CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@researchsquare"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@researchsquare"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.researchsquare.com"/><meta property="og:type" content="website"/><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Research Square"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1280"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="720"/><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/><title>New Draft | Research Square</title><meta name="robots" content="index,follow"/><meta name="description" content="Research Square is a preprint platform that makes research communication faster, fairer, and more useful."/><meta property="og:title" content="New Draft"/><meta property="og:description" content="Research Square is a preprint platform that makes research communication faster, fairer, and more useful."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.researchsquare.com/static/img/logos/logo-og-default.jpg"/><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" name="Content-Type"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Research Square"/><meta name="application-name" content="Research Square"/><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/static/favicons/favicon.ico"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/static/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png"/><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/static/favicons/favicon-32x32.png"/><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/static/favicons/favicon-16x16.png"/><link rel="manifest" href="/static/favicons/site.webmanifest"/><link rel="mask-icon" href="/static/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#244261"/><meta name="msapplication-config" content="/static/favicons/browserconfig.xml"/><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com" crossorigin="anonymous"/><script async="">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R');</script><meta name="next-head-count" content="33"/><script async="" src="https://polyfill-fastly.io/v3/polyfill.min.js?flags=gated&features=String.prototype.startsWith%2CString.prototype.endsWith%2CArray.prototype.forEach%2CSet%2CArray.prototype.includes%2CString.prototype.includes%2CArray.prototype.find%2CMap%2CObject.values"></script><link rel="prefetch stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.11.2/css/all.min.css" integrity="sha256-+N4/V/SbAFiW1MPBCXnfnP9QSN3+Keu+NlB+0ev/YKQ=" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://app.snipcart.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.snipcart.com"/><link rel="prefetch stylesheet" href="https://cdn.snipcart.com/themes/v3.3.0/default/snipcart.css"/><script async="" src="https://cdn.snipcart.com/themes/v3.3.0/default/snipcart.js"></script><link data-next-font="" rel="preconnect" href="/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/8c91eb5e3038e807.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/8c91eb5e3038e807.css" data-n-g=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-c67a75d1b6f99dc8.js"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-fb6ed36d00309f11.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/framework-918963c1d31953b8.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/main-67d640b647b43c0d.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-38910a81967de341.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/4265-d3a87a268de73026.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/7206-fe2705e68e48482b.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/9315-bfc86054df9d5a5b.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/5787-8ff64215c6023ab2.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/3084-9004a915563231f7.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/682-bd028b580d8fb1b2.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/submit-14b735edae12d3f0.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/wr_mGBvPOlu9FJtGyKNvQ/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/wr_mGBvPOlu9FJtGyKNvQ/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script><style id="__jsx-1810699180">.jsx-1810699180:export{white:#FFFFFF;grey10:#FAFAFA;grey20:#F2F2F3;grey30:#E5E6E8;grey40:#CCCFD2;grey50:#B2B7BC;grey60:#999FA6;grey65:#7F8790;grey70:#66707A;grey80:#33404E;grey90:#192837;black:#001122;g1:#F3FBF6;g2:#3AAE74;g3:#319767;g4:#268455;g5:#20734D;b1:#F2F6FB;b2:#186EC4;b3:#175089;b4:#1B4064;b5:#15324E;y1:#FFFCEB;y2:#EBCC5F;orange:#E9BE5C;}#search-button.jsx-1810699180{pointer-events:auto;}#search-input.jsx-1810699180{font-size:14px;padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.3px;-moz-letter-spacing:0.3px;-ms-letter-spacing:0.3px;letter-spacing:0.3px;}#search-input.jsx-1810699180::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#66707A;}#search-input.jsx-1810699180::-moz-placeholder{color:#66707A;}#search-input.jsx-1810699180:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#66707A;}#search-input.jsx-1810699180::placeholder{color:#66707A;}#search-button.jsx-1810699180{padding-bottom:0.3rem;}#search-button.jsx-1810699180:disabled{pointer-events:none;}#search-icon.jsx-1810699180{color:#CCCFD2;}#search-icon.jsx-1810699180:hover{color:#66707A;}#search-spinner.jsx-1810699180{color:#66707A;}</style></head><body><noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K279D39R" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" /></noscript><div id="__next"><div class="original-css "><nav class="rs-navbar false false " role="navigation" aria-label="navigation"><div class="rs-container rs-ph"><div class="left"><div class="hamburger hamburger--squeeze false is-stuck" role="navigation"><div class="hamburger-box"><div class="hamburger-inner"></div></div></div><a href="/"><img class="logo-rs" src="/static/img/logos/logo-rs.svg" alt="Research Square"/></a><form class="jsx-1810699180 b-pl-10"><div class="jsx-1810699180 control has-icons-right lg:tw-w-96 md:tw-w-52"><input type="text" placeholder="Search preprints" id="search-input" class="jsx-1810699180 input"/><button disabled="" id="search-button" type="submit" class="jsx-1810699180 icon is-small is-right rounded-r-md"><i id="search-icon" class="jsx-1810699180 fas fa-search"></i></button></div></form></div><div class="right"><div class="nav-link"><h6>Browse</h6><i class="fas fa-caret-down"></i><div class="nav-dropdown"><div class=""><a href="/browse"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Preprints</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/journals"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial"><span class="is-italic">In Review聽</span>Journals</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/coronavirus"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">COVID-19 Preprints</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/browse?journal=protocol-exchange"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Protocols</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/browse?articleType=Video"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">AJE Video Bytes</h6></div></a></div><div class="b-mb-15"></div></div></div><div class="nav-link"><h6>Research Tools</h6><i class="fas fa-caret-down"></i><div class="nav-dropdown"><div class=""><a href="/researchers/promotion"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Research Promotion</h6></div></a></div><div class="b-mb-15"></div></div></div><div class="nav-link"><h6>About</h6><i class="fas fa-caret-down"></i><div class="nav-dropdown"><div class=""><a href="/researchers/preprints"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Preprint Platform</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/researchers/in-review"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">In Review</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/legal/editorial"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Editorial Policies</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/research-quality-evaluation"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Research聽Quality聽Evaluation聽</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/about"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Our Team</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/advisory-board"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Advisory Board</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="https://support.researchsquare.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-track="click_contact_us_button" data-track-context="Help Centre, Contact us link clicked from arrow links"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Help Center</h6></div></a></div><div class="b-mb-15"></div></div></div><div class=""><a href="/login"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Sign In</h6></div></a></div><div class="b-pl-10"><a class="button color-button-g3 " data-track="click_submit_a_preprint_button" data-track-context="Submit Preprint main button click" href="/submit"><i class="button-icon fas fa-plus"></i>Submit a Preprint</a></div></div></div></nav><div class="rs-container"><div class="rs-sidenav is-active "><div class="sidenav-container"><div class="sidenav-top"><div class="nav-category inactive "><div class="nav-label" role="navigation"><h5 class="caps">Platform</h5><div class="nav-plus"><i class="fas fa-plus"></i></div></div><div class="nav-contents"><div class=""><a href="/"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Home</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/browse"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Browse</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/coronavirus"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">COVID-19 Preprints</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/journals"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial"><span class="is-italic">In Review聽</span>Journals</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/submit" data-track="click_submit_a_preprint_button" data-track-context="Submit Preprint link from sidebar navigation"><div class="nav-link is-active "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Submit</h6></div></a></div></div></div><div class="nav-category inactive "><div class="nav-label" role="navigation"><h5 class="caps">About</h5><div class="nav-plus"><i class="fas fa-plus"></i></div></div><div class="nav-contents"><div class=""><a href="/researchers/preprints"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Preprint Platform</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/researchers/in-review"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">In Review</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/legal/editorial"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Editorial Policies</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/research-quality-evaluation"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Research Quality Evaluation</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/about"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Our Team</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="/advisory-board"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Advisory Board</h6></div></a></div><div class=""><a href="https://support.researchsquare.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-track="click_contact_us_button" data-track-context="Help Centre, Contact us link clicked from arrow links"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Contact Us</h6></div></a></div></div></div><div class="nav-category inactive "><div class="nav-label" role="navigation"><h5 class="caps">Research Tools</h5><div class="nav-plus"><i class="fas fa-plus"></i></div></div><div class="nav-contents"><div class=""><a href="/researchers/promotion"><div class="nav-link "><h6 class="align" style="text-wrap:initial">Research Promotion</h6></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="sidenav-bottom sidenav-login"><a class="button color-button-b4 is-stretch b-mb-10" href="/login"><i class="button-icon fas fa-arrow-right"></i>Sign In / Join</a><p><i class="fas fa-circle bullet"></i>free, unlimited access</p><p><i class="fas fa-circle bullet"></i>advanced features</p><p><i class="fas fa-circle bullet"></i>easy commenting</p></div></div></div><div class="rs-full-height has-navbar"><div class="rs-page sidenav-stuck page-article"></div>sidenav-stuck<div class="rs-page sidenav-stuck page-article"><div class="rs-content"><div class="rs-content-full"><div class="rs-content-limit b-mt-30 b-mb-50"><h2 class="caps color-text-b4">Submit</h2><h5 class="color-text-65 b-pt-2 b-pb-10">Follow the steps below to post your manuscript online as a preprint.</h5><div class="border-bottom b-mb-10"></div><p class="b-pb-20">Why wait to share your work until after it鈥檚 been accepted? Research Square allows you to get credit and gain visibility for your work as soon as you feel it's ready. Post your results online as a preprint, gain early feedback, and start making changes prior to peer review in a journal.</p><form><div class="field"><div class="control"><label for="manuscriptTitle">Enter your manuscript's title.</label><div class="__react_component_tooltip td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28 place-left type-dark" id="td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28" data-id="tooltip"><style aria-hidden="true"> .td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28 { color: #fff; background: #222; border: 1px solid transparent; } .td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28.place-top { margin-top: -10px; } .td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28.place-top::before { border-top: 8px solid transparent; } .td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28.place-top::after { border-left: 8px solid transparent; border-right: 8px solid transparent; bottom: -6px; left: 50%; margin-left: -8px; border-top-color: #222; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 6px; } .td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28.place-bottom { margin-top: 10px; } .td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28.place-bottom::before { border-bottom: 8px solid transparent; } .td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28.place-bottom::after { border-left: 8px solid transparent; border-right: 8px solid transparent; top: -6px; left: 50%; margin-left: -8px; border-bottom-color: #222; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 6px; } .td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28.place-left { margin-left: -10px; } .td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28.place-left::before { border-left: 8px solid transparent; } .td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28.place-left::after { border-top: 5px solid transparent; border-bottom: 5px solid transparent; right: -6px; top: 50%; margin-top: -4px; border-left-color: #222; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 6px; } .td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28.place-right { margin-left: 10px; } .td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28.place-right::before { border-right: 8px solid transparent; } .td3f35ef8-b6b6-40be-8d81-281ac4860f28.place-right::after { border-top: 5px solid transparent; border-bottom: 5px solid transparent; left: -6px; top: 50%; margin-top: -4px; border-right-color: #222; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 6px; } </style></div></div></div><p class="b-pb-15">Your manuscript will be saved as a private draft until you are ready to submit.</p><div class="field"><div class="control"><button type="submit" class="button color-cta-b3">Get Started</button></div></div></form><div class="collapsable"><div id="1-upload-a-manuscript-file" class="collapsable-title " role="button" tabindex="0"><i class="fas fa-chevron-right"></i><h3>1. Upload a manuscript file</h3></div><div class="collapsable-text is-hidden"><p class="b-pb-20">If you upload a .doc or .docx, we'll use this file to create the preprint hosted on our platform in full-text HTML when possible. Please note PDFs <b>cannot</b> be converted to full-text HTML for display or receive automated checks like the Language Quality Score.</p><div class="do-not-stretch b-mb-5"><a class="button color-button-inactive " href="/submit"><i class="button-icon fas fa-file-upload"></i>Upload a Manuscript File</a></div></div></div><div class="collapsable"><div id="2-add-the-basic-information-and" class="collapsable-title " role="button" tabindex="0"><i class="fas fa-chevron-right"></i><h3>2. Add the basic information and files for your preprint</h3></div><div class="collapsable-text is-hidden"><p>Use our submission tool to add all your preprint's sections and content.</p></div></div><div class="collapsable"><div id="3-add-institution-information" class="collapsable-title " role="button" tabindex="0"><i class="fas fa-chevron-right"></i><h3>3. Add institution information</h3></div><div class="collapsable-text is-hidden"><p>Select the institution that sponsored/organized your research.</p></div></div><div class="collapsable"><div id="4-add-funder-information-optional" class="collapsable-title " role="button" tabindex="0"><i class="fas fa-chevron-right"></i><h3>4. Add funder information (optional)</h3></div><div class="collapsable-text is-hidden"><p>Select funding information for your research. This will not appear on your preprint.</p></div></div><div class="collapsable"><div id="5-add-the-necessary-declarations" class="collapsable-title " role="button" tabindex="0"><i class="fas fa-chevron-right"></i><h3>5. Add the necessary declarations</h3></div><div class="collapsable-text is-hidden"><p>Add the necessary declarations for your research.</p></div></div><div class="collapsable"><div id="6-submit" class="collapsable-title " role="button" tabindex="0"><i class="fas fa-chevron-right"></i><h3>6. Submit</h3></div><div class="collapsable-text is-hidden"><div class="b-pb-20"><u>Once you're ready, click submit below. You will be notified when your new preprint has been processed and is posted live online. Your preprint must pass our Prescreen that demonstrates basic publication readiness.</u><p class="b-pb-20">Please visit <a href="https://www.protocols.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="tw-text-blue-600 hover:tw-text-blue-800 hover:tw-underline">protocols.io</a> to submit your protocol.</p>If your protocol has not yet been migrated, but you want to add a new version, please contact <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="e58c8b838aa595978a918a868a8996cb8c8a">[email protected]</a> to request that this be expedited for you.</div><div class="do-not-stretch"><a class="button color-button-inactive " href="/submit"><i class="button-icon fas fa-share"></i>Submit</a></div></div></div></div><div class="rs-actions-d b-pt-30"><div class="b-pb-25"><h5 class="caps b-pb-10 color-text-b4">Need Help?</h5><a class="arrow-link" href="/legal/editorial"><div class="is-flex"><i class="arrow-icon fas fa-arrow-right b-pt-6"></i>Read our Editorial Policies</div></a> <div class="b-pb-15"></div><a class="arrow-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-track="click_contact_us_button" data-track-context="Help Centre, Contact us link clicked from arrow links" href="https://support.researchsquare.com"><div class="is-flex"><i class="arrow-icon fas fa-arrow-right b-pt-6"></i>Get support in our Help Center</div></a></div></div></div><div class="rs-content is-centered rs-ph color-bg-10 b-pv-20"><div class="next-card"><h3 class="caps color-text-b4 b-pb-4">Need Help?</h3><h5 class="color-text-65 b-pb-15">Our mission is to make research communication faster, fairer, and more useful.</h5><div class="border-bottom b-mb-10"></div><p>We provide numerous services to help you more effectively communicate your research. From English language editing, to formatting, to figure preparation, we鈥檙e committed to your success no matter where you are in your research.</p><div class="b-mb-15"></div><a class="arrow-link-2" href="/researchers/editing"><div class="align-m-t b-pb-5"><i class="fas fa-arrow-right b-pt-5-m"></i>Language editing by an expert in your field</div></a><div class="b-mb-5"></div><a class="arrow-link-2" href="/researchers/editing"><div class="align-m-t b-pb-5"><i class="fas fa-arrow-right b-pt-5-m"></i>Publication-ready figures to display your results</div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="rs-page sidenav-stuck"></div></div></div><footer class="section b-pb-60-d b-pb-20-m"><div class="tw-justify-between tw-block tw-p-4 tw-space-y-6 lg:tw-space-x-6 lg:tw-space-y-0 rs-container lg:tw-flex"><div class="tw-max-w-lg tw-b-mb-20"><a href="/"><img class="logo-rs" src="/static/img/logos/logo-rs.svg" alt="Research Square"/></a><p class="footer-desc b-pb-15">Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal.</p><p class="footer-desc">As a division of Research Square Company, we鈥檙e committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing.</p><div class="icons is-flex b-pt-25 b-pb-20"><a href="https://twitter.com/researchsquare" rel="nofollow"><img src="/static/img/icons/icon-twitter.svg" alt="Twitter logo"/></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/researchsquare" rel="nofollow"><img src="/static/img/icons/icon-facebook.svg" alt="Facebook logo"/></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/researchsquare" rel="nofollow"><img src="/static/img/icons/icon-youtube.svg" alt="YouTube logo"/></a><a href="https://www.instagram.com/researchsquarecompany/" rel="nofollow"><img src="/static/img/icons/icon-instagram.svg" alt="Instagram logo"/></a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/research-square-co" rel="nofollow"><img src="/static/img/icons/icon-linkedin.svg" alt="LinkedIn logo"/></a></div><div class="researcher-app"><a href="https://www.researcher-app.com/?utm_source=researchsquare&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=&utm_content=logo" class="align-m" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><h6 class="color-text-90 b-pr-10">Also discoverable on</h6><img src="/static/img/logos/logo-researcher-app.svg" alt="ResearcherApp logo"/></a></div></div><div class="tw-justify-between tw-block tw-space-y-6 lg:tw-space-x-6 lg:tw-space-y-0 lg:tw-flex"><div id="platform"><h5 class="caps color-text-b4 b-mt-3 b-pb-15 b-mr-40-d">Platform</h5><p class="footer-link"><a href="/researchers/preprints">About</a></p><p class="footer-link"><a href="/about">Our Team</a></p><p class="footer-link"><a href="/researchers/in-review">In Review</a></p><p class="footer-link"><a href="/legal/editorial">Editorial Policies</a></p><p class="footer-link"><a href="/advisory-board">Advisory Board</a></p><p class="footer-link"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-track="click_contact_us_button" data-track-context="Contact us button click footer help center" href="https://support.researchsquare.com">Help Center</a></p></div><div id="resources"><h5 class="caps color-text-b4 b-mt-3 b-pb-15 b-mr-20-d">Resources</h5><p class="footer-link"><a href="/researchers">Author Services</a></p><p class="footer-link"><a href="/research-quality-evaluation">Research Quality Evaluation</a></p><p class="footer-link"><a href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a></p><p class="footer-link"><a href="/request-api">API Access</a></p><p class="footer-link"><a href="/rss.xml" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml">RSS feed</a></p><p class="footer-link"><button data-cc-action="preferences">Manage Cookie Preferences</button></p></div><div id="company"><h5 class="caps color-text-b4 b-mt-3 b-pb-15 b-mr-50-d">Company</h5><p class="footer-link"><a href="https://company.researchsquare.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">About Us</a></p><p class="footer-link"><a href="https://company.researchsquare.com/careers" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a></p><p class="footer-link"><a href="https://company.researchsquare.com/publishing-partners" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Partner With Us</a></p><p class="footer-link"><a href="https://company.researchsquare.com/responsibility" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Responsibility</a></p><p class="footer-link"><a href="https://company.researchsquare.com/media" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Press</a></p></div></div></div></footer><footer class="section columns tail"><div class="column is-narrow is-paddingless"><div class="navbar"><p class="navbar-item">漏 Research Square 2025 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) </p><a class="navbar-item" href="/legal/privacy">Privacy Policy</a><a class="navbar-item" href="/legal/terms-of-service">Terms of Service</a><a class="navbar-item" href="/legal/do-not-sell-my-personal-information">Do Not Sell My Personal Information</a></div></div></footer></div></div><script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"configuration":{"journal":{"name":"Research Square","identity":"researchsquare","logo":false,"directSubmit":true,"showInReviewInBrowserTitle":false,"showJournalNav":false,"filterSubjectAreas":false,"article":{"citationFormat":"${authors} ${title}, ${postedDate}, PREPRINT (Version ${version}) available at Research Square [https://doi.org/${doi}]","showBadges":true,"showPdf":true,"showPeerReviewFeatures":true,"submitForQcEnabled":true,"versionDisclaimer":"Please note that this article has not completed peer review."},"blurb":"A new pre-publication platform making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful.","dashboard":{"submissionUrl":"/submission"},"discover":{"showArticleStatusSearch":true,"showArticleTypeSearch":true},"home":"landing","login":{"title":"Research Square","copy":"A new pre-publication platform making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful.","embeddedVideo":true},"submission":{"pages":[{"route":"abstract","field":"manuscriptAbstract","name":"Abstract","tooltip":"Please do not put keywords in the abstract box; use the keywords section instead.","required":true},{"route":"authors","field":"author","name":"Author Information","tooltip":""},{"route":"file","field":"file","name":"Manuscript File","tooltip":"","multiple":false},{"route":"figures","field":"figures","name":"Figures","tooltip":""},{"route":"supplementary","field":"supplementary","name":"Supplementary Files","tooltip":""},{"route":"subjects","field":"subjectAreas","name":"Subject Areas","tooltip":"","required":true},{"route":"keywords","field":"keywords","name":"Keywords","tooltip":"","required":true},{"route":"type","field":"articleType","name":"Article Type","tooltip":"","required":true}],"renderNav":true}}}}},"page":"/submit","query":{},"buildId":"wr_mGBvPOlu9FJtGyKNvQ","isFallback":false,"gip":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script><div hidden="" id="snipcart" data-api-key="ODA3NTlmNDUtYjRjNy00MzE2LTgzNmYtYjUwY2Y4MWFkOWRlNjM3MTQwMjI1MDM0NDU2MjEx"></div></body></html>