CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="af" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Geostasionêre wentelbaan - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )afwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januarie","Februarie","Maart","April","Mei","Junie","Julie","Augustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"2e106780-b668-40a6-9272-8f12e863cad3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Geostasionêre_wentelbaan","wgTitle":"Geostasionêre wentelbaan","wgCurRevisionId":2699763,"wgRevisionId":2699763,"wgArticleId":411774,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["AS1-bronne in Engels (en)","Voorbladartikels","Ruimteverskynsels","Hemelmeganika"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"af","wgPageContentLanguage":"af","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Geostasionêre_wentelbaan","wgRelevantArticleId":411774,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"af","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"af"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q192316","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready", "user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Geostationaryjava3D.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Geostationaryjava3D.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Geostasionêre wentelbaan - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//af.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Wysig" href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (af)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//af.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.af"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atoomvoer" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Geostasionêre_wentelbaan rootpage-Geostasionêre_wentelbaan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Gaan na inhoud</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hoofkieslys" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hoofkieslys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofkieslys</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" title="Besoek die Tuisblad [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Tuisblad</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-af.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Soek" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Soek</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Deursoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Deursoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Geostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Geostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Geostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Geostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gebruike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gebruike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gebruike</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gebruike-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Gebruike subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gebruike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kommunikasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kommunikasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kommunikasie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kommunikasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weerkunde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weerkunde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Weerkunde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weerkunde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Navigasie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implementering</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Implementering subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lansering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lansering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lansering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lansering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wentelbaantoekenning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wentelbaantoekenning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wentelbaantoekenning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wentelbaantoekenning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voorstel_vir_'n_statiese_satelliet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorstel_vir_'n_statiese_satelliet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Voorstel vir 'n statiese satelliet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voorstel_vir_'n_statiese_satelliet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellietonttrekkings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellietonttrekkings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Satellietonttrekkings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Satellietonttrekkings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Satellietonttrekkings subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Satellietonttrekkings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ruimterommel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruimterommel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ruimterommel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruimterommel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eienskappe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eienskappe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eienskappe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eienskappe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Eienskappe subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eienskappe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baanhelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baanhelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Baanhelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baanhelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Periode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksentrisiteit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksentrisiteit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Eksentrisiteit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksentrisiteit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stabiliteit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stabiliteit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stabiliteit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stabiliteit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berekening_van_omwentelingsnelheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berekening_van_omwentelingsnelheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Berekening van omwentelingsnelheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berekening_van_omwentelingsnelheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vir_ander_planete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vir_ander_planete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vir ander planete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vir_ander_planete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sien ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geostasionêre wentelbaan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 64 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita_cheoestacionaria" title="Orbita cheoestacionaria – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Orbita cheoestacionaria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="مدار جغرافي ثابت – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدار جغرافي ثابت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbita_xeoestacionaria" title="Órbita xeoestacionaria – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Órbita xeoestacionaria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostasionar_orbit" title="Geostasionar orbit – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Geostasionar orbit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геастацыянарная арбіта – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геастацыянарная арбіта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геастацыянарная арбіта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Геастацыянарная арбіта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геостационарна орбита – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Геостационарна орбита" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5" title="ভূস্থির কক্ষপথ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূস্থির কক্ষপথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitenn_geoarsavel" title="Orbitenn geoarsavel – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Orbitenn geoarsavel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostacionarna_orbita" title="Geostacionarna orbita – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Geostacionarna orbita" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rbita_geoestacion%C3%A0ria" title="Òrbita geoestacionària – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Òrbita geoestacionària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostacion%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_dr%C3%A1ha" title="Geostacionární dráha – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Geostacionární dráha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostation%C3%A6re_bane" title="Geostationære bane – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Geostationære bane" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Γεωστατική τροχιά – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωστατική τροχιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Geostationary orbit" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbita_geoestacionaria" title="Órbita geoestacionaria – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Órbita geoestacionaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostatsionaarne_orbiit" title="Geostatsionaarne orbiit – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geostatsionaarne orbiit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita_geoestazionario" title="Orbita geoestazionario – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orbita geoestazionario" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="مدار زمین‌ایستا – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدار زمین‌ایستا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationaarinen_kiertorata" title="Geostationaarinen kiertorata – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Geostationaarinen kiertorata" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbite_g%C3%A9ostationnaire" title="Orbite géostationnaire – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orbite géostationnaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbita_xeoestacionaria" title="Órbita xeoestacionaria – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Órbita xeoestacionaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מסלול גאוסטציונרי – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסלול גאוסטציונרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भूस्थिर कक्षा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूस्थिर कक्षा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostacionarni_satelit" title="Geostacionarni satelit – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Geostacionarni satelit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostacion%C3%A1rius_p%C3%A1lya" title="Geostacionárius pálya – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Geostacionárius pálya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_geostasioner" title="Orbit geostasioner – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orbit geostasioner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita_geostazionaria" title="Orbita geostazionaria – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orbita geostazionaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E6%AD%A2%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="静止軌道 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="静止軌道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="გეოსტაციონარული ორბიტა – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეოსტაციონარული ორბიტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геостационарлық орбита – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Геостационарлық орбита" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%A7%80_%EA%B6%A4%EB%8F%84" title="정지 궤도 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정지 궤도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2eostacion%C4%81r%C4%81_orb%C4%ABta" title="Ģeostacionārā orbīta – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģeostacionārā orbīta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൂസ്ഥിര ഭ്രമണപഥം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂസ്ഥിര ഭ്രമണപഥം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тогтмол тойрог зам – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тогтмол тойрог зам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_geopegun" title="Orbit geopegun – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orbit geopegun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationaire_baan" title="Geostationaire baan – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geostationaire baan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostasjon%C3%A6r_bane" title="Geostasjonær bane – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geostasjonær bane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostasjon%C3%A6r_bane" title="Geostasjonær bane – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geostasjonær bane" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita_geoestacion%C3%A0ria" title="Orbita geoestacionària – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Orbita geoestacionària" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita_geostacjonarna" title="Orbita geostacjonarna – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orbita geostacjonarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%B9" title="جیوسٹیشنری آربٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیوسٹیشنری آربٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbita_geoestacion%C3%A1ria" title="Órbita geoestacionária – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Órbita geoestacionária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit%C4%83_geosta%C8%9Bionar%C4%83" title="Orbită geostaționară – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orbită geostaționară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геостационарная орбита – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геостационарная орбита" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostacionarna_orbita" title="Geostacionarna orbita – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Geostacionarna orbita" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA" title="භූස්ථාවර කක්ෂය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භූස්ථාවර කක්ෂය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geostationary orbit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostacion%C3%A1rna_dr%C3%A1ha" title="Geostacionárna dráha – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Geostacionárna dráha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostacionarna_orbita" title="Geostacionarna orbita – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geostacionarna orbita" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геостационарна орбита – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Геостационарна орбита" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_G%C3%A9osetasion%C3%A9r" title="Orbit Géosetasionér – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Orbit Géosetasionér" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostation%C3%A4r_omloppsbana" title="Geostationär omloppsbana – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Geostationär omloppsbana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="புவிநிலைச் சுற்றுப்பாதை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புவிநிலைச் சுற்றுப்பாதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="భూ స్థిర కక్ష్య – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూ స్థిర కక్ష్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Мадори заминисто – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мадори заминисто" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="วงโคจรค้างฟ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงโคจรค้างฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeostatik_y%C3%B6r%C3%BCnge" title="Jeostatik yörünge – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jeostatik yörünge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геостаціонарна орбіта – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геостаціонарна орбіта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%B9" title="جیوسٹیشنری آربٹ – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیوسٹیشنری آربٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%B9_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_t%C4%A9nh" title="Quỹ đạo địa tĩnh – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quỹ đạo địa tĩnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E9%9D%99%E6%AD%A2%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="地球静止轨道 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地球静止轨道" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E9%9D%9C%E6%AD%A2%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="地球靜止軌道 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地球靜止軌道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E9%9D%9C%E6%AD%A2%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="地球靜止軌道 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地球靜止軌道" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192316#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&oldid=2699763" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&id=2699763&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeostasion%25C3%25AAre_wentelbaan"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeostasion%25C3%25AAre_wentelbaan"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Geostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geostationary_orbit" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192316" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Geostationaryjava3D.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Geostationaryjava3D.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Twee geostasionêre satelliete in dieselfde wentelbaan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Geosats_compilation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Geosats_compilation.jpg/220px-Geosats_compilation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Geosats_compilation.jpg/330px-Geosats_compilation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Geosats_compilation.jpg/440px-Geosats_compilation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption>'n 5° × 6°-aansig van 'n gedeelte van die geostasionêre gordel, met verskeie geostasionêre satelliete sigbaar. Dié met 'n 0°-helling vorm 'n diagonale gordel oor die beeld; 'n paar voorwerpe met klein hellings ten opsigte van die ewenaar is bo hierdie lyn sigbaar. Die satelliete se posisies is presies, terwyl sterre strepe nalaat weens die Aarde se rotasie.</figcaption></figure> <p>'n <b>Geostasionêre wentelbaan</b>, ook bekend as 'n <b>geosinchrone ewenaarwentelbaan</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is 'n sirkelvormige <a href="/wiki/Sinchroniese_wentelbaan" title="Sinchroniese wentelbaan">sinchroniese wentelbaan</a> 35 786 km bo die Aarde se <a href="/wiki/Ewenaar" title="Ewenaar">ewenaar</a>, en 42 164 km van die Aarde se middelpunt af. Dit volg die <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_en_prograde_beweging" title="Retrograde en prograde beweging">rigting</a> van die Aarde se rotasie. </p><p>Die omwentelingsperiode van 'n voorwerp in sodanige <a href="/wiki/Wentelbaan" title="Wentelbaan">wentelbaan</a> is net so lank as die Aarde se rotasieperiode, naamlik een sideriese dag. Vir waarnemers wat op die grond staan, lyk dit asof die <a href="/wiki/Satelliet" title="Satelliet">satelliet</a> bewegingloos in 'n vaste posisie in die lug bly hang. Die konsep van 'n geostasionêre wentelbaan is in die 1940's deur die <a href="/wiki/Wetenskapsfiksie" title="Wetenskapsfiksie">wetenskapsfiksieskrywer</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> gewild gemaak as 'n manier om <a href="/wiki/Telekommunikasie" title="Telekommunikasie">telekommunikasie</a> te rewolusioneer en die eerste satelliet van sy soort is in 1963 gelanseer. </p><p>Kommunikasiesatelliete word meestal in 'n geostasionêre wentelbaan geplaas sodat die aardstasie se <a href="/wiki/Paraboolantenne" title="Paraboolantenne">paraboolantennes</a> nie geroteer hoef te word om die satelliet te volg nie. Stasies se antennes kan dus deurentyd direk op die satelliet gerig word; waar dit ook al oor die ewenaar hang. Weersatelliete word ook in 'n geostasionêre wentelbaan geparkeer vir intydse monitering en dataversameling. Navigasiesatelliete word ook hier geparkeer om 'n bekende, gekalibreerde punt en meer akkurate <a href="/wiki/GPS" title="GPS">GPS</a>-inligting te verskaf. </p><p>Geostasionêre satelliete word gelanseer en dan, via 'n tydelike parkeerwentelbaan, reg bokant 'n reeds bepaalde landmerk van die ewenaar geposisioneer. Gedurende die satelliet se operasionele lewensduurte word klein aanpassings na behoefte gedoen om dit in posisie te hou. Moderne satelliete wat aan diens onttrek word, word hoër verplaas na sogenaamde begraafplaaswentelbane om botsings te vermy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Syncom_2_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Syncom_2_side.jpg/220px-Syncom_2_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Syncom_2_side.jpg/330px-Syncom_2_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Syncom_2_side.jpg/440px-Syncom_2_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>Syncom 2, die eerste geosinchrone satelliet</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1929 het Herman Potočnik geosinchrone wentelbane in die algemeen en die spesiale geval van 'n geostasionêre aardwentelbaan beskryf as baie nuttig vir ruimtestasies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die eerste vermelding van 'n geostasionêre wentelbaan in gewilde leesstof het in Oktober 1942 voorgekom in die eerste <i>Venus Equilateral</i>-storie deur George O. Smith,<sup id="cite_ref-VE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maar Smith het nie meer besonderhede verskaf nie. Die Britse wetenskapsfiksieskrywer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> het die konsep gewild gemaak en daaroor uitgebrei in 'n dokument genaamd <i>Extra-Terrestrial Relays – Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?</i> wat in 1945 in die tydskrif <i>Wireless World</i> gepubliseer is.<sup id="cite_ref-VEintro_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VEintro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die wentelbaan, wat Clarke eerste as haalbaar vir uitsending- en herhalerkommunikasiesatelliete beskryf het,<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> word soms die Clarke-wentelbaan genoem.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Net so is die versameling van kunsmatige satelliete in hierdie wentelbaan ook bekend as die Clarkegordel.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In tegniese terme word daar na die wentelbaan as die geostasionêre of geosinchrone ewenaarwentelbaan verwys, met die terme wat soms uitruilbaar is.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die eerste geostasionêre satelliet is in 1959 deur Harold Rosen ontwerp terwyl hy by Hughes Aircraft werksaam was. Hy is deur <a href="/wiki/Spoetnik_1" title="Spoetnik 1">Spoetnik 1</a> geïnspireer en wou die geostasionêre satelliet gebruik om kommunikasie wêreldwyd beskikbaar te stel. Telekommunikasie tussen Amerika en <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> was in daardie stadium slegs moontlik vir 136 persone op 'n keer en het hoëfrekwensieradio's en 'n ondersese kabel gebruik.<sup id="cite_ref-dm_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dm-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die aanvaarde gedagterigting in daardie stadium was dat dit te veel <a href="/wiki/Vuurpyl" title="Vuurpyl">vuurpylkrag</a> sou vereis om 'n satelliet in 'n geostasionêre wentelbaan te plaas en dat die satelliet se operasionele lewe te kort sou wees om die uitgawes te regverdig.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die eerste projekte was om groepe satelliete in <a href="/wiki/Lae_aardwentelbaan" title="Lae aardwentelbaan">lae</a> en mediumaardwentelbane te plaas.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die eerste poging was die passiewe <i>Echo</i>-ballonsatelliete in 1960, gevolg deur <a href="/wiki/Telstar_1" title="Telstar 1">Telstar 1</a> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierdie projekte het probleme ondervind met seinsterkte en <span style="white-space:nowrap">-opsporing</span>, probleme wat oorkombaar is met geostasionêre wentelbane: Tog is die konsep steeds as onprakties beskou en soms het Hughes fondse en ondersteuning teruggehou.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dm_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dm-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961 het Rosen en sy span 'n silindriese prototipe ontwikkel met 'n deursnee van 76 cm, 'n hoogte van 38 cm en 'n massa van slegs 11,3 kg. Dit was klein genoeg om in 'n wentelbaan geplaas te word. Die satelliet was tol-gestabiliseer (dit het in die rondte gedraai) en is met 'n <a href="/wiki/Antenne#Die_dipool" title="Antenne">dipoolantenne</a> toegerus met 'n pannekoekagtige tipe golfvorm.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Augustus 1961 is die kontrak toegeken om die werklike satelliet te bou.<sup id="cite_ref-dm_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dm-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Syncom 1-satelliet het ophou werk weens elektroniese probleme, maar Syncom 2 is in 1963 suksesvol in 'n geosinchroniese wentelbaan geplaas. Omdat dit 'n <a href="/wiki/Baanhelling" title="Baanhelling">baanhelling</a> gehad het, moes dit van beweegbare antennes voorsien word. Dit kon egter TV-sendings hanteer en die VSA se president <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> kon op 23 Augustus 1963 van <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> af met die Nigeriese eerste minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa praat, wat in daardie stadium aan boord van die USS <i>Kingsport</i> was wat in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> voor anker gelê het.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die eerste satelliet wat in 'n geostasionêre wentelbaan geplaas is, was Syncom 3 wat in 1964 deur 'n Delta D-vuurpyl gelanseer is.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Met sy verbeterde bandwydte was die satelliet in staat om regstreekse dekking van die <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Spele" title="Olimpiese Spele">Olimpiese Somerpele</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> aan die VSA te verskaf. Sedertdien is geostasionêre satelliete in algemene gebruik gestel en is hulle baie gewild vir televisieuitsendings.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daar is tans honderde aktiewe geostasionêre satelliete wat inligting rakende afgeleë opnames en kommunikasiedienste verskaf.<sup id="cite_ref-dm_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dm-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alhoewel meeste bewoonde landgebiede tans met streekkommunikasiegeriewe soos <a href="/wiki/Mikrogolf" title="Mikrogolf">mikrogolf</a>- en <a href="/wiki/Optiese_vesel" title="Optiese vesel">optieseveselstelsels</a> bedien word, word slegs 96% van die wêreldbevolking met <a href="/wiki/Telefoon" title="Telefoon">telefone</a> en slegs 90% met <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internettoegang</a> bedien.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daar is egter nog afgeleë gebiede in ontwikkelde lande wat op satellietkommunikasie staatmaak.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gebruike">Gebruike</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Gebruike" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Gebruike"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die meeste kommunikasiesatelliete, uitsaaisatelliete en satellietondersteunde stelsels is in geostasionêre wentelbane geplaas.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gmv_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmv-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kommunikasie">Kommunikasie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Kommunikasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Kommunikasie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geostasionêre kommunikasiesatelliete is besonder nuttig omdat hulle uit groot gedeeltes van die Aarde se oppervlakte af sigbaar is, van <a href="/wiki/Breedtegraad" title="Breedtegraad">breedtegraad</a> 81° en tot 77° <a href="/wiki/Lengtegraad" title="Lengtegraad">lengtegraad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eisemann_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eisemann-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vir die waarnemer op die grond vertoon die satelliet staties in die lug, wat die behoefte aan beweegbare antennes op aardstasies uitskakel. Gevolglik kan aardstasies klein, goedkoop en vaste antennes oprig wat altyd op die verlangde satelliet gerig is.<sup id="cite_ref-smad_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smad-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:537</sup> Versendingsloering word egter 'n groot probleem omrede dit die sein 240 ms neem van die aardstasie na die satelliet en dieselfde tyd terug na die aardstasie.<sup id="cite_ref-smad_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smad-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:538</sup> Hierdie sloering veroorsaak probleme vir vertragingsensitiewe toepassings soos spraakkommunikasie,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en dus word geostasionêre satelliete hoofsaaklik gebruik vir eenrigtingvermaak (byvoorbeeld sportuitsendings) en ander toepassings waar daar geen kleinervertragingalternatiewe beskikbaar is nie.<sup id="cite_ref-wiley_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiley-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geostasionêre satelliete is direk bo die ewenaar en skyn laer in die lug te wees namate 'n persoon nader aan die pole beweeg. Namate 'n persoon se breedtegraadsligging toeneem, word kommunikasie deste moeiliker as gevolg van atmosferiese <a href="/wiki/Refraksie" class="mw-redirect" title="Refraksie">refraksie</a>, die Aarde se termiese uitstraling, siglynobstruksies en seinrefleksies van die grond of nabygeleë strukture. By breedtegrade groter as 81° is die satelliet onder die horison en kan dit glad nie meer gesien word nie.<sup id="cite_ref-eisemann_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eisemann-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Om die probleem in Rusland te oorkom het die owerhede satelliete in eliptiese Molnija- en Toendrawentelbane geplaas wat op hoë breedtegrade sigbaar is.<sup id="cite_ref-seh_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seh-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weerkunde">Weerkunde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Weerkunde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Weerkunde"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n Wêreldwye netwerk van operasionele geostasionêre satelliete word gebruik om sigbare en <a href="/wiki/Infrarooi" title="Infrarooi">infrarooibeelde</a> van die Aarde se oppervlak en atmosfeer te verkry. Dit word vir weerwaarnemings, <a href="/wiki/Oseanografie" title="Oseanografie">oseanografie</a> en die navolging van atmosferiese toestande gebruik. Van 2019 af is daar 19 weersatelliete wat operasioneel of op bystand is.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die satellietstelsels sluit die volgende in: </p> <ul><li>Die VSA se <i>Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite</i> (GOES)-reeks, wat bedryf word deur die <i><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Die Meteosat-reeks, gelanseer deur die <a href="/wiki/Europese_Ruimtevaartorganisasie" title="Europese Ruimtevaartorganisasie">Europese Ruimtevaartorganisasie</a> en bedryf deur die Europese Organisasie vir die Ontginning van Meteorologiese Satelliete (EUMETSAT).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Die Republiek Korea se COMS-1- en <sup id="cite_ref-LK_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LK-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GK-2A-multisendingsatelliete.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Die Russiese Elektro-L-satelliete</li> <li>Die Japannese Himawari-reeks<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Die Chinese Fengyun-reeks.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Die Indiese INSAT-reeks<sup id="cite_ref-isro_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isro-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Hierdie satelliete neem normaalweg foto's in die <a href="/wiki/Sigbare_lig" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigbare lig">sigbarelig-</a> en <a href="/wiki/Infrarooi" title="Infrarooi">infrarooibande</a> met 'n ruimtelike resolusie van 0,5 tot 4 vierkante kilometer.<sup id="cite_ref-bomm_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bomm-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die dekking van elke satelliet is tipies 70° breedtegraad en lengtegraad<sup id="cite_ref-bomm_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bomm-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en soms minder.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geostasionêre satelliete se foto's is en word steeds gebruik vir die opsporing van vulkaniese as,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die meting van die temperatuur en waterdamp van die <a href="/wiki/Wolk" title="Wolk">wolke</a> se boonste punte, oseanografie,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die meting van landtemperature en die dekking van plantegroei,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noaa_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dit help met die volging van <a href="/wiki/Sikloon" title="Sikloon">siklone</a> se paaie, die dekking van wolke in werklike tyd en ander data.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van die inligting is geïnkorporeer in meteorologiese voorspellingsmodelle, maar as gevolg van die wye veld wat gedek word, intydse monitering en lae resolusie word geostasionêre satellietfoto's gebruik vir korttermyn- en intydse voorspellings.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noaa_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigasie">Navigasie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Navigasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Navigasie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:SBAS_Service_Areas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/SBAS_Service_Areas.png/300px-SBAS_Service_Areas.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/SBAS_Service_Areas.png/450px-SBAS_Service_Areas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/SBAS_Service_Areas.png/600px-SBAS_Service_Areas.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Dekkingsgebiede van satelliet-gebaseerde uitbreiding-diensstelsels (SBAS).<sup id="cite_ref-gmv_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmv-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Geostasionêre satelliete kan gebruik word om wêreldwye satellietnavigasiestelsels te verbeter en uit te brei deur inligting oor klok-, sterrekundige en atmosferiese foute oor te dra en ook te dien ook as 'n addisionele verwysingspunt. Dit kan die posisieakkuraatheid met tot 5 m verbeter.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ou en bestaande navigasiestelsels wat geostasionêre satelliete gebruik, is: </p> <ul><li>Die <i>Wide Area Augmentation System</i> (WAAS), bedryf deur die Amerikaanse <a href="/wiki/Federale_Lugvaartadministrasie" title="Federale Lugvaartadministrasie">Federale Lugvaartadministrasie</a> (FAA);</li> <li>Die <i>European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service</i> (EGNOS), bedryf deur <i>European Satellite Services Provider</i> (namens die <a href="/wiki/Europese_Unie" title="Europese Unie">Europese Unie</a> se <i>European GNSS Agency</i>);</li> <li>Die <i>Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System</i> (MSAS), bedryf deur <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> se departement van land, infrastruktuur, vervoer en toerisme;</li> <li>Die <i>GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation</i> (GAGAN)-stelsel, bedryf deur <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indië</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Die kommersiële <i>StarFire</i>-navigasiestelsel, bedryf deur <i>John Deere</i> en <i>C-Nav Positioning Solutions</i> (Oceaneering);</li> <li>Die kommersiële <i>Starfix DGPS System</i> en <i>OmniSTAR</i>-stelsel, bedryf deur <i>Fugro</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementering">Implementering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Implementering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Implementering"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lansering">Lansering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Lansering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Lansering"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width: 416px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 202px"> <div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Animation_of_EchoStar_XVII_trajectory.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Animation_of_EchoStar_XVII_trajectory.gif/200px-Animation_of_EchoStar_XVII_trajectory.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Animation_of_EchoStar_XVII_trajectory.gif/300px-Animation_of_EchoStar_XVII_trajectory.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Animation_of_EchoStar_XVII_trajectory.gif/400px-Animation_of_EchoStar_XVII_trajectory.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 202px"> <div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Animation_of_EchoStar_XVII_trajectory_Equatorial_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Animation_of_EchoStar_XVII_trajectory_Equatorial_view.gif/200px-Animation_of_EchoStar_XVII_trajectory_Equatorial_view.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Animation_of_EchoStar_XVII_trajectory_Equatorial_view.gif/300px-Animation_of_EchoStar_XVII_trajectory_Equatorial_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Animation_of_EchoStar_XVII_trajectory_Equatorial_view.gif/400px-Animation_of_EchoStar_XVII_trajectory_Equatorial_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent; color:inherit">'n Voorbeeld van 'n oorgang van die tydelike Geostasionêre oorgang-wentelbaan na die Geostasionêre wentelbaan.<br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:magenta; color:magenta;">    </span> EchoStar XVII</span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:RoyalBlue; color:RoyalBlue;">    </span> Aarde</span>. </div> </div> </div> <p>Geostasionêre satelliete word in 'n oostelike rigting gelanseer om voort te bou op die rotasiespoed van die ewenaar. Die kleinste inklinasie wat 'n satelliet by lansering kan hê, word bepaal deur die breedtegraad van die plek van lansering. Dus, om 'n satelliet so naby as moontlik van die ewenaar te lanseer verminder die inklinasieverandering wat later gedoen moet word.<sup id="cite_ref-conf_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conf-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lansering wat so na as moontlik aan die ewenaar geskied, verbeter die vuurpyl se aanvangspoed as gevolg van die Aarde se rotasie. Die lanseringplekke word ook so gekies dat dit woestyne of water aan die oostekant het sodat 'n vuurpyl wat faal nie op 'n beboude gebied val nie.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die meeste vuurpyle plaas die satelliet eers in 'n tydelike geostasionêre oorgangwentelbaan; dit is 'n eliptiese wentelbaan met 'n <a href="/wiki/Apside" title="Apside">apogeum</a> wat so groot as die permanente wentelbaan s'n is en met 'n baie lae <a href="/wiki/Apside" title="Apside">perigeum</a>. Die stuwers aanboord verhoog dan die perigeum en maak die wentelbaan 'n sirkel totdat die finale geostasionêre wentelbaan bereik is.<sup id="cite_ref-conf_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conf-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wentelbaantoekenning">Wentelbaantoekenning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Wentelbaantoekenning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Wentelbaantoekenning"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satelliete in 'n geostasionêre wentelbaan kom almal in 'n enkele ring bokant die ewenaar voor. Om radiofrekwensieversteuring van een satelliet op 'n ander te verhoed moet daar 'n minimum spasie tussen twee aangrensende salelliete wees wanneer hulle operasioneel is. Dit beteken daar is 'n beperkte getal posisies beskikbaar vir geostasionêre satelliete in die geostasionêre wentelbaan. Dit het tot konfliksituasies gelei tussen lande wat op dieselfde lengtegraad maar verskillende breedtegrade is, veral as hulle dieselfde radiofrekwensies wil gebruik. Hierdie tipe situasies word deur die <a href="/wiki/ITU" title="ITU">Internasionale Telekommunikasie Unie</a> se ITU-R beredder, d.i. 'n radiokommunikasiekomitee wat onder meer frekwensietoewysings aan sy lede maak.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In die Bogotaverklaring van 1976 het agt lande wat op die ewenaar geleë is, eienaarskap geëis van die geostasionêre satelliete wat bokant hulle hang, maar die eise het geen internasionale ondersteuning gekry nie.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voorstel_vir_'n_statiese_satelliet"><span id="Voorstel_vir_.27n_statiese_satelliet"></span>Voorstel vir 'n statiese satelliet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Voorstel vir 'n statiese satelliet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Voorstel vir 'n statiese satelliet"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n <a href="/wiki/Statiet" title="Statiet">Statiet</a> is 'n hipotetiese satelliet wat stralingsdruk van die son teen 'n sonseil gebruik om sy wentelbaan te verander. </p><p>Die satelliet hou sy posisie oor die donker kant van die Aarde op 'n breedtegraad van ongeveer 30°. 'n Statiet vertoon stil in die Aarde/Son-stelsel eerder as om dit met 'n plek op die Aarde te vergelyk. Dit kan die druk van die geostasionêre ring verminder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellietonttrekkings">Satellietonttrekkings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Satellietonttrekkings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Satellietonttrekkings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aanpassings moet soms gedoen word om geostasionêre satelliete in hul korrekte posisie te hou. Wanneer hulle stuwers uit aandrywingsmiddel raak, word hulle aan diens onttrek. Die toerusting aan boord se lewensduurte is normaalweg langer as die aandrywingsmiddel s'n. Sommige satelliete kan in 'n hellende geostasionêre wentelbaan gebruik word en dus in diens bly,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anders word hulle hoër gelig na 'n begraafplaaswentelbaan. Hierdie proses van uitdiensstelling word al hoe meer gereguleerd en satelliete moet 'n kans van 90% hê om 200 km bo die geostasionêre wentelbaan te gaan aan die einde van hul operasionele lewe.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruimterommel">Ruimterommel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Ruimterommel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Ruimterommel"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Ruimterommel" title="Ruimterommel">Ruimterommel</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Debris-GEO1280.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Earth from space, surrounded by small white dots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Debris-GEO1280.jpg/220px-Debris-GEO1280.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Debris-GEO1280.jpg/330px-Debris-GEO1280.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Debris-GEO1280.jpg/440px-Debris-GEO1280.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>'n Rekenaargeskepte beeld van 2005 toon die verspreiding van die meeste ruimterommel in die geostasionêre wentelbaan met gebiede van konsentrasie: geostasionêre wentelbaan en lae aardewentelbaan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ruimterommel in geostasionêre wentelbane het 'n laer botsingsnelheid as by lae aardewentelbane (die omwentelingsnelheid is hier baie hoër) omrede al die geostasionêre satelliete op dieselfde vlak, hoogte en snelheid wentel. Die aanwesigheid van satelliete in <a href="/wiki/Eksentrisiteit_(sterrekunde)" title="Eksentrisiteit (sterrekunde)">eksentriese</a> wentelbane het tot gevolg dat botsings van tot 4 km/s voorkom. Alhoewel die kanse van botsings minimaal is, beskik geostasionêre satelliete oor beperkte vermoë om rommel te vermy.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Op geostasionêre hoogte kan voorwerpe met 'n deursnee van kleiner as 10 cm nie van die Aarde af gesien word nie, wat dit moeilik maak om hulle voorkoms te bereken.<sup id="cite_ref-telk1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telk1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ten spyte van pogings om die risiko te verminder, kom botsings tussen ruimtetuie wel voor. Die Europese Ruimtevaartorganisasie se telekommunikasiesatelliet, Olympus-1, is op 11 Augustus 1993 deur 'n <a href="/wiki/Meteoriet" title="Meteoriet">meteoriet</a> getref en is uiteindelik na 'n begraafplaaswentelbaan geskuif.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Olympus_failure_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Olympus_failure-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Russiese satelliet Express-AM11 is in 2006 deur 'n onbekende voorwerp getref en uiteindelik uit diens gestel.<sup id="cite_ref-srdc20060419_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srdc20060419-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gelukkig het die Russiese ingenieurs genoeg tyd gehad om dit na 'n begraafplaaswentelbaan te skuif. In 2017 het die satelliete AMC-9 en Telkom-1 albei om onbekende redes verbrokkel.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telk1_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telk1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eienskappe">Eienskappe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Eienskappe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Eienskappe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n Tipiese geostasionêre wentelbaan het die volgende eienskappe: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baanhelling" title="Baanhelling">Baanhelling</a>: 0°</li> <li>Periode: 1 436 minute (een sideriese dag.)<sup id="cite_ref-smad_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smad-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:121</sup></li> <li>Eksentrisiteit: 0</li> <li>Argument van die apogeum: ongedefinieer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halwe_lengteas" class="mw-redirect" title="Halwe lengteas">Halwe lengteas</a>: 42 164 km</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baanhelling">Baanhelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Baanhelling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Baanhelling"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n Baanhelling van nul grade verseker dat die wentelbaan te alle tye oor die ewenaar bly, wat dit vir 'n waarnemer op die grond laat lyk asof die satelliet bo hom hang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periode">Periode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Periode" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Periode"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die omwentelingperiode is gelyk aan een sideriese dag. Dit beteken dat die satelliet elke sideriese dag sal terugkeer na dieselfde punt bo die Aarde se oppervlak, ongeag ander omwentelingseienskappe. Vir 'n geostasionêre satelliet, in besonder, beteken dit dat dit altyd op dieselfde breedtegraad oor tyd sal wees.<sup id="cite_ref-smad_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smad-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:121</sup> Hierdie omwentelingsperiode, <i>T</i>, is in direkte verhouding met die halwe lengteas van die wentelbaan in die formule: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {a^{3} \over \mu }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>μ</mi> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {a^{3} \over \mu }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1385eed5863f0e40f86905c95cd3d4af7788ce9e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:12.673ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {a^{3} \over \mu }}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>waar: </p> <ul><li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">a</span> is die lengte van die wentelbaan se halwe lengteas.</li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">μ</span> is die standaardgravitasieparameter van die sentrale voorwerp.<sup id="cite_ref-smad_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smad-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:137</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eksentrisiteit">Eksentrisiteit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksentrisiteit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Eksentrisiteit"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die eksentrisiteit is nul, wat 'n sirkelvormige wentelbaan verseker. Dit beteken die satelliet beweeg nie verder of nader aan die Aarde nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stabiliteit">Stabiliteit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Stabiliteit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Stabiliteit"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n Geostasionêre wentelbaan kan slegs bereik word op 'n hoogte van 35 786 km reg bo die ewenaar. Dit beteken dat 'n omwentelingsnelheid van 3,07 km/s gehandhaaf moet word met 'n omwentelingsperiode van 1 436 minute – een sideriese dag. Dit sal verseker dat die satelliet die Aarde se rotasiesnelheid ewenaar en staties vanaf die Aarde lyk. Alle geostasionêre satelliete moet in hierdie ring wees. </p><p>'n Kombinasie van die Maan se gravitasie, die Son se gravitasie en die effek van afplatting van die Aarde by die pole veroorsaak 'n <a href="/wiki/Aksiale_presessie" title="Aksiale presessie">presessiebeweging</a> van die wentelvlak van enige geostasionêre voorwerp, met 'n omwentelingsperiode van ongveer 53 jaar en 'n aanvanklike baanhellingsgradiënt van 0,85°. Dit bereik 'n maksimum baanhelling van 15° na 26,5 jaar.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2015_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2015-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smad_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smad-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:156</sup> Om hierdie versteuring te korrigeer moet die snelheid in die wentelbaan jaarliks aangepas word met ongeveer 50 m/s.<sup id="cite_ref-iop_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iop-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'n Tweede effek wat die posisie van die geostasionêre satelliete beïnvloed, is lengtegraadskuiwing wat veroorsaak word deur die asimmetrie van die Aarde; die ewenaar is ietwat ellipties van vorm.<sup id="cite_ref-smad_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smad-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daar is twee stabiele ekwilibriumpunte by 75,3°O en 108°W en twee ooreenstemmende onstabiele punte by 165,3°O en 14,7°W. Enige geostasionêre voorwerp wat tussen die twee ekwilibriumpunte geplaas word, sal outomaties stadig versnel word (sonder enige aksie) na die stabiele ekwilibriumposisie, wat 'n periodiese lengtegraadvariasie veroorsaak.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2015_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2015-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Om hierdie versteuring te korrigeer moet die snelheid aangepas word, tot 2 m/s per jaar afhangende van die betrokke lengtegraad.<sup id="cite_ref-iop_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iop-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sonwind" title="Sonwind">Sonwind</a> en uitstralingdruk oefen ook klein kragte op die satelliete uit en kan mettertyd veroorsaak dat hulle stadig uit hul beplande wentelbane wegdrywe.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omrede daar nie 'n hervullingsdiens van die Aarde af is of hernieubare aandrywingsmetodes bestaan nie, bepaal die verbruik van die aandrywingsmiddel die leeftyd van die satelliet. Hall-effekaandrywers, wat tans gebruik word, het die vermoë om die leeftyd van satelliete te verleng danksy die hoë-effektiewe elektriese aandrywing wat dit verskaf.<sup id="cite_ref-iop_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iop-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Berekening_van_omwentelingsnelheid">Berekening van omwentelingsnelheid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Berekening van omwentelingsnelheid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Berekening van omwentelingsnelheid"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg/310px-Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg/465px-Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg/620px-Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>'n Vergelyking van die geostasionêre Aardewentelbaan met GPS, GLONASS, Galileo en Compass (mediumaardewentelbaan)-satellietnavigasiestelsels se wentelbane saam met die <a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Ruimtestasie" title="Internasionale Ruimtestasie">Internasionale Ruimtestasie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubble-ruimteteleskoop" title="Hubble-ruimteteleskoop">Hubble-ruimteteleskoop</a> en Iridium-konstellasiewentelbane teenoor die werklike grootte van die Aarde.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Maan se wentelbaan is ongeveer nege keer groter (wat radius en lengte betref) as die geostasionêre wentelbaan.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Vir sirkelvormige wentelbane om 'n voorwerp moet die <a href="/wiki/Middelpuntsoekende_krag" title="Middelpuntsoekende krag">middelpuntsoekende krag</a> benodig om die baan te volhou (<i>F</i><sub>c</sub>) gelyk wees aan die gravitasiekrag wat op die satelliet uitgeoefen word (<i>F</i><sub>g</sub>):<sup id="cite_ref-Pople_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pople-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\text{c}}=F_{\text{g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>c</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>g</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\text{c}}=F_{\text{g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4f3d4b71f6ba102a774244c44900ab3699e5c72" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.104ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\text{c}}=F_{\text{g}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Van <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> se <a href="/wiki/Newton_se_Swaartekragwet" title="Newton se Swaartekragwet">swaartekragwet</a>, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\text{g}}=G{\frac {M_{\text{E}}m_{\text{s}}}{r^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>g</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>E</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\text{g}}=G{\frac {M_{\text{E}}m_{\text{s}}}{r^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c1b4f990634f7460dfa3060ad7a67e5765183f1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:14.836ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\text{g}}=G{\frac {M_{\text{E}}m_{\text{s}}}{r^{2}}}}"></span>,</dd></dl> <p>waar <i>F</i><sub>g</sub> die gravitasiekrag tussen twee massas is, <i>M</i><sub>E</sub> die massa van die Aarde is 5,9736×10<sup>24</sup>kg, <i>m</i><sub>s</sub> die massa van die satelliet is, <i>r</i> die afstand tussen die middelpunte van die twee massas is en <i>G</i> die gravitasiekonstante is (6,67428±0,00067)×10<sup>−11</sup> m<sup>3</sup> kg<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pople_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pople-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die grote van die versnelling, <i>a</i>, van 'n voorwerp wat in 'n sirkel beweeg, is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a={\frac {v^{2}}{r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a={\frac {v^{2}}{r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0220b1356204c98557a8b60d275196be3e9cf0c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.346ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a={\frac {v^{2}}{r}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>met <i>v</i> wat die grote van die versnelling is, dus die snelheid van die satelliet. Van Newton se tweede wet is die middelpuntsoekende krag <i>F</i><sub>c</sub> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\text{c}}=m_{\text{s}}{\frac {v^{2}}{r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>c</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\text{c}}=m_{\text{s}}{\frac {v^{2}}{r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a75c048d76caf14a4e831ed443718f09efaa8fa1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.494ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\text{c}}=m_{\text{s}}{\frac {v^{2}}{r}}}"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pople_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pople-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>As <i>F</i><sub>c</sub> = <i>F</i><sub>g</sub>, </p><p>dan is: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\text{s}}{\frac {v^{2}}{r}}=G{\frac {M_{\text{E}}m_{\text{s}}}{r^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>E</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\text{s}}{\frac {v^{2}}{r}}=G{\frac {M_{\text{E}}m_{\text{s}}}{r^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4829941a1d33bb76bf25a6fc89d3f115bb47fb5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:18.226ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\text{s}}{\frac {v^{2}}{r}}=G{\frac {M_{\text{E}}m_{\text{s}}}{r^{2}}}}"></span>, </p><p>...en na vereenvoudiging: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v^{2}=G{\frac {M_{\text{E}}}{r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>E</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v^{2}=G{\frac {M_{\text{E}}}{r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6f7c607fdcbd0fe03210c7815bed8198213877d0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.549ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v^{2}=G{\frac {M_{\text{E}}}{r}}}"></span> </p><p>Vervang <i>v</i> met die vergelyking van 'n voorwerp wat in 'n sirkel beweeg gee: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {2\pi r}{T}}\right)^{2}=G{\frac {M_{\text{E}}}{r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>E</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {2\pi r}{T}}\right)^{2}=G{\frac {M_{\text{E}}}{r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b02f6de80d991f7421a2cd767dc9eec3a1035d4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:18.222ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {2\pi r}{T}}\right)^{2}=G{\frac {M_{\text{E}}}{r}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>waar <i>T</i> die oorsprinklike periode is (een sideriese dag) of 86 164,09054 sekondes.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit gee 'n vergelyking van <i>r</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {GM_{\text{E}}T^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mroot> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>E</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </mroot> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {GM_{\text{E}}T^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f82a14e92ba3a8e9c78590fd4acbb436884d19a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:15.514ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {GM_{\text{E}}T^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Die produk <i>GM</i><sub>E</sub> is bekend met groot akkuraatheid; dit staan bekend as die geosentriese gravitasiekonstante <i>μ</i> = 398600.4418±0.0008 km<sup>3</sup> s<sup>−2</sup>. </p><p>Dus: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {\mu T^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mroot> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>μ</mi> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </mroot> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {\mu T^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43ba4d2a4b1f1550a6c499c350f76d0911ae4384" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:11.483ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {\mu T^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}}}"></span> </p><p>Die resultaat is dat die radius 42 164 kilometer is. Deur die Aarde se radius (6 378 kilometer) by die ewenaar af te trek word die wentelbaanhoogte verkry naamlik: 35 786 km. </p><p>Die omwentelingsnelheid word bereken deur die <a href="/wiki/Hoeksnelheid" title="Hoeksnelheid">hoeksnelheid</a> met die wentelbaan se radius te vermenigvuldig: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v=\omega r\quad \approx 3074.6~{\text{m/s}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mspace width="1em" /> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>3074.6</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m/s</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v=\omega r\quad \approx 3074.6~{\text{m/s}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/112ca29e85231ae1de7ab06a441414a17bc76751" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.196ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v=\omega r\quad \approx 3074.6~{\text{m/s}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vir_ander_planete">Vir ander planete</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Vir ander planete" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Vir ander planete"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deur dieselfde metode te gebruik kan die omwentelingshoogte vir enige soortgelyke voorwerpe bereken word, insluitend die <a href="/wiki/Sinchroniese_wentelbaan" title="Sinchroniese wentelbaan">sinchroniese wentelbaan</a> vir 'n voorwerp in verhouding met <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> – as aangeneem word dat Mars perfek rond is, wat dit nie is nie.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die gravitasiekonstante <i>GM</i> (<i>μ</i>) vir Mars se waarde is 42 830 km<sup>3</sup>s<sup>−2</sup>, die radius by die ewenaar is 3 389,50 km en die omwentelingsperiode bekend (<i>T</i>) van die planeet is 1,02595676 Aarddae (88 642,66 s). Deur die waardes te gebruik kan bewys word dat Mars se stasionêre omwentelingshoogte 17 039 km is.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heliosentriese_wentelbaan" title="Heliosentriese wentelbaan">Heliosentriese wentelbaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lae_aardwentelbaan" title="Lae aardwentelbaan">Lae aardwentelbaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinchroniese_rotasie" title="Sinchroniese rotasie">Sinchroniese rotasie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinchroniese_wentelbaan" title="Sinchroniese wentelbaan">Sinchroniese wentelbaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsinchroniese_wentelbaan" title="Subsinchroniese wentelbaan">Subsinchroniese wentelbaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersinchroniese_wentelbaan" title="Supersinchroniese wentelbaan">Supersinchroniese wentelbaan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Notas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Notas"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Geostasionêre wentelbaan</i> en <i>geosinchrone (ewenaar-)wentelbaan</i> word afwisselend gebruik in bronne.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Omwenteling-periodes en -snelhede word bereken deur die verhoudings 4π<sup>2</sup><i>R</i><sup>3</sup> = <i>T</i><sup>2</sup><i>GM</i> en <i>V</i><sup>2</sup><i>R</i> = <i>GM</i>, waar <i>R</i> die radius van die wentelbaan in meter is; <i>T</i>, die omwentelingsperiode in sekondes; <i>V</i>, die omwentelingsnelheid in m/s; <i>G</i>, die gravitasiekonstante ≈ 6,673×10<sup>-11</sup> Nm<sup>2</sup>/kg<sup>2</sup> en <i>M</i>, die massa van die Aarde ≈ 5,98×10<sup>24</sup>kg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die Maan se wentelbaan is nie perfek rond nie en is ongeveer 8,6 keer verder van die Aarde af as die geostasionêre ring wanneer die Maan by sy <a href="/wiki/Apside" title="Apside">perikintion</a> is (363 104 km ÷ 42 164 km) en 9,6 keer verder weg wanneer die Maan by sy <a href="/wiki/Apside" title="Apside">apokintion</a> is (405,696 km ÷ 42,164 km).</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="-moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFNoordung1929" class="citation book cs1">Noordung, Hermann (1929). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AHerman_Poto%C4%8Dnik_Noordung_-_Das_Problem_der_Befahrung_des_Weltraums.pdf&page=102"><i>Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums: Der Raketen-Motor</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berlin: Richard Carl Schmidt & Co. pp. 98–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Problem+der+Befahrung+des+Weltraums%3A+Der+Raketen-Motor&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=98-100&rft.pub=Richard+Carl+Schmidt+%26+Co.&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Noordung&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFile%253AHerman_Poto%25C4%258Dnik_Noordung_-_Das_Problem_der_Befahrung_des_Weltraums.pdf%26page%3D102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-VE_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"(Korvus's message is sent) to a small, squat building at the outskirts of Northern Landing. It was hurled at the sky. … It … arrived at the relay station tired and worn, … when it reached a space station only five hundred miles above the city of North Landing." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1976" class="citation book cs1">Smith, George O. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lj8H3R4J5GUC&q=squat"><i>The Complete Venus Equilateral</i></a>. New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-345-28953-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-345-28953-7"><bdi>978-0-345-28953-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Venus+Equilateral&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-345-28953-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=George+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlj8H3R4J5GUC%26q%3Dsquat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VEintro-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-VEintro_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is therefore quite possible that these stories influenced me subconsciously when … I worked out the principles of synchronous communications satellites ...", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMcAleer1992" class="citation book cs1">McAleer, Neil (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurcclarkeaut00mcal/page/54"><i>Arthur C. Clarke</i></a>. Contemporary Books. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8092-4324-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8092-4324-2"><bdi>978-0-8092-4324-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+C.+Clarke&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Contemporary+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8092-4324-2&rft.aulast=McAleer&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farthurcclarkeaut00mcal%2Fpage%2F54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-clarke_5-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-clarke_5-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_C._Clarke1945" class="citation web cs1">Arthur C. Clarke (Oktober 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clarkeinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/ClarkeWirelessWorldArticle.pdf">"Extraterrestrial Relays: Can Rocket Stations Give World-wide Radio Coverage?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Space Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://clarkeinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/ClarkeWirelessWorldArticle.pdf">Geargiveer</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 Oktober 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Januarie</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extraterrestrial+Relays%3A+Can+Rocket+Stations+Give+World-wide+Radio+Coverage%3F&rft.pub=Arthur+C.+Clarke+Institute+for+Space+Education&rft.date=1945-10&rft.au=Arthur+C.+Clarke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclarkeinstitute.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F04%2FClarkeWirelessWorldArticle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips_Davis" class="citation web cs1">Phillips Davis (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212130943/http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf5-1.php">"Basics of Space Flight Afdeling 1 Deel 5, Geostationary Orbits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf5-1.php">die oorspronklike</a> op 12 Desember 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">25 Augustus</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basics+of+Space+Flight+Afdeling+1+Deel+5%2C+Geostationary+Orbits&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fbasics%2Fbsf5-1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMills1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Mills, Mike (3 Augustus 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/m-i-t/science_fiction/jenkins/jenkins_4.html">"Orbit Wars: Arthur C. Clarke and the Global Communications Satellite"</a>. <i>The Washington Post Magazine</i>. pp. 12–13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">25 Augustus</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post+Magazine&rft.atitle=Orbit+Wars%3A+Arthur+C.+Clarke+and+the+Global+Communications+Satellite&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=1997-08-03&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fm-i-t%2Fscience_fiction%2Fjenkins%2Fjenkins_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKidder2015" class="citation book cs1">Kidder, S.Q. (2015). "Satellites and satellite remote senssing: Orbits". In North, Gerald; Pyla, John; Zhang, Fuqing (reds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences</i> (2 uitg.). Elsiver. pp. 95–106. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-382225-3.00362-5">10.1016/B978-0-12-382225-3.00362-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-12-382225-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-12-382225-3"><bdi>978-0-12-382225-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satellites+and+satellite+remote+senssing%3A+Orbits&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Atmospheric+Sciences&rft.pages=95-106&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Elsiver&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-382225-3.00362-5&rft.isbn=978-0-12-382225-3&rft.aulast=Kidder&rft.aufirst=S.Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dm-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dm_9-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dm_9-1">8,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dm_9-2">8,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dm_9-3">8,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMcClintock2003" class="citation magazine cs1">McClintock, Jack (9 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2003/nov/communications">"Communications: Harold Rosen – The Seer of Geostationary Satellites"</a>. <i>Discover Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">25 Augustus</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=Communications%3A+Harold+Rosen+%E2%80%93+The+Seer+of+Geostationary+Satellites&rft.date=2003-11-09&rft.aulast=McClintock&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2003%2Fnov%2Fcommunications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2017" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Robert (31 Januarie 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/harold-rosen-1926-2017-53790"><i>Harold Rosen, 1926–2017</i></a>. Caltech<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">25 Augustus</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+Rosen%2C+1926%E2%80%932017&rft.pub=Caltech&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caltech.edu%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fharold-rosen-1926-2017-53790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lat_11-0">10,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lat_11-1">10,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lat_11-2">10,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lat_11-3">10,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFVartabedian2013" class="citation news cs1">Vartabedian, Ralph (26 Julie 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-syncom-satellite-20130726-dto-htmlstory.html">"How a satellite called Syncom changed the world"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">25 Augustus</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=How+a+satellite+called+Syncom+changed+the+world&rft.date=2013-07-26&rft.aulast=Vartabedian&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fla-na-syncom-satellite-20130726-dto-htmlstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_R._Glover1997" class="citation book cs1">Daniel R. Glover (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/ch6.htm">"Chapter 6: NASA Experimental Communications Satellites, 1958–1995"</a>. In Andrew J Butrica (red.). <i>Beyond The Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication</i>. NASA. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997bify.book.....B">1997bify.book.....B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+NASA+Experimental+Communications+Satellites%2C+1958%E2%80%931995&rft.btitle=Beyond+The+Ionosphere%3A+Fifty+Years+of+Satellite+Communication&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997bify.book.....B&rft.au=Daniel+R.+Glover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4217%2Fch6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R._Williams" class="citation web cs1">David R. Williams (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-031A">"Syncom 2"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syncom+2&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1963-031A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207144926/https://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/worlds-first-geosynchronous-satellite-launched/">"World's First Geosynchronous Satellite Launched"</a>. <i>History Channel</i>. Foxtel. 19 Junie 2016. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/worlds-first-geosynchronous-satellite-launched/">die oorspronklike</a> op 7 Desember 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">25 Augustus</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Channel&rft.atitle=World%27s+First+Geosynchronous+Satellite+Launched&rft.date=2016-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historychannel.com.au%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fworlds-first-geosynchronous-satellite-launched%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R._Williams" class="citation web cs1">David R. Williams (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-047A">"Syncom 3"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syncom+3&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1964-047A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHowell2015" class="citation web cs1">Howell, Elizabeth (14 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/29222-geosynchronous-orbit.html">"What Is a Geosynchronous Orbit?"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">25 Augustus</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Geosynchronous+Orbit%3F&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F29222-geosynchronous-orbit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/Pages/2018-PR40.aspx">"ITU releases 2018 global and regional ICT estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ITU" title="ITU">International Telecommunication Union</a>. 7 Desember 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">25 Augustus</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITU+releases+2018+global+and+regional+ICT+estimates&rft.pub=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fen%2Fmediacentre%2FPages%2F2018-PR40.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2019" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, Geoff (24 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-23/what-happened-to-superfast-nbn/11037620">"Australia was promised superfast broadband with the NBN. This is what we got"</a>. ABC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">25 Augustus</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Australia+was+promised+superfast+broadband+with+the+NBN.+This+is+what+we+got&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-04-23%2Fwhat-happened-to-superfast-nbn%2F11037620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTibken2018" class="citation news cs1">Tibken, Shara (22 Oktober 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/in-rural-farm-country-forget-broadband-you-might-not-have-internet-at-all/">"In farm country, forget broadband. You might not have internet at all. 5G is around the corner, yet pockets of America still can't get basic internet access"</a>. CNET<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">25 Augustus</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+farm+country%2C+forget+broadband.+You+might+not+have+internet+at+all.+5G+is+around+the+corner%2C+yet+pockets+of+America+still+can%27t+get+basic+internet+access.&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft.aulast=Tibken&rft.aufirst=Shara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fin-rural-farm-country-forget-broadband-you-might-not-have-internet-at-all%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Telecommunications_Integrated_Applications/Orbits">"Orbits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. 4 Oktober 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Oktober</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orbits&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FTelecommunications_Integrated_Applications%2FOrbits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gmv-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gmv_21-0">20,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gmv_21-1">20,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmv.com/en/Company/Communication/News/2016/06/SBASAfrica.html">"Deployment of an SBAS system demonstration in Southern Africa"</a>. GMV. 6 Augustus 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Oktober</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deployment+of+an+SBAS+system+demonstration+in+Southern+Africa&rft.pub=GMV&rft.date=2016-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmv.com%2Fen%2FCompany%2FCommunication%2FNews%2F2016%2F06%2FSBASAfrica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Thompson" class="citation web cs1">Richard Thompson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sws.bom.gov.au/Educational/5/4/3">"Satellites, Geo-stationary orbits and Solar Eclipses"</a>. BOM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Oktober</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satellites%2C+Geo-stationary+orbits+and+Solar+Eclipses&rft.pub=BOM&rft.au=Richard+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sws.bom.gov.au%2FEducational%2F5%2F4%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eisemann-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eisemann_23-0">22,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eisemann_23-1">22,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSolerEisemann1994" class="citation journal cs1">Soler, Tomás; Eisemann, David W. (Augustus 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/CORS/Articles/SolerEisemannJSE.pdf">"Determination of Look Angles To Geostationary Communication Satellites"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Surveying Engineering</i>. <b>120</b> (3): 123. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%290733-9453%281994%29120%3A3%28115%29">10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9453(1994)120:3(115)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0733-9453">0733-9453</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/CORS/Articles/SolerEisemannJSE.pdf">Geargiveer</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 Oktober 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Surveying+Engineering&rft.atitle=Determination+of+Look+Angles+To+Geostationary+Communication+Satellites&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=123&rft.date=1994-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1061%2F%28ASCE%290733-9453%281994%29120%3A3%28115%29&rft.issn=0733-9453&rft.aulast=Soler&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1s&rft.au=Eisemann%2C+David+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngs.noaa.gov%2FCORS%2FArticles%2FSolerEisemannJSE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smad-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smad_24-0">23,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smad_24-1">23,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smad_24-2">23,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smad_24-3">23,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smad_24-4">23,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smad_24-5">23,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smad_24-6">23,6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWertzLarson1999" class="citation book cs1">Wertz, James Richard; Larson, Wiley J. (1999). Larson, Wiley J.; Wertz, James R. (reds.). <i>Space Mission Analysis and Design</i>. Microcosm Press and Kluwer Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999smad.book.....W">1999smad.book.....W</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-881883-10-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-881883-10-8"><bdi>1-881883-10-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Mission+Analysis+and+Design&rft.pub=Microcosm+Press+and+Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999smad.book.....W&rft.isbn=1-881883-10-8&rft.aulast=Wertz&rft.aufirst=James+Richard&rft.au=Larson%2C+Wiley+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKohn2016" class="citation web cs1">Kohn, Daniel (6 Maart 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isoc.org/inet96/proceedings/g1/g1_3.htm">"The Teledesic Network: Using Low-Earth-Orbit Satellites to Provide Broadband, Wireless, Real-Time Internet Access Worldwide"</a>. Teledesic Corporation, USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Teledesic+Network%3A+Using+Low-Earth-Orbit+Satellites+to+Provide+Broadband%2C+Wireless%2C+Real-Time+Internet+Access+Worldwide&rft.pub=Teledesic+Corporation%2C+USA&rft.date=2016-03-06&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isoc.org%2Finet96%2Fproceedings%2Fg1%2Fg1_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiley-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wiley_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2002" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Roger L. (22 Julie 2002). "Satellite Communications". <i>Reference Manual for Telecommunications Engineering</i>. American Cancer Society. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471208051.fre018">10.1002/0471208051.fre018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-471-20805-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-471-20805-1"><bdi>0-471-20805-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satellite+Communications&rft.btitle=Reference+Manual+for+Telecommunications+Engineering&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft.date=2002-07-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471208051.fre018&rft.isbn=0-471-20805-1&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seh-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-seh_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHistory_Committee_of_the_American_Astronautical_Society2010" class="citation book cs1">History Committee of the American Astronautical Society (23 Augustus 2010). Johnson, Stephen B. (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZNxDwAAQBAJ&q=molniya+orbit+OKB-1+history&pg=PA416"><i>Space Exploration and Humanity: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-85109-514-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-85109-514-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-514-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Exploration+and+Humanity%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010-08-23&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-514-8&rft.au=History+Committee+of+the+American+Astronautical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ZNxDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmolniya%2Borbit%2BOKB-1%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/sat/satellitestatus.php">"Satellite Status"</a>. World Meteorological Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">6 Julie</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satellite+Status&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmo.int%2Fpages%2Fprog%2Fsat%2Fsatellitestatus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/our-satellites">"Our Satellites"</a>. <i>NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA+National+Environmental+Satellite%2C+Data%2C+and+Information+Service+%28NESDIS%29&rft.atitle=Our+Satellites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nesdis.noaa.gov%2Fcontent%2Four-satellites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114164122/https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Meteosat/index.html">"Meteosat"</a>. <i>EUMETSAT.int</i>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Meteosat/index.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 4 Januarie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Julie</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUMETSAT.int&rft.atitle=Meteosat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eumetsat.int%2Fwebsite%2Fhome%2FSatellites%2FCurrentSatellites%2FMeteosat%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LK-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LK_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704234145/http://www.arianespace.com/images/launch-kits/launch-kit-pdf-eng/GB-ARABSAT-5A-COMS.pdf">"Satellite Launches for the Middle East and South Korea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Arianespace. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arianespace.com/images/launch-kits/launch-kit-pdf-eng/GB-ARABSAT-5A-COMS.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 4 Julie 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">26 Junie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satellite+Launches+for+the+Middle+East+and+South+Korea&rft.pub=Arianespace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arianespace.com%2Fimages%2Flaunch-kits%2Flaunch-kit-pdf-eng%2FGB-ARABSAT-5A-COMS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich2014" class="citation web cs1">Heinrich, Ralph (9 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226065525/https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2014/09/airbus-defence-and-space-supports-south-korean-weather-satellite-programme.html">"Airbus Defence and Space supports South Korean weather satellite programme"</a>. <i>Airbus</i>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2014/09/airbus-defence-and-space-supports-south-korean-weather-satellite-programme.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 6 Desember 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">2 Julie</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Airbus&rft.atitle=Airbus+Defence+and+Space+supports+South+Korean+weather+satellite+programme&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.aulast=Heinrich&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airbus.com%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2Fen%2F2014%2F09%2Fairbus-defence-and-space-supports-south-korean-weather-satellite-programme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2014" class="citation web cs1">Graham, William (6 Oktober 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/10/japan-loft-himawari-8-satellite-h-iia/">"Japan lofts Himawari 8 weather satellite via H-IIA rocket"</a>. NASASpaceFlight.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+lofts+Himawari+8+weather+satellite+via+H-IIA+rocket&rft.pub=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2014%2F10%2Fjapan-loft-himawari-8-satellite-h-iia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702115542/https://gbtimes.com/china-plans-to-launch-additional-nine-fengyun-meteorological-satellites-by-2025">"China plans to launch additional nine Fengyun meteorological satellites by 2025"</a>. <i>GBTimes</i>. 15 November 2018. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gbtimes.com/china-plans-to-launch-additional-nine-fengyun-meteorological-satellites-by-2025">die oorspronklike</a> op 2 Julie 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">2 Julie</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GBTimes&rft.atitle=China+plans+to+launch+additional+nine+Fengyun+meteorological+satellites+by+2025&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgbtimes.com%2Fchina-plans-to-launch-additional-nine-fengyun-meteorological-satellites-by-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isro-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-isro_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225031828/https://www.isro.gov.in/rapid-gateway-to-indian-weather-satellite-data">"RAPID: Gateway to Indian Weather Satellite Data"</a>. Indian Space Research Organisation. 2 Julie 2019. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/rapid-gateway-to-indian-weather-satellite-data">die oorspronklike</a> op 25 Desember 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">2 Julie</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RAPID%3A+Gateway+to+Indian+Weather+Satellite+Data&rft.pub=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Frapid-gateway-to-indian-weather-satellite-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bomm-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bomm_36-0">35,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bomm_36-1">35,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/satellite/about_satellites.shtml">"About environmental satellites"</a>. BOM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">6 Julie</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+environmental+satellites&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Faustralia%2Fsatellite%2Fabout_satellites.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/charts/coverage-of-a-geostationary.html">"Coverage of a geostationary satellite at Earth"</a>. The Planetary Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coverage+of+a+geostationary+satellite+at+Earth&rft.pub=The+Planetary+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fmultimedia%2Fspace-images%2Fcharts%2Fcoverage-of-a-geostationary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120910225555/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=15216">"NOAA Satellites, Scientists Monitor Mt. St. Helens for Possible Eruption"</a>. <i>SpaceRef</i>. 6 Oktober 2004. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=15216">die oorspronklike</a> op 10 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Julie</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceRef&rft.atitle=NOAA+Satellites%2C+Scientists+Monitor+Mt.+St.+Helens+for+Possible+Eruption&rft.date=2004-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2Fviewpr.html%3Fpid%3D15216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624041150/https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/goci/">"GOCI"</a>. NASA. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/goci/">die oorspronklike</a> op 4 Junie 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">25 Augustus</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GOCI&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdata%2Fgoci%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMiuraNagaiTakeuchiIchii2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miura, Tomoaki; Nagai, Shin; Takeuchi, Mika; Ichii, Kazuhito; Yoshioka, Hiroki (30 Oktober 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6821777">"Improved Characterisation of Vegetation and Land Surface Seasonal Dynamics in Central Japan with Himawari-8 Hypertemporal Data"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i> (in Engels). <b>9</b> (1): 15692. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...915692M">2019NatSR...915692M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-52076-x">10.1038/s41598-019-52076-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6821777">6821777</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31666582">31666582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Improved+Characterisation+of+Vegetation+and+Land+Surface+Seasonal+Dynamics+in+Central+Japan+with+Himawari-8+Hypertemporal+Data&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15692&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6821777%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...915692M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31666582&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-52076-x&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Miura&rft.aufirst=Tomoaki&rft.au=Nagai%2C+Shin&rft.au=Takeuchi%2C+Mika&rft.au=Ichii%2C+Kazuhito&rft.au=Yoshioka%2C+Hiroki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6821777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noaa-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-noaa_41-0">40,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-noaa_41-1">40,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHansonPerontoHilderbrand2015" class="citation web cs1">Hanson, Derek; Peronto, James; Hilderbrand, Douglas (12 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218171711/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/bulletin/noaa%E2%80%99s-eyes-sky-after-five-decades-of-weather-forecasting-environmental">"NOAA's Eyes in the Sky – After Five Decades of Weather Forecasting with Environmental Satellites, What Do Future Satellites Promise for Meteorologists and Society?"</a>. <i>World Meteorological Organization</i>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/bulletin/noaa%E2%80%99s-eyes-sky-after-five-decades-of-weather-forecasting-environmental">die oorspronklike</a> op 18 Desember 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">2 Julie</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft.atitle=NOAA%27s+Eyes+in+the+Sky+%E2%80%93+After+Five+Decades+of+Weather+Forecasting+with+Environmental+Satellites%2C+What+Do+Future+Satellites+Promise+for+Meteorologists+and+Society%3F&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Peronto%2C+James&rft.au=Hilderbrand%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic-old.wmo.int%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fbulletin%2Fnoaa%25E2%2580%2599s-eyes-sky-after-five-decades-of-weather-forecasting-environmental&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/goes-r-todays-satellite-for-tomorrows-forecast/">"GOES-R: Today's Satellite for Tomorrow's Forecast Dataset"</a>. <i>Science On a Sphere</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a>. 14 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+On+a+Sphere&rft.atitle=GOES-R%3A+Today%27s+Satellite+for+Tomorrow%27s+Forecast+Dataset&rft.date=2016-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsos.noaa.gov%2Fdatasets%2Fgoes-r-todays-satellite-for-tomorrows-forecast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTollefson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Tollefson, Jeff (2 Maart 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-02630-w">"Latest US weather satellite highlights forecasting challenges"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>555</b> (7695): 154. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.555..154T">2018Natur.555..154T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-02630-w">10.1038/d41586-018-02630-w</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29517031">29517031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Latest+US+weather+satellite+highlights+forecasting+challenges&rft.volume=555&rft.issue=7695&rft.pages=154&rft.date=2018-03-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29517031&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-018-02630-w&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.555..154T&rft.aulast=Tollefson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-018-02630-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/gnss/waas/howitworks/">"Satellite Navigation – WAAS – How It Works"</a>. FAA. 12 Junie 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satellite+Navigation+%E2%80%93+WAAS+%E2%80%93+How+It+Works&rft.pub=FAA&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fabout%2Foffice_org%2Fheadquarters_offices%2Fato%2Fservice_units%2Ftechops%2Fnavservices%2Fgnss%2Fwaas%2Fhowitworks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707040109/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/positioning-navigation/positioning-for-the-future/satellite-based-augmentation-system">"Satellite Based Augmentation System test-bed project"</a>. Geoscience Australia. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/positioning-navigation/positioning-for-the-future/satellite-based-augmentation-system">die oorspronklike</a> op 7 Julie 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satellite+Based+Augmentation+System+test-bed+project&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fscientific-topics%2Fpositioning-navigation%2Fpositioning-for-the-future%2Fsatellite-based-augmentation-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation press release">Indian Space Research Organisation (3 Januarie 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isro.gov.in/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Jan03_2014">"GAGAN System Certified for RNP0.1 Operations"</a>. Persberig<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://isro.gov.in/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Jan03_2014">http://isro.gov.in/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Jan03_2014</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=GAGAN+System+Certified+for+RNP0.1+Operations&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation&rft.au=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation&rft.date=3+Januarie+2014&rft.series=Persberig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisro.gov.in%2Fpressrelease%2Fscripts%2Fpressreleasein.aspx%3FJan03_2014&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan2014" class="citation news cs1">Radhakrishnan, S. Anil (11 Januarie 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/gagan-system-ready-for-operations/article5565700.ece">"GAGAN system ready for operations"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=GAGAN+system+ready+for+operations&rft.date=2014-01-11&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.+Anil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fgagan-system-ready-for-operations%2Farticle5565700.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Ott, L. E.. "Ten Years of Experience with A Commercial Satellite Navigation System" in <i>International Cooperation in Satellite Communications, Proceedings of the AIAA/ESA Workshop</i>..</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=proceeding&rft.btitle=&rft.atitle=Ten+Years+of+Experience+with+A+Commercial+Satellite+Navigation+System&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=L.+E."><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conf-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-conf_49-0">48,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-conf_49-1">48,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> (September 2007) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282014319">A general approach to the geostationary transfer orbit mission recovery</a>" in <i>20th International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics</i>..</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=proceeding&rft.btitle=&rft.atitle=A+general+approach+to+the+geostationary+transfer+orbit+mission+recovery&rft.date=September+2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F282014319"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221164243/https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/LaunchesandOrbits/LaunchingSatellites/index.html">"Launching Satellites"</a>. <i>Eumetsat</i>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/LaunchesandOrbits/LaunchingSatellites/index.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 21 Desember 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">22 Julie</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eumetsat&rft.atitle=Launching+Satellites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eumetsat.int%2Fwebsite%2Fhome%2FSatellites%2FLaunchesandOrbits%2FLaunchingSatellites%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Davis2014" class="citation web cs1">Jason Davis (17 Januarie 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/20140116-how-to-get-a-satellite-to-gto.html">"How to get a satellite to geostationary orbit"</a>. The Planetary Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">2 Oktober</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+get+a+satellite+to+geostationary+orbit&rft.pub=The+Planetary+Society&rft.date=2014-01-17&rft.au=Jason+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fblogs%2Fjason-davis%2F20140116-how-to-get-a-satellite-to-gto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHenri" class="citation web cs1">Henri, Yvon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327092830/http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/conferences/seminars/mexico-2001/docs/06-procedure-mechanism.doc">"Orbit/Spectrum Allocation Procedures Registration Mechanism under the Radio Regulations"</a>. Space Services Department. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/conferences/seminars/mexico-2001/docs/06-procedure-mechanism.doc">die oorspronklike</a> op 27 Maart 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orbit%2FSpectrum+Allocation+Procedures+Registration+Mechanism+under+the+Radio+Regulations&rft.pub=Space+Services+Department&rft.aulast=Henri&rft.aufirst=Yvon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2FITU-R%2Fconferences%2Fseminars%2Fmexico-2001%2Fdocs%2F06-procedure-mechanism.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/space/en">"Space Services Division"</a>. ITU<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">26 Julie</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Services+Division&rft.pub=ITU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2FITU-R%2Fgo%2Fspace%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFOduntan" class="citation journal cs1">Oduntan, Gbenga. "The Never Ending Dispute: Legal Theories on the Spatial Demarcation Boundary Plane between Airspace and Outer Space". <i>Hertfordshire Law Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 75. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10047170">10047170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hertfordshire+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Never+Ending+Dispute%3A+Legal+Theories+on+the+Spatial+Demarcation+Boundary+Plane+between+Airspace+and+Outer+Space&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10047170%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Oduntan&rft.aufirst=Gbenga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satsig.net/satellite/inclined-orbit-operation.htm">"Inclined orbit operation"</a>. <i>SatSig.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SatSig.net&rft.atitle=Inclined+orbit+operation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satsig.net%2Fsatellite%2Finclined-orbit-operation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFEUMETSAT2017" class="citation web cs1">EUMETSAT (3 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2017-04-satellites-die.html">"Where old satellites go to die"</a>. <i>phys.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Where+old+satellites+go+to+die&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft.au=EUMETSAT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2017-04-satellites-die.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMarric_Stephens2017" class="citation web cs1">Marric Stephens (12 Desember 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/space-debris-threat-to-geosynchronous-satellites-has-been-drastically-underestimated/">"Space debris threat to geosynchronous satellites has been drastically underestimated"</a>. <i>Physics World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physics+World&rft.atitle=Space+debris+threat+to+geosynchronous+satellites+has+been+drastically+underestimated&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft.au=Marric+Stephens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fa%2Fspace-debris-threat-to-geosynchronous-satellites-has-been-drastically-underestimated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telk1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-telk1_58-0">57,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-telk1_58-1">57,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCaleb_Henry2017" class="citation web cs1">Caleb Henry (30 Augustus 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/exoanalytic-video-shows-telkom-1-satellite-erupting-debris/">"ExoAnalytic video shows Telkom-1 satellite erupting debris"</a>. <i>SpaceNews.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews.com&rft.atitle=ExoAnalytic+video+shows+Telkom-1+satellite+erupting+debris&rft.date=2017-08-30&rft.au=Caleb+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fexoanalytic-video-shows-telkom-1-satellite-erupting-debris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Olympus_failure-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Olympus_failure_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.selkirkshire.demon.co.uk/analoguesat/olympuspr.html">"The Olympus failure"</a> <i>ESA press release</i>, 26 Augustus 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911181644/http://www.selkirkshire.demon.co.uk/analoguesat/olympuspr.html">Geargiveer</a> 11 September 2007 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-srdc20060419-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-srdc20060419_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104185122/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=20320">"Notification for Express-AM11 satellite users in connection with the spacecraft failure"</a> <i>Russian Satellite Communications Company</i>, 19 April 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDunstan2018" class="citation web cs1">Dunstan, James E. (30 Januarie 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/op-ed-do-we-care-about-orbital-debris-at-all/">"Do we care about orbital debris at all?"</a>. <i>SpaceNews.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews.com&rft.atitle=Do+we+care+about+orbital+debris+at+all%3F&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft.aulast=Dunstan&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fop-ed-do-we-care-about-orbital-debris-at-all%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceflight101.com/amc-9-satellite-anomaly-orbit-change/">"AMC 9 Satellite Anomaly associated with Energetic Event & sudden Orbit Change – Spaceflight101"</a>. <i>spaceflight101.com</i>. 20 Junie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spaceflight101.com&rft.atitle=AMC+9+Satellite+Anomaly+associated+with+Energetic+Event+%26+sudden+Orbit+Change+%E2%80%93+Spaceflight101&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflight101.com%2Famc-9-satellite-anomaly-orbit-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson2015-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2015_63-0">62,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2015_63-1">62,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> (2015) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hanspeterschaub.info/Papers/Anderson2015c.pdf">Operational Considerations of GEO Debris Synchronization Dynamics</a>" in <i>66th International Astronautical Congress</i>.. IAC-15,A6,7,3,x27478.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=proceeding&rft.btitle=&rft.atitle=Operational+Considerations+of+GEO+Debris+Synchronization+Dynamics&rft.date=2015&rft.place=Jerusalem%2C+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhanspeterschaub.info%2FPapers%2FAnderson2015c.pdf"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iop-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iop_64-0">63,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iop_64-1">63,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iop_64-2">63,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> (2012) "Plasma propulsion for geostationary satellites fortelecommunication and interplanetary missions" in <i>IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering</i>.. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/29/1/012010">10.1088/1757-899X/29/1/012010</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=proceeding&rft.btitle=&rft.atitle=Plasma+propulsion+for+geostationary+satellites+fortelecommunication+and+interplanetary+missions&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F29%2F1%2F012010"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> (2016) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riccardobevilacqua.com/SOLAR%20RADIATION%20PRESSURE%20APPLICATIONS%20ON%20GEOSTATIONARY%20SATELLITES_SUBMISSION.pdf">Solar radiation pressure applications on geostationary satellites</a>" in <i>Proceedings of the 2016 AAS GP & C Conference</i>., American Astronautical Society.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=proceeding&rft.btitle=&rft.atitle=Solar+radiation+pressure+applications+on+geostationary+satellites&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=American+Astronautical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riccardobevilacqua.com%2FSOLAR%2520RADIATION%2520PRESSURE%2520APPLICATIONS%2520ON%2520GEOSTATIONARY%2520SATELLITES_SUBMISSION.pdf"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pople-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pople_68-0">65,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pople_68-1">65,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pople_68-2">65,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPople2001" class="citation book cs1">Pople, Stephen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pjIW6QRlugsC&q=physics+of+geostationary+orbits&pg=PA72"><i>Advanced Physics Through Diagrams</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-19-914199-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-19-914199-1"><bdi>0-19-914199-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Physics+Through+Diagrams&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-914199-1&rft.aulast=Pople&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpjIW6QRlugsC%26q%3Dphysics%2Bof%2Bgeostationary%2Borbits%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geredigeer deur P. Kenneth Seidelmann, "Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac", University Science Books, 1992, p. 700.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMohindroo1997" class="citation book cs1">Mohindroo, K. K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xsffXbNqpOsC&q=physics+of+geostationary+orbits&pg=RA6-PA19"><i>Basic Principles of Physics</i></a>. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Pitambar Publishing Company. pp. 6–8.19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/81-209-0199-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/81-209-0199-1"><bdi>81-209-0199-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Principles+of+Physics&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=6-8.19&rft.pub=Pitambar+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-209-0199-1&rft.aulast=Mohindroo&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxsffXbNqpOsC%26q%3Dphysics%2Bof%2Bgeostationary%2Borbits%26pg%3DRA6-PA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLakdawalla2013" class="citation web cs1">Lakdawalla, Emily (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2013/stationkeeping-in-mars-orbit.html">"Stationkeeping in Mars orbit"</a>. <i>The Planetary Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Society&rft.atitle=Stationkeeping+in+Mars+orbit&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lakdawalla&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fblogs%2Femily-lakdawalla%2F2013%2Fstationkeeping-in-mars-orbit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?planet_phys_par">"Solar System Dynamics"</a>. NASA. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solar+System+Dynamics&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2F%3Fplanet_phys_par&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGeostasion%C3%AAre+wentelbaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="featured-star"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorbladartikel" title="Hierdie artikel is gekies as 'n voorbladartikel. Klik gerus hier vir meer inligting."><img alt="Hierdie artikel is gekies as 'n voorbladartikel. Klik gerus hier vir meer inligting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geostasionêre_wentelbaan&oldid=2699763">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geostasionêre_wentelbaan&oldid=2699763</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Kategorie%C3%AB" title="Spesiaal:Kategorieë">Kategorieë</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Ruimteverskynsels" title="Kategorie:Ruimteverskynsels">Ruimteverskynsels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Hemelmeganika" title="Kategorie:Hemelmeganika">Hemelmeganika</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Versteekte kategorieë: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-bronne_in_Engels_(en)" title="Kategorie:AS1-bronne in Engels (en)">AS1-bronne in Engels (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Voorbladartikels" title="Kategorie:Voorbladartikels">Voorbladartikels</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Die bladsy is laas op 25 September 2024 om 09:09 bygewerk.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Die teks is beskikbaar onder die lisensie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Erkenning-Insgelyks Deel</a>. Aanvullende voorwaardes kan moontlik ook van toepassing wees. Sien die <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Algemene Voorwaardes</a> vir meer inligting.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privaatheidsbeleid</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oor">Inligting oor Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorwaardes">Vrywaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Gedragskode</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Ontwikkelaars</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/af.wikipedia.org">Statistieke</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Koekieverklaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//af.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Selfoonweergawe</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7ztkk","wgBackendResponseTime":1441,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.927","walltime":"1.205","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4536,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":121448,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6192,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":259621,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 875.304 1 -total"," 74.29% 650.262 1 Sjabloon:Verwysings"," 28.28% 247.567 38 Sjabloon:Cite_web"," 21.68% 189.735 11 Sjabloon:Cite_book"," 6.24% 54.642 1 Sjabloon:Normdata"," 5.79% 50.662 1 Sjabloon:Hoofartikel"," 5.39% 47.151 1 Sjabloon:Rellink"," 4.98% 43.548 1 Sjabloon:Namespace_detect"," 4.76% 41.705 5 Sjabloon:Cite_news"," 4.71% 41.198 4 Sjabloon:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.518","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4228251,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7ztkk","timestamp":"20241124085014","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Geostasion\u00eare wentelbaan","url":"https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q192316","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q192316","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2024-02-06T07:36:36Z","dateModified":"2024-09-25T09:09:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/50\/Geostationaryjava3D.gif","headline":"sirkelvormige sinchroniese wentelbaan 35,786 km bokant die Aarde se ewenaar, 42,164 km vanaf die Aarde se middelpunt en volg die rigting van die Aarde se rotasie"}</script> </body> </html>