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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Otapalo_i_otopljena_tvar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otapalo_i_otopljena_tvar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Otapalo i otopljena tvar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otapalo_i_otopljena_tvar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vrste_otopina[1]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vrste_otopina[1]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vrste otopina<sup><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vrste_otopina[1]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vrste_otopina_prema_veličini_čestica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vrste_otopina_prema_veličini_čestica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vrste otopina prema veličini čestica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vrste_otopina_prema_veličini_čestica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topljivost_tvari_u_otapalima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topljivost_tvari_u_otapalima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Topljivost tvari u otapalima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topljivost_tvari_u_otapalima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topljivost_tvari_u_vodi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topljivost_tvari_u_vodi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Topljivost tvari u vodi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topljivost_tvari_u_vodi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Svojstva_otopina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svojstva_otopina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Svojstva otopina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Svojstva_otopina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iskazivanje_sastava_otopina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iskazivanje_sastava_otopina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Iskazivanje sastava otopina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iskazivanje_sastava_otopina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Otopine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 84 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplossing_(chemie)" title="Oplossing (chemie) – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oplossing (chemie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84" title="محلول – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محلول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%C3%B3n" title="Disolución – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Disolución" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solusyon_(kimika)" title="Solusyon (kimika) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Solusyon (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Раствор – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Раствор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рашчына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рашчына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Разтвор – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разтвор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A3" title="দ্রবণ – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্রবণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastvor" title="Rastvor – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rastvor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluci%C3%B3_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Solució química – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Solució química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95" title="گیراوە – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گیراوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roztok" title="Roztok – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roztok" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA" title="Ирĕлчĕк – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ирĕлчĕк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opl%C3%B8sning_(kemi)" title="Opløsning (kemi) – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opløsning (kemi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6sung_(Chemie)" title="Lösung (Chemie) – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lösung (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Διάλυμα – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάλυμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry) – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Solution (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solva%C4%B5o" title="Solvaĵo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Solvaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%C3%B3n" title="Disolución – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disolución" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahus" title="Lahus – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lahus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluzio" title="Disoluzio – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Disoluzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84" title="محلول – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محلول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuos" title="Liuos – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liuos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chimie)" title="Solution (chimie) – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Solution (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaslag%C3%A1n" title="Tuaslagán – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tuaslagán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%C3%B3n" title="Disolución – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Disolución" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94" title="תמיסה – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תמיסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="विलयन – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलयन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solisyon" title="Solisyon – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Solisyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldat" title="Oldat – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oldat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լուծույթներ – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուծույթներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larutan" title="Larutan – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Larutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausn" title="Lausn – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lausn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluzione_(chimica)" title="Soluzione (chimica) – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Soluzione (chimica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="溶液 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ხსნარები – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხსნარები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerway" title="Amerway – kabilski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amerway" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Ерітінді – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ерітінді" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%A9%EC%95%A1" title="용액 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="용액" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutio_(chemia)" title="Solutio (chemia) – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Solutio (chemia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluzion" title="Soluzion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Soluzion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirpalas" title="Tirpalas – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tirpalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%B7%C4%ABdums" title="Šķīdums – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šķīdums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Раствор – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Раствор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ലായനി – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലായനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Уусмал – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уусмал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3" title="द्रावण – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्रावण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larutan" title="Larutan – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Larutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="घोल – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="घोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplossing_(scheikunde)" title="Oplossing (scheikunde) – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oplossing (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8sning_(kjemi)" title="Løsning (kjemi) – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Løsning (kjemi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solucion_(quimia)" title="Solucion (quimia) – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Solucion (quimia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbula" title="Bulbula – oromski" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bulbula" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%98%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਘੋਲ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਘੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roztw%C3%B3r" title="Roztwór – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roztwór" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Solução – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Solução" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chullusqa" title="Chullusqa – kečuanski" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chullusqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solu%C8%9Bie_(chimie)" title="Soluție (chimie) – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Soluție (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Раствор – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Раствор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otopina" title="Otopina – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otopina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Solution (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roztok" title="Roztok – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Roztok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raztopina" title="Raztopina – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Raztopina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munyungu" title="Munyungu – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Munyungu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millan" title="Millan – somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Millan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tret%C3%ABsirat" title="Tretësirat – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tretësirat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Раствор – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Раствор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6sning_(kemi)" title="Lösning (kemi) – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lösning (kemi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmumunyo" title="Mmumunyo – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mmumunyo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கரைசல் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரைசல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="สารละลาย – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารละลาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%B6zelti" title="Çözelti – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çözelti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Розчин – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розчин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84" title="محلول – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محلول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritma" title="Eritma – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eritma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C5%82usion" title="Sołusion – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sołusion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_d%E1%BB%8Bch" title="Dung dịch – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dung dịch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solusyon" title="Solusyon – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Solusyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="溶液 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-solution" title="I-solution – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-solution" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="溶液 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="溶液 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B4ng-e%CC%8Dk" title="Iông-e̍k – min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iông-e̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="溶液 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5447188#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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<p><b>Otopina</b> u širem smislu je homogena smjesa u kojoj se sastojci nalaze u molekularnom (prava otopina) ili koloidnom razdjeljenju (koloidna otopina) i koja može biti u sva tri agregatna stanja: plinska smjesa, smjesa kapljevina, čvrsta otopina (npr. srebra u zlatu, vodika u metalu paladiju). </p><p><b>Otopina</b> u užem smislu je samo tekuća otopina, ponajprije ona nastala otapanjem čvrste tvari u otapalu.<sup id="cite_ref-„Hrv_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-„Hrv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Otapalo_i_otopljena_tvar">Otapalo i otopljena tvar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Otapalo i otopljena tvar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Otapalo i otopljena tvar"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osnovno je svojstvo svih pravih otopina homogen sastav, što znači da npr. otopina etanola u vodi u svakom svom djeliću ima jednak sastav, odnosno da je svuda u otopini omjer broja molekula <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanola</a> i vode stalan. U otopinama valja razlikovati <b><a href="/wiki/Otapalo" title="Otapalo">otapalo</a></b> i <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopljena_tvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otopljena tvar (stranica ne postoji)">otopljenu tvar</a></b>. Ako su otapalo i otopljena tvar tekućine, otapalom se najčešće naziva onaj sastojak kojeg u otopini ima više. Inače, pod otapalom se razumije tekućina, a pod otopljenom tvari kruta ili plinovita <a href="/wiki/Tvar" title="Tvar">tvar</a> koja se u toj tekućini otapa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vrste_otopina[1]"><span id="Vrste_otopina.5B1.5D"></span>Vrste otopina<sup id="cite_ref-„Hrv_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-„Hrv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Vrste otopina[1]" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vrste otopina[1]"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Dilution-concentration_simple_example.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Koncentracija"><img alt="Koncentracija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Dilution-concentration_simple_example.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption>Koncentracija</figcaption></figure> <p>Tekuće tvari (kapljevine) se mogu među sobom otapati (miješati) potpuno (u svim omjerima) ili u ograničenoj mjeri. <a href="/wiki/Topljivost" title="Topljivost">Topljivost</a> kapljevina koje se ne miješaju u svim omjerima redovito se mijenja s temperaturom, te na određenoj temperaturi može postati potpuna (kritična točka topljivosti).  </p><p>Čvrste se tvari redovito otapaju u <a href="/wiki/Otapalo" title="Otapalo">otapalima</a> u ograničenoj mjeri. Najveća količina čvrste tvari koja se pod danim uvjetima (ponajprije pri određenoj temperaturi) može otopiti u određenoj količini otapala naziva se topljivost te tvari pod tim uvjetima. </p><p>Otopina koja sadrži maksimalnu količinu otopljene tvari zove se zasićena, ona koja sadrži nešto manje, ali još uvijek velike količine otopljene tvari zove se koncentrirana, a ona koja sadrži male količine otopljene tvari zove se razrijeđena otopina. Koncentrirana i razrijeđena otopina spadaju u nezasićene otopine. U nekim je uvjetima moguće da otopina sadrži više otopljene tvari nego što bi odgovaralo topljivosti tada govorimo o prezasićenoj otopini. Otopine dakle mogu biti: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>zasićene</li> <li>nezasićene, koncentrirana i razrijeđena otopina</li> <li>prezasićene</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Otopina plina u kapljevini načelno se ne razlikuje od smjese kapljevina; zakon linearne ovisnosti napona pare razrijeđene otopine o koncentraciji naziva se u tom slučaju Henryjevim zakonom.  </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vrste_otopina_prema_veličini_čestica"><span id="Vrste_otopina_prema_veli.C4.8Dini_.C4.8Destica"></span>Vrste otopina prema veličini čestica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Vrste otopina prema veličini čestica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vrste otopina prema veličini čestica"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Dispersion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dispersion.gif/250px-Dispersion.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dispersion.gif/375px-Dispersion.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dispersion.gif/500px-Dispersion.gif 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Disperzija</figcaption></figure> <p>Sve otopine u kojima je otapalo tekućina (voda) možemo podijeliti u tri disperzna sustava prema otopljenim ili raspršenim česticama:<sup id="cite_ref-Hab_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hab-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Naziv sustava</th> <th>Veličina čestica</th> <th>Primjer </th></tr> <tr> <td>Suspenzija</td> <td align="center">> 200 nm</td> <td>mutna riječna voda </td></tr> <tr> <td>Koloidna otopina</td> <td align="center">1 - 200 nm</td> <td>mlijeko, citoplazma </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prava otopina</td> <td align="center"><1 nm</td> <td>morska voda, vino </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topljivost_tvari_u_otapalima"><a href="/wiki/Topljivost" title="Topljivost">Topljivost</a> tvari u otapalima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Topljivost tvari u otapalima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Topljivost tvari u otapalima"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voda je uobičajeno ali istovremeno vrlo osobito otapalo. Molekule vode su <a href="/wiki/Dipol" title="Dipol">dipoli</a> među kojima djeluje <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_veza" title="Kemijska veza">vodikova veza</a> te je voda najpolarnije otapalo. Neka druga otapala su također polarna (alkoholi), slabo polarna (eteri) ili nepolarna (ugljikovodici). U vodi se zato dobro otapaju polarne odnosno <a href="/wiki/Ionska_veza" title="Ionska veza">ionske tvari</a>, građene od nabijenih čestica <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">iona</a> a to su razne <a href="/wiki/Soli" title="Soli">soli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiseline" title="Kiseline">kiseline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidroksidi" title="Hidroksidi">hidroksidi</a>, dok se nepolarne tvari (jod, sumpor) ne otapaju ili ne miješaju (ugljikovodici, ulja). Obrnuto u nepolarnim ili slabo polarnim otapalima (ugljikovodici, eteri) slabo se otapaju ionske tvari a dobro se otapaju nepolarne kovalentne tvari (ulja, masti). Zato je postavljeno "zlatno pravilo" otapanja: </p><p><i>"Slično se otapa u sličnom!"</i><sup id="cite_ref-Hab_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hab-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Također vrijedi opčenito: topljivost krutih tvari raste porastom temperature otapala dok topljivost plinova pada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topljivost_tvari_u_vodi">Topljivost tvari u vodi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Topljivost tvari u vodi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Topljivost tvari u vodi"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:SolubilityVsTemperature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/SolubilityVsTemperature.svg/400px-SolubilityVsTemperature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/SolubilityVsTemperature.svg/600px-SolubilityVsTemperature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/SolubilityVsTemperature.svg/800px-SolubilityVsTemperature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Dijagram topljivosti nekih soli u vodi ovisno o temperaturi</figcaption></figure> <p>Topljivost tvari u vodi je znakovito svojstvo te tvari, izražava se u gramima otopljene tvari na 100 g vode pri promatranoj temperaturi. Topljivost može za različite tvari biti vrlo različita (netopljive, slabo topljive, jako topljive tvari), a redovito se mijenja s temperaturom: s porastom temperature najčešće se povećava, ali se može i smanjivati ili se u jednom temperaturnom intervalu povećavati, a u drugome smanjivati (dijagram). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Svojstva_otopina">Svojstva otopina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Svojstva otopina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Svojstva otopina"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Svojstva otopine (npr. gustoća, <a href="/wiki/Vreli%C5%A1te" title="Vrelište">vrelište</a>) linearno se mijenjaju s njezinim sastavom samo onda kada su sastojci među sobom kemijski srodni, npr. u smjesama ugljikovodika (idealne otopine). U protivnom, postoje redovito znatna odstupanja od linearnosti (npr. neke smjese kapljevina vriju na temperaturi nižoj ili višoj od vrelišta bilo kojeg od njihovih sastojaka). Tada linearna ovisnost o sastavu postoji samo za razrijeđenu otopinu. S povećanjem koncentracije otopljene tvari smanjuje se tlak parâ otapala, što kao posljedicu ima sniženje temperature očvršćivanja i povišenje temperature vrelišta otopina. Ova dva svojstva otopina zajedno s <a href="/wiki/Osmoza" title="Osmoza">osmozom</a> ubrajamo u <b><a href="/wiki/Koligativna_svojstva" title="Koligativna svojstva">koligativna svojstva</a></b> otopina. To su svojstva koja ovise jedino o broju otopljenih čestica a ne i o njihovoj kemijskoj ili fizikalnoj prirodi. <sup id="cite_ref-„Hrv_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-„Hrv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iskazivanje_sastava_otopina">Iskazivanje sastava otopina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Iskazivanje sastava otopina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Iskazivanje sastava otopina"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sastav otopina može se izraziti na razne načine: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>omjerima,</li> <li>udjelima,</li> <li>koncentracijama i</li> <li>molalnošću.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Stehiometrija#Primjena_stehiometrije_-_sastav_smjesa_tvari" title="Stehiometrija">Stehiometrija § Primjena stehiometrije - sastav smjesa tvari</a></div></i></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otopine&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-„Hrv-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-„Hrv_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-„Hrv_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-„Hrv_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=45894">[1]</a> Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, Hrvatska enciklopedija: Otopina</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hab-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Hab_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hab_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Habuš, Strićević, Liber: Opća kemija 2, Udžbenik kemije, 2. izd., Profil, Zagreb, 2008., <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-953-12-0390-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-953-12-0390-6">978-953-12-0390-6</a>, str.30-42</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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