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<li id="toc-Immigration_to_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_to_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Immigration to Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_to_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americana_and_Santa_Bárbara_d'Oeste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americana_and_Santa_Bárbara_d'Oeste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Americana and Santa Bárbara d'Oeste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americana_and_Santa_Bárbara_d'Oeste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amazonas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amazonas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Amazonas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amazonas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pará" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pará"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pará</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pará-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants_of_Os_Confederados" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_of_Os_Confederados"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Descendants of Os Confederados</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Descendants_of_Os_Confederados-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Descendants of Os Confederados subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Descendants_of_Os_Confederados-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._ancestry_in_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._ancestry_in_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>U.S. ancestry in Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._ancestry_in_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archival_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Archival material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os_Confederados" title="Os Confederados – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Os Confederados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Confederados" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Confederados" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederados_(Brasil)" title="Confederados (Brasil) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Confederados (Brasil)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Конфедерадос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конфедерадос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Конфедерадос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конфедерадос" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Brazilian people of Confederate ancestry</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Confederados</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="pt">Os Confederados</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Festa-confederada-brasil-estados-unidos-santa-b%C3%A1rbara-doeste.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Festa-confederada-brasil-estados-unidos-santa-b%C3%A1rbara-doeste.JPG/220px-Festa-confederada-brasil-estados-unidos-santa-b%C3%A1rbara-doeste.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Festa-confederada-brasil-estados-unidos-santa-b%C3%A1rbara-doeste.JPG/330px-Festa-confederada-brasil-estados-unidos-santa-b%C3%A1rbara-doeste.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Festa-confederada-brasil-estados-unidos-santa-b%C3%A1rbara-doeste.JPG/440px-Festa-confederada-brasil-estados-unidos-santa-b%C3%A1rbara-doeste.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Os Confederados at Festa Confederada</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Thousands of descendants across Brazil<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Americana,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Americana, São Paulo">Americana</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_d%27Oeste" title="Santa Bárbara d'Oeste">Santa Bárbara d'Oeste</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Confederados</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[kõfedeˈɾadus]</a></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a> name for <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a>, all <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">white Southerners</a> (along with their <a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black</a> slaves), who fled the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a>, and their Brazilian descendants. They were enticed to <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a> by offers of cheap land from <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil" title="List of monarchs of Brazil">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Dom_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (title)">Dom</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>, who had hoped to gain expertise in <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> farming. The regime in Brazil had a number of features that attracted the Confederados, among these political decentralization, and a relatively high commitment to free trade. The continuing legality of slavery (until 1888) was another factor, though few Confederados actually acquired slaves in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is estimated that up to 20,000 American Confederates immigrated to the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> from the Southern United States after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Initially, most settled in the current state of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>, where they founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Americana,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Americana, São Paulo">Americana</a>, which was once part of the neighboring city of <a href="/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_d%27Oeste" title="Santa Bárbara d'Oeste">Santa Bárbara d'Oeste</a>. The descendants of other <i>Confederados</i> would later be found throughout Brazil. </p><p>The center of Confederado culture is the Campo Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_d%27Oeste" title="Santa Bárbara d'Oeste">Santa Bárbara d'Oeste</a>, where most of the original Confederados from the region were buried. Because of their <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> religion, they could not be buried in a Catholic cemetery, so they created their own cemetery, the first non-Catholic, non-indigenous cemetery in Brazil. The Confederado community has also established a Museum of Immigration at Santa Bárbara d'Oeste to present the history of Brazilian immigration and highlight its benefits to the nation. </p><p>The descendants still foster a connection with their history through the Fraternity of <a href="/wiki/American_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="American Brazilian">American Descendants</a>, an organization dedicated to preserving the unique mixed culture. Os Confederados also have an annual festival, called the <a href="/wiki/Festa_Dos_Confederados" title="Festa Dos Confederados">Festa Confederada</a>, which is used to fund the Campo Cemetery. The festival is marked by <a href="/wiki/Confederate_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate flag">Confederate flags</a>, traditional dress of <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniforms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoop_skirt" title="Hoop skirt">hoop skirts</a>, food of the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a> with a Brazilian flair, and dances and music popular in the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum period">Antebellum period</a>. </p><p>Although the amount of Confederado descendants living in Brazil today is difficult to estimate, in 2016 they were believed to number in the thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederados&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capela-cemit%C3%A9rio-do-campo-santa-b%C3%A1rbara-d%27oeste-sp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Capela-cemit%C3%A9rio-do-campo-santa-b%C3%A1rbara-d%27oeste-sp.jpg/220px-Capela-cemit%C3%A9rio-do-campo-santa-b%C3%A1rbara-d%27oeste-sp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Capela-cemit%C3%A9rio-do-campo-santa-b%C3%A1rbara-d%27oeste-sp.jpg/330px-Capela-cemit%C3%A9rio-do-campo-santa-b%C3%A1rbara-d%27oeste-sp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Capela-cemit%C3%A9rio-do-campo-santa-b%C3%A1rbara-d%27oeste-sp.jpg/440px-Capela-cemit%C3%A9rio-do-campo-santa-b%C3%A1rbara-d%27oeste-sp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Chapel at Santa Bárbara d'Oeste built by Confederate expatriates</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, many <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> planters were unwilling to live by the new rules imposed by the Union's victory and the constitutional changes that followed: an end to <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slavery</a>, a new labor regime, and the loss of political power that came with African-American suffrage. Accustomed to raising cotton with the labor of enslaved people, some looked elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere for a place where their old life could be continued. </p><p>"Many persons who, from long habit and fondly cherished theories, have become strongly attached to the institution of African slavery, fancy that in Brazil they will find an opportunity for the permanent use of that system of labor — Brazil and the Spanish possessions being the only two slaveholding communities remaining in the civilized world," the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times-Picayune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times-Picayune">Daily Picayune</a></i> wrote in September 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-pic_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pic-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Dom_Pedro_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Dom Pedro II">Emperor Dom Pedro II</a> saw an opportunity in the economic disruption in the southern United States and hoped to build up its <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> production for export to the looms of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, which had long relied on the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>. The Emperor encouraged the immigration of cotton planters from the former Confederacy to enable that expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_to_Brazil">Immigration to Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederados&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Immigration to Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steagall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Steagall.jpg/220px-Steagall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d5/Steagall.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption>Confederate expatriates in Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>Even before the end of the war in 1865, there was already talk of immigrating to Brazil, but very little was known about this country. After the war ended, there was such a revival of the issue that several <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> <a href="/wiki/Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies">companies</a> were formed. Representatives were sent to Brazil to check the land, climate, and facilities offered by the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1865, the state of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> formed a colonization society and sent Major Robert Meriwether and Dr. H. A. Shaw, among others, to Brazil to investigate the possibility of establishing a colony. On the way back, they published a report mentioning that two lords had already bought land and settled here.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves were cheap, they reported. </p><p>A confederate from South Carolina, James McFadden Gaston, traveled extensively in central Brazil and upon return to the US published a book titled <i>Hunting a Home in Brazil</i> in 1867. The book was a guide for would-be colonizers and stated in the introduction, "All the requisites of a desirable home have been found in Brazil."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Southerners who accepted the Emperor's offer lost their farms and homes during the war, were unwilling to live under occupation by Federal troops during Reconstruction, or simply did not expect an improvement in the Southern economic situation in the foreseeable future. Furthermore, Brazil would not ban slavery until 1888. The Confederates were the first organized <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> group to settle in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americana_and_Santa_Bárbara_d'Oeste"><span id="Americana_and_Santa_B.C3.A1rbara_d.27Oeste"></span>Americana and Santa Bárbara d'Oeste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederados&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Americana and Santa Bárbara d'Oeste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_dos_Norris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Casa_dos_Norris.jpg/220px-Casa_dos_Norris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Casa_dos_Norris.jpg/330px-Casa_dos_Norris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Casa_dos_Norris.jpg/440px-Casa_dos_Norris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>House of the first Confederate expat family in Villa Americana</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 27, 1865, Colonel and Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Hutchinson_Norris" title="William Hutchinson Norris">William Hutchinson Norris</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> landed in the port of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>. In 1866, William and his son Robert Norris climbed the <a href="/wiki/Serra_do_Mar" title="Serra do Mar">Serra do Mar</a>, stopped in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> and speculated on land. They were offered land for free in what is now the neighborhood of Brás, but he did not accept it because it was marshy. They were also offered the land where <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Caetano_do_Sul" title="São Caetano do Sul">São Caetano do Sul</a> is today, and they refused it for the same reason. They decided to go to <a href="/wiki/Campinas" title="Campinas">Campinas</a>, but at the time, the railroad went only 10 miles beyond São Paulo while Campinas is 35 miles further, so the Norrises bought an ox-cart and headed for Campinas. They took 15 days to reach the city, and there they stayed for a while looking for <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a>, until they cast their sights on the plain that stretched from Campinas to Vila Nova da Constituição, current <a href="/wiki/Piracicaba" title="Piracicaba">Piracicaba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www1.folha.uol.com.br_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www1.folha.uol.com.br-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norrises bought land from the Domingos da Costa Machado <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesmaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sesmaria (page does not exist)">sesmaria</a></i></span> and established themselves on the banks of Ribeirão Quilombo, at the time belonging to the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_d%27Oeste" title="Santa Bárbara d'Oeste">Santa Bárbara d'Oeste</a>, today the city of <a href="/wiki/Americana,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Americana, São Paulo">Americana</a>. Upon his arrival, Colonel Norris began to give practical courses in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> to farmers in the region, interested in cotton cultivation and new agricultural techniques. The plow he brought from the United States caused so much sensation and curiosity that, within a short time, they had a practical agricultural school, with many students who paid him for the privilege of learning and still cultivating their <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">gardens</a>. The Colonel wrote to his family that he had made US$5,000 from that alone. In mid-1867, the rest of his family arrived, accompanied by many relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-www1.folha.uol.com.br_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www1.folha.uol.com.br-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Confederados besides Norris became known for <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_education" title="Agricultural education">agricultural education</a> and improvement of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Confederate-Immigrants-In-Brazil_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confederate-Immigrants-In-Brazil-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Americana1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Villa_Americana1906.jpg/220px-Villa_Americana1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Villa_Americana1906.jpg/330px-Villa_Americana1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Villa_Americana1906.jpg/440px-Villa_Americana1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Villa Americana in 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farms</a> were founded by immigrants from the United States, commemorated today at the <a href="/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_d%27Oeste_Immigration_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Bárbara d'Oeste Immigration Museum">Santa Bárbara d'Oeste Immigration Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Museum_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museum-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultivation and processing of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> were significant. They established an intense trade, notably from 1875 onwards, with the arrival of the railroad and the installation of the Santa Barbara Station by the <a href="/wiki/Companhia_Paulista_de_Estradas_de_Ferro" title="Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro">Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro</a>. Due to the constant presence of these <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigrants</a>, the village that was formed in the vicinity of the Station became known as "Vila dos Americanos", or "Vila Americana", and gave rise to the current city of Americana.<sup id="cite_ref-www1.folha.uol.com.br_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www1.folha.uol.com.br-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The installation of the Carioba factory by the North American engineer Clement Willmot and Brazilian associates, located one mile from the <a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">train station</a>, also dates from this period. <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> played a very important role in the foundation and development of <a href="/wiki/Americana,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Americana, São Paulo">Americana</a>. The education of children was one of the priorities for American families, who set up <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a> on the properties and hired <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teachers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The teaching methods developed by American teachers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> proved to be so efficient that they were later adopted by <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Brazilian official education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www1.folha.uol.com.br_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www1.folha.uol.com.br-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious services were celebrated on the properties by <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastors</a> who moved between various properties and the various centers of the <a href="/wiki/American_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="American diaspora">American diaspora</a>. In 1895 the first <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church">Presbyterian Church</a><sup> In Brazil?</sup> was founded in the village of <a href="/wiki/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Estação">Estação</a>. Due to the prohibition of burying people of other faiths in the cemeteries of cities administered by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, American immigrants began to bury their dead near the farmhouse. This <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemetery</a> became known as the Campo Cemetery, currently a tourist attraction in the city of <a href="/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_d%27Oeste" title="Santa Bárbara d'Oeste">Santa Bárbara d'Oeste</a>. Even today the descendants of American families are buried there. It is in this place that descendants gather periodically for religious ceremonies and parties around the 19th-century chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-www1.folha.uol.com.br_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www1.folha.uol.com.br-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amazonas">Amazonas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederados&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Amazonas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Col._Archibald_Stephenson_Dobbins,_C.S.A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Col._Archibald_Stephenson_Dobbins%2C_C.S.A.jpg/170px-Col._Archibald_Stephenson_Dobbins%2C_C.S.A.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Col._Archibald_Stephenson_Dobbins%2C_C.S.A.jpg/255px-Col._Archibald_Stephenson_Dobbins%2C_C.S.A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Col._Archibald_Stephenson_Dobbins%2C_C.S.A.jpg/340px-Col._Archibald_Stephenson_Dobbins%2C_C.S.A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Archibald_S._Dobbins" title="Archibald S. Dobbins">Archibald Dobbins</a> moved to Santarém in 1867.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jason Williams Stone, a man from <a href="/wiki/Dana,_Massachusetts" title="Dana, Massachusetts">Dana, Massachusetts</a> who moved to Brazil before the American Civil War, made a fortune as a tobacco and rubber farmer. Stone's plantations, which had more than five thousand hectares, were called Colonia Stone, and were located near the city of Itacoatiara, in Amazonas. Many of his descendants still have the surname "Stone". They are found mainly in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Itacoatiara,_Amazonas" title="Itacoatiara, Amazonas">Itacoatiara</a>, in Amazonas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pará"><span id="Par.C3.A1"></span>Pará</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederados&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pará"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Par%C3%A1" title="Santarém, Pará">Santarém</a>, in the state of <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>, received a wave of expatriate families from the American Civil War that took place in the South of the United States. The first to land was the Riker family. In the 1970s, David Afton Riker published a book called <i>The Last Confederate in the Amazon</i>, which chronicles the saga of this migration and life in the new homeland. The Confederates and their descendants became notable in the <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> and political life of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-worldcat.org_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldcat.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not known how many Confederado immigrants came to Brazil, but unprecedented research in the records of the port of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, by Betty Antunes de Oliveira, shows that around 20,000 <a href="/wiki/U.S._citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. citizens">U.S. citizens</a> entered Brazil between 1865 and 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-worldcat.org_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldcat.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descendants_of_Os_Confederados">Descendants of Os Confederados</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederados&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Descendants of Os Confederados"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_visits_Americana,_Brazil_(1972).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jimmy_Carter_visits_Americana%2C_Brazil_%281972%29.jpg/220px-Jimmy_Carter_visits_Americana%2C_Brazil_%281972%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Jimmy_Carter_visits_Americana%2C_Brazil_%281972%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, on a visit to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> in 1972, stands with fifth-generation Confederado children at the base of the Confederate monument in <a href="/wiki/Americana,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Americana, São Paulo">Americana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first generation of Confederates remained an island community. As is typical, in the third generation, most families had already married native Brazilians or immigrants from other origins. Confederate descendants increasingly began to speak the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a> and identify themselves as Brazilians. As the region around the municipalities of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and Americana became a hub for sugarcane production and society became more mobile, the confederates moved to larger cities in search of jobs in urban areas. Currently, only a few families of descendants still live on land owned by their ancestors. The descendants of the confederates are more spread throughout Brazil. They maintain their organization's headquarters at the Campo Cemetery, in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, where there is also a chapel and a memorial. </p><p>Descendants make a connection to their history through the American Descendant Fellowship, a descendant organization dedicated to preserving immigrant culture. The descendants of the confederates also hold an annual festival in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste called "<a href="/wiki/Festa_Dos_Confederados" title="Festa Dos Confederados">Festa Confederada</a>", which is dedicated to funding the Campo Cemetery. During the festival, Confederate flags and <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniforms</a> are worn, while <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern American food</a> and dances are served and performed. The descendants maintain affection for the Confederate flag, although they identify themselves as fully <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilian</a>. Many Confederate descendants traveled to the United States at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a>, an organization of American descendants, to visit civil war <a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">battlefields</a>, participate in reenactments, or visit the places where their ancestors lived.<sup id="cite_ref-g1.globo.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1.globo.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate flag">Confederate flag</a> in Brazil did not acquire the same political symbolism as it has in the United States. After then-Governor <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>'s visit to the region in 1972, the government of <a href="/wiki/Americana,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Americana, São Paulo">Americana</a> even incorporated the Confederate flag into its <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> (although most of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilians" title="Italian Brazilians">Italian-descendent</a> population removed it a few years later from the city's official symbol, as the descendants of the Confederates now comprise about a tenth of the city's population). During his visit to Brazil, Carter also visited the city of <a href="/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_d%27Oeste" title="Santa Bárbara d'Oeste">Santa Bárbara d'Oeste</a> and the grave of a great-uncle of his wife, Rosalynn Carter, at Cemitério do Campo. At the time, Carter noted that Confederate descendants sounded and looked exactly like American southerners.<sup id="cite_ref-g1.globo.com_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1.globo.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the Campo Cemetery (and the <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapel</a> and memorial located within it) in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is a memorial, as most of the region's original Confederate immigrants were buried there. As <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>, they were prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> from burying their dead in local cemeteries and had to establish their own <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemetery</a>. The community of descendants also contributed to the Museum of Immigration, also located in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, to present the history of <a href="/wiki/U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.">U.S.</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">immigration to Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American immigrants introduced into their new home many new foods, such as pecans, Georgia peanuts and watermelon; new tools such as the iron plow and kerosene lamps; innovations such as modern dentistry, modern agriculture, and the first blood transfusion; and the first non-Catholic churches (Baptist, Presbyterian, and Methodist).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some foods of the American South also crossed over and became part of general Brazilian culture such as <a href="/wiki/Chess_pie" title="Chess pie">chess pie</a>, vinegar pie, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_fried_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern fried chicken">southern fried chicken</a>. The immigrants also established <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a> and provided education to their female children, which was unusual in Brazil at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederados&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Withaker_e_Isabel_Norris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Joseph_Withaker_e_Isabel_Norris.jpg/220px-Joseph_Withaker_e_Isabel_Norris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Joseph_Withaker_e_Isabel_Norris.jpg/330px-Joseph_Withaker_e_Isabel_Norris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Joseph_Withaker_e_Isabel_Norris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Confederate immigrant couple Joseph Whitaker and Isabel Norris</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>American immigration to Brazil by State up to January (1867)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#009966;"> <th>State </th> <th>Immigrants </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/State_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="State of São Paulo">São Paulo</a> </td> <td>800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a> </td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/State_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> </td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a> </td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a> </td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> </td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> </td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> </td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>2,070 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">Confederate emigres</a> were some 20,000 Southerners, from 12 southern states (e.g. Arkansas, Alabama and Mississippi) who preferred the Brazilian wilderness to life under <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Union</a> rule after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._ancestry_in_Brazil">U.S. ancestry in Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederados&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: U.S. ancestry in Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Davidbowmanriker.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Davidbowmanriker.JPG/220px-Davidbowmanriker.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Davidbowmanriker.JPG/330px-Davidbowmanriker.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Davidbowmanriker.JPG/440px-Davidbowmanriker.JPG 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>David Bowman Riker</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Number of American descendants by state</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#009966;"> <th>State </th> <th>Descendants </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/State_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="State of São Paulo">São Paulo</a> </td> <td>100,490 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a> </td> <td>50,258 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/State_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> </td> <td>25,220 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a> </td> <td>25,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a> </td> <td>24,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> </td> <td>12,610 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> </td> <td>10,686 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> </td> <td>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>260,000 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederados&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> history professor <a href="/wiki/Rollin_G._Osterweis" title="Rollin G. Osterweis">Rollin G. Osterweis</a> wrote <i>Santarem</i>, a novel about Confederados.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederados&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Museum_of_the_State_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Immigration Museum of the State of São Paulo">Immigration Museum of the State of São Paulo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederados&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRomero2016" class="citation news cs1">Romero, Simon (May 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/09/world/americas/a-slice-of-the-confederacy-in-the-interior-of-brazil.html">"A Slice of the Confederacy in the Interior of Brazil"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Slice+of+the+Confederacy+in+the+Interior+of+Brazil&rft.date=2016-05-08&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F05%2F09%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fa-slice-of-the-confederacy-in-the-interior-of-brazil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2019" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Aaron Sheehan, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Picayune&rft.atitle=Emigration+to+Brazil.&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1865-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F93333182%2Fconfederados%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbert-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216141150/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/dec/17/confederados-forge-new-cultural-identity/">"Confederados forge new cultural identity – Washington Times"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Folha+de+S.Paulo+%E2%80%93+SP+abriga+sulista+que+o+vento+levou+%E2%80%93+16%2F03%2F98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Ffsp%2Fturismo%2Ffx16039804.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Confederate-Immigrants-In-Brazil-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Confederate-Immigrants-In-Brazil_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez_Gómez" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pérez Gómez, Ricardo. 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Stone b. 19 Feb 1830 Dana, Worcester, Massachusetts d. 1913 Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil: Whipple Database"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112080446/https://whipple.one-name.net/tng/getperson.php?personID=I79172&tree=Whipple">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=g1.globo.com&rft.atitle=G1+%3E+Edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+S%C3%A3o+Paulo+%E2%80%93+NOT%C3%8DCIAS+%E2%80%93+Descendentes+de+confederados+celebram+em+SP+o+fim+da+Guerra+Civil+dos+EUA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2FNoticias%2FSaoPaulo%2F0%2C%2CMUL1564781-5605%2C00-DESCENDENTES%2BDE%2BCONFEDERADOS%2BCELEBRAM%2BEM%2BSP%2BO%2BFIM%2BDA%2BGUERRA%2BCIVIL%2BDOS%2BEUA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618090215/http://www.culturadesantabarbara.com.br/v3/index.php?pag=pontos_turisticos2&p=4">"Secretaria Municipal de Cultura e Turismo de Santa Bárbara d'Oeste"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturadesantabarbara.com.br/v3/index.php?pag=pontos_turisticos2&p=4">the original</a> on June 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretaria+Municipal+de+Cultura+e+Turismo+de+Santa+B%C3%A1rbara+d%27Oeste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturadesantabarbara.com.br%2Fv3%2Findex.php%3Fpag%3Dpontos_turisticos2%26p%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orrizio, Riccardo. Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe. Simon and Schuster, 2001, pages 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comciencia.br/dossies-1-72/reportagens/migracoes/migr16.htm">"Brasil: migrações internacionais e identidade"</a>. <i>www.comciencia.br</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721111620/https://www.comciencia.br/dossies-1-72/reportagens/migracoes/migr16.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.comciencia.br&rft.atitle=Brasil%3A+migra%C3%A7%C3%B5es+internacionais+e+identidade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comciencia.br%2Fdossies-1-72%2Freportagens%2Fmigracoes%2Fmigr16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alcwroot/confederatos.htm">"Total U.S. Immigration"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809184225/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alcwroot/confederatos.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+U.S.+Immigration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~alcwroot%2Fconfederatos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1982" class="citation news cs1">Harris, John B. (March 2, 1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/368628377/?terms=%22Rollin%2BG.%2BOsterweis%22">"Retired Yale History Professor, Rollin G. Osterweis, Dies At 74"</a></span>. <i>The Hartford Courant</i>. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101195727/https://www.newspapers.com/image/368628377/?terms=%22Rollin%2BG.%2BOsterweis%22">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hartford+Courant&rft.atitle=Retired+Yale+History+Professor%2C+Rollin+G.+Osterweis%2C+Dies+At+74&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1982-03-02&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F368628377%2F%3Fterms%3D%2522Rollin%252BG.%252BOsterweis%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederados&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Ray, Montana (November 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepointmag.com/politics/os-confederados/">"Os Confederados: 'Family and history' in the Plantation Americas"</a>. <i>The Point</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2020" class="citation news cs1">McCoy, Terrence (July 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/brazil-confederate-flag-civil-war-americana-santa-barbara/2020/07/11/1e8a7c84-bec4-11ea-b4f6-cb39cd8940fb_story.html">"They lost the Civil War and fled to Brazil. Their descendants refuse to take down the Confederate flag"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=They+lost+the+Civil+War+and+fled+to+Brazil.+Their+descendants+refuse+to+take+down+the+Confederate+flag&rft.date=2020-07-11&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fthe_americas%2Fbrazil-confederate-flag-civil-war-americana-santa-barbara%2F2020%2F07%2F11%2F1e8a7c84-bec4-11ea-b4f6-cb39cd8940fb_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeJuana2003" class="citation news cs1">DeJuana, Carlos A. (November 2, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/11/02/the-south-rises-again-but-in-brazil/022dcd78-b230-4ae2-b657-fc2fd503eb8c/?itid=lk_inline_manual_5">"The South Rises Again, But in Brazil"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+South+Rises+Again%2C+But+in+Brazil&rft.date=2003-11-02&rft.aulast=DeJuana&rft.aufirst=Carlos+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F2003%2F11%2F02%2Fthe-south-rises-again-but-in-brazil%2F022dcd78-b230-4ae2-b657-fc2fd503eb8c%2F%3Fitid%3Dlk_inline_manual_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1999" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, Stephen (August 22, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/08/22/a-taste-of-dixie-in-brazil/d044539a-c92e-4c38-ab77-1236a9e3117f/?itid=lk_interstitial_manual_50">"A Taste of Dixie in Brazil"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Taste+of+Dixie+in+Brazil&rft.date=1999-08-22&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1999%2F08%2F22%2Fa-taste-of-dixie-in-brazil%2Fd044539a-c92e-4c38-ab77-1236a9e3117f%2F%3Fitid%3Dlk_interstitial_manual_50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cyrus B. Dawsey and James M. Dawsey editors, <i>The Confederados: Old South Immigrants in Brazil</i>, Tuscaloosa: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a>, 1998.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGussi1997" class="citation book cs1">Gussi, Alcides Fernando (1997). <i>Os norteamericanos (confederados) do Brasil : identidades no contexto transnacional</i>. <a href="/wiki/Campinas,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Campinas, Brazil">Campinas, Brazil</a>: <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Estadual_de_Campinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Estadual de Campinas">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</a>, Centro de Memória. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788585562083" title="Special:BookSources/9788585562083"><bdi>9788585562083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+norteamericanos+%28confederados%29+do+Brasil+%3A+identidades+no+contexto+transnacional&rft.place=Campinas%2C+Brazil&rft.pub=Universidade+Estadual+de+Campinas%2C+Centro+de+Mem%C3%B3ria&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788585562083&rft.aulast=Gussi&rft.aufirst=Alcides+Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarter2000" class="citation book cs1">Harter, Eugene C. (2000) [1985]. <i>The Lost Colony of the Confederacy</i>. First published 1985. <a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station, Texas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1585441023" title="Special:BookSources/1585441023"><bdi>1585441023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Colony+of+the+Confederacy&rft.place=College+Station%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1585441023&rft.aulast=Harter&rft.aufirst=Eugene+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>William Clark Griggs, <i>The Elusive Eden: Frank McMullan's Confederate Colony in Brazil</i>, Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a>, 1987, about the failed Iguape Colony.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riccardo_Orizio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riccardo Orizio (page does not exist)">Riccardo Orizio</a> (Avril Bardoni, translator), <i>Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia & Guadeloupe</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigay1998" class="citation journal cs1">Tigay, Alan M. (April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216024122/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1998/2/1998_2_84.shtml">"The Deepest South"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a></i>. <b>49</b> (2): 84–95. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1998/2/1998_2_84.shtml">the original</a> on February 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Deepest+South&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=84-95&rft.date=1998-04&rft.aulast=Tigay&rft.aufirst=Alan+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Farticles%2Fmagazine%2Fah%2F1998%2F2%2F1998_2_84.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliveira1981" class="citation book cs1">Oliveira, Betty Antunes de (1981). <i>Movimento de passageiros norte-americanos no porto do Rio de Janeiro, 1865–1890 : uma contribuição para a história da imigração norte-americana no Brasil ("American passengers passing through the port of Rio de Janeiro, 1865–1890 : a contribution to the history of the American migration to Brazil")</i>. Rio de Janeiro: The author. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/866649279">866649279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Movimento+de+passageiros+norte-americanos+no+porto+do+Rio+de+Janeiro%2C+1865%E2%80%931890+%3A+uma+contribui%C3%A7%C3%A3o+para+a+hist%C3%B3ria+da+imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+norte-americana+no+Brasil+%28%22American+passengers+passing+through+the+port+of+Rio+de+Janeiro%2C+1865%E2%80%931890+%3A+a+contribution+to+the+history+of+the+American+migration+to+Brazil%22%29&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=The+author&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F866649279&rft.aulast=Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Betty+Antunes+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1998" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Judith Mac Knight (1998). <i>Soldado descansa! : uma epopéia norte-americana sob os céus do Brasil ("Soldier, rest! An American epic under Brazilian skies")</i>. Lists some 400 families. First edition 1967. São Paulo. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/833839870">833839870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldado+descansa%21+%3A+uma+epop%C3%A9ia+norte-americana+sob+os+c%C3%A9us+do+Brasil+%28%22Soldier%2C+rest%21+An+American+epic+under+Brazilian+skies%22%29&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F833839870&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Judith+Mac+Knight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomeryMelo1990" class="citation journal cs1">Montgomery, Michael B.; Melo, Cecil Atade (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4905834/mod_resource/content/1/The%20Phonology%20of%20the%20Lost%20Cause.pdf">"The Phonology of the Lost Cause: The English of the Confederados in Brazil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_World-Wide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="English World-Wide (page does not exist)">English World-Wide</a></i>. <b>11</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a>: 195–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Feww.11.2.03mon">10.1075/eww.11.2.03mon</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0172-8865">0172-8865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+World-Wide&rft.atitle=The+Phonology+of+the+Lost+Cause%3A+The+English+of+the+Confederados+in+Brazil&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-216&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Feww.11.2.03mon&rft.issn=0172-8865&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rft.au=Melo%2C+Cecil+Atade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedisciplinas.usp.br%2Fpluginfile.php%2F4905834%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F1%2FThe%2520Phonology%2520of%2520the%2520Lost%2520Cause.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederados" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archival_material">Archival material</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederados&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Archival material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> maintains a special collection of material related to the <i>Confederado</i> emigration, including correspondence, memoirs, genealogies, and newspaper clippings, especially related to Colonel Norris.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederados&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanen_in_Nederland" class="extiw" title="nl:Amerikanen in Nederland">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Sweden" title="Americans in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–United States relations">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_settlements_in_British_Honduras" title="Confederate settlements in British Honduras">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadians" title="American Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Black Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Planters" title="New England Planters">New England Planters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River" title="Six Nations of the Grand River">Six Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Costa_Rica" title="Americans in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Cuba" title="Americans in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic (African Americans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Guatemala" title="Americans in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Haiti" title="Americans in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Free Blacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_en_Honduras" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración estadounidense en Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_immigration_to_Mexico" title="American immigration to Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Kickapoo" title="Mexican Kickapoo">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_colonies_in_Mexico" title="Mormon colonies in Mexico">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Virginia_Colony" title="New Virginia Colony">New Virginia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago (African Americans)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Australians" title="American Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_New_Zealanders" title="American New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Argentina" title="Americans in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Brazilians" title="American Brazilians">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Americana, São Paulo">Americana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confederados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_d%27Oeste" title="Santa Bárbara d'Oeste">Santa Bárbara d'Oeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Texas" title="New Texas">New Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Americans_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Americans in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Ecuador" title="Americans in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_en_Paraguay" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración estadounidense en Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Uruguay" title="Americans in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_en_Venezuela" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración estadounidense en Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">African-American diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" title="Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" title="Template talk:Ancestry and ethnicity in Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" title="Race and ethnicity in Brazil">Ancestry and ethnicity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilians</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-race_Brazilian" title="Mixed-race Brazilian">Mixed-race</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiços</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu"><i>ainokos</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians"><i>pardos</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclos</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco">mamelucos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo"><i>cafuzos</i></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pt:ju%C3%A7ara" class="extiw" title="wikt:pt:juçara"><i>juçaras</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai%C3%A7aras" title="Caiçaras"><i>caiçaras</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto"><i>mulatos</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarar%C3%A1" title="Sarará">sararás</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Black</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quilombola" title="Quilombola">quilombolas</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalunga">Kalunga</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Africa <br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_immigration_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian immigration to Brazil">Nigerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Africa <br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_immigration_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolan immigration to Brazil">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_immigration_to_Brazil" title="Congolese immigration to Brazil">Congolese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Brazilians" title="American Brazilians">American (United States)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Americana, São Paulo">Americana</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confederados</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Texas" title="New Texas">New Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_d%27Oeste" title="Santa Bárbara d'Oeste">Santa Bárbara d'Oeste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Brazilians" title="Canadian Brazilians">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Brazilians" title="Mexican Brazilians">Mexican</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Brazilians" title="Caribbean Brazilians">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbadians_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbadians in Brazil">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubano-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Cubano-brasileiro">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Brazilian">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicano-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Jamaicano-brasileiro">Jamaican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_centro-americana_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração centro-americana no Brasil">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_costarriquenha_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração costarriquenha no Brasil">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_guatemalteca_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração guatemalteca no Brasil">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_hondurenha_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração hondurenha no Brasil">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_nicaraguense_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração nicaraguense no Brasil">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_panamenha_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração panamenha no Brasil">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_salvadorenha_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração salvadorenha no Brasil">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_from_other_South_American_countries_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration from other South American countries to Brazil">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Brazilians" title="Argentine Brazilians">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivians_in_Brazil" title="Bolivians in Brazil">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Brazilians" title="Chilean Brazilians">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiano-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Colombiano-brasileiro">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_equatoriana_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração equatoriana no Brasil">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_guianesa_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração guianesa no Brasil">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_paraguaia_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração paraguaia no Brasil">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_peruana_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração peruana no Brasil">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_surinamesa_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração surinamesa no Brasil">Surinamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Brazilians" title="Uruguayan Brazilians">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Brazilians" title="Venezuelan Brazilians">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Brazilians" title="Asian Brazilians">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Brazilians" title="Asian Brazilians">Yellow</a> (East Asian)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country <br /> or region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Brazilians" title="Chinese Brazilians">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_immigration_to_Brazil" title="Filipino immigration to Brazil">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_indon%C3%A9sia_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração indonésia no Brasil">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilians" title="Japanese Brazilians">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Japanese community of São Paulo">in São Paulo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Brazilians" title="Korean Brazilians">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_malaia_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração malaia no Brasil">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_tailandesa_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração tailandesa no Brasil">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamito-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Vietnamito-brasileiro">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_immigration_to_Brazil" title="Bangladeshi immigration to Brazil">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_immigration_to_Brazil" title="Indian immigration to Brazil">East Indians</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_paquistanesa_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração paquistanesa no Brasil">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_afeg%C3%A3_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração afegã no Brasil">Afghan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brazilians" title="Armenian Brazilians">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Brazilians" title="Arab Brazilians">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraquianos_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Iraquianos no Brasil">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Brazilians" title="Lebanese Brazilians">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Brazilian" title="Palestinian Brazilian">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Brazilians" title="Syrian Brazilians">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranianos_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Iranianos no Brasil">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Turco-brasileiro">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_immigration_to_Brazil" title="European immigration to Brazil">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country <br /> or region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Brazilians" title="Austrian Brazilians">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Brazilians" title="Czech Brazilians">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Brazilians" title="German Brazilians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Brazilians" title="Hungarian Brazilians">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Brazilians" title="Polish Brazilians">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brazilians" title="Swiss Brazilians">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_bielorrussa_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração bielorrussa no Brasil">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Brazilians" title="Russian Brazilians">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilians" title="Ukrainian Brazilians">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estoniana_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Imigração estoniana no Brasil">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%A3o-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Letão-brasileiro">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Brazilians" title="Lithuanian Brazilians">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Brazilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Brazilians">Scandinavian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Brazilians" title="Bulgarian Brazilians">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Brazilians" title="Croatian Brazilians">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Brazilians" title="Greek Brazilians">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilians" title="Italian Brazilians">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maced%C3%B4nios_no_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Macedônios no Brasil">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazilians" title="Portuguese Brazilians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Brazilians" title="Romanian Brazilians">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Brazilians" title="Spanish Brazilians">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Brazilians" title="Belgian Brazilians">Belgian</a></li> <li>British (<a href="/wiki/English_Brazilians" title="English Brazilians">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Brazilians" title="Scottish Brazilians">Scottish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazilians" title="Dutch Brazilians">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Brazilians" title="French Brazilians">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Brazilians" title="Irish Brazilians">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgian_Brazilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgian Brazilians">Luxembourgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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