a></div> <p>The oldest rock found along the coastline of the Agulhas Bank are <a href="/wiki/Geosyncline" title="Geosyncline">eugeosynclinal</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> sediments of the up to 3 km (1.9 mi) thick <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaaimans_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaaimans Group (page does not exist)">Kaaimans Group</a> deposited during continental rifting some 900 million years ago (Mya). The proto-South Atlantic closed during the <a href="/wiki/Saldanian_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Saldanian orogeny">Saldanian orogeny</a> to form part of the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> (700-600 Mya). The Cape granites were emplaced and the Kaaimans Group rocks were folded and thermally metamorphosed during this period. The formation of the main basin in the Cape Province commenced 570 Mya and lasted for 200 My. The <a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain" title="Table Mountain">Table Mountain</a> Group is 4 km (2.5 mi) thick and an erosional unconformity marking its base is composed of both terrestrial and marine sediments. <a href="/wiki/Syncline" title="Syncline">Synclines</a> along the coast of the southern Cape contains sediments from the Bokkveld Group.<sup id="cite_ref-Durrheim-1987_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durrheim-1987-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Belt</a> (CFB) rocks and the <a href="/wiki/Karoo_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Karoo Basin">Karoo Basin</a> were deposited 450 Mya; the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt#Cape_Supergroup" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Supergroup</a> 450-300 Mya during a series of <a href="/wiki/Transgression_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgression (geology)">transgression</a>-<a href="/wiki/Regression_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regression (geology)">regression</a> cycles. <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_orogeny" title="Pan-African orogeny">Pan-African</a> <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrusts</a> were reactivated 270-215 Mya to form the CFB which was then part of a continuous fold belt that developed during the <a href="/wiki/Gondwanide_orogeny" title="Gondwanide orogeny">Gondwanide orogeny</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_la_Ventana_(mountains)" title="Sierra de la Ventana (mountains)">Sierra de la Ventana</a> (Argentina), <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_Mountains" title="Pensacola Mountains">Pensacola Mountains</a> (East Antarctica), and <a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Mountains" title="Ellsworth Mountains">Ellsworth Mountains</a> (West Antarctica). In the late <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Karoo_Supergroup" title="Karoo Supergroup">Karoo Supergroup</a> was deposited in the Karoo Basin north of where the CFB is located today, and covering nearly two-thirds of present-day <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsiegla-etal-2009-p2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsiegla-etal-2009-p2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gondwana_breakup">Gondwana breakup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gondwana breakup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basaltic lavas were extruded 183 Mya to form the <a href="/wiki/Karoo-Ferrar" title="Karoo-Ferrar">Karoo large igneous province</a>; a volcanism caused by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_hotspot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bouvet hotspot (page does not exist)">Bouvet hotspot</a> which is linked to the Gondwana break-up.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsiegla-etal-2009-p2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsiegla-etal-2009-p2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bouvet hotspot was located in or near present-day South Africa from the late Triassic 220 mya and until the Africa-Antarctica breakup 120 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bouvet hotspot track stretches south-east from the African continent, near the South Africa-Mozambique border, and east of the AFFZ down to <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bouvet_triple_junction" title="Bouvet triple junction">Bouvet triple junction</a> in the South Atlantic. 100 Mya, the region where the triple junction was located passed over the hotspot, resulting in a continuous eruption that lasted to about 94 Mya and the seafloor spreading that still separates Antarctica, Africa, and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Agulhas-Falkland Fracture Zone (AFFZ) stretches 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) across the South Atlantic. It is one of the largest and most spectacular <a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">fracture zones</a> on Earth. It developed during the Early Cretaceous as West <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> (South America) broke up from Africa. The AFFZ is characterized by a pronounced topographic anomaly, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Ridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agulhas Ridge (page does not exist)">Agulhas Ridge</a> (41°S,16°E-43°S,9°E) which rises more than 2 km above the surrounding sea floor. The only equivalent in size are the neighbouring Diaz Ridge and the Falkland Escarpment. The Agulhas Ridge is unique because it was not formed during the continental breakup during the Cretaceous and because it separates oceanic crusts of different age, and not oceanic crust (~14 km thick) from continental crust (25 km thick).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North of the AFFZ is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outeniqua_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outeniqua Basin (page does not exist)">Outeniqua Basin</a> which is a complex system of sub-basins separated from each other by faults and basement arches; there are several smaller fault-bounded sub-basins in the north (Bredasdorp, Infanta, Pletmos, Gamtoos, and Algoa) and a distinctively deeper sub-basin in the south, the South Outeniqua Basin. The sedimentary fill of these basins developed as the northern edge of the Falkland Plateau separated from the South African southern margin during the early <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaz_Marginal_Ridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diaz Marginal Ridge (page does not exist)">Diaz Marginal Ridge</a> (DMR) separates these basins from the AFFZ. The DMR is buried under 200–250 m (660–820 ft) of sediments and sedimentary rocks and 150–200 m (490–660 ft) of this sedimentary material is undisturbed Cretaceous sediments younger than the oldest Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in the Southern Outeniqua Basin. The DMR must therefore have formed after the initial West Gondwana breakup 130-90 Mya. The DMR probably formed when new, hot oceanic crust slid past old, cold continental crust and the contrast in temperatures induced a thermal uplift.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As West Gondwana drifted away from Africa roughly 125 Myr, the South Atlantic seafloor formed between them and magnetic anomalies north of the AFFZ reflects phase of the seafloor spreading. South of the AFFZ traces can be found of how the Falkland Plateau and the Agulhas Bank moved relative to each other. On a modern map, the Falkland Plateau can still be rotated and fitted into the Natal Valley in the Indian Ocean east of South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Plateau" title="Agulhas Plateau">Agulhas Plateau</a> is located southeast of the shelf, separated from it by the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Passage" title="Agulhas Passage">Agulhas Passage</a> (through which the Agulhas Current flows.)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pliocene">Pliocene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pliocene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphard_Tertiary_Igneous_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphard Tertiary Igneous Province (page does not exist)">Alphard Tertiary Igneous Province</a> includes Palaeocene <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">trachybasalts</a>, aegirine–augite <a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">trachytes</a> and aegirine–augite phonolitic trachytes, which have been radiometrically dated at about 58 million years old. The intrusions appear to be tectonic effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Dingle_and_Gentle_2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dingle_and_Gentle_2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the largest known <a href="/wiki/Slump_(geology)" title="Slump (geology)">slumps</a> occurred on the south-eastern edge of the Agulhas Bank in the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> or more recently. Stretching from a depth of 190–700 m (620–2,300 ft), the so-called Agulhas slump is 750 km (470 mi) long, 106 km (66 mi) wide, and has a volume of 20,000 km<sup>3</sup> (4,800 cu mi). It is a composite slump with proximal and distal <a href="/wiki/Allochthon" title="Allochthon">allochthonous</a> sediment masses separated by a large glide plane scar. In the western part, the sediments are dammed by basement ridges, but, in the eastern part, they have spread into the Transkei Basin. A series of slump scarps along the western edge of the shelf are 18–2 Mya, but covered by younger sediments brought there by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benguela_upwelling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benguela upwelling (page does not exist)">Benguela upwelling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_evolution">Human evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Human evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Point" title="Pinnacle Point">Pinnacle Point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dispersal" title="Southern Dispersal">Southern Dispersal</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">Anatomically modern humans</a> evolved around 200 <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">kya</a>. The genetic diversity in the human lineage is relatively low, which indicate one or several population bottlenecks late in our lineage. It has been estimated that the population was limited to perhaps 600 individuals during the <a href="/wiki/Marine_isotope_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine isotope stage">MIS 6</a> glacial stage (195-125 kya), one of the longest cold periods in the Quaternary of Africa. A technological and behavioural revolution that occurred globally about 50 kya led to a cultural complexity which happened in South Africa around 120-70 kya.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cape_Floral_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Floral Region">Cape Floral Region</a> is a thin coastal strip and a botanic hotspot which developed at the confluence of the Benguela Upwelling and Agulhas Current. According to what professor <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Marean" title="Curtis Marean">Curtis Marean</a> calls the "Cape Floral Region – South Coast Model" for the origins of modern humans, the early hunter-gatherers survived on <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Geophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophyte">geophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>, and wash-ups found on the exposed Agulhas Bank. The bank slopes into the sea and a reconstruction of how the coastline has changed over 440 kya shows that the coast during the Pleistocene was located as far as 90 km (56 mi) from the present coast.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The present South African southern coastal plain (SCP) is still separated from the rest of Africa by the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Belt</a>. During glacial maxima the sea-level dropped 120 metres (390 ft). This not only left large parts of the Agulhas Bank exposed, which greatly expanded the area of the SCP, but it also reconnected the SCP to the rest of Africa by the shallow water shelves, which broke the isolation of the SCP. Modern humans evolved on the SCP and the fluctuation in sea-levels would have resulted in a significant variation in <a href="/wiki/Selective_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective pressure">selective pressure</a>. No fossil records are known from the now submerged shelf, but a series of key fossil sites along the coastal margin of the present SCP provide earliest traces of anatomically modern humans and the use of marine resources.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_importance">Commercial importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Commercial importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Africa began oil exploration on the Agulhas Bank in the 1980s. Of more than 200 offshore wells in South Africa, most are found on Bredasdorp Basin on the Agulhas Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishery">Fishery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fishery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Agulhas Bank is also significant for fisheries who use <a href="/wiki/Demersal_trawling" class="mw-redirect" title="Demersal trawling">demersal trawling</a>, demersal <a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">longline fishing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trawling#Bottom_versus_midwater_trawling" title="Trawling">midwater trawl fishing</a> on the bank. Squid and small <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic fishes</a> are also caught. Before the introduction of the EEZ, foreign fisheries used <a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling#Otter_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">roch-hopper gear trawling</a> on the bank.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the catches are short-lived shelf-zone pelagic species and more long-lived deep-water species. The large populations of sardine and anchovy also present on the shelf follow an annual cycle. Anchovy spawn on the western Agulhas Bank in early summer while the sardines span over a broader season and area — eggs are transported by currents to the nursery area in the <a href="/wiki/St_Helena_Bay" title="St Helena Bay">St Helena Bay</a> on the South African west coast from where juvenile then migrate back to the Agulhas Bank to spawn.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Africa has a relatively large fishing industry mostly catching pelagic <a href="/wiki/Pilchard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilchard">pilchard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a> and demersal <a href="/wiki/Hake" title="Hake">hake</a> on the south and western coasts. Though the east coast has fewer commercial fisheries, the large human population along there has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a> of coastal fish and invertebrate stocks by recreational and subsistence fishers. A small <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> industry produces mussels and oysters offshore.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffith-etal-p1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-etal-p1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several pelagic species are heavily harvested by the commercial fleet: <a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing#Purse_seine" title="Seine fishing">purse-seine</a> fishery is used to catch sardines, anchovies, and round herring; mid-water <a href="/wiki/Trawl" class="mw-redirect" title="Trawl">trawl</a> fishery to catch horse mackerel and chub mackerel; pelagic <a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">longline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pole_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Pole fishing">pole</a> fishery to catch tunas and swordfish; while hook and line are used inshore to catch squid and teleost species, including <a href="/wiki/Thyrsites_atun" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyrsites atun">snoek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atractoscion_aequidens" class="mw-redirect" title="Atractoscion aequidens">geelbek</a>. All these species are relatively common and are considered having an important role in the ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-Grantham-etal-2011_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grantham-etal-2011-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burnupena_cf_papyracea_PB300183.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Burnupena_cf_papyracea_PB300183.JPG/220px-Burnupena_cf_papyracea_PB300183.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Burnupena_cf_papyracea_PB300183.JPG/330px-Burnupena_cf_papyracea_PB300183.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Burnupena_cf_papyracea_PB300183.JPG/440px-Burnupena_cf_papyracea_PB300183.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Burnupena_papyracea" title="Burnupena papyracea">Papery burnupena</a> in <a href="/wiki/False_Bay" title="False Bay">False Bay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are at least 12,914 marine species in South Africa, but small bodied species are poorly documented and the abyssal zone is almost completely unexplored. Almost a quarter of South Africa's coast line is protected, excluding deeper water.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffith-etal-p1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-etal-p1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third of the marine species are endemic to South Africa (though poor levels of taxonomic research in adjoining countries probably affects the apparent endemism.) The degree of endemism varies considerably among taxa: <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a> 64%, <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> 56%, <a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a> 3.6%, <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> 8.8%, <a href="/wiki/Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda">Amphipoda</a> 33%, <a href="/wiki/Isopoda" title="Isopoda">Isopoda</a> 85%, or <a href="/wiki/Cumacea" title="Cumacea">Cumacea</a> 71%.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisheries are one of the major threats to the biodiversity of the Agulhas Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-Grantham-etal-2011_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grantham-etal-2011-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crustaceans">Crustaceans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Crustaceans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">Copepods</a> comprise 90% of the zooplankton carbon on the Agulhas Bank, and are thus an important source of food for pelagic fish and juvenile squids. The population of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calanus_agulhensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calanus agulhensis (page does not exist)">Calanus agulhensis</a></i>, a large species that dominates the copepod community in terms of biomass, has a center of distribution on the central Agulhas Bank. Since 1997 the copepod biomass on the central Agulhas Bank has declined significantly while the biomass of pelagic fish has increased significantly. While it is likely that predation has played an important role in the copepod decline, <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> (sea surface temperature and chlorophyll A abundance) is believed to have contributed to a smaller population.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishes">Fishes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg/220px-Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg/330px-Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg/440px-Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">Great white shark</a> near Dyer Island</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_fishes_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine fishes of South Africa">List of marine fishes of South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></div> <p>The shelf edge along the bank's southern tip is subject to sporadic upwelling. This slope and its surrounding seamounts are the spawning ground for <a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horse_mackerel" title="Horse mackerel">horse mackerel</a>. Eddies help transport water inshore and link the spawning habitat with important nursery areas.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggs and larvae laid by the anchovy are transported via the <a href="/wiki/Good_Hope_Jet" title="Good Hope Jet">Good Hope Jet</a> to Africa's southwestern coast where they mature. Young anchovies then return to the Agulhas Bank to spawn.<sup id="cite_ref-Blanke-etal-2009-intro_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanke-etal-2009-intro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young sardine and anchovy congregate along the west coast between March and September before they migrate to their spawning grounds on the Agulhas Bank. Sardines of intermediate age are present on the western Agulhas Bank between January and April before migrating to KwaZulu-Natal for winter. The spawning on the Agulhas Bank takes place 30–130 km (19–81 mi) offshore from September to February.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford-etal-2006-Intro_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-etal-2006-Intro-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bank is the spawning area of deep reef fish species, including the threatened endemic <a href="/wiki/Petrus_rupestris" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus rupestris">red steenbras</a> (<i>Petrus rupestris</i>). Other species have been overexploited, including daggerhead seabream or dageraad (<i><a href="/wiki/Chrysoblephus_cristiceps" title="Chrysoblephus cristiceps">Chrysoblephus cristiceps</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Black_musselcracker" title="Black musselcracker">black musselcracker</a> (<i>Cymatoceps nasutus</i>), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_kob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver kob (page does not exist)">silver kob</a> (<i>Argyrosomus inodorus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>57 species of <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> have been reported off the western coast of South Africa, of which 21 are <a href="/wiki/Squaliformes" title="Squaliformes">squaloid sharks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subantarktikskua01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Subantarktikskua01.jpg/220px-Subantarktikskua01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Subantarktikskua01.jpg/330px-Subantarktikskua01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Subantarktikskua01.jpg/440px-Subantarktikskua01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3093" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brown_skua" title="Brown skua">Brown skua</a> near Dyer Island</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_(7678302734).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/South_Africa_%287678302734%29.jpg/220px-South_Africa_%287678302734%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/South_Africa_%287678302734%29.jpg/330px-South_Africa_%287678302734%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/South_Africa_%287678302734%29.jpg/440px-South_Africa_%287678302734%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>African penguins at <a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_National_Park" title="Table Mountain National Park">Table Mountain National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The main food source for <a href="/wiki/African_penguin" title="African penguin">African penguins</a> (<i>Spheniscus demersus</i>) is anchovy and sardine which they forage between <a href="/wiki/Cape_Columbine" title="Cape Columbine">Cape Columbine</a> and the central Agulhas Bank. The birds have colonies on <a href="/wiki/Dassen_Island" title="Dassen Island">Dassen Island</a>, on the South African west coast, and <a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_Algoa_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird Island, Algoa Bay">Bird Island</a>, on the south coast.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African penguins breed opportunistically, following the anchovy and sardine: from February to September on the Western Cape but from January to July on <a href="/wiki/St._Croix_Island,_Algoa_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Croix Island, Algoa Bay">St Croix Island</a> off Eastern Cape. After breeding, the birds forage further offshore: 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) off the western coast and up to 40 km (25 mi) from their colonies off Eastern Cape.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford-etal-2006-Intro_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-etal-2006-Intro-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, when Korean and Philippine vessels started longline fishing along the edges of the Agulhas Bank, seabird bycatch became a huge problem. Large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatrosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrels</a> were killed — in average 0.6 birds per 1000 hooks, but up to 18 birds per 1000 hooks were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2007, however, more restrictive permit conditions for foreign-flagged fleets and the use of birds scaring lines have decreased the number of killed birds by 85%.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fur_seals">Fur seals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fur seals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_at_the_Cape_Town_Scuba_Diving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Seal_at_the_Cape_Town_Scuba_Diving.jpg/220px-Seal_at_the_Cape_Town_Scuba_Diving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Seal_at_the_Cape_Town_Scuba_Diving.jpg/330px-Seal_at_the_Cape_Town_Scuba_Diving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Seal_at_the_Cape_Town_Scuba_Diving.jpg/440px-Seal_at_the_Cape_Town_Scuba_Diving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>A Cape fur seal diving off Cape Town</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cape_fur_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape fur seal">Cape fur seals</a> are present along the South African coast. Fur seals are protected in South Africa since 1893 although a small number are occasionally culled to protect sea birds. Many seals are caught in fishery nets and boat propellers, but the seals are also regularly accused of stealing fish from the fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharks are known to prey on them, but in 2012 a cape fur seal was observed preying on and consuming a mid-sized blue shark.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cetaceans">Cetaceans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cetaceans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dusky_dolphin_at_the_Aster_wreck_P2199275.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dusky_dolphin_at_the_Aster_wreck_P2199275.JPG/220px-Dusky_dolphin_at_the_Aster_wreck_P2199275.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dusky_dolphin_at_the_Aster_wreck_P2199275.JPG/330px-Dusky_dolphin_at_the_Aster_wreck_P2199275.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dusky_dolphin_at_the_Aster_wreck_P2199275.JPG/440px-Dusky_dolphin_at_the_Aster_wreck_P2199275.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dusky_dolphin" title="Dusky dolphin">dusky dolphin</a> on the Cape Peninsula west coast</figcaption></figure> <p>51 species, or more than 50%, of the recognized species of cetaceans are present in the southern African subregion (between the equator and the Antarctic ice edge), of which 36 have been sighted in South African and Namibian waters.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A vulnerable population of fish-eating <a href="/wiki/Killer_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer whale">killer whales</a> are present offshore on the Agulhas Bank. Observations peak in January while few are sighted in April and May. The killer whales move in pods of 1-4 individuals and are mostly sited over the shelf edge off the south-east coast.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of killer whale <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> has shown that there was a peak inter-oceanic migration events during the <a href="/wiki/Eemian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eemian">Eemian</a> <a href="/wiki/Interglacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Interglacial period">interglacial period</a>, 131-114 kya. This peak coincides with a period of maximal Agulhas leakage which promoted a rapid and episodic interchange of killer whale lineages. During this period killer whales and other marine top predators, such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a>, colonised the North Atlantic and Mediterranean by following their prey — <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">bluefin tuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_(biology)" title="Vagrancy (biology)">vagrant</a> <a href="/wiki/Commerson%27s_dolphin" title="Commerson's dolphin">Commerson's dolphin</a> — a species with two isolated populations, one along the southern coast of Argentina and the other around the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a> — was sighted on the Agulhas Bank in 2004. It is not known from which population the sighted individual stems. The Kerguelen Islands are located 4,200 km (2,600 mi) and South America 6,300 km (3,900 mi) from the Agulhas Bank, but the west-ward direction of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a> would force the dolphin to swim against the current from the Kerguelen Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fossil <a href="/wiki/Beaked_whale" title="Beaked whale">beaked whales</a> have been recovered by trawling from the seafloor off South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stranded <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_sperm_whale" title="Pygmy sperm whale">pygmy sperm whales</a> have been recorded on both the east and west coasts of South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">marine protected areas</a> on the Agulhas Bank. These include: </p><p>Coastal MPAs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addo_Elephant_National_Park_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area">Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area</a> – Marine conservation area in the Eastern Cape in South Africa (Nelson Mandela Bay, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-New_MPAs_Overview_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_MPAs_Overview-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty%27s_Bay_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area">Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area</a> – Marine conservation area in the Western Cape in South Africa (Western Cape, 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-Declarations_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declarations-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird Island Marine Protected Area">Bird Island Marine Protected Area</a> – Marine conservation area in the Eastern Cape in South Africa (Eastern Cape, 2004)<sup id="cite_ref-Declarations_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declarations-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browns_Bank_Corals_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area">Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area</a> – Marine conservation area on the continental slope of South Africa (South of Cape Town, Western Cape, 2019)(<sup id="cite_ref-New_MPAs_Overview_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_MPAs_Overview-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Hoop_Marine_Protected_Area" title="De Hoop Marine Protected Area">De Hoop Marine Protected Area</a> – Marine conservation area on the coast of South Africa (Western Cape, 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-Declarations_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declarations-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goukamma_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Goukamma Marine Protected Area">Goukamma Marine Protected Area</a> – Marine conservation area the Western Cape in South Africa (Western Cape, 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-Declarations_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declarations-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helderberg_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Helderberg Marine Protected Area">Helderberg Marine Protected Area</a> – Marine conservation area in the Western Cape in South Africa (Western Cape, 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-Declarations_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declarations-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hluleka_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Hluleka Marine Protected Area">Hluleka Marine Protected Area</a> – Marine conservation area in the Eastern Cape in South Africa (Eastern Cape, 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-Declarations_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declarations-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robberg_Marine_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Robberg Marine Protected Area">Robberg Marine Protected Area</a> – Coastal conservation area in the Western Cape of South Africa (Western Cape, 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-Declarations_60-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declarations-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_Bay_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area">Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area</a> – Marine conservation area in the Eastern Cape in South Africa (Eastern Cape, 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-Declarations_60-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declarations-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_National_Park_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area">Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area</a> – Marine conservation area around the Cape Peninsula in South Africa (Western Cape, 2004, partly in the area which may be considered part of the Agulhas Bank)<sup id="cite_ref-Declarations_60-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declarations-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsitsikamma_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area">Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area</a> – Marine conservation area on the south coast of South Africa (Eastern Cape, 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-Declarations_60-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declarations-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Bay_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary">Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary</a> – Marine conservation area in the Western Cape province in South Africa (Western Cape, 2001, seasonal)<sup id="cite_ref-Declarations_60-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declarations-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Offshore MPAs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank_Complex_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area">Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area</a> – Offshore marine conservation area south of Cape Agulhas in South Africa (South of Cape Agulhas, Western Cape, 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-New_MPAs_Overview_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_MPAs_Overview-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Front_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area">Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area</a> – Offshore marine conservation area off the Eastern Cape in South Africa's EEZ (South of Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-New_MPAs_Overview_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_MPAs_Overview-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Muds_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area">Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area</a> – Marine conservation area offshore of the Western Cape in South Africa (South of Cape Agulhas, Western Cape. 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-New_MPAs_Overview_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_MPAs_Overview-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth_Corals_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area">Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area</a> – Marine conservation area off the Eastern Cape in South Africa (Offshore of Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-New_MPAs_Overview_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_MPAs_Overview-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Bank&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGyoryBealBischofMariano2004">Gyory et al. 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeaAtlas-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SeaAtlas_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeaAtlas_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701092148/http://www.bcre.org.za/seaatlas/index.php?p=agulhasbank.php">"Sea Atlas – Agulhas Bank"</a>. Bayworld Centre For Research & Education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcre.org.za/seaatlas/index.php?p=agulhasbank.php">the original</a> on 1 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sea+Atlas+%E2%80%93+Agulhas+Bank&rft.pub=Bayworld+Centre+For+Research+%26+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcre.org.za%2Fseaatlas%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dagulhasbank.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgulhas+Bank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanke-etal-2009-intro-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blanke-etal-2009-intro_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blanke-etal-2009-intro_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blanke-etal-2009-intro_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blanke-etal-2009-intro_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blanke-etal-2009-intro_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blanke-etal-2009-intro_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlankePenvenRoyChang2009">Blanke et al. 2009</a>, Introduction, pp. 1-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittle-2012-intro-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whittle-2012-intro_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whittle-2012-intro_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whittle-2012-intro_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whittle-2012-intro_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whittle-2012-intro_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whittle-2012-intro_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhittle2012">Whittle 2012</a>, Introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinkHolnessHarrisMajiedt2012">Sink et al. 2012</a>, Fig. 4, pp. 50-51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinkHolnessHarrisMajiedt2012">Sink et al. 2012</a>, Fig. 5, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBA-2011-reefs-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBA-2011-reefs_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinkHolnessHarrisMajiedt2012">Sink et al. 2012</a>, pp. 66-67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruijter-etal-2003-p45-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruijter-etal-2003-p45_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruijter-etal-2003-p45_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuijterCunninghamGordonLutjeharms2003">Ruijter et al. 2003</a>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacksonRainvilleRobertsMcQuald2012">Jackson et al. 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeberBeal2012">Leber & Beal 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeuwenRuijterLutjeharms2000">Leeuwen, Ruijter & Lutjeharms 2000</a>, Abstract</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeuwenRuijterLutjeharms2000">Leeuwen, Ruijter & Lutjeharms 2000</a>, Introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuijterCunninghamGordonLutjeharms2003">Ruijter et al. 2003</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenvenLutjeharmsMarchesielloRoy2001">Penven et al. 2001</a>, Introduction, p. 1055</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenvenLutjeharmsMarchesielloRoy2001">Penven et al. 2001</a>, Conclusion, p. 1057</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranzeseGoldsteinSkrivanek2012">Franzese, Goldstein & Skrivanek 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasalBealLumpkin2006">Casal, Beal & Lumpkin 2006</a>, Abstract, Introduction, pp. 1718-1719; 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Connectivity Between the DWBC and the Agulhas Region</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marineprotectedareas.org.za/agulhas-bank-complex-mpa">"Agulhas Bank complex MPA"</a>. <i>marineprotectedareas.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051936/https://www.marineprotectedareas.org.za/agulhas-bank-complex-mpa">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Template:Fishing_by_country" title="Template:Fishing by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fishing_by_country" title="Template talk:Fishing by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fishing_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fishing by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fishing_industry_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing industry</a> by region</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_in_Australia" title="Seafood in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_and_pearling_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing and pearling in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Bhutan" title="Fishing in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Brunei" title="Fishing industry in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cambodia#Fisheries" title="Agriculture in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic#Fishing" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_China" title="Fishing industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cyprus#Fishing_and_forestry" title="Agriculture in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Denmark" title="Fishing industry in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Greenland" title="Fishing industry in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Guernsey" title="Fishing in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_aquaculture_in_Hong_Kong" title="Agriculture and aquaculture in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran#Fishing" title="Agriculture in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing industry of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Libya#Fishing" title="Agriculture in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Madagascar#Livestock_and_fishing" title="Agriculture in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_the_Maldives" title="Fishing industry in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Morocco" title="Fishing industry in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Myanmar#Fishing" title="Agriculture in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Fishing industry in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Oman#Fishing" title="Agriculture in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Palau" title="Fishing industry in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_in_the_Philippines" title="Fisheries in the Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fisheries_in_the_Philippines" title="Commercial fisheries in the Philippines">Commercial fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fisheries_in_the_Philippines" title="History of fisheries in the Philippines">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines" title="Municipal fisheries in the Philippines">Municipal fisheries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Somalia#Fishing" title="Agriculture in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing_in_Spain" title="Commercial fishing in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Switzerland" title="Fishing industry in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Thailand" title="Fishing industry in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Turkey" title="Fishing in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Turkmenistan" title="Fishing industry in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Fishing industry in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Vanuatu" title="Fishing in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Yemen" title="Fishing in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg/90px-Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg/135px-Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg/180px-Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean bank (topography)">Fishing banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agulhas Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogger_Bank" title="Dogger Bank">Dogger Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Cap" title="Flemish Cap">Flemish Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bank" title="Georges Bank">Georges Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland" title="Grand Banks of Newfoundland">Grand Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkins_Bank" title="Hawkins Bank">Hawkins Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macclesfield_Bank" title="Macclesfield Bank">Macclesfield Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth_Bank" title="Nazareth Bank">Nazareth Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_Bank" title="Princess Alice Bank">Princess Alice Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saya_de_Malha_Bank" title="Saya de Malha Bank">Saya de Malha Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soudan_Banks" title="Soudan Banks">Soudan Banks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">By species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_king_crab_fishing" title="Alaskan king crab fishing">Alaskan king crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_salmon_fishery" title="Alaska salmon fishery">Alaskan salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_anchoveta" title="Peruvian anchoveta">Peruvian anchoveta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing_in_Alaska" title="Commercial fishing in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_Rise" title="Chatham Rise">Chatham Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_the_North_Sea" title="Fishing in the North Sea">North Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template talk:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> topic areas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/140px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/210px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/280px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">History of fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">Angling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_fishing" title="Big-game fishing">Big-game fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_release" title="Catch and release">Catch and release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tournament" title="Fishing tournament">Fishing tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_techniques" title="Fishing techniques">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishfinder" title="Fishfinder">Fishfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">Fishing net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handline_fishing" title="Handline fishing">Handline fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tackle" title="Fishing tackle">Tackle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial flies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bite_indicator" title="Bite indicator">Bite indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_line" title="Fishing line">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_lure" title="Fishing lure">Lures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_rod" title="Fishing rod">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_sinker" title="Fishing sinker">Sinker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean bank (topography)">Fishing banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">Fishing villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing" title="Category:Fishing">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Marine protected areas of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Marine protected areas of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marine protected areas of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="Marine protected areas of South Africa">Marine protected areas of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coastal MPAs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addo_Elephant_National_Park_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area">Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty%27s_Bay_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area">Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird Island Marine Protected Area">Bird Island Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Hoop_Marine_Protected_Area" title="De Hoop Marine Protected Area">De Hoop Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwesa-Cwebe_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area">Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goukamma_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Goukamma Marine Protected Area">Goukamma Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helderberg_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Helderberg Marine Protected Area">Helderberg Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hluleka_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Hluleka Marine Protected Area">Hluleka Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISimangaliso_Marine_Protected_Area" title="ISimangaliso Marine Protected Area">iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutten_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Jutten Island Marine Protected Area">Jutten Island Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langebaan_Lagoon_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area">Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgas_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Malgas Island Marine Protected Area">Malgas Island Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Marcus Island Marine Protected Area">Marcus Island Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaqua_National_Park_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area">Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondoland_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Pondoland Marine Protected Area">Pondoland Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robben_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Robben Island Marine Protected Area">Robben Island Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robberg_Marine_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Robberg Marine Protected Area">Robberg Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocherpan_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Rocherpan Marine Protected Area">Rocherpan Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_Bay_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area">Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Mile_Beach_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area">Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbaai_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Stilbaai Marine Protected Area">Stilbaai Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_National_Park_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area">Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Trafalgar Marine Protected Area">Trafalgar Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsitsikamma_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area">Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UThukela_Banks_Marine_Protected_Area" title="UThukela Banks Marine Protected Area">uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Bay_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary">Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offshore MPAs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank_Complex_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area">Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Front_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area">Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Muds_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area">Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliwal_Shoal_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area">Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amathole_Offshore_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area">Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benguela_Bank_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area">Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benguela_Muds_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area">Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browns_Bank_Complex_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area">Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browns_Bank_Corals_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area">Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canyon_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area">Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childs_Bank_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Childs Bank Marine Protected Area">Childs Bank Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISimangaliso_Offshore_Marine_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="ISimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area">iSimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaqua_Fossil_Forest_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area">Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Shelf_Edge_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area">Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area">Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protea_Banks_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Protea Banks Marine Protected Area">Protea Banks Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Atlantic_Seamounts_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area">Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Indian_Seamounts_Marine_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Indian Seamounts Marine Protected Area">Southwest Indian Seamounts Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth_Corals_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area">Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UThukela_Banks_Marine_Protected_Area" title="UThukela Banks Marine Protected Area">uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CapeNature" title="CapeNature">CapeNature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cape_Town" title="City of Cape Town">City of Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment,_Forestry_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries">Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Innovation" title="Department of Science and Innovation">Department of Science and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape_Parks" title="Eastern Cape Parks">Eastern Cape Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezemvelo_KZN_Wildlife" title="Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife">Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISimangaliso_Wetland_Park_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISimangaliso Wetland Park Authority (page does not exist)">iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_Bay_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality">Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Parks" title="South African National Parks">South African National Parks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Geoscience" title="Council for Geoscience">Council for Geoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iziko_South_African_Museum" title="Iziko South African Museum">Iziko South African Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_(South_Africa)" title="National Research Foundation (South Africa)">National Research Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_University" title="Nelson Mandela University">Nelson Mandela University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanographic_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oceanographic Research Institute (page does not exist)">Oceanographic Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Association_for_Marine_Biological_Research" title="South African Association for Marine Biological Research">South African Association for Marine Biological Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Environmental_Observation_Network" title="South African Environmental Observation Network">South African Environmental Observation Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Institute_for_Aquatic_Biodiversity" title="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity">South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">South African National Biodiversity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_KwaZulu-Natal" title="University of KwaZulu-Natal">University of KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerry_Sink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerry Sink (page does not exist)">Kerry Sink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPA species lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_animals_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="List of marine animals of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">List of marine animals of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</a></li> <li>Seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_green_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">red</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Coelacanth_Ecosystem_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Coelacanth Ecosystem Program (page does not exist)">African Coelacanth Ecosystem Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Biodiversity of South Africa">Biodiversity of South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Marine biodiversity of South Africa">Marine biodiversity of South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecoregions_of_the_South_African_exclusive_economic_zone" title="Marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone">Marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Living_Resources_Act,_18_of_1998" title="Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998">Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Management_Act,_1998" title="National Environmental Management Act, 1998">National Environmental Management Act, 1998</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Environmental_Management:_Biodiversity_Act,_10_of_2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004 (page does not exist)">National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Environmental_Management:_Integrated_Coastal_Management_Act,_24_of_2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008 (page does not exist)">National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Environmental_Management:_Protected_Areas_Act,_57_of_2003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003 (page does not exist)">National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of South Africa">Protected areas of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Marine protected areas of South Africa">Marine protected areas of South Africa</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></li> <li><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Marine protected areas of South Africa">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="Index of protected areas of South Africa">Index</a></b></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_thinking.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Marine_protected_areas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of Marine protected areas (page does not exist)">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marine_biodiversity_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marine_biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Marine biodiversity of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marine_biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Marine biodiversity of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marine_biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marine biodiversity of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marine_biodiversity_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Marine biodiversity of South Africa">Marine biodiversity of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecoregion" title="Marine ecoregion">Marine ecoregions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecoregions_of_the_South_African_exclusive_economic_zone" title="Marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone">Marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National<br />masine<br />species lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_comb_jellies_of_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of comb jellies of South Africa (page does not exist)">List of comb jellies of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_echinoderms_of_South_Africa" title="List of echinoderms of South Africa">List of echinoderms of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_marine_and_coastal_birds_of_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of marine and coastal birds of South Africa (page does not exist)">List of marine and coastal birds of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_marine_bristleworms_of_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of marine bristleworms of South Africa (page does not exist)">List of marine bristleworms of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_marine_bryozoans_of_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of marine bryozoans of South Africa (page does not exist)">List of marine bryozoans of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_cnidarians_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine cnidarians of South Africa">List of marine cnidarians of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_crustaceans_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine crustaceans of South Africa">List of marine crustaceans of South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sea_spiders_of_South_Africa" title="List of sea spiders of South Africa">List of sea spiders of South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_fishes_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine fishes of South Africa">List of marine fishes of South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_bony_fishes_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine bony fishes of South Africa">List of marine bony fishes of South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_spiny-finned_fishes_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine spiny-finned fishes of South Africa">List of marine spiny-finned fishes of South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_Perciform_fishes_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine Perciform fishes of South Africa">List of marine Perciform fishes of South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_fishes_of_the_suborder_Percoidei_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of marine fishes of the suborder Percoidei of South Africa">List of marine fishes of the suborder Percoidei of South Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_marine_flatworms_of_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of marine flatworms of South Africa (page does not exist)">List of marine flatworms of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_marine_mammals_of_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of marine mammals of South Africa (page does not exist)">List of marine mammals of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_molluscs_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine molluscs of South Africa">List of marine molluscs of South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_gastropods_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine gastropods of South Africa">List of marine gastropods of South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_heterobranch_gastropods_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine heterobranch gastropods of South Africa">List of marine heterobranch gastropods of South Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_marine_reptiles_of_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of marine reptiles of South Africa (page does not exist)">List of marine reptiles of South Africa</a></li> <li>Seaweeds of South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_seaweeds_of_South_Africa" title="List of brown seaweeds of South Africa">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_green_seaweeds_of_South_Africa" title="List of green seaweeds of South Africa">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_South_Africa" title="List of red seaweeds of South Africa">red</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sponges_of_South_Africa" title="List of sponges of South Africa">List of sponges of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional and MPA<br />species lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_animals_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="List of marine animals of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">List of marine animals of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</a></li> <li>Seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_green_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">red</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Coelacanth_Ecosystem_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme (page does not exist)">African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="National Biodiversity Assessment">National Biodiversity Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reef_Atlas_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reef Atlas Project (page does not exist)">Reef Atlas Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Environmental_Observation_Network" title="South African Environmental Observation Network">South African Environmental Observation Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Institute_for_Aquatic_Biodiversity" title="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity">South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">South African National Biodiversity Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizen science<br />databases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISpot" title="ISpot">iSpot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FitzPatrick_Institute_of_African_Ornithology_Virtual_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Virtual Museum (page does not exist)">FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Virtual Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxonomists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_J._Anderson_(phycologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert J. Anderson (phycologist) (page does not exist)">Robert Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Barnard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. L. Barnard (page does not exist)">J. L. Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._H._Barnard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. H. Barnard (page does not exist)">K. H. Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_J._Bolton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John J. Bolton (page does not exist)">John J. Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_M._Branch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George M. Branch (page does not exist)">George M. Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Day_(biologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer Day (biologist) (page does not exist)">Jennifer Day (biologist)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Florence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayne Florence (page does not exist)">Wayne Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrence_Gosliner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terrence Gosliner (page does not exist)">Terrence Gosliner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_L._Griffiths&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles L. Griffiths (page does not exist)">Charles L. Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._Heemstra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. Heemstra (page does not exist)">P. Heemstra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Kensley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Kensley (page does not exist)">Brian Kensley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N._A._H._Millard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. A. H. Millard (page does not exist)">N. A. H. Millard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Milne-Edwards" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Milne-Edwards">H. Milne-Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Samaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Samaai (page does not exist)">T. Samaai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._B._Smith" title="J. L. B. Smith">J. L. B. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H._Stegenga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. Stegenga (page does not exist)">H. Stegenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="Marine protected areas of South Africa">Marine protected areas of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Sustainable_Seafood_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative (page does not exist)">South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Pacific" title="Western Indo-Pacific">Western Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Southern_Africa" title="Temperate Southern Africa">Temperate Southern Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Marine_biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Marine biodiversity of South Africa">Marine biodiversity of South Africa</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marine_biodiversity_of_South_Africa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Marine biodiversity of South Africa">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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