Laticifers: An historical perspective

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Laticifers: An historical perspective | The Botanical Review</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Laticifers: An historical perspective"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The Botanical Review - This review describes the development of the laticifer concept, with emphasis upon the nonarticulated type, from early observations of plant exudates and “juices”..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12229"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="12229"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Laticifers: An historical perspective"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="The Botanical Review 1993 59:1"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="1993 The New York Botanical Garden"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="1993 The New York Botanical Garden"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="This review describes the development of the laticifer concept, with emphasis upon the nonarticulated type, from early observations of plant exudates and “juices” to the presentation of laticifers by Esau (1953). Classical writers and herbalists described practical applications of these substances. With the advent of the microscope early investigators believed that these substances occurred in structures present in most, if not all, plants and, wrongly, equated these structures to the circulatory system in animals. Introduction of the term, latex, into botany derived from its early use as a term for a blood component by physicians, and not for analogy to milk. However, the origin of the terms, laticifer and laticiferous, remains uncertain. Initial studies of laticifers were marked by the controversy of whether they represented intercellular spaces or elongated cells. Confirmation of their cellular character led to the designation of nonarticulated and articulated laticifers. Nonarticulated laticifers were shown to arise during early embryogeny in some plants. The ontogenetic origin of the articulated laticifer was unclear to early workers, but new laticifers were detected to be formed by cambium activity. Nonarticulated laticifers were described to develop by intrusive growth whereby tips of the cell penetrated between adjacent cells. The coenocytic condition of the nonarticulated laticifer resulted from nuclear divisions along the cell positioned in the growth region of the shoot and the subsequent distribution of the daughter nuclei along the length of the cell."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1874-9372"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="The Botanical Review"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="59"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="23"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="1993 The New York Botanical Garden"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02856611"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/BF02856611"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02856611.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02856611"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="The Botanical Review"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Bot. Rev"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1874-9372"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Laticifers: An historical perspective"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="59"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="1993/01"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="23"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/BF02856611"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/BF02856611"/> <meta name="size" content="169136"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/BF02856611"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/BF02856611&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="This review describes the development of the laticifer concept, with emphasis upon the nonarticulated type, from early observations of plant exudates and &"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Mahlberg, Paul G."/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Plant Sciences"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Plant Anatomy/Development"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Plant Physiology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Plant Ecology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content=" Anonymous. 1846. 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Vreede; citation_volume=51; citation_publication_date=1949; citation_pages=125-149; citation_id=CR96"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl.; citation_title=Wuchsstoff und Wachstum; citation_author=F. W. Went; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=1928; citation_pages=1-116; citation_id=CR97"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Theoria generationis (1759); citation_publication_date=1869; citation_id=CR98; citation_author=C. F. Wolff; citation_publisher=Engelmann"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Flora; citation_title=Über Verlauf und Enstehung der Milchröhren des Hanfes (Cannabis sativa); citation_author=A. Zander; citation_volume=23; citation_publication_date=1928; citation_pages=191-218; citation_id=CR99"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mahlberg, Paul G."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="1993/01/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02856611"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Laticifers: An historical perspective - The Botanical Review"/> <meta property="og:description" content="This review describes the development of the laticifer concept, with emphasis upon the nonarticulated type, from early observations of plant exudates and “juices” to the presentation of laticifers by Esau (1953). Classical writers and herbalists described practical applications of these substances. With the advent of the microscope early investigators believed that these substances occurred in structures present in most, if not all, plants and, wrongly, equated these structures to the circulatory system in animals. Introduction of the term, latex, into botany derived from its early use as a term for a blood component by physicians, and not for analogy to milk. However, the origin of the terms, laticifer and laticiferous, remains uncertain. Initial studies of laticifers were marked by the controversy of whether they represented intercellular spaces or elongated cells. Confirmation of their cellular character led to the designation of nonarticulated and articulated laticifers. Nonarticulated laticifers were shown to arise during early embryogeny in some plants. The ontogenetic origin of the articulated laticifer was unclear to early workers, but new laticifers were detected to be formed by cambium activity. Nonarticulated laticifers were described to develop by intrusive growth whereby tips of the cell penetrated between adjacent cells. The coenocytic condition of the nonarticulated laticifer resulted from nuclear divisions along the cell positioned in the growth region of the shoot and the subsequent distribution of the daughter nuclei along the length of the cell."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12229"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" 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Classical writers and herbalists described practical applications of these substances. With the advent of the microscope early investigators believed that these substances occurred in structures present in most, if not all, plants and, wrongly, equated these structures to the circulatory system in animals. Introduction of the term, latex, into botany derived from its early use as a term for a blood component by physicians, and not for analogy to milk. However, the origin of the terms, laticifer and laticiferous, remains uncertain. Initial studies of laticifers were marked by the controversy of whether they represented intercellular spaces or elongated cells. Confirmation of their cellular character led to the designation of nonarticulated and articulated laticifers. Nonarticulated laticifers were shown to arise during early embryogeny in some plants. The ontogenetic origin of the articulated laticifer was unclear to early workers, but new laticifers were detected to be formed by cambium activity. Nonarticulated laticifers were described to develop by intrusive growth whereby tips of the cell penetrated between adjacent cells. 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class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">Article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> </li> </ol> </nav> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Laticifers: An historical perspective</h1> <ul class="c-article-identifiers"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> Published: <time datetime="1993-01">January 1993</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-article-identifiers c-article-identifiers--cite-list"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <span data-test="journal-volume">Volume 59</span>, pages 1–23, (<span data-test="article-publication-year">1993</span>) </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </li> </ul> <div 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href="https://link.springer.com/journal/12229/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/botr" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Paul_G_-Mahlberg-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Paul_G_-Mahlberg-Aff1" data-author-search="Mahlberg, Paul G.">Paul G. Mahlberg</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>437 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>84 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium"></use> </svg>3 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/BF02856611/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>This review describes the development of the laticifer concept, with emphasis upon the nonarticulated type, from early observations of plant exudates and “juices” to the presentation of laticifers by Esau (1953). Classical writers and herbalists described practical applications of these substances. With the advent of the microscope early investigators believed that these substances occurred in structures present in most, if not all, plants and, wrongly, equated these structures to the circulatory system in animals. Introduction of the term, latex, into botany derived from its early use as a term for a blood component by physicians, and not for analogy to milk. However, the origin of the terms, laticifer and laticiferous, remains uncertain. Initial studies of laticifers were marked by the controversy of whether they represented intercellular spaces or elongated cells. Confirmation of their cellular character led to the designation of nonarticulated and articulated laticifers. Nonarticulated laticifers were shown to arise during early embryogeny in some plants. The ontogenetic origin of the articulated laticifer was unclear to early workers, but new laticifers were detected to be formed by cambium activity. Nonarticulated laticifers were described to develop by intrusive growth whereby tips of the cell penetrated between adjacent cells. The coenocytic condition of the nonarticulated laticifer resulted from nuclear divisions along the cell positioned in the growth region of the shoot and the subsequent distribution of the daughter nuclei along the length of the cell.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="Abs2" data-title="Zusammenfassung" lang="de"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs2">Zusammenfassung</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs2-content"><p>Die vorliegende Übersicht beschreibt die Entwicklung des Milchröhrenkonzeptes, beginnend mit den frühen Beobachtungen an Pflanzenausscheidungen und “Pflanzensäften” bis hin zu ihrer Darstellung bei Esau (1953). Dabei stehen ungegliederte Milchröhren im Vordergrund. Die klassischen Schriftsteller sowie die Verfasser der Kräuterbücher haben die Nutzanwendungen dieser Stoffe geschildert. Mit der Erfindung des Mikroskops wurden frühe Forscher zu der Annahme verleitet, daß derartige Stoffe in Strukturen vorkämen, die den meisten, wenn nicht allen Pflanzen gemeinsam seien. Diese Strukturen wurden dann, fälschlicherweise, mit dem Kreislauf der Tiere homoligisiert. Die Einführung des Begriffs “Latex” in die botanische Terminologie beruht auf der frühen ärztlichen Verwendung dieses Begriffs für einen Blutbestandteil, und nicht auf einer Analogie zu Milch. Die genaue Herkunft der Bezeichnungen “Milchröhre” und “Milchsaft führend” bleibt jedoch im Dunkeln. Erste Untersuchungen an Milchröhren waren von der Kontroverse geprägt, ob es sich um sehr stark gestreckte Zellen oder um Hohlräume zwischen Zellen handelt. Mit der Bestätigung der zellulären Natur der Milchröhren fand ihre Einteilung in gegliederte und ungegliederte Milchröhren statt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß ungegliederte Milchröhren schon in den frühen Embryonalstadien milchsaftführender Pflanzen angelegt werden. Die ontogenetische Herkunft gegliederte Milchröhren konnte von den frühen Bearbeitern nicht geklärt werden; sie stellten jedoch fest, daß neue Milchröhrenzellen durch kambiale Aktivität abgegliedert werden. Es wurde auch beschrieben, daß ungegliederte Milchröhren während des Wachstums in bereits vorhandene Gewebe eindringen, wobei ihre Zellspitzen sich zwischen die Zellwände zweier benachbarter Zellen drängen. Die coenocytische Natur ungegliederter Milchröhren kommt durch Kernteilungen an der Spitze der Milchröhre und damit des Sprosses zustande, wobei sich die Tochterkerne nach ihrer Abgliederung entlang der gesamten Zelle verteilen.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2FBF02856611%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D5d470aa7-d0b9-4320-ba11-b45e4b82a61f" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg> to check access. </p> </div> <div data-test="access-article" class="app-article-access"> <h2 class="app-article-access__heading">Access this article</h2> <div class="u-ma-16 u-clear-both"> <a href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2FBF02856611%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D5d470aa7-d0b9-4320-ba11-b45e4b82a61f" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="institution access" data-track-label="button"> <span data-test="access-via-institution">Log in via an institution</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div data-test="buy-box-mobile" class="c-article-buy-box"> <div class="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin" id="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin">  <div class="buying-option" data-test-id="buy-article-darwin"> <div> <div class="c-springer-plus"> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Subscribe and save</h2> <div class="springer-plus"> <div class="springer-plus-headline"> <div class="springer-plus-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use> </svg><span>Springer+ Basic</span> </div> <div class="dd price-amount-springer-plus"> €32.70 /Month </div> </div> <ul class="buying-option-usps"> <li>Get 10 units per month</li> <li>Download Article/Chapter or eBook</li> <li>1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter</li> <li>Cancel anytime</li> </ul><a href="https://link.springer.com/product/springer-plus" id="btn-subscribe-springerPlus" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary" data-track="click||click_springer_subscribe" data-track-context="buy box"><span>Subscribe now </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a> </div> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Buy Now</h2> </div> <div class="buybox__buy"> <form action="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="type" value="article"><input type="hidden" name="doi" value="10.1007/BF02856611"><input type="hidden" name="isxn" value="1874-9372"><input type="hidden" name="contenttitle" value="Laticifers: An historical perspective"><input type="hidden" name="copyrightyear" value="1993"><input type="hidden" name="year" value=""><input type="hidden" name="authors" value="Paul G. 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