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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <head>  <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no"> <meta name="description" content="Access full-text academic articles: J-STAGE is an online platform for Japanese academic journals."> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food" /> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Asian Agricultural and Biological Engineering Association" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Meng Yu" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kiyotaka Saga" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kenji Imou" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Fumio Hasegawa" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yutaka Kaizu" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Koji Tosa" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Chemistry, Kanazawa Institute of Technology" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Satoshi Kato" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kanazawa Institute of Technology" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Solid fuel production from Jatropha oil cake by heat-press treatment" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2016" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2023/09/27" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="9" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="15" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="20" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1016/j.eaef.2015.08.001" /> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content="" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/eaef/9/1/9_15/_pdf" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1881-8366" /> <meta name="citation_language" content="en" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Phorbol ester" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Heat-press" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Biomass fuel" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Jatropha curcas L" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Aderibigbe, A., Johnson, C., Makkar, H., Becker, K., Foidl, N., 1997. Chemical composition and effect of heat on organic matter-and nitrogen-degradability and some antinutritional components of Jatropha meal. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 67, 223–243." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Akintayo, E., 2004. Characteristics and composition of Parkia biglobbossa and Jatropha curcas oils and cakes. Bioresour. Technol. 92, 307–310." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Aregheore, E., Becker, K., Makkar, H., 2003. Detoxification of a toxic variety of Jatropha curcas using heat and chemical treatments, and preliminary nutritional evaluation with rats. S. Pac. J. Nat. Appl. Sci. 21, 51–56." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Azam, M., Waris, A., Nahar, N., 2005. Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India. Biomass Bioenerg. 29.4, 293–302." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Belewu, M., Sam, R., 2010. Solid state fermentation of Jatropha curcas kernel cake: proximate composition and antinutritional components. Yeast Fungal Res. 1, 44–46." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="El Diwani, G., El Rafei, S.A., Hawash, S., 2011. Ozone for phorbol esters removal from Egyptian Jatropha oil seed cake. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res. 2." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Econergy International Corporation, 2008. Mozambique Biofuels Assessment. Final Report, Prepared for the Ministry of Agriculture of Mozambique and the Ministry of Energy of Mozambique, Washington DC." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Goel, G., Makkar, H.P., Francis, G., Becker, K., 2007. Phorbol esters: structure, biological activity, and toxicity in animals. Int. J. Toxicol. 26, 279–288." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Gouri, A., 2007. Economic Times, Jatropha not ready to go commercial. Econ. Times, Delhi Ed. Sect. Econ. 25." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Guedes, R.E., Cruz, F.d.A., Lima, M.C.d., Sant’Ana, L.D.O., Castro, R.N., Mendes, M.F., 2014. Detoxification of Jatropha curcas seed cake using chemical treatment: analysis with a central composite rotatable design. Ind. Crops Prod. 52, 537–543." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Hidayat, C., Hastuti, P., Wardhani, A.K., Nadia, L.S., 2014. Method of phorbol ester degradation in Jatropha curcas L. seed cake using rice bran lipase. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 117, 372–374." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Kasuya, M.C.M., da Luz, J.M.R., da Silva Pereira, L.P., da Silva, J.S., Montavani, H.C., Rodrigues, M.T., 2012. Bio-detoxification of Jatropha Seed Cake and its Use in Animal Feed." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Kawami, Y., Kuwana, K., Ida, T., Mizuno, S., Morita, A., 2010. The technical development compounded of high density solid fuel under 180°C–20MPa conditions by a tea scum. J. High. Temp. Soc. 35, 97–101." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Kumar, A., Sharma, S., 2008. An evaluation of multipurpose oil seed crop for industrial uses (Jatropha curcas L.): a review. Ind. Crops Prod. 28, 1–10." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Kumar, V., Makkar, H., Becker, K., 2010. Dietary inclusion of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal: effects on growth performance and metabolic efficiency in common carp. Fish. Physiol. Biochem. 36, 1159–1170." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Liang, Y., Siddaramu, T., Yesuf, J., Sarkany, N., 2010. Fermentable sugar release from Jatropha seed cakes following lime pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 6417–6424." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ma, F., Hanna, M.A., 1999. Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresource Technology. Bioresour. Technol. 70, 1–15." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Makkar, H., Becker, K., Sporer, F., Wink, M., 1997. Studies on nutritive potential and toxic constituents of different provenances of Jatropha curcas. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 45, 3152–3157." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Makkar, H., Aderibigbe, A., Becker, K., 1998. Comparative evaluation of non-toxic and toxic varieties of Jatropha curcas for chemical composition, digestibility, protein degradability and toxic factors. Food Chem. 62, 207–215." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Makkar, H., Becker, K., Garland, T., Barr, A., 1998. Jatropha curcas Toxicity: Identification of Toxic Principle (S), Toxic Plants and Other Natural Toxicants. CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 554–558." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Makkar, H., Maes, J., De Greyt, W., Becker, K., 2009. Removal and degradation of phorbol esters during pre-treatment and transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 86, 173–181." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Martinez-Herrera, J., Siddhuraju, P., Francis, G., Davila-Ortiz, G., Becker, K., 2006. Chemical composition, toxic/antimetabolic constituents, and effects of different treatments on their levels, in four provenances of Jatropha curcas L. from Mexico. Food Chem. 96, 80–89." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Munch, E., Kiefer, J., 1989. Purging nut (Jatropha curcas L.), multi-use plant as a source of fuel in the future. Schriftenr. GTZ 209, 1–32." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Phasukarratchai, N., Tontayakom, V., Tongcumpou, C., 2012. Reduction of phorbol esters in Jatropha curcas L. pressed meal by surfactant solutions extraction. Biomass Bioenergy 45, 48–56." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Phengnuam, T., Suntornsuk, W., 2013. Detoxification and anti-nutrients reduction of Jatropha curcas seed cake by Bacillus fermentation. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 115, 168–172." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Rakshit, K., Darukeshwara, J., Rathina Raj, K., Narasimhamurthy, K., Saibaba, P., Bhagya, S., 2008. Toxicity studies of detoxified Jatropha meal (Jatropha curcas) in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 3621–3625." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Rodrigues, J., Miranda, I., Gominho, J., Vasconcelos, M., Barradas, G., Pereira, H., Bianchi-de-Aguiar, F., Ferreira-Dias, S., 2013. Variability in oil content and composition and storage stability of seeds from Jatropha curcas L. grown in Mozambique. Ind. Crops Prod. 50, 828–837." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Saetae, D., Suntornsuk, W., 2010. Toxic compound, anti-nutritional factors and functional properties of protein isolated from detoxified Jatropha curcas seed cake. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12, 66–77." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Severa, G., Kumar, G., Troung, M., Young, G., Cooney, M.J., 2013. Simultaneous extraction and separation of phorbol esters and bio-oil from Jatropha biomass using ionic liquidemethanol co-solvents. Sep. Purif. Technol. 116, 265–270." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Veerabhadrappa, M.B., Shivakumar, S.B., Devappa, S., 2014. Solid-state fermentation of Jatropha seed cake for optimization of lipase, protease and detoxification of anti-nutrients in Jatropha seed cake using Aspergillus versicolor CJS-98. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 117, 208–214." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wang, X.-H., Ou, L., Fu, L.-L., Zheng, S., Lou, J.-D., Gomes-Laranjo, J., Li, J., Zhang, C., 2013. Detoxification of Jatropha curcas kernel cake by a novel Streptomyces fimicarius strain. J. Hazard. Mater 260, 238–246." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wink, M., Koschmieder, C., Sauerwein, M., Sporer, F., 1997. Phorbol Esters of J. Curcas-Biological Activities and Potential Applications." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Xiao, J., Zhang, H., Niu, L., Wang, X., Lu, X., 2011. Evaluation of detoxification methods on toxic and antinutritional composition and nutritional quality of proteins in Jatropha curcas meal. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 59, 4040–4044." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Yunping, B., Ngoc Ha, B.T., Eunice, Y., Loong Chueng, L., Yan, H., 2012. Light induced degradation of phorbol esters. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 84, 268–273." /> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="10.1016/j.eaef.2015.08.001" /> <meta name="journal_code" content="eaef" /> <meta name="journal_title" content="Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food" /> <meta name="journal_abbrev" content="Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food" /> <meta name="publisher" content="Asian Agricultural and Biological Engineering Association" /> <meta name="authors" content="Meng Yu" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo" /> <meta name="authors" content="Kiyotaka Saga" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo" /> <meta name="authors" content="Kenji Imou" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo" /> <meta name="authors" content="Fumio Hasegawa" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo" /> <meta name="authors" content="Yutaka Kaizu" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo" /> <meta name="authors" content="Koji Tosa" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Chemistry, Kanazawa Institute of Technology" /> <meta name="authors" content="Satoshi Kato" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kanazawa Institute of Technology" /> <meta name="title" content="Solid fuel production from Jatropha oil cake by heat-press treatment" /> <meta name="publication_date" content="2016" /> <meta name="online_date" content="2023/09/27" /> <meta name="volume" content="9" /> <meta name="issue" content="1" /> <meta name="firstpage" content="15" /> <meta name="lastpage" content="20" /> <meta name="doi" content="10.1016/j.eaef.2015.08.001" /> <meta name="fulltext_world_readable" content="" /> <meta name="pdf_url" content="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/eaef/9/1/9_15/_pdf" /> <meta name="online_issn" content="1881-8366" /> <meta name="issn_l" content="1881-8366" /> <meta name="language" content="en" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Phorbol ester" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Heat-press" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Biomass fuel" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Jatropha curcas L" /> <meta name="abstract" content="Jatropha curcas L. is considered a promising next-generation biomass fuel source. Unfortunately, Jatropha seeds contain toxic phorbol esters (PEs) that must be removed from the extracted oil cake for safe use. We used Jatropha oil cake, a byproduct of biodiesel production, and heat-press equipment to evaluate optimum parameters for PE removal while producing a solid fuel with a high energy density. The PE concentration was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and results showed that the heat-press treatment was effective for PE removal from Jatropha oil cake. Treatment for 15 min at 195 °C under 19.1 MPa pressure produced a solid fuel with PE concentration below the lower detection limit. Our results suggest both treatment temperature and pressure are important factors for PE removal." /> <meta name="references" content="Aderibigbe, A., Johnson, C., Makkar, H., Becker, K., Foidl, N., 1997. Chemical composition and effect of heat on organic matter-and nitrogen-degradability and some antinutritional components of Jatropha meal. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 67, 223–243." /> <meta name="references" content="Akintayo, E., 2004. Characteristics and composition of Parkia biglobbossa and Jatropha curcas oils and cakes. Bioresour. Technol. 92, 307–310." /> <meta name="references" content="Aregheore, E., Becker, K., Makkar, H., 2003. Detoxification of a toxic variety of Jatropha curcas using heat and chemical treatments, and preliminary nutritional evaluation with rats. S. Pac. J. Nat. Appl. Sci. 21, 51–56." /> <meta name="references" content="Azam, M., Waris, A., Nahar, N., 2005. Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India. Biomass Bioenerg. 29.4, 293–302." /> <meta name="references" content="Belewu, M., Sam, R., 2010. Solid state fermentation of Jatropha curcas kernel cake: proximate composition and antinutritional components. Yeast Fungal Res. 1, 44–46." /> <meta name="references" content="El Diwani, G., El Rafei, S.A., Hawash, S., 2011. Ozone for phorbol esters removal from Egyptian Jatropha oil seed cake. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res. 2." /> <meta name="references" content="Econergy International Corporation, 2008. Mozambique Biofuels Assessment. Final Report, Prepared for the Ministry of Agriculture of Mozambique and the Ministry of Energy of Mozambique, Washington DC." /> <meta name="references" content="Goel, G., Makkar, H.P., Francis, G., Becker, K., 2007. Phorbol esters: structure, biological activity, and toxicity in animals. Int. J. Toxicol. 26, 279–288." /> <meta name="references" content="Gouri, A., 2007. Economic Times, Jatropha not ready to go commercial. Econ. Times, Delhi Ed. Sect. Econ. 25." /> <meta name="references" content="Guedes, R.E., Cruz, F.d.A., Lima, M.C.d., Sant’Ana, L.D.O., Castro, R.N., Mendes, M.F., 2014. Detoxification of Jatropha curcas seed cake using chemical treatment: analysis with a central composite rotatable design. Ind. Crops Prod. 52, 537–543." /> <meta name="references" content="Hidayat, C., Hastuti, P., Wardhani, A.K., Nadia, L.S., 2014. Method of phorbol ester degradation in Jatropha curcas L. seed cake using rice bran lipase. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 117, 372–374." /> <meta name="references" content="Kasuya, M.C.M., da Luz, J.M.R., da Silva Pereira, L.P., da Silva, J.S., Montavani, H.C., Rodrigues, M.T., 2012. Bio-detoxification of Jatropha Seed Cake and its Use in Animal Feed." /> <meta name="references" content="Kawami, Y., Kuwana, K., Ida, T., Mizuno, S., Morita, A., 2010. The technical development compounded of high density solid fuel under 180°C–20MPa conditions by a tea scum. J. High. Temp. Soc. 35, 97–101." /> <meta name="references" content="Kumar, A., Sharma, S., 2008. An evaluation of multipurpose oil seed crop for industrial uses (Jatropha curcas L.): a review. Ind. Crops Prod. 28, 1–10." /> <meta name="references" content="Kumar, V., Makkar, H., Becker, K., 2010. Dietary inclusion of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal: effects on growth performance and metabolic efficiency in common carp. Fish. Physiol. Biochem. 36, 1159–1170." /> <meta name="references" content="Liang, Y., Siddaramu, T., Yesuf, J., Sarkany, N., 2010. Fermentable sugar release from Jatropha seed cakes following lime pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 6417–6424." /> <meta name="references" content="Ma, F., Hanna, M.A., 1999. Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresource Technology. Bioresour. Technol. 70, 1–15." /> <meta name="references" content="Makkar, H., Becker, K., Sporer, F., Wink, M., 1997. Studies on nutritive potential and toxic constituents of different provenances of Jatropha curcas. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 45, 3152–3157." /> <meta name="references" content="Makkar, H., Aderibigbe, A., Becker, K., 1998. Comparative evaluation of non-toxic and toxic varieties of Jatropha curcas for chemical composition, digestibility, protein degradability and toxic factors. Food Chem. 62, 207–215." /> <meta name="references" content="Makkar, H., Becker, K., Garland, T., Barr, A., 1998. Jatropha curcas Toxicity: Identification of Toxic Principle (S), Toxic Plants and Other Natural Toxicants. CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 554–558." /> <meta name="references" content="Makkar, H., Maes, J., De Greyt, W., Becker, K., 2009. Removal and degradation of phorbol esters during pre-treatment and transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 86, 173–181." /> <meta name="references" content="Martinez-Herrera, J., Siddhuraju, P., Francis, G., Davila-Ortiz, G., Becker, K., 2006. Chemical composition, toxic/antimetabolic constituents, and effects of different treatments on their levels, in four provenances of Jatropha curcas L. from Mexico. Food Chem. 96, 80–89." /> <meta name="references" content="Munch, E., Kiefer, J., 1989. Purging nut (Jatropha curcas L.), multi-use plant as a source of fuel in the future. Schriftenr. GTZ 209, 1–32." /> <meta name="references" content="Phasukarratchai, N., Tontayakom, V., Tongcumpou, C., 2012. Reduction of phorbol esters in Jatropha curcas L. pressed meal by surfactant solutions extraction. Biomass Bioenergy 45, 48–56." /> <meta name="references" content="Phengnuam, T., Suntornsuk, W., 2013. Detoxification and anti-nutrients reduction of Jatropha curcas seed cake by Bacillus fermentation. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 115, 168–172." /> <meta name="references" content="Rakshit, K., Darukeshwara, J., Rathina Raj, K., Narasimhamurthy, K., Saibaba, P., Bhagya, S., 2008. Toxicity studies of detoxified Jatropha meal (Jatropha curcas) in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 3621–3625." /> <meta name="references" content="Rodrigues, J., Miranda, I., Gominho, J., Vasconcelos, M., Barradas, G., Pereira, H., Bianchi-de-Aguiar, F., Ferreira-Dias, S., 2013. Variability in oil content and composition and storage stability of seeds from Jatropha curcas L. grown in Mozambique. Ind. Crops Prod. 50, 828–837." /> <meta name="references" content="Saetae, D., Suntornsuk, W., 2010. Toxic compound, anti-nutritional factors and functional properties of protein isolated from detoxified Jatropha curcas seed cake. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12, 66–77." /> <meta name="references" content="Severa, G., Kumar, G., Troung, M., Young, G., Cooney, M.J., 2013. Simultaneous extraction and separation of phorbol esters and bio-oil from Jatropha biomass using ionic liquidemethanol co-solvents. Sep. Purif. Technol. 116, 265–270." /> <meta name="references" content="Veerabhadrappa, M.B., Shivakumar, S.B., Devappa, S., 2014. Solid-state fermentation of Jatropha seed cake for optimization of lipase, protease and detoxification of anti-nutrients in Jatropha seed cake using Aspergillus versicolor CJS-98. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 117, 208–214." /> <meta name="references" content="Wang, X.-H., Ou, L., Fu, L.-L., Zheng, S., Lou, J.-D., Gomes-Laranjo, J., Li, J., Zhang, C., 2013. Detoxification of Jatropha curcas kernel cake by a novel Streptomyces fimicarius strain. J. Hazard. Mater 260, 238–246." /> <meta name="references" content="Wink, M., Koschmieder, C., Sauerwein, M., Sporer, F., 1997. Phorbol Esters of J. Curcas-Biological Activities and Potential Applications." /> <meta name="references" content="Xiao, J., Zhang, H., Niu, L., Wang, X., Lu, X., 2011. Evaluation of detoxification methods on toxic and antinutritional composition and nutritional quality of proteins in Jatropha curcas meal. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 59, 4040–4044." /> <meta name="references" content="Yunping, B., Ngoc Ha, B.T., Eunice, Y., Loong Chueng, L., Yan, H., 2012. Light induced degradation of phorbol esters. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 84, 268–273." /> <meta name="access_control" content="FREE ACCESS" /> <meta name="copyright" content="2016 Asian Agricultural and Biological Engineering Association" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@jstage_ej" /> <meta name="og:url" content="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/eaef/9/1/9_15/_article/-char/en" /> <meta name="og:title" content="Solid fuel production from Jatropha oil cake by heat-press treatment" /> <meta name="og:description" content="Jatropha curcas L. is considered a promising next-generation biomass fuel source. 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<a name = "authorNmlist" id="authorNmList"></a><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Meng+Yu" class="customTooltip" title="Meng Yu, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo [Japan]"><span>Meng Yu</span></a>, <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Kiyotaka+Saga" class="customTooltip" title="Kiyotaka Saga, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo [Japan]"><span>Kiyotaka Saga</span></a>, <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Kenji+Imou" class="customTooltip" title="Kenji Imou, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo [Japan]"><span>Kenji Imou</span></a> <a href="javascript:;" id="saPopupOpen" onClick="corrAuthPopupClick('aimou@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp','')"> <span class="fa fa-envelope outlook-share-icn"></span> </a> , <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Fumio+Hasegawa" class="customTooltip" title="Fumio Hasegawa, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo [Japan]"><span>Fumio Hasegawa</span></a>, <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Yutaka+Kaizu" class="customTooltip" title="Yutaka Kaizu, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo [Japan]"><span>Yutaka Kaizu</span></a>, <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Koji+Tosa" class="customTooltip" title="Koji Tosa, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Chemistry, Kanazawa Institute of Technology [Japan]"><span>Koji Tosa</span></a>, <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Satoshi+Kato" class="customTooltip" title="Satoshi Kato, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kanazawa Institute of Technology [Japan]"><span>Satoshi Kato</span></a> <div class="accordion_container"> <div class="accordion_head plus-icn"name="authInfo" id="authInfo">Author information</div> <div class="accordion_body new_accordion_body_style" style="display: none;"> <ul class="accodion_body_ul"> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Meng Yu</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo [Japan] </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Kiyotaka Saga</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo [Japan] </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Kenji Imou</span> <a href="javascript:;" id="saPopupOpenAuth" onClick="corrAuthPopupClick('aimou@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp','')"> <span class="fa fa-envelope outlook-share-icn"></span> Corresponding author </a> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo [Japan] </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Fumio Hasegawa</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo [Japan] </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Yutaka Kaizu</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo [Japan] </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Koji Tosa</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Chemistry, Kanazawa Institute of Technology [Japan] </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Satoshi Kato</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kanazawa Institute of Technology [Japan] </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-wrap" id="saPopup" style="display:none"> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-overlay" id="saWindow"></div> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-inner"> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-cont"> <div class="sapopup-title"><h4>Corresponding author</h4></div> <div class="subject-list subject-sapopup-list" > <div class="corr-auth-subject-li"> <div class="corr-auth-subject-item" id="corrAuthMailContainer" style="display:none"> <span class="fa fa-envelope outlook-share-icn"></span> <a id="corrAuthMail" class="bluelink-style"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subject-list subject-sapopup-list" > <div class="corr-auth-subject-li"> <div class="corr-auth-subject-item" id="corrAuthOrcidContainer" style="display:none"> <img src="/web/images/id-logo.jpg" class="id-logo" alt="ORCID" /> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id="corrAuthOrcid" class="bluelink-style"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="global-para"> Keywords: <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=Phorbol+ester" class="bluelink-style">Phorbol ester</a>, <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=Heat-press" class="bluelink-style">Heat-press</a>, <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=Biomass+fuel" class="bluelink-style">Biomass fuel</a>, <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=Jatropha+curcas+L" class="bluelink-style"><i>Jatropha curcas</i> L</a> </div> <div class="global-tags"><span class="tags-wrap original-tag-style" title="JOURNAL">JOURNAL</span> <span class="tags-wrap freeaccess-tag-style" title="FREE ACCESS">FREE ACCESS</span> <br> </div> <p class="global-para"> 2016 Volume 9 Issue 1 Pages 15-20 </p> <div class="articleoverview-doi-wrap" id="fig-doi"> <span class="doi-icn">DOI</span> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eaef.2015.08.001" class="bluelink-style" style="word-break:break-all">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eaef.2015.08.001</a> </div> <div class="articleoverview-doi-wrap"></div> <div class="top-margin-2x bottom-margin-2x"></div> <div class="accordion_container"> <div class="accordion_head plus-icn">Details</div> <div class="accordion_body new_accordion_body_style" style="display: none;"> <ul class="accodion_body_ul accodion_detail"> <li> <span class="accodion_lic">Published: 2016 </span> <span class="accodion_lic">Received: June 03, 2014</span> <span class="accodion_lic">Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2023</span> <span class="accodion_lic">Accepted: August 18, 2015</span> <span class="accodion_lic"> Advance online publication: - </span> <span class="accodion_lic">Revised: -</span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="col-md-6 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href="#article-overiew-references-wrap" onClick="menueAnime('References')" title="References" class="customTooltip">References (34)</a></li> <li id="author-info-navi"><a href="#author-information-wrap" onClick="menueAnime('information')" title="Content from these authors" class="customTooltip ">Content from these authors</a></li> </ul> </nav> </nav>   <div id="sticky-sidebar-shareicons"> <div class="section-title-noborder-14">Share</div> <ul class="global-share-x-icons-list"> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.eaef.2015.08.001" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="fa fa-facebook facebook-share-icn"></span></a></li> <li><a href="http://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.eaef.2015.08.001&text=J-STAGE+Articles+-+Solid+fuel+production+from+Jatropha+oil+cake+by+heat-press+treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="twitter-share-icn" style="background:#000000;display:inline-block;font-size:20px;"><img src="/web/images/logo-white.png" width="16" height="16" alt="X"></img></span></a></li> <li><a href="mailto:?body=Engineering%20in%20Agriculture%2C%20Environment%20and%20Food%0A%0ASolid%20fuel%20production%20from%20Jatropha%20oil%20cake%20by%20heat-press%20treatment%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.eaef.2015.08.001%0A"> <span class="fa fa-envelope outlook-share-icn"></span></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?doi=10.1016/j.eaef.2015.08.001" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="mendeley-share-icn"><img src="/web/images/mendeley-share-icon.png" width="32" height="32" alt=""/> </span></a></li> </ul> </div>  </div>   <div class="non-sticky-content"> <div id="non-sticky-content-leftsection"> <div id="article-overiew-abstract-wrap">  <div class="section-title-18">Abstract</div> <p class="global-para-14"> <i>Jatropha curcas</i> L. is considered a promising next-generation biomass fuel source. Unfortunately, Jatropha seeds contain toxic phorbol esters (PEs) that must be removed from the extracted oil cake for safe use. We used Jatropha oil cake, a byproduct of biodiesel production, and heat-press equipment to evaluate optimum parameters for PE removal while producing a solid fuel with a high energy density. The PE concentration was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and results showed that the heat-press treatment was effective for PE removal from Jatropha oil cake. Treatment for 15 min at 195 °C under 19.1 MPa pressure produced a solid fuel with PE concentration below the lower detection limit. 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} else { $('#corrAuthOrcidContainer').attr('style', 'block'); $('#corrAuthOrcid').attr('href',orcid) $('#corrAuthOrcid').text(orcid); } $('#saPopup').attr('style', 'block'); } function callAjax(tabId, callback, errorCallback, last) { var jsonUrl = 'https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/eaef/9/1/9_15/_article/_tab/-char/en?cdstat=&amp;nologrec='; var revision = ''; jsonUrl += '&tabId=' + tabId; if(revision != null){ jsonUrl += '&revision=' + revision; } jsonUrl = jsonUrl.replace('&amp;','&'); if (!last) { $.ajax({ cache: false, type: 'GET', url: jsonUrl, dataType: 'html', contentType:'text/html', success: callback, error: errorCallback, complete : function() { $('.loading-view').remove(); } }); } else { $.ajax({ cache: false, type: 'GET', url: jsonUrl, dataType: 'html', contentType:'text/html', success: callback, error: errorCallback, complete : function() { $('.loading-view').remove(); } }); } } function createCallBack(idx) { if (idx >= ajaxCall.length) { return null; } var callback = function(data) { if (ajaxCall[idx].outerDivId === '') { $('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId).append(data); } else { var spritHtml = data.split('@@@'); var str = '#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId $('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId).append(spritHtml[0]); if (ajaxCall[idx].outerDivId == 'supplimentary-materials-modal') { $.getScript("/web/js/jquery.jplayer.min.js"); dnsFlkApply(); } } if (ajaxCall[idx].doPreparationForJPlayer === true) { dnsFlkApply(); } replaceLicenseErrorBtn(); addReferenceModeTooltipHandler('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId); idx++; if (idx < ajaxCall.length) { if (idx == ajaxCall.length - 1) { callAjax(ajaxCall[idx].tabId, createCallBack(idx), createErrorCallback(idx), true); } else { callAjax(ajaxCall[idx].tabId, createCallBack(idx), createErrorCallback(idx), false); } } } return callback; } function createErrorCallback(idx) { var errorCallback = function(data) { var errorMsg = '<div>Data could not be acquired.</div>'; if (ajaxCall[idx].outerDivId === '') { $('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId).after(errorMsg); } else { $('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId).after(errorMsg); if (ajaxCall[idx].outerDivId == 'supplimentary-materials-modal') { $.getScript("/web/js/jquery.jplayer.min.js"); dnsFlkApply(); } } if (ajaxCall[idx].doPreparationForJPlayer === true) { dnsFlkApply(); } idx++; if (idx < ajaxCall.length) { if (idx == ajaxCall.length - 1) { callAjax(ajaxCall[idx].tabId, createCallBack(idx), createErrorCallback(idx), true); } else { callAjax(ajaxCall[idx].tabId, createCallBack(idx), createErrorCallback(idx), false); } } } return errorCallback; } var ajaxFlg = true; var zhyoLbl = '0'; var inYuBnknLbl = '34'; var knrnkjLbl = '0'; var hinYuBnknLbl = '0'; var dnsFrkLbl = '0'; var seikLstLbl = ''; var datarepoLbl = '0'; var searching = '<div class = "loading-view"style="text-align: center;"><img src="/web/images/new_update/ajax-loader.gif" alt=""></div>' var ajaxCall = []; if (zhyoLbl !== null && zhyoLbl !== '' && zhyoLbl !== '0') { $('#figures-tables-wrap').find('.section-title-noborder-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#figures-tables-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'ZHYO', 'innerDivId' : 'figures-tables-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '', 'doPreparationForJPlayer' : true }); } if (inYuBnknLbl !== null && inYuBnknLbl !== '' && inYuBnknLbl !== '0') { $('#article-overiew-references-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#article-overiew-references-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'INYUBNKN', 'innerDivId' : 'article-overiew-references-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } if (knrnkjLbl !== null && knrnkjLbl !== '' && knrnkjLbl !== '0') { $('#article-overiew-related-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#article-overiew-related-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'KNRNKJ', 'innerDivId' : 'article-overiew-related-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } if (hinYuBnknLbl !== null && hinYuBnknLbl !== '' && hinYuBnknLbl !== '0') { $('#citedby-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); if(hinYuBnknLbl !== 'n/a'){ $('#citedby-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'HINYUBNKN', 'innerDivId' : 'citedby-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } } if (dnsFrkLbl !== null && dnsFrkLbl !== '' && dnsFrkLbl !== '0') { $('#supplimentary-materials-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#supplimentary-materials-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'DNSFRK', 'innerDivId' : 'supplimentary-materials-wrap', 'outerDivId' : 'supplimentary-materials-modal' }); } if (seikLstLbl !== null && seikLstLbl !== '' && seikLstLbl !== '0') { $('#resultsanddiscussion-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#resultsanddiscussion-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'SEIKLST', 'innerDivId' : 'resultsanddiscussion-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } if (datarepoLbl !== null && datarepoLbl !== '' && datarepoLbl != '0') { $('#datarepo-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#datarepo-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'DATAREPO', 'innerDivId' : 'datarepo-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } switch (ajaxCall.length) { case 0: break; case 1: callAjax(ajaxCall[0].tabId, createCallBack(0), createErrorCallback(0), true); break; default: callAjax(ajaxCall[0].tabId, createCallBack(0), createErrorCallback(0), false); break; } function dnsFlkApply(){ $('[id^=jp_container_]').each(function () { var vid= this.id; var result = vid.split( '_' ); var no = result[result.length-1]; var target_player = '#jquery_jplayer_' + no; var container = '#jp_container_' + no; var source = '#jp_source_' + no; if ($(target_player)) { var sourcename = $(source).val(); $(target_player).jPlayer({ ready: function () { $(this).jPlayer('setMedia', { m4v: sourcename }); }, play: function() { // To avoid both jPlayers playing together. $(this).jPlayer('pauseOthers'); }, errorAlerts: false, cssSelectorAncestor: container, swfPath: '/pub/lib/raspberry/jplayer/swf/', supplied: 'm4a,m4v,mp4' }); } }); } $(function () { $('div.altmetric-embed').on('altmetric:show', function () { $('#altmetric-widget').find('a').attr({ 'target': '_blank', 'rel': 'noopener noreferrer' }) }); }); window.setTimeout( set_jglobalApikey_authorinformation('JDEkcmFzbXVzbGUkYmhyak4xSXJxbGVKbDN1YXNXZkdYMQ=='),100); window.setTimeout( set_jglobalApikey_relatedarticle('JDEkcmFzbXVzbGUkYmhyak4xSXJxbGVKbDN1YXNXZkdYMQ=='),100); function registerStickyClose(){ $("#sticky-register-to-j-stage").hide(); if(('localStorage' in window) && (window.localStorage !== null)) { localStorage.setItem('C.regsticky', 'off'); } } function doChangeLang(langKind){ if (typeof changeLang == "function") { changeLang(langKind); return; } else { var encStr = ""; if(langKind == "ja") { encStr = "https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Feaef%2F9%2F1%2F9_15%2F_article%2F-char%2Fja"; } else { encStr = "https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Feaef%2F9%2F1%2F9_15%2F_article%2F-char%2Fen"; } location.href = decodeURIComponent(encStr); return; } } function hBack(){ var ans; var ref = document.referrer; re = new RegExp(location.hostname,"i"); if(ref.match(re)){ ans = false; }else{ ans = true } if(!ans){ history.back(); } else { location.href = "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/-char/en"; } } </script> </body> </html>