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id="toc-Central_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Assassination attempt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rajputana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rajputana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Rajputana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rajputana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_and_Eastern_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_and_Eastern_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Western and Eastern India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_and_Eastern_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan_and_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan_and_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Afghanistan and Central Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan_and_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indus_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indus_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Indus Valley </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indus_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baluchistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baluchistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Baluchistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baluchistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safavids_and_Kandahar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safavids_and_Kandahar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Safavids and Kandahar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safavids_and_Kandahar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deccan_Sultans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deccan_Sultans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Deccan Sultans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deccan_Sultans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Political structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military organisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Capitals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Coins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Diplomacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diplomacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diplomacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Matrimonial_alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrimonial_alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Matrimonial alliances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matrimonial_alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Foreign relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Relations with the Portuguese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Relations with the Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Safavid_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Safavid_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Relations with the Safavid dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Safavid_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_other_contemporary_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_other_contemporary_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Relations with other contemporary kingdoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_other_contemporary_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Religious policy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious policy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Association_with_the_Muslim_aristocracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_the_Muslim_aristocracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Association with the Muslim aristocracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_with_the_Muslim_aristocracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Din-i_Ilahi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Din-i_Ilahi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Din-i Ilahi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Din-i_Ilahi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_with_Hindus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_with_Hindus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Relation with Hindus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_with_Hindus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_with_Jains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_with_Jains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Relation with Jains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_with_Jains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Historical accounts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_accounts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical accounts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Personality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hagiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hagiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Hagiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hagiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akbarnāma,_the_Book_of_Akbar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akbarnāma,_the_Book_of_Akbar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Akbarnāma, the Book of Akbar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akbarnāma,_the_Book_of_Akbar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consorts_and_concubines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consorts_and_concubines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Consorts and concubines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consorts_and_concubines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Issue </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issue-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Issue subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Sons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daughters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daughters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Daughters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daughters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Films and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Akbar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 150 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" > 150 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Акбарышхуэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Акбарышхуэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_die_Grote" title="Akbar die Grote – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Akbar die Grote" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%88%8B%E1%89%81_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD" title="ታላቁ አክባር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታላቁ አክባር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="अकबर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अकबर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="جلال الدين أكبر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جلال الدين أكبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0" title="আকবৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আকবৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="अकबर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अकबर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fkb%C9%99r_%C5%9Fah" title="Əkbər şah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əkbər şah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87" title="اکبر شاه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اکبر شاه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="আকবর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আকবর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D3%98%D0%BA%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бөйөк Әкбәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк Әкбәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Акбар Вялікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акбар Вялікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Акбар Вялікі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Акбар Вялікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="अकबर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अकबर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Акбар Велики – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Акбар Велики" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Veliki" title="Akbar Veliki – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Akbar Veliki" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Akbar" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Akbar" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Velik%C3%BD" title="Akbar Veliký – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akbar Veliký" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Mawr" title="Akbar Mawr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Akbar Mawr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_den_Store" title="Akbar den Store – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Akbar den Store" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="अकवर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अकवर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%81_%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ακμπάρ ο Μέγας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακμπάρ ο Μέγας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Calaluddin_Muhammad_Akbar" title="Ĝalaluddin Muhammad Akbar – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝalaluddin Muhammad Akbar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="اکبر کبیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکبر کبیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Mikli" title="Akbar Mikli – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Akbar Mikli" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_de_Grutte" title="Akbar de Grutte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Akbar de Grutte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0" title="અકબર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અકબર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="अकबर – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अकबर" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Daho_L%E1%BB%8D" title="Akbar Daho Lọ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Akbar Daho Lọ" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%85%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4" title="악바르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="악바르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%84%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE" title="Աքբար Մեծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աքբար Մեծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="अकबर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अकबर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Veliki" title="Akbar Veliki – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Akbar Veliki" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="সম্রাট আকবর – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সম্রাট আকবর" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_yang_Agung" title="Akbar yang Agung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akbar yang Agung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Стыр Акбар – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стыр Акбар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_mikli" title="Akbar mikli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Akbar mikli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%A8" title="אכבר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אכבר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Agung" title="Akbar Agung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Akbar Agung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಕ್ಬರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಕ್ಬರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="აქბარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აქბარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8E%DA%A9%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="اَکبَر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اَکبَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="I Акбар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="I Акбар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekber%C3%AA_Mezin" title="Ekberê Mezin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ekberê Mezin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85,_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Акбар шах, Биринчи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Акбар шах, Биринчи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_el_Grande" title="Akbar el Grande – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Akbar el Grande" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acbarus_(imperator)" title="Acbarus (imperator) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acbarus (imperator)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbars_Lielais" title="Akbars Lielais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akbars Lielais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A7%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Акбар ЧӀехи – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Акбар ЧӀехи" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbaras_Didysis" title="Akbaras Didysis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akbaras Didysis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_de_Groete" title="Akbar de Groete – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Akbar de Groete" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_la_Grande" title="Akbar la Grande – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Akbar la Grande" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_el_Grand" title="Akbar el Grand – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Akbar el Grand" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Akbar_mogul_sah" title="I. Akbar mogul sah – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Akbar mogul sah" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="अकबर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अकबर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Акбар Велики – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Акбар Велики" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC" title="അക്‌ബർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്‌ബർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="अकबर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अकबर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="აქბარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აქბარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85" title="اكبر الاعظم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكبر الاعظم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Agung" title="Akbar Agung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Akbar Agung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%94" title="ꯑꯛꯕꯔ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯛꯕꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_nan_Aguang" title="Akbar nan Aguang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Akbar nan Aguang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Акбар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Акбар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အက္ကဘာမင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက္ကဘာမင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_de_Grote" title="Akbar de Grote – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Akbar de Grote" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="अकबर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अकबर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="अकबर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अकबर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB" title="アクバル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アクバル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_I" title="Сийлахь воккху Акбар I – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сийлахь воккху Акбар I" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_den_store" title="Akbar den store – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Akbar den store" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_den_store" title="Akbar den store – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Akbar den store" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0" title="ଆକବର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆକବର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Jaloliddin_Muhammad" title="Akbar Jaloliddin Muhammad – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Akbar Jaloliddin Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਕਬਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਕਬਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="اکبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اکبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="جلال الدين محمد اکبر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جلال الدين محمد اکبر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquebar" title="Aquebar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aquebar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ul%C4%B1_Ekber" title="Ulı Ekber – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ulı Ekber" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Akbar" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Акбар Джелал-ад-дін – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Акбар Джелал-ад-дін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_I_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Акбар I Великий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Акбар I Великий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Улуу Акбар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Улуу Акбар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="अक्बरः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अक्बरः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="جلال الدین محمد اکبر – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جلال الدین محمد اکبر" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbari" title="Akbari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Akbari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_lu_Granni" title="Akbar lu Granni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Akbar lu Granni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="جلال الدين اڪبر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جلال الدين اڪبر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD" title="Akbar Veľký – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akbar Veľký" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%86" title="ئەکبەری مەزن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەکبەری مەزن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Акбар Велики – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Акбар Велики" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Veliki" title="Akbar Veliki – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Akbar Veliki" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_den_store" title="Akbar den store – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Akbar den store" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_ang_Dakila" title="Akbar ang Dakila – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Akbar ang Dakila" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="அக்பர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அக்பர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="అక్బర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అక్బర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A3" title="จักรพรรดิอักบัร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิอักบัร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Акбари Бузург – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Акбари Бузург" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekber_%C5%9Eah" title="Ekber Şah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekber Şah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_I_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Акбар I Великий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Акбар I Великий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="جلال الدین محمد اکبر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جلال الدین محمد اکبر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahkezbah_Daihdaeq" title="Ahkezbah Daihdaeq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ahkezbah Daihdaeq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF" title="Akbar Đại đế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Akbar Đại đế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Suur" title="Akbar Suur – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Akbar Suur" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="阿克巴大帝 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿克巴大帝" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%B4" title="阿克巴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿克巴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8" title="אקבאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אקבאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%B4" title="阿克巴 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿克巴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celaleddin_Muhammed_Ekber" title="Celaleddin Muhammed Ekber – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Celaleddin Muhammed Ekber" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbars_D%C4%97dl%C4%ABs%C4%97s" title="Akbars Dėdlīsės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Akbars Dėdlīsės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%B4" title="阿克巴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿克巴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Akbar" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_na_Godang" title="Akbar na Godang – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Akbar na Godang" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8597#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Akbar" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mughal emperor from 1556 to 1605</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the third Mughal emperor. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Akbar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Akbar (disambiguation)">Akbar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Akbar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahenshah-e-Hind" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahenshah-e-Hind">Shahenshah-e-Hind</a> (King of Kings of India)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630,_Metmuseum_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1368" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Akbar with a lion and a calf, by <a href="/wiki/Govardhan_(Mughal_painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Govardhan (Mughal painter)">Govardhan</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1630</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Emperor of Hindustan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2000p117-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14 February 1556<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2000p117-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> <a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemu</a> (as ruler of Delhi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bairam_Khan" title="Bairam Khan">Bairam Khan</a> (1556–1560)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar 15 October 1542<a href="#cite_note-birth-5">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Umarkot_Fort" title="Umarkot Fort">Amarkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodha_dynasty_of_Amarkot" title="Sodha dynasty of Amarkot">Amarkot Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Umerkot" title="Umerkot">Umerkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, Pakistan)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 October 1605(1605-10-27) (aged 63) <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra_Subah" title="Agra Subah">Agra Subah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">November 1605 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_tomb" title="Akbar's tomb">Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consorts</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruqaiya_Sultan_Begum" title="Ruqaiya Sultan Begum">Ruqaiya Sultan Begum</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1556)</div><a href="#cite_note-Thackston1999p437-6">[5]</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salima_Sultan_Begum" title="Salima Sultan Begum">Salima Sultan Begum</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1561)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Mariam-uz-Zamani</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1562)</div><a href="#cite_note-farishta-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-jlmehta-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Raj Kunwari</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1570)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Nathi Bai</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1570)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Bhakkari Begum</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1572)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Qasima Banu Begum</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1575)</div></li><li>Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum</li><li>Bibi Daulat Shad</li><li>Rukmavati</li><li><a href="#Consorts_and_concubines">several others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="#Issue">Detail</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani#Birth_of_twins" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Hassan Mirza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani#Birth_of_twins" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Hussain Mirza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shahzada_Khanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahzada Khanam">Shahzada Khanam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Murad_Mirza_(son_of_Akbar)" title="Murad Mirza (son of Akbar)">Murad Mirza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shakr-un-Nissa_Begum" title="Shakr-un-Nissa Begum">Shakr-un-Nissa Begum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Daniyal_Mirza" title="Daniyal Mirza">Daniyal Mirza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Banu_Begum" title="Aram Banu Begum">Aram Banu Begum</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Arsh-Ashyani (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'One who nests on the divine throne')</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Babur" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Babur">House of Babur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamida_Banu_Begum" title="Hamida Banu Begum">Hamida Banu Begum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Din-i-Ilahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Din-i-Ilahi">Din-i-Ilahi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seal</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_seal_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar,_from_Or_14982-1,_dating_to_978_A.H._(1570%E2%80%9371_C.E.).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Akbar's signature"><img alt="Akbar's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Official_seal_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar%2C_from_Or_14982-1%2C_dating_to_978_A.H._%281570%E2%80%9371_C.E.%29.jpg/125px-Official_seal_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar%2C_from_Or_14982-1%2C_dating_to_978_A.H._%281570%E2%80%9371_C.E.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Official_seal_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar%2C_from_Or_14982-1%2C_dating_to_978_A.H._%281570%E2%80%9371_C.E.%29.jpg/188px-Official_seal_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar%2C_from_Or_14982-1%2C_dating_to_978_A.H._%281570%E2%80%9371_C.E.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Official_seal_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar%2C_from_Or_14982-1%2C_dating_to_978_A.H._%281570%E2%80%9371_C.E.%29.jpg/250px-Official_seal_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar%2C_from_Or_14982-1%2C_dating_to_978_A.H._%281570%E2%80%9371_C.E.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="939" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-10">[9]</a> ((1542-10-15)15 October 1542<a href="#cite_note-birth-5">[a]</a> – (1605-10-27)27 October 1605),<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-2014-15">[14]</a> popularly known as Akbar the Great,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> and also as Akbar I (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Persian pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[ak.baɾ]</a>),<a href="#cite_note-time-17">[16]</a> was the third <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal emperor</a>, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>, under a regent, <a href="/wiki/Bairam_Khan" title="Bairam Khan">Bairam Khan</a>, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. He is generally considered one of the greatest emperors in Indian history and led a successful campaign to unify the various kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Hind%C5%ABst%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindūstān">Hindūstān</a> or <a href="/wiki/Names_for_India#Historical_definitions_of_a_Greater_India" title="Names for India">India proper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britanica-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Akbar gradually enlarged the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> to include much of the Indian subcontinent through Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects, including abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">sectarian tax</a> and appointing them to high civil and military posts. Under Akbar, Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, which tripled in size and wealth, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian culture</a>. Akbar's courts at <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a> attracted holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans, and became known as centres of the arts, letters, and learning. <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid</a> and Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements into a distinct style of Mughal arts, including <a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">architecture</a>. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated <a href="/wiki/Din-i_Ilahi" title="Din-i Ilahi">Din-i Ilahi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretic creed</a> derived mainly from <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> as well as elements of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Akbar was succeeded as emperor by his son, Prince Salim, later known as <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2></div> After Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Chausa</a> (1539) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kannauj" title="Battle of Kannauj">Kannauj</a> (1540) by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a>, Humayun fled westward to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Multiple5-20">[19]</a> There, he met and married the 14-year-old <a href="/wiki/Hamida_Banu_Begum" title="Hamida Banu Begum">Hamida Banu Begum</a>, daughter of Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, a <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> teacher of Humayun's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Hindal_Mirza" title="Hindal Mirza">Hindal Mirza</a>. Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar was born to them the next year on 25 October 1542<a href="#cite_note-birth-5">[a]</a> (the fifth day of <a href="/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a>, 949 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-2014-15">[14]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Umarkot_Fort" title="Umarkot Fort">Rajput Fortress</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amarkot" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarkot">Amarkot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a> (in modern-day Sindh), where his parents had been given refuge by the local Hindu ruler Rana Prasad.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akbar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Akbar.jpg/170px-Akbar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Akbar.jpg/255px-Akbar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Akbar.jpg/340px-Akbar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="3060" /></a><figcaption>Akbar as a boy</figcaption></figure> During the extended period of Humayun's exile, Akbar was brought up in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> by his paternal uncles, <a href="/wiki/Kamran_Mirza" title="Kamran Mirza">Kamran Mirza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Askari_Mirza" title="Askari Mirza">Askari Mirza</a>, and aunts, in particular, Kamran Mirza's wife. He spent his youth learning to hunt, run, and fight, and although he never learned to read or write, when he retired in the evening, he would have someone read to him.<a href="#cite_note-AknamaVolI-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> On 20 November 1551, Humayun's youngest brother, Hindal Mirza, died in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief.<a href="#cite_note-Erskine-25">[24]</a> About the time of nine-year-old Akbar's first appointment as governor of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Province" title="Ghazni Province">Ghazni</a>, he married Hindal's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Ruqaiya_Sultan_Begum" title="Ruqaiya Sultan Begum">Ruqaiya Sultan Begum</a>, his first wife.<a href="#cite_note-Sterling_Publishers_Pvt._Ltd-26">[25]</a> Humayun gave Akbar command of Hindal's troops and conferred on the imperial couple all of Hindal's wealth.<a href="#cite_note-Ferishta1909-27">[26]</a> Akbar's marriage to Ruqaiya was solemnised in <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, Punjab, when they were both 14 years old.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly_2000_123,_272-28">[27]</a> Following chaos over the succession of Sher Shah Suri's son <a href="/wiki/Islam_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam Shah">Islam Shah</a>, Humayun reconquered Delhi in 1555,<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> leading an army partly provided by his Persian ally <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp I</a>. A few months later, Humayun died. Akbar's guardian, <a href="/wiki/Bairam_Khan" title="Bairam Khan">Bairam Khan</a>, concealed his death to prepare for Akbar's succession. Akbar succeeded Humayun on 14 February 1556,<a href="#cite_note-India_Today-30">[29]</a> while in the midst of a war against <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah_Suri" title="Sikandar Shah Suri">Sikandar Shah</a> to reclaim the Mughal throne. In <a href="/wiki/Kalanaur,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalanaur, Punjab">Kalanaur, Punjab</a>, the 14-year-old Akbar was enthroned by Bairam Khan on a newly constructed platform (which still stands<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a>) and was proclaimed Shahanshah (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> for "King of Kings").<a href="#cite_note-India_Today-30">[29]</a> Bairam Khan ruled on his behalf until he came of age.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Akbar</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Umar_Shaikh_Mirza_II" title="Umar Shaikh Mirza II">Umar Shaikh Mirza II</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh_Nigar_Khanum" title="Qutlugh Nigar Khanum">Qutlugh Nigar Khanum</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Maham_Begum" title="Maham Begum">Maham Begum</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. Akbar I</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="24" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6.Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Hamida_Banu_Begum" title="Hamida Banu Begum">Hamida Banu Begum</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="9"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="8" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. Mah Afroz Begum<a href="#cite_note-Thackeray-34">[33]</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_campaigns">Military campaigns</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_in_1605.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/India_in_1605.jpg/260px-India_in_1605.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/India_in_1605.jpg/390px-India_in_1605.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/India_in_1605.jpg/520px-India_in_1605.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal India</a> under Akbar's rule (yellow) after the end of his military campaigns</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_innovations">Military innovations</h3></div> Akbar's military campaigns consolidated Mughal rule in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-India_Today-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lal-35">[34]</a> Akbar introduced organisational changes to the <a href="/wiki/Mansabdar" title="Mansabdar">mansabdari</a> system, establishing a hierarchical scale of military and civil ranks.<a href="#cite_note-Kulke-36">[35]</a> Organisational reforms were accompanied by innovations in <a href="/wiki/Cannons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannons">cannons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">fortifications</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">use of elephants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lal-35">[34]</a> Akbar also took an interest in <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlocks</a> and effectively employed them during various conflicts. He sought the help of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, as well as Europeans, especially the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> and Italians, in procuring advanced firearms and artillery.<a href="#cite_note-Schimmel-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richards1-38">[37]</a> Akbar's <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abul Fazl</a> once declared that "with the exception of Turkey, there is perhaps no country in which its guns has more means of securing the Government than [India]."<a href="#cite_note-Elgood-39">[38]</a> Scholars and historians have used the term "<a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">gunpowder empire</a>" to analyse the success of the Mughals in India.<a href="#cite_note-Gommans-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_India">North India</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_Akbar_b%C3%A4ndigt_einen_Elefanten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kaiser_Akbar_b%C3%A4ndigt_einen_Elefanten.jpg/170px-Kaiser_Akbar_b%C3%A4ndigt_einen_Elefanten.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kaiser_Akbar_b%C3%A4ndigt_einen_Elefanten.jpg/255px-Kaiser_Akbar_b%C3%A4ndigt_einen_Elefanten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kaiser_Akbar_b%C3%A4ndigt_einen_Elefanten.jpg/340px-Kaiser_Akbar_b%C3%A4ndigt_einen_Elefanten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption>Akbar training an elephant</figcaption></figure> Akbar's father Humayun had regained control of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> with <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> support, but Mughal rule was still precarious when Akbar took the throne. When the Surs reconquered Agra and Delhi following the death of Humayun, Akbar's young age and the lack of military assistance from the Mughal stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>—which was in the midst of an invasion by the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a>, Prince Mirza Suleiman—aggravated the situation.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly1-41">[40]</a> When his regent, <a href="/wiki/Bairam_Khan" title="Bairam Khan">Bairam Khan</a>, called a council of war to marshall the Mughal forces, none of Akbar's chieftains approved. Bairam Khan was ultimately able to prevail over the nobles and it was decided that the Mughals would march against the strongest of the Sur rulers, <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah_Suri" title="Sikandar Shah Suri">Sikandar Shah Suri</a>, in Punjab. Delhi was left under the regency of <a href="/wiki/Tardi_Baig_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tardi Baig Khan">Tardi Baig Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly1-41">[40]</a> Sikandar Shah Suri, his army weakened by earlier lost battles, withdrew to avoid combat as the Mughal army approached.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Akbar also faced <a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemu</a>, a minister and general of one of the Sur rulers, who had proclaimed himself Hindu emperor and expelled the Mughals from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly1-41">[40]</a> Urged by Bairam Khan, who re-marshalled the Mughal army before Hemu could consolidate his position, Akbar marched on Delhi to reclaim it.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> His army, led by Bairam Khan, defeated Hemu and the Sur army on 5 November 1556 at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Second Battle of Panipat</a>, 50 miles (80 km) north of Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-Panipat-45">[44]</a> Soon after the battle, Mughal forces occupied Delhi and then Agra. Akbar made a triumphant entry into Delhi, where he stayed for a month. Then, he and Bairam Khan returned to Punjab to deal with Sikandar Shah Suri, who had become active again.<a href="#cite_note-Richards2-46">[45]</a> In the next six months, the Mughals won another major battle against Sikander, who fled east to <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. Akbar and his forces occupied <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and then seized <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> in the Punjab. In 1558, Akbar took possession of <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, the aperture to <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a>, after the defeat and flight of its Muslim ruler.<a href="#cite_note-Richards2-46">[45]</a> The Mughals also besieged and defeated the Sur forces in control of <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_Fort" title="Gwalior Fort">Gwalior Fort</a>, a stronghold north of the <a href="/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a> river.<a href="#cite_note-Richards2-46">[45]</a> Royal begums (ladies), along with the families of Mughal amirs, were brought from Kabul to India at the time, "so that men might become settled and be restrained in some measure from departing to a country to which they were accustomed", according to Fazl.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly1-41">[40]</a> Akbar made clear that he would stay in India, reintroducing the historical legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid Renaissance</a>, in contrast to his grandfather and father, who reigned as transient rulers.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly1-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richards2-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_India">Central India</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Malwa" title="Mughal conquest of Malwa">Mughal conquest of Malwa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Akbar_and_Noblemen_Hawking,_Probably_Accompanied_by_His_Guardian_Bairam_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Prince_Akbar_and_Noblemen_Hawking%2C_Probably_Accompanied_by_His_Guardian_Bairam_Khan.jpg/170px-Prince_Akbar_and_Noblemen_Hawking%2C_Probably_Accompanied_by_His_Guardian_Bairam_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Prince_Akbar_and_Noblemen_Hawking%2C_Probably_Accompanied_by_His_Guardian_Bairam_Khan.jpg/255px-Prince_Akbar_and_Noblemen_Hawking%2C_Probably_Accompanied_by_His_Guardian_Bairam_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Prince_Akbar_and_Noblemen_Hawking%2C_Probably_Accompanied_by_His_Guardian_Bairam_Khan.jpg/340px-Prince_Akbar_and_Noblemen_Hawking%2C_Probably_Accompanied_by_His_Guardian_Bairam_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Akbar <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">hawking</a> with Mughal chieftains and nobleman, accompanied by his guardian Bairam Khan</figcaption></figure> By 1559, the Mughals had launched a drive to the south into Rajputana and <a href="/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate" title="Malwa Sultanate">Malwa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richards3-48">[47]</a> However, Akbar's disputes with his regent, Bairam Khan, temporarily put an end to the expansion.<a href="#cite_note-Richards3-48">[47]</a> The young emperor, at the age of eighteen, wanted to take a more active part in managing the Empire's affairs. Urged on by his foster mother, <a href="/wiki/Maham_Anga" title="Maham Anga">Maham Anga</a>, and other relatives, Akbar dismissed Bairam Khan following a dispute at court in the spring of 1560 and ordered him to leave on <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-expansion-49">[48]</a> Bairam Khan left for Mecca, but on his way, was persuaded by his opponents[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>] to rebel.<a href="#cite_note-Panipat-45">[44]</a> He was defeated by the Mughal army in the Punjab and forced to submit. Akbar forgave him and gave him the option of either continuing in his court or resuming his pilgrimage; Bairam chose the latter.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Bairam Khan was assassinated on his way to Mecca, by a group of Afghans led by Mubarak Khan Lohani, whose father had been killed while fighting with the Mughals at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Machhiwara" title="Battle of Machhiwara">Battle of Machhiwara</a> in 1555.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richards3-48">[47]</a> In 1560, Akbar resumed military operations.<a href="#cite_note-Richards3-48">[47]</a> A Mughal army under the command of his foster brother, <a href="/wiki/Adham_Khan" title="Adham Khan">Adham Khan</a>, and a Mughal commander, Pir Muhammad Khan, began the Mughal conquest of Malwa. The Afghan ruler, <a href="/wiki/Baz_Bahadur" title="Baz Bahadur">Baz Bahadur</a>, was defeated at the Battle of Sarangpur and fled to <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Khandesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Khandesh">Khandesh</a> for refuge, leaving behind his harem, treasure, and war elephants.<a href="#cite_note-Richards3-48">[47]</a> Despite initial success, Akbar was ultimately displeased with the aftermath of the campaign; his foster brother retained all of the spoils and followed through with the Central Asian practice of slaughtering the surrendered garrison, their wives and children, and many Muslim theologians and Sayyids, who were descendants of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richards3-48">[47]</a> Akbar personally rode to Malwa to confront Adham Khan and relieve him of command. Pir Muhammad Khan was then sent in pursuit of Baz Bahadur, but was beaten back by the alliance of the rulers of Khandesh and <a href="/wiki/Berar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Berar Sultanate">Berar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richards3-48">[47]</a> Baz Bahadur temporarily regained control of Malwa until, in the next year, Akbar sent another Mughal army to invade and annexe the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Richards3-48">[47]</a> Malwa became a province of the nascent imperial administration of Akbar's regime. Baz Bahadur survived as a refugee at various courts until, eight years later in 1570, he took service under Akbar.<a href="#cite_note-Richards3-48">[47]</a> When Adham Khan confronted Akbar following another dispute in late 1561, the emperor threw him from a terrace into the palace courtyard at Agra. Still alive, Adham Khan was dragged up and thrown to the courtyard once again by Akbar to ensure his death.<a href="#cite_note-Richards3-48">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Abdul_Rahim_Khan-I-Khana_being_received_by_Akbar,_Akbarnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Young_Abdul_Rahim_Khan-I-Khana_being_received_by_Akbar%2C_Akbarnama.jpg/170px-Young_Abdul_Rahim_Khan-I-Khana_being_received_by_Akbar%2C_Akbarnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Young_Abdul_Rahim_Khan-I-Khana_being_received_by_Akbar%2C_Akbarnama.jpg/255px-Young_Abdul_Rahim_Khan-I-Khana_being_received_by_Akbar%2C_Akbarnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Young_Abdul_Rahim_Khan-I-Khana_being_received_by_Akbar%2C_Akbarnama.jpg/340px-Young_Abdul_Rahim_Khan-I-Khana_being_received_by_Akbar%2C_Akbarnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="2246" /></a><figcaption>Young <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Khan-i-Khanan" title="Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan">Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan</a>, son of Bairam Khan, being received by Akbar</figcaption></figure> After Adham Khan's death, Akbar distributed authority among specialised ministerial posts relating to different aspects of imperial governance to prevent any one noble from becoming too powerful.<a href="#cite_note-Richards3-48">[47]</a> When a powerful clan of Uzbek chiefs broke out in rebellion in 1564, Akbar routed them in Malwa and then <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2-52">[51]</a> He pardoned the rebellious leaders, hoping to conciliate them, but they rebelled again; Akbar quelled their second uprising. Following a third revolt, with the proclamation of <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Muhammad_Hakim" title="Mirza Muhammad Hakim">Mirza Muhammad Hakim</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]—Akbar's brother and the Mughal ruler of Kabul—several Uzbek chieftains were slain and the rebel leaders trampled to death under elephants.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2-52">[51]</a> Simultaneously, the Mirzas, a group of Akbar's distant cousins who held important fiefs near Agra, rebelled and were defeated by Akbar.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2-52">[51]</a> In 1566, Akbar moved to meet the forces of his brother, Muhammad Hakim, who had marched into the Punjab with the intention of seizing the imperial throne. Following a brief confrontation, Muhammad Hakim accepted Akbar's supremacy and retreated back to Kabul.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2-52">[51]</a> In 1564, Mughal forces began the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Garha" title="Mughal conquest of Garha">conquest of Garha</a>, a thinly populated, hilly area in central India that was of interest to the Mughals because of its herd of wild elephants.<a href="#cite_note-Richards4-53">[52]</a> The territory was ruled over by Raja Vir Narayan, a minor, and his mother, <a href="/wiki/Rani_Durgavati" title="Rani Durgavati">Durgavati</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> warrior queen of the Gonds.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2-52">[51]</a> Akbar did not personally lead the campaign because he was preoccupied with the Uzbek rebellion, leaving the expedition in the hands of Asaf Khan, the Mughal governor of Kara.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chandra-54">[53]</a> Durgavati committed suicide after her defeat at the Battle of Damoh, while Raja Vir Narayan was slain at the Fall of Chauragarh, the mountain fortress of the Gonds.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra-54">[53]</a> The Mughals seized immense wealth, including an uncalculated amount of gold and silver, jewels, and 1,000 elephants. Kamala Devi, a younger sister of Durgavati, was sent to the Mughal harem.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra-54">[53]</a> The brother of Durgavati's deceased husband was installed as the Mughal administrator of the region.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra-54">[53]</a> As with Malwa, Akbar entered into a dispute with his vassals over the conquest of Gondwana.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra-54">[53]</a> Asaf Khan was accused of keeping most of the treasures and sending back only 200 elephants to Akbar. When summoned to give accounts, he fled Gondwana. He went first to the Uzbeks, then returned to Gondwana where he was pursued by Mughal forces. Finally, he submitted and Akbar restored him to his previous position.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assassination_attempt">Assassination attempt</h4></div> In January 1564, an assassin shot an arrow at Akbar, which pierced his right shoulder, as he was returning from a visit to the Dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin near Delhi. The Emperor ordered the apprehended assassin, a slave of Mirza Sharfuddin—a noble in Akbar's court whose recent rebellion had been suppressed—to be beheaded.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rajputana">Rajputana</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akbar_shoots_Jaimal_at_the_siege_of_Chitor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Akbar_shoots_Jaimal_at_the_siege_of_Chitor.jpg/170px-Akbar_shoots_Jaimal_at_the_siege_of_Chitor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Akbar_shoots_Jaimal_at_the_siege_of_Chitor.jpg/255px-Akbar_shoots_Jaimal_at_the_siege_of_Chitor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Akbar_shoots_Jaimal_at_the_siege_of_Chitor.jpg/340px-Akbar_shoots_Jaimal_at_the_siege_of_Chitor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Mughal Emperor Akbar shoots the Rajput warrior Jaimal during the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1568.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg/170px-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg/255px-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg/340px-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Bullocks dragging siege-guns uphill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort in 1568</figcaption></figure> Having established Mughal rule over northern India, Akbar turned his attention to the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a>, which was strategically important as it was a rival centre of power that flanked the Indo-Gangetic plains.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra-54">[53]</a> The Mughals had already established domination over parts of northern Rajputana in <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, and Nagor.<a href="#cite_note-Richards2-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eraly2-52">[51]</a> Akbar sought to conquer Rajputana's heartlands, which had rarely previously submitted to the Muslim rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>. Beginning in 1561, the Mughals actively engaged the Rajputs in warfare and diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-Richards4-53">[52]</a> Most Rajput states accepted Akbar's suzerainty; however, the rulers of Mewar and Marwar—<a href="/wiki/Udai_Singh_II" title="Udai Singh II">Udai Singh II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandrasen_Rathore" title="Chandrasen Rathore">Chandrasen Rathore</a>—remained outside the imperial fold.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2-52">[51]</a> Udai Singh was descended from the Sisodia ruler, <a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a>, who had fought Babur at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Battle of Khanwa</a> in 1527.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2-52">[51]</a> As the head of the <a href="/wiki/Sisodia_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisodia clan">Sisodia clan</a>, he possessed the highest ritual status of all the Rajput kings and chieftains in India.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Mughals viewed defeating Udai Singh as essential to asserting their imperial authority among the Rajputs.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2-52">[51]</a> During this period of his reign, Akbar was still devoted to Islam and sought to impress the superiority of his faith over what were regarded by contemporaries as the most prestigious warriors in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2-52">[51]</a> In 1567, Akbar attacked the <a href="/wiki/Chittor_Fort" title="Chittor Fort">Chittor Fort</a> in Mewar. The fortress-capital of Mewar was of strategic importance as it lay on the shortest route from Agra to <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat</a> and was also considered a key to holding the interior parts of Rajputana. Udai Singh retreated to the hills of Mewar, leaving two Rajput warriors, <a href="/wiki/Jaimal_Rathore" title="Jaimal Rathore">Jaimal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patta_Sisodia" title="Patta Sisodia">Patta</a>, in charge of the defence of his capital.<a href="#cite_note-earlyconquest-56">[55]</a> Chittorgarh fell in February 1568 after a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)">siege of four months</a>. The fall of Chittor was proclaimed by Akbar as "the victory of Islam over infidels [i.e., non-Muslims]."<a href="#cite_note-Khan_1968-57">[56]</a> In his Fathnama (dispatches announcing victory) issued on 9 March 1575 conveying his news of victory, Akbar wrote: "With the help of our blood-thirsty sword we have erased the signs of infidelity in their minds and destroyed the temples in those places and all over Hindustan."<a href="#cite_note-Khan_1968-57">[56]</a> Akbar had the surviving defenders and 30,000 non-combatants massacred and their heads displayed upon towers erected throughout the region to demonstrate his authority.<a href="#cite_note-chittor-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Akbar remained in Chittorgarh for three days, then returned to Agra, where, to commemorate the victory, he set up statues of Jaimal and Patta mounted on elephants at the gates of his fort.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly3-60">[59]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Thereafter, Udai Singh never ventured out of his mountain refuge in Mewar.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly4-61">[60]</a> The fall of Chittorgarh was followed up by a Mughal attack on the <a href="/wiki/Ranthambore_Fort" title="Ranthambore Fort">Ranthambore Fort</a> in 1568. Ranthambore was held by the <a href="/wiki/Hada_(clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hada (clan)">Hada</a> Rajputs and reputed to be the most powerful fortress in India.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly4-61">[60]</a> However, it fell only after a couple of months.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly4-61">[60]</a> At that point, most of the Rajput kings had submitted to the Mughals; only the clans of Mewar continued to resist.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly4-61">[60]</a> Udai Singh's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap" title="Maharana Pratap">Maharana Pratap</a>, was later defeated by the Mughals at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati" title="Battle of Haldighati">Battle of Haldighati</a> in 1576.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly4-61">[60]</a> Akbar would celebrate his conquest of Rajputana by laying the foundation of a new capital, 23 miles (37 km) west-southwest of Agra, in 1569. It was called <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, or the "City of Victory".<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Pratap Singh continued to attack the Mughals and was able to retain most of his kingdom during Akbar's reign.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_and_Eastern_India">Western and Eastern India</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Gujarat" title="Mughal conquest of Gujarat">Mughal conquest of Gujarat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Akbar_from_Akbarnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Court_of_Akbar_from_Akbarnama.jpg/170px-Court_of_Akbar_from_Akbarnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Court_of_Akbar_from_Akbarnama.jpg/255px-Court_of_Akbar_from_Akbarnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Court_of_Akbar_from_Akbarnama.jpg/340px-Court_of_Akbar_from_Akbarnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The court of young Akbar, aged 13, showing his first imperial act: the arrest of an unruly courtier, who was once a favourite of Akbar's father. Illustration from a manuscript of the Akbarnama.</figcaption></figure> Akbar's next military objectives were the conquest of Gujarat and Bengal, which connected India with the trading centres of Asia, Africa, and Europe through the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly4-61">[60]</a> Gujarat had also been a haven for rebellious Mughal nobles. In Bengal, the Afghans still held considerable influence under their ruler, <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Khan_Karrani" title="Sulaiman Khan Karrani">Sulaiman Khan Karrani</a>. Akbar first moved against Gujarat, which lay in the crook of the Mughal provinces of Rajputana and Malwa.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly4-61">[60]</a> Gujarat possessed areas of rich agricultural production in its central plain, an impressive output of textiles and other industrial goods, and the busiest seaports of India.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly4-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gujarat1-64">[63]</a> Akbar intended to link the maritime state with the massive resources of the Indo-Gangetic plains.<a href="#cite_note-Richards5-65">[64]</a> Akbar's ostensible <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a> for warring with Gujarat was that the rebel Mirzas, who had previously been driven out of India, were now operating out of a base in southern Gujarat. Moreover, Akbar had received invitations from cliques in Gujarat to oust the reigning king, which further served as justification for his military expedition.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly4-61">[60]</a> In 1572, Akbar moved to occupy <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, the capital, and other northern cities, and was proclaimed the lawful sovereign of Gujarat. By 1573, he had driven out the Mirzas who, after offering token resistance, fled for refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, the commercial capital of the region, and other coastal cities soon capitulated to the Mughals.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly4-61">[60]</a> The king, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_III" title="Muzaffar Shah III">Muzaffar Shah III</a>, was caught hiding in a corn field; he was pensioned off by Akbar with a small allowance.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly4-61">[60]</a> Akbar then returned to Fatehpur Sikiri, where he built the <a href="/wiki/Buland_Darwaza" title="Buland Darwaza">Buland Darwaza</a> to commemorate his victories. But, a rebellion by Afghan nobles supported by the Rajput ruler of <a href="/wiki/Idar_State" title="Idar State">Idar</a>, as well as the renewed intrigues of the Mirzas[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>], forced his return to Gujarat.<a href="#cite_note-Richards5-65">[64]</a> Akbar crossed Rajputana and reached Ahmedabad in 11 days—a journey that normally took six weeks. The outnumbered Mughal army won a decisive victory on 2 September 1573. Akbar slew the rebel leaders and erected a tower out of their severed heads.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly4-61">[60]</a> The conquest and subjugation of Gujarat proved highly profitable for the Mughals; after expenses, the territory yielded a revenue of more than five million rupees annually to Akbar's treasury.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly4-61">[60]</a> After conquering Gujarat, the remaining centre of Afghan power was Bengal. In 1572, Sulaiman Khan's son, <a href="/wiki/Daud_Khan_Karrani" title="Daud Khan Karrani">Daud Khan</a>, succeeded him. Daud Khan defined Mughal rule, assuming the insignia of royalty and ordering that the <a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah">khutbah</a> be proclaimed in his name, rather than Akbar's. <a href="/wiki/Munim_Khan" title="Munim Khan">Munim Khan</a>, the Mughal governor of Bihar, was ordered to chastise Daud Khan. Eventually, Akbar himself set out to Bengal, and in 1574, the Mughals seized <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> from Daud Khan, who fled to Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly5-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pletcher-67">[66]</a> Akbar then returned to Fatehpur Sikri and left his generals to finish the campaign. The Mughal army was subsequently victorious at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi" title="Battle of Tukaroi">Battle of Tukaroi</a> in 1575, which led to the annexation of Bengal and parts of Bihar that had been under the dominion of Daud Khan. Only <a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissa</a> was left in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani dynasty</a>, albeit as a fief of the Mughal Empire. A year later, however, Daud Khan rebelled and attempted to regain Bengal. He was defeated by the Mughal general <a href="/wiki/Khan_Jahan_I" title="Khan Jahan I">Khan Jahan Quli</a> and fled into exile. Daud Khan was later captured and executed by Mughal forces. His severed head was sent to Akbar, while his limbs were gibbeted at Tandah, the Mughal capital in Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly5-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan_and_Central_Asia">Afghanistan and Central Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akbar%27s_amrour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Akbar%27s_amrour.jpg/220px-Akbar%27s_amrour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Akbar%27s_amrour.jpg/330px-Akbar%27s_amrour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Akbar%27s_amrour.jpg/440px-Akbar%27s_amrour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Plate and helmet of the personal armour of Akbar</figcaption></figure>Following his conquests of Gujarat and Bengal, Akbar was preoccupied with domestic concerns.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He did not leave Fatehpur Sikri on a military campaign until 1581, when Punjab was again invaded by his brother, Mirza Muhammad Hakim. Akbar expelled his brother to Kabul and waged a campaign to remove him from power. At the same time, Akbar's nobles were resisting leaving India to administer the Empire's holdings in Afghanistan; they were, according to Abul Fazl "afraid of the cold of Afghanistan".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Likewise, Hindu officers in the Mughal army were inhibited by the traditional <a href="/wiki/Kala_pani_(taboo)" title="Kala pani (taboo)">taboo against crossing the Indus</a>. To encourage them, Akbar provided them with pay eight months in advance. In August 1581, Akbar seized Kabul and took up residence at <a href="/wiki/Bala_Hissar,_Kabul" title="Bala Hissar, Kabul">Babur's old citadel</a>. He stayed there for three weeks and his brother fled into the mountains. Akbar left Kabul in the hands of his sister, <a href="/wiki/Bakht-un-Nissa_Begum" title="Bakht-un-Nissa Begum">Bakht-un-Nissa Begum</a>, and returned to India. He then pardoned his brother, who took up de facto control of the Mughal administration in Kabul; Bakht-un-Nissa continued to be the official governor. In 1585, after Muhammad Hakim died, Kabul passed into the hands of Akbar and was officially incorporated as a province of the Mughal Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly5-66">[65]</a> The Kabul expedition was the beginning of a long period of activity over the northern frontiers of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-The_Age_of_Akbar-68">[67]</a> For thirteen years, beginning in 1585, Akbar remained in the north, shifting his capital to Lahore while he dealt with challenges from <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> tribes, which had driven his grandfather, Babur, out of Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly5-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Age_of_Akbar-68">[67]</a> The Uzbeks were organised under <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Khan_II" title="Abdullah Khan II">Abdullah Khan Shaybanid</a>, a military chieftain who had seized Badakhshan and Balkh from Akbar's distant Timurid relatives, and whose troops challenged the northwestern frontiers of the Mughal Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly5-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shah2003-69">[68]</a> The Uzbeks also subsidised Afghan tribes on the border that were hostile to the Mughals. The tribes felt challenged by the <a href="/wiki/Yusufzai" title="Yusufzai">Yusufzai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bajaur_District" title="Bajaur District">Bajaur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat</a> and were motivated by a new religious leader, Bayazid, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Roshaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Roshaniyya">Roshaniyya</a> sect.<a href="#cite_note-The_Age_of_Akbar-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richards6-70">[69]</a> In 1586, Akbar negotiated a pact with Abdullah Khan in which the Mughals agreed to remain neutral during the Uzbek invasion of Safavid-held <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. In return, Abdullah Khan agreed to refrain from supporting, subsidising, or offering refuge to the Afghan tribes hostile to the Mughals. Akbar, in turn, began a series of campaigns to pacify the Yusufzais and other rebels. Akbar ordered Zain Khan to lead an expedition against the Afghan tribes. <a href="/wiki/Raja_Birbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Birbal">Raja Birbal</a>, a renowned minister in Akbar's court, was also given military command. The expedition failed, and on their retreat from the mountains, Birbal and his entourage were ambushed and killed by Afghans at the Malandarai Pass in February 1586. Akbar immediately fielded new armies to reinvade the Yusufzai lands under the command of <a href="/wiki/Raja_Todar_Mal" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Todar Mal">Raja Todar Mal</a>. Over the next six years, the Mughals contained the Yusufzai in the mountain valleys, forcing the submission of many chiefs in Swat and Bajaur. Dozens of forts were built and occupied to secure the region.<a href="#cite_note-Richards6-70">[69]</a> Despite his pact with the Uzbeks, Akbar nurtured a secret hope of reconquering Central Asia, but Badakshan and Balkh remained firmly part of the Uzbek dominion.<a href="#cite_note-Markovitz-71">[70]</a> Abdullah Khan died in 1598 and the last of the rebellious Afghan tribes were subdued by 1600. The Roshaniyya movement was suppressed, its leaders were captured or driven into exile, and the <a href="/wiki/Afridi" title="Afridi">Afridi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orakzai" title="Orakzai">Orakzai</a> tribes which had risen up under them were subjugated. Jalaluddin, the son of the Roshaniyya movement's founder, Bayazid, was killed in 1601 in a fight with Mughal troops near <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shah2003-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richards6-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indus_Valley">Indus Valley</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Kashmir" title="Mughal conquest of Kashmir">Mughal conquest of Kashmir</a></div> While Akbar was in Lahore dealing with the Uzbeks, he sought to subjugate the <a href="/wiki/Indus_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley">Indus valley</a> to secure the frontier provinces.<a href="#cite_note-Richards6-70">[69]</a> In 1585, he sent an army to conquer <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Sultanate" title="Kashmir Sultanate">Kashmir</a> in the upper Indus basin after <a href="/wiki/Yousuf_Shah_Chak" title="Yousuf Shah Chak">Yousuf Shah</a>, the reigning king of the Shia <a href="/wiki/Chak_dynasty" title="Chak dynasty">Chak dynasty</a>, refused to send his son as a hostage to the Mughal court. Yousuf Shah surrendered immediately to the Mughals, but another of his sons, <a href="/wiki/Yakub_Shah_Chak" title="Yakub Shah Chak">Yaqub Shah</a>, crowned himself as king, leading a resistance against the Mughal armies. In June 1589, Akbar travelled from Lahore to Srinagar to receive the surrender of Yaqub and his rebel forces.<a href="#cite_note-Richards6-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, which were Tibetan provinces adjacent to Kashmir, pledged their allegiance to Akbar.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly6-72">[71]</a> The Mughals also moved to conquer <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> in the lower Indus valley. Since 1574, the northern fortress of <a href="/wiki/Bhakkar" title="Bhakkar">Bhakkar</a> had remained under imperial control. In 1586, the Mughal governor of Multan tried and failed to secure the capitulation of <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Jani_Beg_Tarkhan" title="Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan">Mirza Jani Beg</a>, the independent ruler of <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a> in southern Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-Richards6-70">[69]</a> Akbar responded by sending a Mughal army to besiege <a href="/wiki/Sehwan" title="Sehwan">Sehwan</a>, the river capital of the region. Jani Beg mustered a large army to meet the Mughals.<a href="#cite_note-Richards6-70">[69]</a> The outnumbered Mughal forces defeated the Sindhi forces at the Battle of Sehwan. After suffering further defeats, Jani Beg surrendered to the Mughals in 1591, and in 1593, paid homage to Akbar in Lahore.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly6-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baluchistan">Baluchistan</h3></div> As early as 1586, about half a dozen <a href="/wiki/Baluch_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluch people">Baluchi</a> chiefs, under nominal Pani Afghan rule, had been persuaded to subordinate themselves to Akbar. In preparation for taking <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> from the Safavids, Akbar ordered the Mughal forces to conquer the rest of the Afghan-held parts of <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchistan">Baluchistan</a> in 1595.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly6-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehta-73">[72]</a> The Mughal general <a href="/wiki/Masum_Shah" title="Masum Shah">Mir Masum</a> led an attack on the stronghold of Sibi, which was northeast of <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, and defeated a coalition of local chieftains in battle.<a href="#cite_note-Mehta-73">[72]</a> They were required to acknowledge Mughal supremacy and attend Akbar's court. As a result, the modern-day Pakistani and Afghan parts of Baluchistan, including the <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> coast, became a part of the Mughal Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Mehta-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safavids_and_Kandahar">Safavids and Kandahar</h3></div> Kandahar (also known as the ancient Indian kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Houtsma-74">[73]</a> had connections with the Mughals from the time of the Empire's ancestor, <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, the warlord who had conquered much of Western, Central, and parts of South Asia in the 14th century. However, the Safavids considered it to be an appanage of the Persian-ruled territory of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, and declared its association with the Mughal emperors to be a usurpation. In 1558, while Akbar was consolidating his rule over northern India, Safavid Shah <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp I</a> seized Kandahar and expelled its Mughal governor. The recovery of Kandahar had not been a priority for Akbar, but after his military activity in the northern frontiers, he moved to restore Mughal control. At the time, the region was also under threat from the Uzbeks, but the Emperor of Persia, himself beleaguered by the Ottoman Turks, was unable to send reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly6-72">[71]</a> In 1593, Akbar received the exiled Safavid prince, Rostam Mirza.<a href="#cite_note-Floor-75">[74]</a> Rostam Mirza pledged allegiance to the Mughals; he was granted a rank (mansab) of command over 5,000 men and received Multan as a <a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Floor-75">[74]</a> The Safavid prince and governor of Kandahar, Mozaffar Hosayn, also agreed to defect to the Mughals. Hosayn, who was in an adversary relationship with his overlord, <a href="/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" title="Abbas the Great">Shah Abbas</a>, was granted a rank of 5,000 men, and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Kandahari_Begum" title="Kandahari Begum">Kandahari Begum</a> was married to Akbar's grandson, the Mughal prince <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Khurram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly6-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Floor-75">[74]</a> Kandahar was secured in 1595 with the arrival of a garrison headed by the Mughal general, Shah Bayg Khan.<a href="#cite_note-Floor-75">[74]</a> The reconquest of Kandahar did not overtly disturb Mughal-Persian relations.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly6-72">[71]</a> Akbar and the Persian Shah continued to exchange ambassadors and presents. However, the power equation between the two had now changed in favour of the Mughals.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly6-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deccan_Sultans">Deccan Sultans</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jalal_al-Din_Muhammad_Akbar._AH_963-1014_AD_1556-1605._AV_Mohur_Falcon_type._Asir_mint._Dated_Khurdad_Ilahi_year_45_(20_February_%E2%80%93_20_March_AD_1600).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jalal_al-Din_Muhammad_Akbar._AH_963-1014_AD_1556-1605._AV_Mohur_Falcon_type._Asir_mint._Dated_Khurdad_Ilahi_year_45_%2820_February_%E2%80%93_20_March_AD_1600%29.jpg/310px-Jalal_al-Din_Muhammad_Akbar._AH_963-1014_AD_1556-1605._AV_Mohur_Falcon_type._Asir_mint._Dated_Khurdad_Ilahi_year_45_%2820_February_%E2%80%93_20_March_AD_1600%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jalal_al-Din_Muhammad_Akbar._AH_963-1014_AD_1556-1605._AV_Mohur_Falcon_type._Asir_mint._Dated_Khurdad_Ilahi_year_45_%2820_February_%E2%80%93_20_March_AD_1600%29.jpg/465px-Jalal_al-Din_Muhammad_Akbar._AH_963-1014_AD_1556-1605._AV_Mohur_Falcon_type._Asir_mint._Dated_Khurdad_Ilahi_year_45_%2820_February_%E2%80%93_20_March_AD_1600%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jalal_al-Din_Muhammad_Akbar._AH_963-1014_AD_1556-1605._AV_Mohur_Falcon_type._Asir_mint._Dated_Khurdad_Ilahi_year_45_%2820_February_%E2%80%93_20_March_AD_1600%29.jpg/620px-Jalal_al-Din_Muhammad_Akbar._AH_963-1014_AD_1556-1605._AV_Mohur_Falcon_type._Asir_mint._Dated_Khurdad_Ilahi_year_45_%2820_February_%E2%80%93_20_March_AD_1600%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Falcon <a href="/wiki/Mohur" title="Mohur">Mohur</a> of Akbar, minted in Asir, issued in the name of Akbar to commemorate the capture of Asirgarh Fort of the on 17 January 1601. Legend: "Allah is great, <a href="/wiki/Khordad" title="Khordad">Khordad</a> Ilahi 45, struck at Asir".<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a></div> In 1593, Akbar began military operations against the Deccan Sultans, who had not submitted to his authority. He besieged <a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar_Fort" title="Ahmednagar Fort">Ahmednagar Fort</a> in 1595, forcing <a href="/wiki/Chand_Bibi" title="Chand Bibi">Chand Bibi</a> to cede <a href="/wiki/Berar_Subah" title="Berar Subah">Berar</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A subsequent revolt forced Akbar to take the fort in August 1600. Akbar occupied <a href="/wiki/Burhanpur" title="Burhanpur">Burhanpur</a> and besieged <a href="/wiki/Asirgarh_Fort" title="Asirgarh Fort">Asirgarh Fort</a> in 1599, and took it on 17 January 1601, when Miran Bahadur Shah of the <a href="/wiki/Farooqui_dynasty" title="Farooqui dynasty">Khandesh Sultanate</a> refused to relinquish <a href="/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a>. Akbar then established the <a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Subahs</a> of Ahmadnagar, Berar, and Khandesh under Prince Daniyal. "By the time of his death in 1605, Akbar controlled a broad sweep of territory from the Bay of Bengal to Qandahar and Badakshan. He touched the western sea in Sind and at <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> and was well astride central India."<a href="#cite_note-sen2-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_structure">Political structure</h3></div> Akbar's system of central government was based on the system that had evolved since the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>. Akbar reorganised the sections with a detailed set of regulations. The revenue department was headed by a wazir, responsible for finances and management of jagir and inam land. The head of the military was called the <a href="/wiki/Mir_bakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir bakshi">mir bakshi</a>, appointed from among the leading nobles of the court. The mir bakshi was in charge of intelligence gathering, and made recommendations to the emperor for military appointments and promotion. The mir saman was in charge of the imperial household, including the harems, and supervised the functioning of the court and royal bodyguard. The judiciary was a separate organisation headed by a chief <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qazi</a>, who was also responsible for religious beliefs and practices.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3></div> Akbar reformed the administration land revenues by adopting a system that had been used by <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a>. The village continued to remain the primary unit of revenue assessment.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Cultivated areas were measured and taxed through fixed rates—on the basis of prices prevailing the imperial court—based on the type of crop and productivity. This system burdened the peasantry because prices at the imperial court were often higher than those in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Akbar also introduced a decentralised system of annual assessment, which resulted in corruption among local officials. The system was abandoned in 1580 and replaced with the dahsala (also known as zabti), under which revenue was calculated as one-third of the average produce of the previous ten years, to be paid to the state in cash.<a href="#cite_note-dahsala-82">[81]</a> This system was later refined, taking into account local prices and grouping areas with similar productivity into assessment circles. Remission was given to peasants when the harvest failed during times of flood or drought.<a href="#cite_note-dahsala-82">[81]</a> The dahsala system was set out by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Todar_Mal" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Todar Mal">Raja Todar Mal</a>, who also served as a revenue officer under Sher Shah Suri, in a detailed memorandum submitted to the emperor in 1582–1583.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chandra_2007_236-84">[83]</a> Other local methods of assessment continued in some areas. Lands which were fallow or uncultivated were assessed at concessional rates.<a href="#cite_note-localassessment-85">[84]</a> Akbar also encouraged the improvement and extension of agriculture. <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindars</a> were required to provide loans and agricultural implements in times of need, and to encourage farmers to plough as much land as possible and sow high-quality seeds. In turn, the zamindars were given a hereditary right to collect a share of the produce. Peasants had a hereditary right to cultivate the land as long as they paid the land revenue.<a href="#cite_note-localassessment-85">[84]</a> Revenue officials were guaranteed only three-quarters of their salary, with the remaining quarter dependent on their full realisation of the revenue assessed.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_organisation">Military organisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mansabdari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansabdari">Mansabdari</a></div> Akbar organised his army and the nobility by means of a system called the mansabdari. Under this system, each officer in the army was assigned a rank (a mansabdar) and assigned a number of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>, which he was required to supply to the imperial army.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_2007_236-84">[83]</a> The mansabdars were divided into 33 classes. The top three commanding ranks, ranging from 7,000 to 10,000 troops, were normally reserved for princes. Ranks between 10 and 5,000 were assigned to other members of the nobility. The empire's permanent <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> was small and the imperial forces mostly consisted of contingents maintained by the mansabdars.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Persons were normally appointed to a low mansab and then promoted based on merit and the favour of the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-mansabdari-88">[87]</a> Each mansabdar was required to maintain a certain number of cavalrymen and twice that number of horses. The number of horses was greater because they had to be rested and rapidly replaced in times of war. Akbar employed strict measures to ensure that the quality of the armed forces was maintained at a high level; horses were regularly inspected and usually only <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horses</a> were employed.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The mansabdars were the highest paid military service in the world at the time.<a href="#cite_note-mansabdari-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitals">Capitals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audienzhalle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Audienzhalle.jpg/220px-Audienzhalle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Audienzhalle.jpg/330px-Audienzhalle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Audienzhalle.jpg/440px-Audienzhalle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) in Fatehpur Sikri</figcaption></figure> Akbar was a follower of <a href="/wiki/Salim_Chishti" title="Salim Chishti">Salim Chishti</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">holy man</a> who lived in the region of Sikri near Agra. Believing the area to be lucky, Akbar had a mosque constructed there for the use of the priest. Subsequently, he celebrated the victories over Chittor and Ranthambore by laying the foundations of a new walled capital, 23 miles (37 km) west of Agra in 1569, which was named Fatehpur ("Town of Victory") after the conquest of Gujarat in 1573, and subsequently came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a> to distinguish it from other similarly named towns.<a href="#cite_note-earlyconquest-56">[55]</a> The city was soon abandoned and the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> in 1585. Historians have advanced several reasons for the move, including an insufficient or poor quality water supply at Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar's campaigns in the northwest areas of the Empire or loss of interest.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> In 1599, Akbar moved his capital back to Agra, where he ruled until his death.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3></div> Akbar was a patron of the arts and culture. He had <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a> translated and participated in native festivals.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Akbar established the library of Fatehpur Sikri exclusively for women,<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> and he decreed the establishment of schools for the education of both Muslims and Hindus throughout the realm. He also encouraged <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bookbinding</a> to become a high art.<a href="#cite_note-Murray,_Stuart_2009-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3></div> Akbar's government prioritised commercial expansion,<a href="#cite_note-Economy-96">[95]</a> encouraging traders, providing protection and security for transactions, and levying a low custom duty to stimulate foreign trade.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It also required that local administrators provide restitution to traders for goods stolen while in their territories. To minimise such incidents, bands of highway police called rahdars were enlisted to patrol roads and ensure the safety of traders.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Other active measures taken included the construction and protection of routes of commerce and communications.<a href="#cite_note-Levi-98">[97]</a> Akbar made concerted efforts to improve roads to facilitate the use of wheeled vehicles through the Khyber Pass, the most popular route frequented by traders and travellers journeying from <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> into Mughal India.<a href="#cite_note-Levi-98">[97]</a> He also strategically occupied the northwestern cities of Multan and Lahore in Punjab and constructed forts, such as the one at <a href="/wiki/Attock_Fort" title="Attock Fort">Attock</a> near the crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus river">Indus river</a>. He also constructed a network of smaller forts called thanas throughout the frontier to secure the overland trade route with Persia and Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> He also established an international trading business for his chief consort, <a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Mariam-uz-Zamani</a>, who ran an extensive trade of indigo, spices, and cotton to Gulf nations through merchant's vessels.<a href="#cite_note-DirkCollier-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coins">Coins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Rupee_Akbar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Silver_Rupee_Akbar.jpg/220px-Silver_Rupee_Akbar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Silver_Rupee_Akbar.jpg/330px-Silver_Rupee_Akbar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Silver_Rupee_Akbar.jpg/440px-Silver_Rupee_Akbar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>An ornamental silver Rupee of Akbar with inscriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Islamic declaration of faith</a>; the declaration reads: There is no god except Allah, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> is the messenger of Allah.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Rupee_struck_in_the_name_of_Mughal_emperor_Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Akbar,_minted_in_Ahmadabad,_Ilahi_Type_coin_with_having_the_Regnal_Year_47,_photographed_from_a_personal_collection,_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Silver_Rupee_struck_in_the_name_of_Mughal_emperor_Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Akbar%2C_minted_in_Ahmadabad%2C_Ilahi_Type_coin_with_having_the_Regnal_Year_47%2C_photographed_from_a_personal_collection%2C_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Silver_Rupee_struck_in_the_name_of_Mughal_emperor_Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Akbar%2C_minted_in_Ahmadabad%2C_Ilahi_Type_coin_with_having_the_Regnal_Year_47%2C_photographed_from_a_personal_collection%2C_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Silver_Rupee_struck_in_the_name_of_Mughal_emperor_Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Akbar%2C_minted_in_Ahmadabad%2C_Ilahi_Type_coin_with_having_the_Regnal_Year_47%2C_photographed_from_a_personal_collection%2C_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1863" /></a><figcaption>Silver Rupee struck in the name of Mughal emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar, minted in Ahmadabad, Ilahi type coin with having the regnal year 47.</figcaption></figure> Akbar introduced coins with decorative features, including floral motifs, dotted borders, and <a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">quatrefoil</a>. The coins were issued in both round and square shapes, including a unique 'mehrab' (lozenge) shaped coin.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Akbar's portrait type gold coin (Mohur) is generally attributed to his son, Prince Salim (later Emperor Jahangir), who had rebelled and then sought reconciliation by minting and presenting his father with gold Mohurs bearing Akbar's portrait.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the latter part of Akbar's reign, coins portrayed the concept of Akbar's newly promoted religion, with the Ilahi type and Jalla Jalal-Hu types.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matrimonial_alliances">Matrimonial alliances</h3></div> Prior to Akbar's reign, marriages between Hindu princesses and Muslim kings failed to produce stable relations between the families involved; the women were lost to their families and did not return after marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chandra_243-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar_37-104">[103]</a> Akbar departed from that practice, providing that the Hindu Rajputs who married their daughters or sisters to him would be treated equally to his Muslim fathers- and brothers-in-law, except that they would not be allowed to dine or pray with him or take Muslim wives. Akbar also made those Rajputs members of his court. Some Rajputs considered marriage to Akbar a sign of humiliation.<a href="#cite_note-Sarkar_37-104">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_of_jahangir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Birth_of_jahangir.jpg/220px-Birth_of_jahangir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Birth_of_jahangir.jpg/330px-Birth_of_jahangir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Birth_of_jahangir.jpg/440px-Birth_of_jahangir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani</a>, commonly known as Jodha Bai, giving birth to Prince Salim, the future emperor Jahangir</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kacchwaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kacchwaha">Kacchwaha</a> Rajput, Raja <a href="/wiki/Bharmal" title="Bharmal">Bharmal</a>, of the small kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Amer,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Amer, India">Amer</a>, and an early member of Akbar's court, allied with Akbar by giving his daughter, Mariam-uz-Zamani—who would go on to be Akbar's favorite wife—in marriage to Akbar. Bharmal was made a noble of high rank in the imperial court, and subsequently, his son <a href="/wiki/Bhagwant_Das" title="Bhagwant Das">Bhagwant Das</a> and grandson <a href="/wiki/Man_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Man Singh">Man Singh</a> also rose to high ranks in the nobility.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_243-103">[102]</a> Other Rajput kingdoms also established matrimonial alliances with Akbar, but Akbar did not insist upon matrimony as a precondition for forming alliances. When Akbar met with the Hada leader, Surjan Hada, to effect an alliance, Surjan accepted on the condition that Akbar could not marry any of his daughters. Consequently, no matrimonial alliance was entered into, but Surjan was made a noble and placed in charge of Garh-Katanga.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_243-103">[102]</a> Two major Rajput clans remained aloof—the <a href="/wiki/Sisodia_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisodia Dynasty">Sisodiyas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hada_(clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hada (clan)">Hadas</a> of Ranthambore.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The political effect of these alliances was significant. While some Rajput women who entered Akbar's harem converted to Islam, they were generally provided full religious freedom; their relatives, who continued to remain Hindu, formed a significant part of the nobility and served to articulate the opinions of the majority of commoners in the imperial court.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_243-103">[102]</a> The interaction between Hindu and Muslim nobles in the imperial court resulted in an exchange of thoughts and a blending of the two cultures. Newer generations of the Mughal line also represented a merger of Mughal and Rajput blood, thereby strengthening ties between the two. As a result, the Rajputs became the strongest allies of the Mughals, and Rajput soldiers and generals fought for the Mughal army under Akbar, leading it in several campaigns, including the conquest of Gujarat in 1572.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Akbar's policy of religious tolerance ensured that employment in the imperial administration was open to all on merit, irrespective of creed, strengthening his imperial rule.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Akbar's daughter Meherunnissa was rumoured to be enamored of <a href="/wiki/Tansen" title="Tansen">Tansen</a> and might have played a role in his coming to Akbar's court.<a href="#cite_note-dawn-107">[106]</a> Tansen converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, apparently on the eve of his marriage with Akbar's daughter.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Portuguese">Relations with the Portuguese</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:29%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> A monarch should be ever intent on conquest, otherwise his neighbours rise in arms against him. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""> – Akbar, quoted in Abu'l Fazl (c. 1590). <a href="/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">Ain-i-Akbari</a>. Translated by Jarrett.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a></cite></div> </div> At the time of Akbar's ascension in 1556, the Portuguese had established several fortresses and factories on the western coast of the subcontinent, and largely controlled navigation and sea trade in that region. As a consequence, all other trading entities were subject to the terms and conditions of the Portuguese, which was resented by rulers and traders, including <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Bahadur Shah of Gujarat">Bahadur Shah of Gujarat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg/170px-Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg/255px-Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg/340px-Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="2877" /></a><figcaption>Death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat at <a href="/wiki/Diu_Island" title="Diu Island">Diu</a>, in front of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> in 1537<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1572, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> annexed <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and acquired its first access to the sea, but local officials informed Akbar that the Portuguese had begun to exert control in the Indian Ocean. Akbar obtained a <a href="/wiki/Cartaz" title="Cartaz">cartaz</a> (permit) from the Portuguese to sail in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> At the initial meeting of the Mughals and the Portuguese during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Surat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Surat (page does not exist)">Siege of Surat</a> in 1572, the Portuguese, recognising the superior strength of the Mughal army, chose to adopt diplomacy instead of war. The Portuguese Governor, upon the request of Akbar, sent him an ambassador to establish friendly relations.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Akbar accepted the offer of diplomacy, but the Portuguese continually asserted their authority and power in the Indian Ocean; Akbar expressed concern when he was required to request a permit from the Portuguese before any ships from the Mughal Empire could depart for the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> In 1573, Akbar issued a <a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">firman</a> directing Mughal administrative officials in Gujarat not to provoke the Portuguese in the territory they held in <a href="/wiki/Daman_District,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman District, India">Daman</a>. The Portuguese, in turn, issued passes for members of Akbar's family to go on Hajj to Mecca. The Portuguese made mention of the extraordinary status of the vessel and the special status to be accorded to its occupants.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Akbar was unsuccessful in purchasing compact <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> pieces from the Portuguese, hindering his efforts to establish a Mughal navy along the Gujarat coast.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> In September 1579, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> from <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> were invited to visit the court of Akbar.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The emperor had his scribes translate the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and granted the Jesuits freedom to preach the Gospel.<a href="#cite_note-org-119">[118]</a> One of his sons, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Murad Mirza">Sultan Murad Mirza</a>, was entrusted to <a href="/wiki/Antoni_de_Montserrat" title="Antoni de Montserrat">Antoni de Montserrat</a> for his education.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Durant2011-121">[120]</a> While debating at court, the Jesuits denigrated Islam and Muhammad. Their comments enraged the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a>, who objected to the remarks, but Akbar ordered their comments to be recorded. This event was followed by a rebellion of Muslim clerics in 1581 led by Mullah Muhammad Yazdi and Muiz-ul-Mulk, the chief <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>; the rebels sought to overthrow Akbar and put his brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim on the Mughal throne. Akbar successfully defeated the rebels, but he became more cautious about inviting guests to his court, seeking advice from his counselors.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Ottoman_Empire">Relations with the Ottoman Empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png/220px-Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png/330px-Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png/440px-Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> ambush against the galleys of Seydi Ali Reis (Akbar's allies) in the Indian Ocean</figcaption></figure> In 1555, while Akbar was still a child, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Seydi_Ali_Reis" title="Seydi Ali Reis">Seydi Ali Reis</a> visited the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>. In 1569, during the early years of Akbar's rule, Ottoman Admiral <a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_H%C4%B1z%C4%B1r_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis">Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis</a> visited the Empire. These Ottoman admirals sought to end the growing threats of the Portuguese Empire during their <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_naval_expeditions_in_the_Indian_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean campaigns</a>. During his reign, Akbar six documents addressing the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> In 1576, Akbar sent a contingent of pilgrims on Hajj, led by Khwaja Sultan Naqshbandi, with 600,000 rupees and 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Khalat" title="Khalat">khalats</a> (honorific robes) for the needy of Mecca and Medina.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> In October 1576, Akbar sent a delegation, which included his aunt Gulbadan Begum and his consort Salima, on Hajj by two ships, including an Ottoman vessel, from <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, which reached the port of <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> in 1577 and then proceeded to Mecca and Medina.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Four more caravans were sent from 1577 to 1580, with gifts for the authorities of Mecca and Medina.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> During this period, Akbar financed the pilgrimages of many poor <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> from the Mughal Empire and also funded the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> Order's dervish lodge in the Hijaz.<a href="#cite_note-Faroqhi2006-128">[127]</a> Akbar's attempts to build Mughal presence in Mecca and Medina reassured the local Sharifs of the Mughal Empire's ability to provide financial support, lessening their dependency upon Ottoman bounties.<a href="#cite_note-Faroqhi2006-128">[127]</a> Mughal-Ottoman trade also flourished during this period; merchants loyal to Akbar are known to have reached <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> after journeying upriver through the port of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> The imperial Mughal entourage stayed in Mecca and Medina for nearly four years and attended the Hajj four times.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> In 1582, the Ottoman authorities forced them to return to India. Historian Naimur Rahman Farooqi has suggested that their expulsion may explain why Akbar broke relations with the Hijaz and stopped sending Hajj caravans after 1581.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> According to some accounts, Akbar expressed a desire to form an alliance with the Portuguese against the Ottomans, but nothing came of the idea.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Safavid_dynasty">Relations with the Safavid dynasty</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AkbariMosqueOverlookingGanges-Sita-Ram1804.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/AkbariMosqueOverlookingGanges-Sita-Ram1804.jpg/220px-AkbariMosqueOverlookingGanges-Sita-Ram1804.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/AkbariMosqueOverlookingGanges-Sita-Ram1804.jpg/330px-AkbariMosqueOverlookingGanges-Sita-Ram1804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/AkbariMosqueOverlookingGanges-Sita-Ram1804.jpg/440px-AkbariMosqueOverlookingGanges-Sita-Ram1804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2619" /></a><figcaption>The Akbari Mosque, overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a></figcaption></figure> Before Akbar's rule, the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavids</a> and the Mughals had a long history of diplomatic relations. The Safavid ruler Tahmasp I provided refuge to Humayun when he was forced to flee the Indian subcontinent following his defeat by Sher Shah Suri. However, the Safavids differed from the Sunni Mughals and Ottomans in following the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> branch of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> One of the longest-standing disputes between the Safavids and the Mughals pertained to control of the city of <a href="/wiki/Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qandahar">Qandahar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hindukush" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindukush">Hindukush</a> region, which formed the border between the two empires.<a href="#cite_note-Majumdar_153-135">[134]</a> Military strategists of the time considered the region to be militarily significant due to its geography.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> The city, which was administered by Bairam Khan at the time of Akbar's accession, was invaded and captured by the Persian ruler Husain Mirza, a <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I#Issue" title="Ismail I">cousin of Tahmasp I</a>, in 1558.<a href="#cite_note-Majumdar_153-135">[134]</a> Shortly afterwards, Akbar's army completed its annexation of Kabul, and to further secure the north-western boundaries of his empire, it proceeded to Qandahar. The city capitulated without resistance on 18 April 1595, and the ruler Muzaffar Hussain joined Akbar's court.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Subsequent to this, Bairam Khan sent an envoy to the court of Tahmasp I in an effort to maintain peaceful relations with the Safavids. This gesture was reciprocated and a cordial relationship prevailed between the two empires during the remainder of the first two decades of Akbar's reign.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> The death of Tahmasp I in 1576 resulted in civil war and instability in the Safavid empire, and diplomatic relations between the two empires ceased for more than a decade. They were restored only in 1587 following the accession of <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Shah Abbas</a> to the Safavid throne.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Diplomatic relations continued to be maintained between the Safavid and Mughal courts until the end of Akbar's reign.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Qandahar continued to remain in Mughal possession, and the Hindukush was the empire's western frontier for several decades until <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>'s expedition into <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> in 1646.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_other_contemporary_kingdoms">Relations with other contemporary kingdoms</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Arthur_Smith" title="Vincent Arthur Smith">Vincent Arthur Smith</a> has observed that the merchant Mildenhall was employed in 1600 to bear a letter from <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth</a> to Akbar requesting liberty to trade in his dominions on terms as good as those enjoyed by the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Akbar was also visited by the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Malherbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Malherbe">Pierre Malherbe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Emperor_Akbar_Praying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Portrait_of_Emperor_Akbar_Praying.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Akbar_Praying.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Portrait_of_Emperor_Akbar_Praying.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Akbar_Praying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Portrait_of_Emperor_Akbar_Praying.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Akbar_Praying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of the Mughal Emperor Akbar invocation of a <a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Dua</a> prayer</figcaption></figure> Akbar, as well as his mother and other members of his family, are believed to have been <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> His early days were spent in the backdrop of an atmosphere in which liberal sentiments were encouraged and <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">religious narrow-mindedness</a> was frowned upon.<a href="#cite_note-religion1-145">[144]</a> From the 15th century, a number of rulers in various parts of the country adopted a more liberal policy of <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious tolerance</a>, attempting to foster <a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">communal harmony</a> between Hindus and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-religion2-146">[145]</a> These sentiments were earlier encouraged by the teachings of popular saints like <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-religion1-145">[144]</a> and the verses of the Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>, which advocated human sympathy and a liberal outlook.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> The Timurid ethos of religious tolerance persisted from the times of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>, and influenced Akbar's policy of tolerance in matters of religion.<a href="#cite_note-religion3-148">[147]</a> Akbar's childhood tutors, including two Irani Shias, were largely above <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarian</a> prejudices, and made a significant contribution to Akbar's later inclination towards religious tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-religion3-148">[147]</a> Akbar sponsored religious debates between different Muslim groups (<a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaivite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaivite">Shaivite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a>, Jews, <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialists</a>. He was also partial to Sufism; he proclaimed that "the wisdom of Vedanta is the wisdom of Sufism".<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_with_the_Muslim_aristocracy">Association with the Muslim aristocracy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1573-Akbar_receiving_his_sons_at_Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1573-Akbar_receiving_his_sons_at_Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg/170px-1573-Akbar_receiving_his_sons_at_Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1573-Akbar_receiving_his_sons_at_Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg/255px-1573-Akbar_receiving_his_sons_at_Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1573-Akbar_receiving_his_sons_at_Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg/340px-1573-Akbar_receiving_his_sons_at_Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> Akbar welcomes his son <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Prince Salim</a> at Fatehpur Sikri (<a href="/wiki/Akbarnameh" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbarnameh">Akbarnameh</a>).</figcaption></figure> During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-religion4-150">[149]</a> In 1567, on the advice of Shaikh Abdu'n Nabi, he ordered the exhumation of Mir Murtaza Sharifi Shirazi – a <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> buried in Delhi – because of the grave's proximity to that of <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a>, arguing that a "heretic" could not be buried so close to the grave of a <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> saint. This reflected a restrictive attitude towards the Shia, which continued to persist until the early 1570s.<a href="#cite_note-religion5-151">[150]</a> He suppressed <a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavism</a> in 1573 during his campaign in Gujarat, in the course of which the Mahdavi leader Bandagi Miyan Sheik Mustafa was arrested and brought in chains to the court for debate and released after eighteen months.<a href="#cite_note-religion5-151">[150]</a> Akbar was reportedly angered by acts of embezzlement by many high level Muslim clerics.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> As Akbar increasingly came under the influence of pantheistic Sufi mysticism from the early 1570s, his outlook shifted from orthodox Islam as traditionally professed, to a new concept of Islam that transcended the limits of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-religion5-151">[150]</a> Consequently, during the latter half of his reign, he adopted a policy of tolerance towards the Shias and declared a prohibition on Shia-Sunni conflict, and the empire remained neutral in matters of internal sectarian conflict.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> In 1579, the Mughal Emperor Akbar referred to himself as:<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Emperor of Islam, Emir of the Faithful, Shadow of God on earth, Abul Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi (whose empire Allah perpetuate), is a most just, most wise, and a most God-fearing ruler.</blockquote> In 1580, a rebellion broke out in the eastern part of Akbar's empire, and a number of <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwas</a>, declaring Akbar to be a heretic, were issued by <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qazis</a>. Akbar suppressed the rebellion and handed out severe punishments to the Qazis. To further strengthen his position in dealing with the Qazis, Akbar issued a <a href="/wiki/Mazhar" title="Mazhar">mazhar</a>, or declaration, that was signed by all major <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulemas</a> in 1579.<a href="#cite_note-religion6-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> The mahzar asserted that Akbar was the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Khalifa</a> of the age, a higher rank than that of a <a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">Mujtahid</a>; in case of a difference of opinion among the Mujtahids, Akbar could select any one opinion and could also issue decrees that did not go against the <a href="/wiki/Nass_(Islam)" title="Nass (Islam)">nass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Given the prevailing Islamic sectarian conflicts in various parts of the country at that time, it is believed that the Mazhar helped stabilise the religious situation in the empire.<a href="#cite_note-religion6-155">[154]</a> It also helped him eliminate the religious and political influence of the Ottoman Khalifa over his subjects, thus ensuring their loyalty to him.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Throughout his reign, Akbar was a patron of influential Muslim scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Mir_Ahmed_Nasrallah_Thattvi" title="Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi">Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahir_Muhammad_Thattvi" title="Tahir Muhammad Thattvi">Tahir Muhammad Thattvi</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Din-i_Ilahi">Din-i Ilahi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Din-i_Ilahi" title="Din-i Ilahi">Din-i Ilahi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg/170px-Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg/255px-Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg/340px-Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2275" data-file-height="4123" /></a><figcaption>Akbar holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the <a href="/wiki/Ibadat_Khana" title="Ibadat Khana">Ibadat Khana</a> in Fatehpur Sikri.</figcaption></figure> Akbar was deeply interested in religious and philosophical matters. An orthodox Muslim at the outset, he later came to be influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> mysticism that was being preached in the country at that time. He moved away from orthodoxy, appointing to his court several people with liberal religious philosophies, including Abul Fazl, <a href="/wiki/Faizi" title="Faizi">Faizi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Birbal" title="Birbal">Birbal</a>. In 1575, he built a hall called the <a href="/wiki/Ibadat_Khana" title="Ibadat Khana">Ibadat Khana</a> ("House of Worship") at Fatehpur Sikri, to which he invited theologians, mystics, and selected courtiers renowned for their intellectual achievements to discuss matters of <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> with them.<a href="#cite_note-religion1-145">[144]</a> These discussions, initially restricted to Muslims, were acrimonious and resulted in the participants shouting at and abusing each other. Upset by this, Akbar opened the Ibadat Khana to people of all religions as well as atheists, resulting in the scope of the discussions broadening, even extending into areas such as the validity of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the nature of God. This shocked orthodox theologians, who sought to discredit Akbar by circulating rumours of his desire to forsake Islam.<a href="#cite_note-religion6-155">[154]</a> Akbar's effort to evolve a meeting point among the representatives of various religions was not successful, as each of them attempted to assert the superiority of their respective religions by denouncing other religions. The debates at the Ibadat Khana grew more acrimonious and, contrary to their purpose of leading to a better understanding among religions, instead led to greater bitterness among them, resulting in the discontinuance of the debates by Akbar in 1582.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_2007_255-159">[158]</a> Akbar's interaction with various religious theologians had convinced him that despite their differences, all religions had several good practices, which he sought to combine into a new religious movement known as <a href="/wiki/Din-i-Ilahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Din-i-Ilahi">Din-i-Ilahi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Virtues in Din-i-Ilahi included generosity, forgiveness, abstinence, prudence, wisdom, kindness, and piety.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Celibacy was respected, chastity enforced, the slaughter of animals was discouraged, and there were no sacred scriptures or a priestly hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> A leading noble of Akbar's court, Aziz Koka, wrote a letter to him from Mecca in 1594 arguing that the discipleship promoted by Akbar amounted to nothing more than a desire on Akbar's part to portray his superiority regarding religious matters.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> To commemorate Din-e-Ilahi, Akbar changed the name of <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Prayag</a> to <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> (pronounced as ilahabad) in 1583.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_rupee_coin_of_Akbar,_from_Lahore_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Silver_rupee_coin_of_Akbar%2C_from_Lahore_mint.jpg/220px-Silver_rupee_coin_of_Akbar%2C_from_Lahore_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Silver_rupee_coin_of_Akbar%2C_from_Lahore_mint.jpg/330px-Silver_rupee_coin_of_Akbar%2C_from_Lahore_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Silver_rupee_coin_of_Akbar%2C_from_Lahore_mint.jpg/440px-Silver_rupee_coin_of_Akbar%2C_from_Lahore_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Silver square rupee of Akbar, Lahore mint, struck in Aban month of Ilahi</figcaption></figure> Some modern scholars claim that Akbar did not initiate a new religion, instead introducing what <a href="/wiki/Oscar_R._G%C3%B3mez" title="Oscar R. Gómez">Oscar R. Gómez</a> has called a transtheistic outlook, derived from tantric <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> and that Akbar did not use the word Din-i-Ilahi.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> Scholars have also argued that the theory that Din-i-Ilahi was a new religion is a misconception that arose because of erroneous translations of Abul Fazl's work by later British historians.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> It has been accepted[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] that the policy of sulh-e-kul, which formed the essence of Din-i-Ilahi, was adopted by Akbar not merely for religious purposes, but as a part of general imperial administrative policy. This also formed the basis for Akbar's policy of religious tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> At the time of Akbar's death in 1605, there were no signs of discontent among his Muslim subjects, and even theologians like Abdu'l Haq accepted that close ties remained.<a href="#cite_note-Habib_1997_96-171">[170]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_with_Hindus">Relation with Hindus</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_great_Mogul_discoursing_with_a_Humble_Fakir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_great_Mogul_discoursing_with_a_Humble_Fakir.jpg/180px-The_great_Mogul_discoursing_with_a_Humble_Fakir.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_great_Mogul_discoursing_with_a_Humble_Fakir.jpg/270px-The_great_Mogul_discoursing_with_a_Humble_Fakir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_great_Mogul_discoursing_with_a_Humble_Fakir.jpg/360px-The_great_Mogul_discoursing_with_a_Humble_Fakir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="2535" /></a><figcaption>The great Mogul discoursing with a Humble Fakir</figcaption></figure> Akbar decreed that Hindus who had been forced to convert to Islam could reconvert to Hinduism without facing the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Akbar was well-liked by Hindus, who sang religious hymns to him and his eulogies.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Akbar practised several Hindu customs. He celebrated <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> and allowed Brahman priests to tie jewelled strings around his wrists by way of blessing. Following his lead, many nobles took to wearing rakhi (protection charms).<a href="#cite_note-Collingham2006p30-174">[173]</a> He renounced beef and forbade the sale of all meats on certain days.<a href="#cite_note-Collingham2006p30-174">[173]</a> His son Jahangir and grandson Shahjahan maintained many of Akbar's concessions, such as the ban on cow slaughter, having only vegetarian dishes on certain days of the week, and drinking only Ganges water.<a href="#cite_note-Collingham2006p31-175">[174]</a> When Akbar was in Punjab, 200 miles away from the Ganges, water was sealed in large jars and transported to him. He referred to the Ganges water as the "water of immortality".<a href="#cite_note-Collingham2006p31-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_with_Jains">Relation with Jains</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farrukh_Beg._Akbar%27s_Triumphal_Entry_into_Surat._Akbarnama,_1590-95,_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Farrukh_Beg._Akbar%27s_Triumphal_Entry_into_Surat._Akbarnama%2C_1590-95%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg/180px-Farrukh_Beg._Akbar%27s_Triumphal_Entry_into_Surat._Akbarnama%2C_1590-95%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Farrukh_Beg._Akbar%27s_Triumphal_Entry_into_Surat._Akbarnama%2C_1590-95%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg/270px-Farrukh_Beg._Akbar%27s_Triumphal_Entry_into_Surat._Akbarnama%2C_1590-95%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Farrukh_Beg._Akbar%27s_Triumphal_Entry_into_Surat._Akbarnama%2C_1590-95%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg/360px-Farrukh_Beg._Akbar%27s_Triumphal_Entry_into_Surat._Akbarnama%2C_1590-95%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="2439" /></a><figcaption>Akbar enters <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> triumphantly.</figcaption></figure> Akbar regularly held discussions with <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> scholars and was impacted by their teachings. His first encounter with Jain rituals was when he saw a procession of a Jain <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Shravaka</a> named Champa after a six-month-long fast. Impressed by her power and devotion, he invited her <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiravijaya" title="Hiravijaya">Hiravijaya</a>, to Fatehpur Sikri. Hiravijaya accepted the invitation and travelled to the Mughal capital from <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sanghmitra-176">[175]</a> Akbar was impressed with his scholarly approach. He held several inter-faith dialogues among philosophers of different religions. The arguments of Jains against eating meat persuaded him to become a vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Akbar also issued many imperial orders that were favourable for Jain interests, such as banning animal slaughter.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Jain authors also wrote about their experience at the Mughal court in Sanskrit texts that are still largely unknown to Mughal historians.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Supreme Court">Indian Supreme Court</a> has cited examples of the co-existence of Jain and Mughal architecture, calling Akbar "the architect of modern India" and stating that "he had great respect" for Jainism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1584, 1592, and 1598, Akbar declared "Amari Ghosana", which prohibited animal slaughter during <a href="/wiki/Paryushan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paryushan">Paryushan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavira Janma Kalyanak</a>. He removed the Jazia tax from Jain pilgrim places like <a href="/wiki/Palitana" title="Palitana">Palitana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-toi-180">[179]</a> Santichandra, disciple of Suri, was sent to the Emperor, who in turn left his disciples Bhanuchandra and Siddhichandra in the court. Akbar invited Hiravijaya Suri's successor Vijayasena Suri to his court who visited him between 1593 and 1595.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Akbar's religious tolerance was not followed by his son <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, who later threatened Bhanuchandra.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_accounts">Historical accounts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personality">Personality</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AkbarHunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/AkbarHunt.jpg/170px-AkbarHunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/AkbarHunt.jpg/255px-AkbarHunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/AkbarHunt.jpg/340px-AkbarHunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>Akbar hunting with <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Cheetah" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Cheetah">cheetahs</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1602</figcaption></figure> Akbar's reign was chronicled extensively by his court historian <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abul Fazl</a> in the books <a href="/wiki/Akbarnama" title="Akbarnama">Akbarnama</a> and Ain-i-akbari. Other contemporary sources of Akbar's reign include the works of Badayuni, Shaikhzada Rashidi, and Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Akbar was a warrior, emperor, general, <a href="/wiki/Animal_trainer" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal trainer">animal trainer</a> (reputedly keeping thousands of hunting cheetahs during his reign and training many himself), and theologian.<a href="#cite_note-Habib-182">[181]</a> Believed to be <a href="/wiki/Dyslexic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyslexic">dyslexic</a>, he was read to every day and had a remarkable memory.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He created a library of over 24,000 volumes<a href="#cite_note-Murray,_Stuart_2009-94">[93]</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, Arabic, and <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>; the library was staffed by many scholars, translators, artists, <a href="/wiki/Calligraphers" class="mw-redirect" title="Calligraphers">calligraphers</a>, scribes, bookbinders, and readers,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and he did much of the cataloguing himself.<a href="#cite_note-Murray,_Stuart_2009-94">[93]</a> Akbar was said to have been a wise emperor and a sound judge of character. His son and heir, Jahangir, wrote effusive praise of Akbar's character in his memoirs, and dozens of anecdotes to illustrate his virtues.<a href="#cite_note-Jahangir-183">[182]</a> According to Jahangir, Akbar was "of the hue of wheat; his eyes and eyebrows were black, and his complexion rather dark than fair".<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Antoni de Montserrat, the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalan</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> who visited his court, described him as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Portraits_of_Akbar-185">[184]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">One could easily recognize even at first glance that he is King. He has broad shoulders, somewhat bandy legs well-suited for horsemanship, and a light brown complexion. He carries his head bent towards the right shoulder. His forehead is broad and open, his eyes so bright and flashing that they seem like a sea shimmering in the sunlight. His eyelashes are very long. His eyebrows are not strongly marked. His nose is straight and small though not insignificant. His nostrils are widely open as though in derision. Between the left nostril and the upper lip there is a mole. He shaves his beard but wears a moustache. He limps in his left leg though he has never received an injury there.</blockquote> Akbar was not tall, but powerfully built and very agile. He was also noted for various acts of courage. One such incident occurred on his way back from Malwa to Agra when Akbar was 19 years old. Akbar rode alone in advance of his escort and was confronted by a tigress who, along with her cubs, came out from the shrubbery across his path. When the tigress charged the emperor, he was alleged to have dispatched the animal with his sword in a solitary blow. His approaching attendants found the emperor standing quietly by the side of the dead animal.<a href="#cite_note-chicago-186">[185]</a> Abul Fazl, as well as Akbar's critic Badayuni, described him as having a commanding personality. He was notable for his command in battle, and, "like <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander III of Macedon">Alexander of Macedon</a>, was always ready to risk his life, regardless of political consequences".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He often plunged on his horse into flooded rivers during the rainy seasons and safely crossed them. He rarely indulged in cruelty and is said to have been affectionate towards his relatives. He pardoned his brother Hakim, who had rebelled. On rare occasions, he dealt cruelly with offenders, such as his maternal uncle Muazzam and his foster-brother Adham Khan, who was twice <a href="/wiki/Defenestration" title="Defenestration">defenestrated</a> for drawing Akbar's wrath.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> He is said to have been extremely moderate in his diet. <a href="/wiki/Ain-e-Akbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain-e-Akbari">Ain-e-Akbari</a> mentions that during his travels and while at home, Akbar drank water from the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> river, which he called "the water of immortality".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Servants were stationed at Sorun, and later <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a>, to dispatch water, in sealed jars, to wherever he was stationed.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] According to <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>'s memoirs, he was fond of fruits and had little liking for meat, which he stopped eating in his later years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1570, Akbar visited <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>, regarded as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, and gave permission for four temples to be built by the <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavas</a>, which were Madana-mohana, Govindaji, Gopinatha, and Jugal Kisore.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To defend his stance that speech arose from hearing, he carried out a <a href="/wiki/Language_deprivation_experiments" title="Language deprivation experiments">language deprivation experiment</a>, and had children raised in isolation, not allowed to be spoken to, and pointed out that as they grew older, they remained mute.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hagiography">Hagiography</h3></div> During Akbar's reign, the ongoing process of inter-religious discourse and <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> resulted in a series of religious attributions to him in terms of positions of assimilation, doubt, or uncertainty, which he either assisted himself or left unchallenged.<a href="#cite_note-hagiography-190">[189]</a> Such <a href="/wiki/Hagiographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagiographical">hagiographical</a> accounts of Akbar traversed a wide range of denominational and sectarian spaces, including several accounts by <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jains</a>, and Jesuit missionaries, apart from contemporary accounts by Brahminical and Muslim orthodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> Existing sects and denominations, as well as various religious figures who represented popular worship felt they had a claim to him. The diversity of these accounts is attributed to the fact that his reign resulted in the formation of a flexible centralised state accompanied by personal authority and cultural heterogeneity.<a href="#cite_note-hagiography-190">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akbarnāma,_the_Book_of_Akbar">Akbarnāma, the Book of Akbar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Akbarnama" title="Akbarnama">Akbarnama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbulFazlPresentingAkbarnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/AbulFazlPresentingAkbarnama.jpg/170px-AbulFazlPresentingAkbarnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/AbulFazlPresentingAkbarnama.jpg/255px-AbulFazlPresentingAkbarnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/AbulFazlPresentingAkbarnama.jpg/340px-AbulFazlPresentingAkbarnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2459" data-file-height="4220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak</a> presenting <a href="/wiki/Akbarnama" title="Akbarnama">Akbarnama</a> to Akbar, Mughal miniature</figcaption></figure> The Akbarnāma (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: اکبر نامہ), which literally means Book of Akbar, is an official biographical account of Akbar written in Persian. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times.<a href="#cite_note-art-192">[191]</a> The work was commissioned by Akbar, and written by <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abul Fazl</a>, one of the Nine Jewels (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Navaratnas" title="Navaratnas">Navaratnas</a>) of Akbar's royal court. The book reportedly took seven years to complete and the original manuscripts contained a number of paintings supporting the texts. The paintings are in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal school of painting</a>, and included works of masters of the imperial workshop, including <a href="/wiki/Basawan" title="Basawan">Basawan</a>, whose use of portraiture in its illustrations was an innovation in <a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-art-192">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consorts_and_concubines">Consorts and concubines</h2></div> Akbar's first wife and one of the chief consorts was his cousin, Princess <a href="/wiki/Ruqaiya_Sultan_Begum" title="Ruqaiya Sultan Begum">Ruqaiya Sultan Begum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sang-E-Meel_Pub-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thackston1999p437-6">[5]</a> the only daughter of his paternal uncle, Prince <a href="/wiki/Hindal_Mirza" title="Hindal Mirza">Hindal Mirza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> and his wife Sultanam Begum. In 1551, Hindal Mirza died fighting in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief.<a href="#cite_note-Erskine-25">[24]</a> Hindal's daughter Ruqaiya married Akbar about the time of his first appointment, at age nine, as governor of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Province" title="Ghazni Province">Ghazni Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sterling_Publishers_Pvt._Ltd-26">[25]</a> Akbar was also given the command of his uncle's army.<a href="#cite_note-Ferishta1909-27">[26]</a> Akbar's marriage with Ruqaiya was solemnised near <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, Punjab, when both of them were 14 years old.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly_2000_123,_272-28">[27]</a> She was a senior-ranking wife of Akbar. She died childless in January 1626 and was buried next to her father's grave.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> His second wife was the daughter of Abdullah Khan Mughal.<a href="#cite_note-Burke1989p143-196">[195]</a> The marriage took place in 1557 during the siege of <a href="/wiki/Mankot" title="Mankot">Mankot</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bairam_Khan" title="Bairam Khan">Bairam Khan</a> did not approve of this marriage because Abdullah's sister was married to Akbar's uncle, Prince <a href="/wiki/Kamran_Mirza" title="Kamran Mirza">Kamran Mirza</a>, and so he regarded Abdullah as a partisan of Kamran. Bairam Khan opposed the match until Nasir-al-Mulk persuaded him that he could not oppose it. Nasir-al-Mulk organised a joyful gathering and a grand feast.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> His third wife and one of his three chief consorts was his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Salima_Sultan_Begum" title="Salima Sultan Begum">Salima Sultan Begum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Burke1989p143-196">[195]</a> the daughter of Nur-ud-din Muhammad Mirza and his wife Gulrukh Begum, also known as Gulrang, the daughter of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>. She was at first betrothed to Bairam Khan by Humayun. After Bairam Khan died in 1561, Akbar married her in the same year. She was the foster mother of Akbar's second son, <a href="/wiki/Murad_Mirza" title="Murad Mirza">Murad Mirza</a>. She was a poet and actively played a role in the politics of the Mughal court during Akbar's and Jahangir's reigns. She is regarded as the senior-most wife of Akbar. She died childless on 2 January 1613.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Akbar's fourth and favourite wife, <a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Mariam-uz-Zamani</a>,<a href="#cite_note-farishta-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Safdar2021-201">[200]</a> commonly known by the misnomer Jodha Bai, was the daughter of the ruler of Amer, <a href="/wiki/Raja_Bharmal" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Bharmal">Raja Bharmal</a>, and by birth, was of <a href="/wiki/Rajput_clans" title="Rajput clans">Rajput caste</a>. They got married on 6 February 1562 at the imperial military camp in <a href="/wiki/Sambhar,_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambhar, Rajasthan">Sambhar, Rajasthan</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Amber,_India" title="Amber, India">Amer</a>, and became one of Akbar's chief consorts.<a href="#cite_note-jlmehta-8">[7]</a> She gradually became one of his influential wives<a href="#cite_note-Safdar2021-201">[200]</a> and was said to possess uncommon beauty.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> Shortly after marriage, Akbar named her 'Wali Nimat Begum' (Blessings/Gift of God). Their marriage took place when Akbar was on his way back from <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a> after offering prayers to the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Moinuddin_Chishti" class="mw-redirect" title="Moinuddin Chishti">Moinuddin Chishti</a>. Raja Bharmal had conveyed to Akbar that he was being harassed by his brother-in-law Sharif-ud-din Mirza (the Mughal <a href="/wiki/Hakim_(title)" title="Hakim (title)">hakim</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mewat" title="Mewat">Mewat</a>). Akbar insisted that the Raja should submit to him personally; it was also suggested that his daughter should be married to him as a sign of complete submission.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Her marriage is considered one of the most important events in the history of the Mughal Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Prasad1930-204">[203]</a> She became his first wife to have given birth to Akbar's sons. In 1564, she delivered twins named Mirza Hassan and Mirza Hussain and in 1569, she was honoured with the title of 'Mariam-uz-Zamani' after giving birth to their third and first surviving son, Prince Salim (the future emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>), the heir to the throne. She was also the foster mother of Akbar's favourite son, <a href="/wiki/Daniyal_Mirza" title="Daniyal Mirza">Daniyal Mirza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AkbarMariamuzZamani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/AkbarMariamuzZamani.jpg/180px-AkbarMariamuzZamani.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/AkbarMariamuzZamani.jpg/270px-AkbarMariamuzZamani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/AkbarMariamuzZamani.jpg/360px-AkbarMariamuzZamani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with <a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Mariam Zamani Begum</a>, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani#The_misnomer_of_Jodha_Bai" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Jodha Bai</a></figcaption></figure> She commanded a high rank in the imperial harem and was a recipient of many privileges.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> She was an intellectual woman<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> who held a considerable influence in Akbar's court and is known as the prime driving force for Akbar's promotion of secularism and religious neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-lal9-208">[207]</a> She was also a great female patron of the architecture of her time.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> She died on 19 May 1623 in Agra and was buried in a grave close to her husband, Akbar, in Sikandra, Agra.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> In 1562, Akbar married the former wife of Abdul Wasi, the son of Shaikh Bada, lord of Agra. Akbar was enamored with her beauty and ordered Abdul Wasi to divorce her.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> Another of his wives was Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum, the daughter of Shaikh Muhammad Bakhtiyar and the sister of Shaikh Jamal Bakhtiyar. Their dynasty was called Din Laqab they lived in Chandwar and Jalesar near Agra.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> He married the daughter of Jagmal Rathore, son of Rao Viramde of <a href="/wiki/Merta_City" title="Merta City">Merta</a> in 1562.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> His next marriage took place in 1564 to the daughter of Miran Mubarak Shah, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a>. In 1564, he sent presents to the court with a request that his daughter be married to Akbar. Miran's request acceded and an order was issued. Itimad Khan was sent with Miran's ambassadors. Miran welcomed Itimad with honour and despatched his daughter with him. A large number of nobles accompanied her. The marriage took place in September 1564 when she reached Akbar's court.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> As a dowry, Mubarak Shah ceded Bijagarh and Handia to his imperial son-in-law.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> He married another Rajput princess in 1570, Raj Kunwari, daughter of Kanha, the brother of Rai Kalyan Mal, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Bikaner_State" title="Bikaner State">Bikanir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Waseem-2003-216">[215]</a> The marriage took place in 1570 when Akbar came to this part of the country. Kalyan made a homage to Akbar and requested that his brother's daughter be married to him. Akbar accepted his proposal, and the marriage was arranged.<a href="#cite_note-BeveridgeIIp518-217">[216]</a> He also married Bhanmati, daughter of Bhim Raj, another brother of Rai Kalyan Mal.<a href="#cite_note-Waseem-2003-216">[215]</a> He also married Nathi Bai, daughter of Rawal Har Rai, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaisalmer State">Jaisalmer</a> in 1570.<a href="#cite_note-BeveridgeIIp518-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Rawal had sent a request that his daughter be married to Akbar. The proposal was accepted by Akbar. Raja Bhagwan Das was despatched on this service. The marriage ceremony took place after Akbar's return from <a href="/wiki/Nagor" title="Nagor">Nagor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> She was the mother of Princess Mahi Begum, who died on 8 April 1577.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> In 1570, Narhardas, a grandson of Rao Viramde of <a href="/wiki/Merta_City" title="Merta City">Merta</a>, married his sister, Puram Bai, to Akbar in return for Akbar's support of Keshodas's claims on Merta.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> Another of his wives was Bhakkari Begum, the daughter of Sultan Mahmud of Bhakkar.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> On 2 July 1572, Akbar's envoy Itimad Khan reached Mahmud's court to escort his daughter to Akbar. Itimad Khan brought a dress, a bejewelled scimitar belt, a horse with a saddle and reins, and four elephants. Mahmud celebrated the occasion by holding extravagant feasts for fifteen days. On the day of the wedding, the ulema, saints, and nobles were honoured with rewards. Mahmud offered 30,000 rupees in cash and kind to Itimad Khan and sent his daughter with a grand dowry and an entourage.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> She came to Ajmer and waited upon Akbar. The gifts of Sultan Mahmud, carried by the delegation, were presented to the ladies of the imperial harem.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> His eleventh wife was Qasima Banu Begum,<a href="#cite_note-Burke1989p144-227">[226]</a> the daughter of Arab Shah. The marriage took place in 1575. A fest was held, at which the high officers and other pillars of the state were present.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> In 1577, the Rawal Askaran of <a href="/wiki/Dungarpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungarpur State">Dungarpur State</a> requested that his daughter be married to Akbar. Akbar granted his request.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> Rai Loukaran and Rajah Birbar, servants of the Rajah, were sent from Dihalpur to do the honour of conveying his daughter. The two delivered her to Akbar's court where the marriage took place on 12 July 1577.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> His twelfth wife was Bibi Daulat Shad.<a href="#cite_note-Burke1989p144-227">[226]</a> She was the mother of Princess Shakr-un-Nissa Begum, and Princess <a href="/wiki/Aram_Banu_Begum" title="Aram Banu Begum">Aram Banu Begum</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> born on 22 December 1584.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> His next wife was the daughter of Shams Chak, a Kashmiri. The marriage took place on 3 November 1592.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> In 1593, he married the daughter of Qazi Isa and the cousin of Najib Khan. Najib told Akbar that his uncle had made his daughter a present for him. Akbar accepted his representation and on 3 July 1593, he visited Najib Khan's house and married Qazi Isa's daughter.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> At some point, Akbar took into his harem Rukmavati, a daughter <a href="/wiki/Maldeo_Rathore" title="Maldeo Rathore">Maldeo Rathore</a>, Rao of <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodhpur State">Marwar</a>, by his mistress, Tipu Gudi. This was a dolo union as opposed to a formal marriage, representing the bride's lower status in her father's household, and serving as an expression of vassalage to an overlord. The dating of this event is not recorded.<a href="#cite_note-Sreenivasan2006-235">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chandra1993-236">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gate_of_the_Tomb_of_Akbar_at_Sikandra,_Agra,_India,_1795.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gate_of_the_Tomb_of_Akbar_at_Sikandra%2C_Agra%2C_India%2C_1795.jpg/220px-Gate_of_the_Tomb_of_Akbar_at_Sikandra%2C_Agra%2C_India%2C_1795.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gate_of_the_Tomb_of_Akbar_at_Sikandra%2C_Agra%2C_India%2C_1795.jpg/330px-Gate_of_the_Tomb_of_Akbar_at_Sikandra%2C_Agra%2C_India%2C_1795.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gate_of_the_Tomb_of_Akbar_at_Sikandra%2C_Agra%2C_India%2C_1795.jpg/440px-Gate_of_the_Tomb_of_Akbar_at_Sikandra%2C_Agra%2C_India%2C_1795.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1804" /></a><figcaption>Gate of <a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_tomb" title="Akbar's tomb">Akbar's mausoleum</a> at Sikandra, Agra, 1795</figcaption></figure> On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill from an attack of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-India_Today-30">[29]</a> from which he never recovered. He is believed to have died on 26 October 1605. He was buried at <a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_tomb" title="Akbar's tomb">his mausoleum</a> in Sikandra, Agra,<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> which lies a kilometer next to the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Mariam-uz-Zamani" title="Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani">tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani</a>, his favourite consort.<a href="#cite_note-farishta-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-jlmehta-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> Akbar firmly entrenched the authority of the Mughal Empire in India and beyond, after it had been threatened by the Afghans during his father's reign,<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> establishing its military and diplomatic superiority.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> During his reign, he created a secular and liberal government with an emphasis on cultural integration. He also introduced several reforms, including prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a>, legalising widow remarriage, and raising the age of marriage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folk tales</a> revolving around him and <a href="/wiki/Birbal" title="Birbal">Birbal</a>, one of his navratnas, are popular in India. He and his Hindu wife, Mariam-uz-Zamani are widely popular, as the latter is believed to have been the prime inspiration and driving force for Akbar's promotion of secularism and universal benevolence.<a href="#cite_note-lal9-208">[207]</a> Citing Akbar's melding of the disparate "fiefdoms" of India into the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, as well as the lasting legacy of "pluralism and tolerance" that "underlies the values of the modern republic of India", <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> included him in its list of top 25 world leaders.<a href="#cite_note-time-17">[16]</a> Akbar's legacy is largely negative in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Ali" title="Mubarak Ali">Mubarak Ali</a>, in a study of the image of Akbar in Pakistani textbooks, has observed that Akbar "is conveniently ignored and not mentioned in any school textbook from class one to matriculation",<a href="#cite_note-Ali1992-240">[239]</a> as opposed to the omnipresence of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Aurangzeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Aurangzeb">emperor Aurangzeb</a>. He quotes historian <a href="/wiki/Ishtiaq_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi">Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi</a>, who said that, due to his religious tolerance, "Akbar had so weakened Islam through his policies that it could not be restored to its dominant position in the affairs".<a href="#cite_note-Ali1992-240">[239]</a> A common thread among Pakistani historians is criticism of Akbar's <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> policy. Ali has stated that "Akbar is criticized for bringing Muslims and Hindus together as one nation and putting the separate identity of the Muslims in danger. This policy of Akbar contradicts the <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">theory of Two-Nation</a> and therefore makes him an unpopular figure in Pakistan."<a href="#cite_note-Ali1992-240">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sons">Sons</h3></div> Akbar's sons were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani#Birth_of_twins" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Hassan Mirza</a> (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> 19 October 1564; <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 5 November 1564) (twin with Hussain Mirza)—with <a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Mariam-uz-Zamani</a><a href="#cite_note-Lal1980p133-241">[240]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani#Birth_of_twins" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Hussain Mirza</a> (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> 19 October 1564; <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 29 October 1564) (twin with Hassan Mirza)—with Mariam-uz-Zamani<a href="#cite_note-Lal1980p133-241">[240]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> 31 August 1569; <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 28 October 1627)—with Mariam-uz-Zamani —Born Salim Mirza, he succeeded Akbar to the throne.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_Mirza_(son_of_Akbar)" title="Murad Mirza (son of Akbar)">Murad Mirza</a> (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> 15 June 1570; <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 12 May 1599)—with a concubine—Entrusted to <a href="/wiki/Salima_Sultan_Begum" title="Salima Sultan Begum">Salima Sultan Begum</a> for the first few years, he returned to his mother's care before 1575.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniyal_Mirza" title="Daniyal Mirza">Daniyal Mirza</a> (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> 11 September 1572; <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 19 March 1605)—with a concubine—Fostered by Mariam-uz-Zamani</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daughters">Daughters</h3></div> His daughters were: <ul><li>Fatima Banu Begum (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1562; <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> infancy)<a href="#cite_note-Prasad1930-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahzadi_Khanum" title="Shahzadi Khanum">Shahzadi Khanum</a> (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> 21 November 1569)—with Bibi Salima. Fostered by <a href="/wiki/Mariam_Makani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariam Makani">Mariam Makani</a>. Married to Muzaffar Hussain Mirza, <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid Prince</a></li> <li>Mahi Begum (<abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 7 April 1577)—with Nathi Bai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakr-un-Nissa_Begum" title="Shakr-un-Nissa Begum">Shakr-un-Nissa Begum</a> (<abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 1 January 1653)—with Bibi Daulat Shad. Married to Shahrukh Mirza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Banu_Begum" title="Aram Banu Begum">Aram Banu Begum</a> (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> 22 December 1584; <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 17 June 1624)—with Bibi Daulat Shad</li></ul> He had also adopted several children including: <ul><li>Kishnavati Bai (<abbr title="death">d.</abbr> August 1609)—daughter of Sekhavat Kachvahi Durjan Sal. Akbar took her as his own and had her married to <a href="/wiki/Sur_Singh" title="Sur Singh">Sawai Raja Sur Singh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodhpur State">Marwar</a>; she became the mother of <a href="/wiki/Gaj_Singh_of_Marwar" title="Gaj Singh of Marwar">Maharaja Gaj Singh</a> of Marwar and Manbhavati Bai, wife of <a href="/wiki/Parviz_Mirza" title="Parviz Mirza">Parviz Mirza</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films_and_television">Films and television</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahenshah_Akbar" title="Shahenshah Akbar">Shahenshah Akbar</a> is a 1943 Indian <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-language film about the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a></li> <li>Akbar was portrayed in the award-winning 1960 <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Hindi movie</a> <a href="/wiki/Mughal-e-Azam" title="Mughal-e-Azam">Mughal-e-Azam</a> (The Great Mughal), in which his character was played by <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Kapoor" title="Prithviraj Kapoor">Prithviraj Kapoor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cell-245">[244]</a></li> <li>In the 1958 Urdu film <a href="/wiki/Anarkali_(1958_film)" title="Anarkali (1958 film)">Anarkali</a>, he was portrayed by Himalyawala.<a href="#cite_note-TNI-246">[245]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Films_Division_of_India" title="Films Division of India">Films Division</a> produced Akbar, a documentary film about the emperor, in 1967, directed by Shanti S. Varma. It won the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Educational/Motivational/Instructional_Film" title="National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film">National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Shivpuri" title="Om Shivpuri">Om Shivpuri</a> played Akbar in the 1978 movie <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Mein_Shakti" title="Bhakti Mein Shakti">Bhakti Mein Shakti</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Salim_Anarkali" title="Akbar Salim Anarkali">Akbar Saleem Anarkali</a> is a 1979 Indian <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>-language film about the <a href="/wiki/Anarkali" title="Anarkali">Anarkali</a> legend directed by <a href="/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao" title="N. T. Rama Rao">N. T. Rama Rao</a>, with Rao also portraying the role of Akbar.</li> <li>Akbar was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Amjad_Khan_(actor)" title="Amjad Khan (actor)">Amjad Khan</a> in the 1979 movie <a href="/wiki/Meera" class="mw-redirect" title="Meera">Meera</a>.</li> <li>Akbar was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Hrithik_Roshan" title="Hrithik Roshan">Hrithik Roshan</a> in the 2008 Bollywood film <a href="/wiki/Jodhaa_Akbar" title="Jodhaa Akbar">Jodhaa Akbar</a>.</li> <li>Akbar and Birbal were portrayed in the Hindi series Akbar-Birbal aired on <a href="/wiki/Zee_TV" title="Zee TV">Zee TV</a> in the late 1990s where Akbar's role was played by <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Gokhale" title="Vikram Gokhale">Vikram Gokhale</a>.</li> <li>A television series, called Akbar the Great, directed by <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Khan_(director)" title="Akbar Khan (director)">Akbar Khan</a> was aired on <a href="/wiki/DD_National" title="DD National">DD National</a> in the 1990s.</li> <li>In 2013–2015, a television series, called <a href="/wiki/Jodha_Akbar" title="Jodha Akbar">Jodha Akbar</a> aired on Zee TV, in which the role of Akbar was played by actor <a href="/wiki/Rajat_Tokas" title="Rajat Tokas">Rajat Tokas</a>.</li> <li>In the Motu Patlu episode "Motu Akbar The Great", John fools Motu into believing that he is playing Akbar in a Hit Film.</li> <li>Akbar was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Uday_Tikekar" title="Uday Tikekar">Uday Tikekar</a> in <a href="/wiki/EPIC_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="EPIC (TV channel)">EPIC</a> channel's critically acclaimed historical drama <a href="/wiki/Siyaasat" title="Siyaasat">Siyaasat</a> (based on the novel The Twentieth Wife).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Television" title="Sony Entertainment Television">Sony TV</a>'s historical drama <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ka_Veer_Putra_%E2%80%93_Maharana_Pratap" title="Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap">Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap</a>, Akbar was at first portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Krip_Suri" title="Krip Suri">Krip Suri</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/Avinesh_Rekhi" title="Avinesh Rekhi">Avinesh Rekhi</a>.</li> <li>Akbar is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Kiku_Sharda" title="Kiku Sharda">Kiku Sharda</a> in <a href="/wiki/BIG_Magic" class="mw-redirect" title="BIG Magic">BIG Magic</a>'s sitcom <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Birbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Birbal">Akbar Birbal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Iqbal_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Iqbal Khan">Mohammed Iqbal Khan</a> played the role of Akbar in ABP News' documentary series, <a href="/wiki/Bharatvarsh_(TV_series)" title="Bharatvarsh (TV series)">Bharatvarsh</a>.</li> <li>Akbar Rakht Se Takht Ka Safar is a 2017 Indian drama television series tracing Akbar's journey to the Mughal throne.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahbaz_Khan_(actor)" title="Shahbaz Khan (actor)">Shahbaz Khan</a> played the role of Akbar in the Colors television show <a href="/wiki/Dastaan-E-Mohabbat_Salim_Anarkali" title="Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali">Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Asgar_(actor)" title="Ali Asgar (actor)">Ali Asgar</a> portrayed the emperor in the 2020 Indian comedy television series, <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ka_Bal_Birbal" title="Akbar Ka Bal Birbal">Akbar Ka Bal Birbal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah" title="Naseeruddin Shah">Naseeruddin Shah</a> portrayed him in <a href="/wiki/ZEE5" title="ZEE5">ZEE5</a>'s web series <a href="/wiki/Taj:_Divided_by_Blood" title="Taj: Divided by Blood">Taj: Divided by Blood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3></div> <ul><li>Akbar is a principal character in <a href="/wiki/Indu_Sundaresan" title="Indu Sundaresan">Indu Sundaresan</a>'s award-winning novel The Twentieth Wife (2002) as well as in its sequel The Feast of Roses (2003).<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a></li> <li>A fictionalised Akbar plays an important supporting role in <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>'s 2002 novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Rice_and_Salt" title="The Years of Rice and Salt">The Years of Rice and Salt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a></li> <li>Akbar is also a major character in <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>'s 2008 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Enchantress_of_Florence" title="The Enchantress of Florence">The Enchantress of Florence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kunal_Basu" title="Kunal Basu">Kunal Basu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Miniaturist_(Kunal_Basu_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miniaturist (Kunal Basu novel)">The Miniaturist</a>, the story revolves around a young painter during Akbar's time who paints his own version of the Akbarnamu.</li> <li>Akbar is mentioned as 'Raja Baadshah' in the <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhattisgarhi">Chhattisgarhi</a> <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folktale</a> of "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohna_de_gori_kayina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohna de gori kayina (page does not exist)">Mohna de gori kayina</a>".</li> <li>Akbar is the main character in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Moghul" title="Empire of the Moghul">Empire of the Moghul</a>: Ruler of the World by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Rutherford" title="Alex Rutherford">Alex Rutherford</a>, the third book in a sextet based on the six great Mughal Emperors of the Mughal Dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3></div> <ul><li>Akbar is featured in the video game <a href="/wiki/Sid_Meier" title="Sid Meier">Sid Meier</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Civilization_IV:_Beyond_the_Sword" title="Civilization IV: Beyond the Sword">Civilization IV: Beyond the Sword</a> as a "great general" available in the game.</li> <li>Akbar is the AI Personality of India in <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Empires_III:_The_Asian_Dynasties" title="Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties">Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_II" title="Akbar II">Akbar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_known_as_the_Great" title="List of people known as the Great">List of people known as the Great</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-birth-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birth_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_5-2">c</a> Official sources, such as contemporary biographer <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl">Abu'l-Fazl</a>, record Akbar's birth name and date as Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar and 15 October 1542. However, based on recollections of Humayun's personal attendant Jauhar, historian <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Arthur_Smith" title="Vincent Arthur Smith">Vincent Arthur Smith</a> holds that Akbar was born on 23 November 1542 (the fourteenth day of <a href="/wiki/Sha%27aban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sha'aban">Sha'aban</a>, which had a full moon) and was originally named Badr ud-din ("The full moon of religion"). According to Smith, the recorded date of birth was changed at the time of Akbar's circumcision ceremony in March 1546 to throw off astrologers and sorcerers, and his name was accordingly changed to Jalal ud-din ("Splendour of Religion")<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLal1999">Lal 1999</a>, p. 67: "It may be recalled that as an adolescent, Akbar had earned the title of Ghazi by beheading the defenseless infidel Himu. Under Akbar and Jahangir 'five or six hundred thousand human beings were killed,' says emperor Jahangir" </li> <li id="cite_note-Eraly2000p117-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eraly2000p117_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eraly2000p117_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEraly2000">Eraly 2000</a>, pp. 114, 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/11421/Akbar">"Akbar (Mughal emperor)"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127124428/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/11421/Akbar">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Akbar+%28Mughal+emperor%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F11421%2FAkbar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChandra2005">Chandra 2005</a>, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-Thackston1999p437-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thackston1999p437_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thackston1999p437_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJahangir1999">Jahangir 1999</a>, p. 437: "Ruqayya-Sultan Begam, the daughter of Mirza Hindal and wife of His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani [Akbar], had passed away in Akbarabad. She was His Majesty's chief wife. Since she did not have children, when Shahjahan was born His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani entrusted that 'unique pearl of the caliphate' to the begam's care, and she undertook to raise the prince. She departed this life at the age of eighty-four." </li> <li id="cite_note-farishta-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farishta_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-farishta_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-farishta_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHindu_Shah1595–1612">Hindu Shah 1595–1612</a>, p. 223: "Akbur, after this conquest, made pilgrimage to Khwaja Moyin-ood-Deen Chishty at Ajmere and returned to Agra; from whence he proceeded to visit the venerable Sheikh Sulim Chishty, in the village of Seekry. As all the king's children had hitherto died, he solicited the Sheikh's prayers, who consoled him, by assuring him he would soon have a son, who would live to a good old age. Shortly after, his favourite sooltana, being then pregnant, on Wednesday the 17th of Rubbee-ool-Awul, in the year 997 was delivered of a son, who was called Sulim." </li> <li id="cite_note-jlmehta-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jlmehta_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jlmehta_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jlmehta_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMehta1984">Mehta 1984</a>, p. 222: "Bihari Mal gave rich dowry to his daughter and sent his son Bhagwan Das with a contingent of Rajput soldiers to escort his newly married sister to Agra as per Hindu custom. Akbar was deeply impressed by the highly dignified, sincere and princely conduct of his Rajput relations. He took Man Singh, the youthful son of Bhagwant Das into the royal service. Akbar was fascinated by the charm and accomplishments of his Rajput wife; he developed real love for her and raised her to the status of chief queen. She came to exercise profound impact on socio-cultural environment of the entire royal household and changed the lifestyle of Akbar. Salim (later Jahangir), heir to the throne, was born of this wedlock on 30th August, 1569." </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhloowalia2009">Ahloowalia 2009</a>, p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallhatchet2023" class="citation web cs1">Ballhatchet, Kenneth A. (31 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akbar">"Akbar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525120830/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akbar">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Akbar&rft.date=2023-03-31&rft.aulast=Ballhatchet&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAkbar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlack2011">Black 2011</a>, p. 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEraly2000">Eraly 2000</a>, p. 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lehmann, F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/akbar-i-mughal-india">"Akbar I"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Akbar+I&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fakbar-i-mughal-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeveridge_Volume_I1907">Beveridge Volume I 1907</a>, pp. 139–140 </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-2014-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press-2014_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press-2014_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-209">"Akbar I"</a>. World Encyclopedia (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2014 [2004]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199546091.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954609-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954609-1"><bdi>978-0-19-954609-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150655825">150655825</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922030109/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-209">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Akbar+I&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150655825&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199546091.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954609-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199546091.001.0001%2Facref-9780199546091-e-209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyed2011">Syed 2011</a>, p. 404 </li> <li id="cite_note-time-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Tharoor, Ishaan (4 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110207230652/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2046285_2045996_2046303,00.html">"Top 25 Political Icons: Akbar the Great"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2046285_2045996_2046303,00.html">the original</a> on 7 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Top+25+Political+Icons%3A+Akbar+the+Great&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Ishaan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C2046285_2045996_2046303%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britanica-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Britanica_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritanica2024" class="citation cs2">Britanica, Encyclopaedia (2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akbar">Akbar</a>, Encyclopaedia of britanica, p. 2, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"><bdi>978-0-521-56603-2</bdi></a>, retrieved 9 August 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akbar&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+of+britanica&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56603-2&rft.aulast=Britanica&rft.aufirst=Encyclopaedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAkbar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> Quote: "Akbar, The greatest Mughal emperor of India." </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarly2000" class="citation book cs1">Early, Abraham (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheMughalThrone/page/n41/mode/1up?view=theater&q=Akbar">The Saga of the Great Mughals</a>. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936007-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936007-9"><bdi>978-0-19-936007-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858660095">858660095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Hinduism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F858660095&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936007-9&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion4-150"><a href="#cite_ref-religion4_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHabib1997">Habib 1997</a>, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-religion5-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-religion5_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-religion5_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-religion5_151-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHabib1997">Habib 1997</a>, p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, p. 348 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAli2006">Ali 2006</a>, pp. 165–166 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEaton2019">Eaton 2019</a>, p. 235 </li> <li id="cite_note-religion6-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-religion6_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-religion6_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-religion6_155-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFChandra2007">Chandra 2007</a>, p. 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAli2006">Ali 2006</a>, p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHasan2007">Hasan 2007</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHasan2007">Hasan 2007</a>, pp. 82–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandra_2007_255-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Chandra_2007_255_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChandra2007">Chandra 2007</a>, p. 255 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChandra2007">Chandra 2007</a>, p. 256 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030480/Din-i-Ilahi">"Din-i Ilahi – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. 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University of Calcutta. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3312929">3312929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Din-i-Ilahi%2C+or%2C+The+Religion+of+Akbar&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3312929&rft.aulast=Roychoudhury&rft.aufirst=Makhanlal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiniilahiorthere031361mbp%2Fpage%2Fn340%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajumdar1974">Majumdar 1974</a>, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoka,_Aziz1594" class="citation book cs1">Koka, Aziz (1594). King's College Collection, MS 194. This letter is preserved in Cambridge University Library. p. ff.5b–8b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King%27s+College+Collection%2C+MS+194&rft.pages=ff.5b-8b&rft.pub=This+letter+is+preserved+in+Cambridge+University+Library&rft.date=1594&rft.au=Koka%2C+Aziz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConder1828">Conder 1828</a>, p. 282 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeefholtsDeefholtsAcharya2006">Deefholts, Deefholts & Acharya 2006</a>, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGómez2013">Gómez 2013</a>, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharma1988">Sharma 1988</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAli2006">Ali 2006</a>, pp. 163–164 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAli2006">Ali 2006</a>, p. 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-Habib_1997_96-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Habib_1997_96_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHabib1997">Habib 1997</a>, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChua2007">Chua 2007</a>, p. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChua2007">Chua 2007</a>, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-Collingham2006p30-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collingham2006p30_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collingham2006p30_174-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollingham2006">Collingham 2006</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-Collingham2006p31-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collingham2006p31_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collingham2006p31_175-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollingham2006">Collingham 2006</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanghmitra-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanghmitra_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanghmitra">Sanghmitra</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSen2005">Sen 2005</a>, pp. 288–289: "Akbar arranged for discussions ... involving not only mainstream Hindu and Muslim philosophers [but Jains and others] ... Arguing with Jains, Akbar would remain sceptical of their rituals, and yet become convinced by their argument for vegetarianism and end up deploring the eating of all flesh" </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruschke2020" class="citation web cs1">Truschke, Audrey (29 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/places/jainism-and-islam/jains-and-the-mughals.html">"Jains and the Mughals"</a>. JAINpedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308013841/http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/places/jainism-and-islam/jains-and-the-mughals.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jains+and+the+Mughals&rft.pub=JAINpedia&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft.aulast=Truschke&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jainpedia.org%2Fthemes%2Fplaces%2Fjainism-and-islam%2Fjains-and-the-mughals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruschke2012">Truschke 2012</a>, p. 373 </li> <li id="cite_note-toi-180"><a href="#cite_ref-toi_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Ahmedabad-turned-Akbar-veggie/articleshow/5259184.cms">"Ahmedabad turned Akbar veggie"</a>. The Times of India. 23 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920170016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Ahmedabad-turned-Akbar-veggie/articleshow/5259184.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ahmedabad+turned+Akbar+veggie&rft.date=2009-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fahmedabad%2FAhmedabad-turned-Akbar-veggie%2Farticleshow%2F5259184.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBusch2011">Busch 2011</a>, p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-Habib-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Habib_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHabib1992">Habib 1992</a>, pp. 3–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jahangir-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Jahangir_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJahangir1999">Jahangir 1999</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSjGDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22of+the+hue+of+wheat%3B+his+eyes+and+eyebrows+were+black,+and+his+complexion+rather+dark+than+fair%22&pg=PA82">Medieval India from Contemporary Sources: Extracts from Arabic and Persian annals and European travels</a>. Dalcassian Publishing Company. January 1901.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India+from+Contemporary+Sources%3A+Extracts+from+Arabic+and+Persian+annals+and+European+travels&rft.pub=Dalcassian+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1901-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWSjGDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522of%2Bthe%2Bhue%2Bof%2Bwheat%253B%2Bhis%2Beyes%2Band%2Beyebrows%2Bwere%2Bblack%2C%2Band%2Bhis%2Bcomplexion%2Brather%2Bdark%2Bthan%2Bfair%2522%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portraits_of_Akbar-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Portraits_of_Akbar_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCodrington1943">Codrington 1943</a>, pp. 64–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-chicago-186"><a href="#cite_ref-chicago_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Garbe1909">von Garbe 1909</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1996">Richards 1996</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbul_Fazl_'Allami1873">Abul Fazl 'Allami 1873</a>, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222020147/http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/bibweb/Miles/1200-1750.html">"1200–1750"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/bibweb/Miles/1200-1750.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1200%E2%80%931750&rft.pub=University+of+Hamburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de%2Fbibweb%2FMiles%2F1200-1750.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hagiography-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hagiography_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hagiography_190-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSangari2007">Sangari 2007</a>, p. 497 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSangari2007">Sangari 2007</a>, p. 475 </li> <li id="cite_note-art-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-art_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090919035749/http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_India/pages/India_12.shtml">"Art Access: Indian, Himalayan, and Southeast Asian"</a>. artic.edu. The Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_India/pages/India_12.shtml">the original</a> on 19 September 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artic.edu&rft.atitle=Art+Access%3A+Indian%2C+Himalayan%2C+and+Southeast+Asian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artic.edu%2Fartaccess%2FAA_India%2Fpages%2FIndia_12.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sang-E-Meel_Pub-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Sang-E-Meel_Pub_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchimmel2004">Schimmel 2004</a>, p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJahangir1999">Jahangir 1999</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuggles2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._Fairchild_Ruggles" title="D. Fairchild Ruggles">Ruggles, Fairchild</a> (2011). Islamic Gardens and Landscapes. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0728-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0728-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-0728-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Gardens+and+Landscapes&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0728-6&rft.aulast=Ruggles&rft.aufirst=Fairchild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burke1989p143-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burke1989p143_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke1989p143_196-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurke1989">Burke 1989</a>, p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeveridge_Volume_II1907">Beveridge Volume II 1907</a>, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJahangir1999">Jahangir 1999</a>, p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChaudhary2011">Chaudhary 2011</a>, p. 77: "The mother of Jahangir was a pious Hindu princess, the most favourite queen of Akbar" </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLal1980">Lal 1980</a>, p. 322 </li> <li id="cite_note-Safdar2021-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Safdar2021_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Safdar2021_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSafdarKhan2021">Safdar & Khan 2021</a>, p. 186: "The most influential queen of the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542–1605), and mother of Emperor Jahangir, was the beautiful Empress Mariam-uz- Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai ... Akbar allowed his favourite and most loved wife to build ships for trade and Haj pilgrims at the Khizri Darwaza on the River Ravi." </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1829" class="citation book cs1">Price, Mahor David, ed. (1829). Tarikh-i-Salim Shahi.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeveridge_Volume_II1907">Beveridge Volume II 1907</a>, pp. 240–243 </li> <li id="cite_note-Prasad1930-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prasad1930_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prasad1930_204-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrasad1930">Prasad 1930</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeveridge_Volume_II1907">Beveridge Volume II 1907</a>, p. 543: "An order was issued that when this celestial star should be a month old, his cradle should be conveyed to the town of Amber and the care of him committed to the Rani, the wife of Rajah Bara Mal ... The making over Daniel to this Rani would seem to imply that the mother of Daniel was related to her; it might also strengthen the tradition that the Rani's daughter was Jahangir's mother." </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeveridge_Volume_III1907">Beveridge Volume III 1907</a>, p. 49: "When the world-conquering armies had been deputed, the Shāhinshāh proceeded stage by stage. On the day that he reached Sirohī, Mādhū* Singh and a number of men were sent to fetch that nursling of fortune's garden, Shahzāda Sultān Daniel, who had been conveyed from Ajmīr to Amber, so that he might be brought back to Ajmīr, and might come under the shadow of the Presence. In order to do honour to Rajah Bhagwān Das, his auspicious sister, who held high rank in the imperial harem, was sent off in order so that she might be present at the mourning for her brother Bhūpat, who had fallen in the battle of Sarnāl." </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeveridge_Volume_II1907">Beveridge Volume II 1907</a>, p. 242:"The Rajah from right thinking and elevated fortune considered that he should bring himself of the ruck of landholders and make himself one of the distinguished ones of the Court. In order to effect this purpose he thought of a special alliance, to wit that he should by means of those who had the right of entree introduce his eldest daughter, in whose forehead shone the lights of chastity and intellect, among the attendants on the glorious pavilion." </li> <li id="cite_note-lal9-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lal9_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lal9_208-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLal1980">Lal 1980</a>, p. 222 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoch1990">Koch 1990</a>, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJahangir1999">Jahangir 1999</a>, p. 397 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadayuni1884">Badayuni 1884</a>, pp. 59–60 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahim" class="citation book cs1">Rahim, Maulavi Abdur. 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Strategic Book Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60860-691-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60860-691-7"><bdi>978-1-60860-691-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408134733/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp_q_MjupOIC&dq=Akbar+1599+agra+capital&pg=PA129">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invasion+of+the+Genes%3A+Genetic+Heritage+of+India&rft.pub=Strategic+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60860-691-7&rft.aulast=Ahloowalia&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVp_q_MjupOIC%26dq%3DAkbar%2B1599%2Bagra%2Bcapital%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhsan2005" class="citation book cs1">Ahsan, Aitzaz (2005). The Indus Saga. Roli Books Private Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-351-94073-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-351-94073-9"><bdi>978-9-351-94073-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus+Saga&rft.pub=Roli+Books+Private+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9-351-94073-9&rft.aulast=Ahsan&rft.aufirst=Aitzaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar1983" class="citation thesis cs1">Akhtar, Muhammad Saleem (February 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/11279/1/Akhtar_M.S._1983.pdf">Sind under the Mughals: An Introduction to, translation of and commentary on the Mazhar-i Shahjahani of Yusuf Mirak (1044/1634)</a> (PDF) (PhD). Australian National university. pp. 78, 79, 81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031031903/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/11279/1/Akhtar_M.S._1983.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Sind+under+the+Mughals%3A+An+Introduction+to%2C+translation+of+and+commentary+on+the+Mazhar-i+Shahjahani+of+Yusuf+Mirak+%281044%2F1634%29&rft.inst=Australian+National+university&rft.date=1983-02&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Saleem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F11279%2F1%2FAkhtar_M.S._1983.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._Athar_Ali" title="M. Athar Ali">Ali, M. Athar</a> (2006). Mughal India: Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society and Culture. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569661-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569661-5"><bdi>978-0-19-569661-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+India%3A+Studies+in+Polity%2C+Ideas%2C+Society+and+Culture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-569661-5&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=M.+Athar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Ali" title="Mubarak Ali">Ali, Mubarak</a> (September–October 1992). "Akbar in Pakistani Textbooks". Social Scientist. 20 (9/10): 73–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3517719">10.2307/3517719</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0293">0970-0293</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517719">3517719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=Akbar+in+Pakistani+Textbooks&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=9%2F10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=1992-09%2F1992-10&rft.issn=0970-0293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3517719%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3517719&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Mubarak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadayuni1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Badayuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Qadir Badayuni">Badayuni, Abdul Qadir</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.196147">Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh</a>. Vol. II. Translated by Lowe, W. H. Calcutta, India: Asiatic Society of Bengal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh&rft.place=Calcutta%2C+India&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Badayuni&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Qadir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.196147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerji1938" class="citation book cs1">Banerji, S. K. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humayunbadshah035068mbp/mode/2up">Humāyun Bādshāh</a>. Calcutta, India: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/952877148">952877148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hum%C4%81yun+B%C4%81dsh%C4%81h&rft.place=Calcutta%2C+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F952877148&rft.aulast=Banerji&rft.aufirst=S.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumayunbadshah035068mbp%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeveridge1900" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beveridge_(orientalist)" title="Henry Beveridge (orientalist)">Beveridge, H.</a> (January–April 1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialandasia00unkngoog">"The Garden of Climes"</a>. The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record. IX (17–18): 145–162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Imperial+and+Asiatic+Quarterly+Review+and+Oriental+and+Colonial+Record&rft.atitle=The+Garden+of+Climes&rft.volume=IX&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=1900-01%2F1900-04&rft.aulast=Beveridge&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialandasia00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2011" class="citation book cs1">Black, Antony (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ&q=akbar+sunni+muslim">The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present</a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8878-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8878-4"><bdi>978-0-7486-8878-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922030104/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ&q=akbar+sunni+muslim">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Islamic+Political+Thought%3A+From+the+Prophet+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHd1vAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dakbar%2Bsunni%2Bmuslim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1989" class="citation book cs1">Burke, S. M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/akbargreatestmog0000smbu/page/143/mode/1up">Akbar: The Greatest Mogul</a>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akbar%3A+The+Greatest+Mogul&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fakbargreatestmog0000smbu%2Fpage%2F143%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch2011" class="citation book cs1">Busch, Allison (2011). Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976592-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976592-8"><bdi>978-0-19-976592-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry+of+Kings%3A+The+Classical+Hindi+Literature+of+Mughal+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976592-8&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Allison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Chandra, Satish</a> (2007). History of Medieval India. New Delhi, India: <a href="/wiki/Orient_Longman" class="mw-redirect" title="Orient Longman">Orient Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3226-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3226-7"><bdi>978-81-250-3226-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-250-3226-7&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2001" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2001). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. I. Har-Anand Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0522-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0522-1"><bdi>978-81-241-0522-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-241-0522-1&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Chandra, Satish</a> (2005) [First published 1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA105">Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals</a>. Vol. II (Revised ed.). New Delhi, India: Har-Anand Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9"><bdi>978-81-241-1066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+from+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1066-9&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rm9MC4DDrcC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Chandra, Satish</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119462/page/n24/mode/1up">Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs & the Deccan</a>. New Delhi, India: Vikas Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-6385-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-6385-4"><bdi>978-0-7069-6385-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+Religious+Policies%2C+the+Rajputs+%26+the+Deccan&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Vikas+Publishing+House&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7069-6385-4&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.119462%2Fpage%2Fn24%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhary2011" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhary, S. N. Roy (2011). Restoration of Split Milk. Gyan Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-212-1046-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-212-1046-1"><bdi>978-81-212-1046-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoration+of+Split+Milk&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-212-1046-1&rft.aulast=Chaudhary&rft.aufirst=S.+N.+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChua2007" class="citation book cs1">Chua, Amy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua_0">Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance – and Why They Fall</a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51284-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51284-8"><bdi>978-0-385-51284-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Day+of+Empire%3A+How+Hyperpowers+Rise+to+Global+Dominance+%E2%80%93+and+Why+They+Fall&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51284-8&rft.aulast=Chua&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdayofempirehowhy00chua_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCodrington1943" class="citation journal cs1">Codrington, K. de B. (March 1943). 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The Emperor's writings: Memories of Akbar the great. Amaryllis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-910673-6-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-910673-6-1"><bdi>978-81-910673-6-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor%27s+writings%3A+Memories+of+Akbar+the+great&rft.pub=Amaryllis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-910673-6-1&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollingham2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Collingham" title="Lizzie Collingham">Collingham, Lizzie</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curry00lizz">Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532001-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532001-5"><bdi>978-0-19-532001-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curry%3A+A+Tale+of+Cooks+and+Conquerors&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532001-5&rft.aulast=Collingham&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcurry00lizz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConder1828" class="citation book cs1">Conder, Josiah (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moderntraveller04unkngoog">The Modern Traveller: a popular description</a>. R. H. 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Calcutta Tiljallah Relief Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9754639-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9754639-3-4"><bdi>0-9754639-3-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+We+Were%3A+Anglo-Indian+Cronicles&rft.pub=Calcutta+Tiljallah+Relief+Incorporated&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9754639-3-4&rft.aulast=Deefholts&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Deefholts%2C+Glenn&rft.au=Acharya%2C+Quentine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant2011" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Will (2011) [First published 1935]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ru4LPyMAxxkC&pg=PT738">Our Oriental Heritage: The Story of Civilization</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4668-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4668-9"><bdi>978-1-4516-4668-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Oriental+Heritage%3A+The+Story+of+Civilization&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-4668-9&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dru4LPyMAxxkC%26pg%3DPT738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton" title="Richard M. Eaton">Eaton, Richard M.</a> (2019). India in the Persianate Age. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97423-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97423-4"><bdi>978-0-520-97423-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-520-97423-4&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgood1995" class="citation book cs1">Elgood, Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epaMx7jSZjIC&pg=PA135">Firearms of the Islamic World</a>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-963-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-963-9"><bdi>978-1-85043-963-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firearms+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-963-9&rft.aulast=Elgood&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DepaMx7jSZjIC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEraly2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Eraly" title="Abraham Eraly">Eraly, Abraham</a> (2000) [First published 1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorsofpeacoc0000eral/page/171/mode/1up">Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100143-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100143-2"><bdi>978-0-14-100143-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+of+the+Peacock+Throne%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Great+Moghuls&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100143-2&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femperorsofpeacoc0000eral%2Fpage%2F171%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEraly2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Eraly" title="Abraham Eraly">Eraly, Abraham</a> (2007) [First published 1997]. The Mughal World: India's Tainted Paradise. 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Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231854/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vwnz0qmRkxcC&pg=PA403">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India+Under+the+Two+First+Sovereigns+of+the+House+of+Taimur%2C+B%C3%A1ber+and+Hum%C3%A1yun&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Erskine&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVwnz0qmRkxcC%26pg%3DPA403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarooqi1989" class="citation book cs1">Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Jidda">Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748</a>. Delhi, India: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20894584">20894584</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922030104/https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Jidda">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal-Ottoman+relations%3A+a+study+of+political+%26+diplomatic+relations+between+Mughal+India+and+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1556%E2%80%931748&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Idarah-i+Adabiyat-i+Delli&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20894584&rft.aulast=Farooqi&rft.aufirst=Naimur+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuB1uAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DJidda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarooqi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Farooqi, N. R. (2017). "An Overview of Ottoman Archival Documents and Their Relevance for Medieval Indian History". 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R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jis.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/1/32.extract">"Six Ottoman Documents on Mughal-Ottoman Relations During The Reign of Akbar"</a>. Journal of Islamic Studies. 7 (1): 32–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2F7.1.32">10.1093/jis/7.1.32</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195476">26195476</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302190606/http://jis.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/1/32.extract">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Six+Ottoman+Documents+on+Mughal-Ottoman+Relations+During+The+Reign+of+Akbar&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2F7.1.32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26195476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Farooqi&rft.aufirst=N.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjis.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F32.extract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaroqhi2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suraiya_Faroqhi" title="Suraiya Faroqhi">Faroqhi, Suraiya</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fy-C2gHkpecC&pg=PA88">The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It</a>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-122-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-122-9"><bdi>978-1-84511-122-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922030104/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fy-C2gHkpecC&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. 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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 100 (1/2): 29–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00126115">10.1017/S0035869X00126115</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203020">25203020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159780897">159780897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Nobility+under+Akbar+and+the+Development+of+His+Religious+Policy%2C+1560%E2%80%9380.&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159780897%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25203020%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00126115&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Iqtidar+Alam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ebba_Koch" title="Ebba Koch">Koch, Ebba</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.79132">Mughal architecture</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+architecture&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Ebba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.79132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulke2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Kulke, Hermann</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC&pg=PA205">A history of India</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0"><bdi>978-0-415-32920-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32920-0&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV73N8js5ZgAC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachVan_Kley1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Donald_F._Lach" title="Donald F. Lach">Lach, Donald F.</a>; Van Kley, Edwin J. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PjVKjJ-WgOYC&pg=PA393">Asia in the Making of Europe</a>. Vol. 3 pt. 1. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46765-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46765-8"><bdi>978-0-226-46765-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/295911">295911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F295911&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46765-8&rft.aulast=Lach&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rft.au=Van+Kley%2C+Edwin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPjVKjJ-WgOYC%26pg%3DPA393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._S._Lal" title="K. S. Lal">Lal, K. S.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmBuAAAAMAAJ">Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India</a>. Aditya Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86471-72-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86471-72-2"><bdi>978-81-86471-72-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+Muslim+State+in+India&rft.pub=Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-86471-72-2&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHmBuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal1980" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Muni (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Akbar/page/n113/mode/2up?q=Jodha+bai">Akbar</a>. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-1076-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-1076-6"><bdi>978-0-7069-1076-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akbar&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7069-1076-6&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Muni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAkbar%2Fpage%2Fn113%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DJodha%2Bbai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal2005" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Ruby (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8NJ41GiXvsC&pg=PA140">Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85022-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85022-3"><bdi>978-0-521-85022-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domesticity+and+Power+in+the+Early+Mughal+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85022-3&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Ruby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB8NJ41GiXvsC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi2002" class="citation book cs1">Levi, Scott Cameron (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9qVkNBge8mIC&pg=PA44">The Indian diaspora in Central Asia and its trade, 1550–1900</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12320-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12320-5"><bdi>978-90-04-12320-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+diaspora+in+Central+Asia+and+its+trade%2C+1550%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12320-5&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Scott+Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9qVkNBge8mIC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">Majumdar, R. C.</a>, ed. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mughulempire00bhar/page/n6/mode/2up">The Mughul Empire</a>. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VII. Bombay, India: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughul+Empire&rft.place=Bombay%2C+India&rft.series=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmughulempire00bhar%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManchanda2001" class="citation book cs1">Manchanda, Bindu (2001). Jaisalmer: The City of Golden Sands and Strange Spirits. New Delhi, India: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7223-434-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7223-434-8"><bdi>978-81-7223-434-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaisalmer%3A+The+City+of+Golden+Sands+and+Strange+Spirits&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7223-434-8&rft.aulast=Manchanda&rft.aufirst=Bindu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanna2007" class="citation book cs1">Khanna, Meenakshi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbKv3zyIFD8C&pg=PA24">Cultural History of Medieval India</a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87358-30-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87358-30-5"><bdi>978-81-87358-30-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922030114/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbKv3zyIFD8C&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-87358-30-5&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Meenakshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZbKv3zyIFD8C%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1984" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1984) [First published 1981]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PG189">Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</a>. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Sterling Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3"><bdi>978-81-207-1015-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1008395679">1008395679</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922030606/https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PG189">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1008395679&rft.isbn=978-81-207-1015-3&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-TsMl0vSc0gC%26pg%3DPG189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosvi2008" class="citation book cs1">Moosvi, Shireen (2008). People, Taxation and Trade in Mughal India. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569315-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569315-7"><bdi>978-0-19-569315-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People%2C+Taxation+and+Trade+in+Mughal+India&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-569315-7&rft.aulast=Moosvi&rft.aufirst=Shireen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr/page/104/mode/1up">The library: an illustrated history</a>. Chicago, Illinois: ALA Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4"><bdi>978-1-60239-706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+library%3A+an+illustrated+history&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=ALA+Editions&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-706-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryillustrat0000murr%2Fpage%2F104%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuzaffarKumarUsmaniGupta2022" class="citation book cs1">Muzaffar, H. Syed; Kumar, Anil; Usmani, B. 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Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Nation&rft.pub=K.+K.+Publications&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-81-7844-129-0&rft.aulast=Muzaffar&rft.aufirst=H.+Syed&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Anil&rft.au=Usmani%2C+B.+D.&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Pramod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUS5gEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSikandar%2BShah%2BSuri%2BMughal%2BAkbar%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNature1942" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F150600b0">"Akbar, the Great Mughal"</a>. Nature. 150 (3812): 600–601. 21 November 1942. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942Natur.150R.600.">1942Natur.150R.600.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F150600b0">10.1038/150600b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4084248">4084248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Akbar%2C+the+Great+Mughal&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=3812&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E600-%3C%2Fspan%3E601&rft.date=1942-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4084248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F150600b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1942Natur.150R.600.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F150600b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1996" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofislamicarchitecture_201911/page/n92/mode/1up">Dictionary of Islamic Architecture</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-06084-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-06084-2"><bdi>0-415-06084-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islamic+Architecture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-415-06084-2&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofislamicarchitecture_201911%2Fpage%2Fn92%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPletcher2010" class="citation book cs1">Pletcher, Kenneth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1rk63MOPD6gC&pg=PA170">The History of India</a>. Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-201-7"><bdi>978-1-61530-201-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-201-7&rft.aulast=Pletcher&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1rk63MOPD6gC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad1930" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Beni (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281009">History of Jahangir</a> (2nd ed.). The Indian Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Jahangir&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Indian+Press&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Beni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.281009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Prasad, Rajendra</a> (2017) [First published 1946]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D9FzePpOA60C&pg=PA80">India Divided</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341415-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341415-5"><bdi>978-0-14-341415-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701022126/https://books.google.com/books?id=D9FzePpOA60C&pg=PA80">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"><bdi>978-0-521-56603-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56603-2&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHyVh29gy4QC%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafdarKhan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Safdar, Aiysha; Khan, Muhammad Azam (January–June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/indianStudies/PDF/12_v7_1_21.pdf">"History of Indian Ocean – A South Indian perspective"</a> (PDF). Journal of Indian Studies. 7 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218121856/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/indianStudies/PDF/12_v7_1_21.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Studies&rft.atitle=History+of+Indian+Ocean+%E2%80%93+A+South+Indian+perspective&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2021-01%2F2021-06&rft.aulast=Safdar&rft.aufirst=Aiysha&rft.au=Khan%2C+Muhammad+Azam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpu.edu.pk%2Fimages%2Fjournal%2FindianStudies%2FPDF%2F12_v7_1_21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangari2007" class="citation book cs1">Sangari, Kumkum (2007). "Akbar: The Name of a Conjuncture". In Grewal, J. S. (ed.). The State and Society in Medieval India. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566720-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566720-2"><bdi>978-0-19-566720-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Akbar%3A+The+Name+of+a+Conjuncture&rft.btitle=The+State+and+Society+in+Medieval+India&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566720-2&rft.aulast=Sangari&rft.aufirst=Kumkum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanghmitra" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanghmitra. Jain Dharma ke Prabhavak Acharya (in Hindi). Jain Vishwa Bharati, Ladnu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jain+Dharma+ke+Prabhavak+Acharya&rft.pub=Jain+Vishwa+Bharati%2C+Ladnu&rft.au=Sanghmitra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaranZiegler2001a" class="citation book cs1">Saran, Richard; Ziegler, Norman P. (2001a). The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan. Vol. I. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939512-43-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939512-43-0"><bdi>978-0-939512-43-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mertiyo+Rathors+of+Merta%2C+Rajasthan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-939512-43-0&rft.aulast=Saran&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+Norman+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaranZiegler2001b" class="citation book cs1">Saran, Richard; Ziegler, Norman P. (2001b). The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan. Vol. II. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89148-085-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89148-085-3"><bdi>978-0-89148-085-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mertiyo+Rathors+of+Merta%2C+Rajasthan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89148-085-3&rft.aulast=Saran&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+Norman+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar, Jadunath</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC">A History of Jaipur</a>. New Delhi, India: Orient Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-0333-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-0333-9"><bdi>81-250-0333-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703063157/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023. 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Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-185-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-185-3"><bdi>978-1-86189-185-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Great+Mughals%3A+History%2C+Art%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-185-3&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofgreatmug00anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen, Amartya</a> (2005). 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Primus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-34-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-34-4"><bdi>978-93-80607-34-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Medieval+Indian+History&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-34-4&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2023" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Parvati (2023). A Lamp for the Dark World: Akbar, India's Greatest Mughal. 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Oxford at The Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akbar+the+Great+Mogul%2C+1542%E2%80%931605&rft.pub=Oxford+at+The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924024056503%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Arthur_Smith" title="Vincent Arthur Smith">Smith, Vincent A.</a> (2002) [First published 1919]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00smit">The Oxford History of India</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561297-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561297-4"><bdi>978-0-19-561297-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-561297-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vincent+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofi00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomani1990" class="citation book cs1">Somani, Ramavallabha (1990). History of Jaisalmer. Panchsheel Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7056-070-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7056-070-8"><bdi>978-81-7056-070-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Jaisalmer&rft.pub=Panchsheel+Prakashan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-7056-070-8&rft.aulast=Somani&rft.aufirst=Ramavallabha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreenivasan2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramya_Sreenivasan" title="Ramya Sreenivasan">Sreenivasan, Ramya</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nsh8NHDQHlcC&pg=PA152">"Drudges, dancing girls, concubines: female slaves in the Rajput polity, 1500–1850"</a>. In Indrani Chatterjee; <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton" title="Richard M. Eaton">Richard M. Eaton</a> (eds.). Slavery and South Asian History. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-11671-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-11671-6"><bdi>0-253-11671-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922030621/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nsh8NHDQHlcC&pg=PA152">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drudges%2C+dancing+girls%2C+concubines%3A+female+slaves+in+the+Rajput+polity%2C+1500%E2%80%931850&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+South+Asian+History&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-253-11671-6&rft.aulast=Sreenivasan&rft.aufirst=Ramya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsh8NHDQHlcC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam1994" class="citation journal cs1">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (June 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ier.sagepub.com/content/31/2/249.extract">"Book Reviews: Naimur Rahman Farooqi, Mughal-Ottoman Relations: A Study of the Political and Diplomatic Relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748, Delhi"</a>. The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 31 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946469403100210">10.1177/001946469403100210</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143346476">143346476</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129120233/https://ier.sagepub.com/content/31/2/249.extract">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Economic+%26+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=Book+Reviews%3A+Naimur+Rahman+Farooqi%2C+Mughal-Ottoman+Relations%3A+A+Study+of+the+Political+and+Diplomatic+Relations+between+Mughal+India+and+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1556%E2%80%931748%2C+Delhi&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1994-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001946469403100210&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143346476%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fier.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F31%2F2%2F249.extract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed2011" class="citation journal cs1">Syed, Jawad (2011). "Akbar's multiculturalism: lessons for diversity management in the 21st century". Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences. 28 (4): 402–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2FCJAS.185">10.1002/CJAS.185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Administrative+Sciences&rft.atitle=Akbar%27s+multiculturalism%3A+lessons+for+diversity+management+in+the+21st+century&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E402-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2FCJAS.185&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=Jawad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackerayFindling2012" class="citation book cs1">Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (2012). Events That Formed the Modern World. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-902-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-902-8"><bdi>978-1-59884-902-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+That+Formed+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-902-8&rft.aulast=Thackeray&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft.au=Findling%2C+John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruschke2012" class="citation journal cs1">Truschke, Audrey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1239832">"Setting the Record Wrong: A Sanskrit Vision of Mughal Conquests"</a>. South Asian History and Culture. 3 (3): 373–396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19472498.2012.693710">10.1080/19472498.2012.693710</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145619920">145619920</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307012751/https://www.academia.edu/1239832">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Setting+the+Record+Wrong%3A+A+Sanskrit+Vision+of+Mughal+Conquests&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E373-%3C%2Fspan%3E396&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19472498.2012.693710&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145619920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Truschke&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1239832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaseem2003" class="citation book cs1">Waseem, Shah Mohammad (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dShuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Raj+kanwari%22+">A Persian historiography in India</a>. Kanishka Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7391-537-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7391-537-6"><bdi>978-81-7391-537-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=dShuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Raj+kanwari%22+">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Persian+historiography+in+India&rft.pub=Kanishka+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7391-537-6&rft.aulast=Waseem&rft.aufirst=Shah+Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdShuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Raj%2Bkanwari%2522%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegandDavis1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_A._Wiegand" title="Wayne A. Wiegand">Wiegand, Wayne A.</a>; Davis, Donald G., eds. (1994). "India". Encyclopedia of Library History. Garland Publishing, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-5787-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-5787-2"><bdi>0-8240-5787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Library+History&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8240-5787-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak</a> Akbar-namah Edited with commentary by Muhammad <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Ali" title="Sadiq Ali">Sadiq Ali</a> (Kanpur-Lucknow: Nawal Kishore) 1881–83 Three Vols. (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">Persian</a>)</li> <li>Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak Akbarnamah Edited by Maulavi <a href="/wiki/Abd_Al-Rahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Al-Rahim">Abd Al-Rahim</a>. Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1877–1887 Three Vols. (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">Persian</a>)</li> <li>Haji Muhammad 'Arif Qandahari Tarikh-i-Akbari (Better known as Tarikh-i-Qandahari) edited & Annotated by Haji Mu'in'd-Din Nadwi, Dr. Azhar 'Ali Dihlawi & Imtiyaz 'Ali 'Arshi (<a href="/wiki/Rampur_Raza_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampur Raza Library">Rampur Raza Library</a>) 1962 (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">Persian</a>)</li> <li>Martí Escayol, Maria Antònia. "Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature", Word, Image, Text: Studies in Literary and Visual Culture, ed. Shormistha Panja et al., Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3735-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3735-4">978-81-250-3735-4</a></li> <li>Satyananda Giri, Akbar, Trafford Publishing, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-1561-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-1561-1">978-1-4269-1561-1</a></li> <li>John Correia-Afonso, Letters from the Mughal court, Bombay, 1980.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustus1890" class="citation book cs1">Augustus, Frederick (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00buchgoog#page/n8/mode/1up">The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 1)</a>. Translated by Annette Susannah Beveridge. Calcutta, India: Thacker, Spink and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Akbar%2C+a+contribution+towards+the+history+of+India+in+the+16th+century+%28Vol.+1%29&rft.place=Calcutta%2C+India&rft.pub=Thacker%2C+Spink+and+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Augustus&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Femperorakbaraco00buchgoog%23page%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustus1890" class="citation book cs1">Augustus, Frederick (1890). Gustav von Buchwald (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00augugoog#page/n4/mode/1up">The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 2)</a>. Translated by Annette Susannah Beveridge. Calcutta, India: Thacker, Spink and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Akbar%2C+a+contribution+towards+the+history+of+India+in+the+16th+century+%28Vol.+2%29&rft.place=Calcutta%2C+India&rft.pub=Thacker%2C+Spink+and+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Augustus&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Femperorakbaraco00augugoog%23page%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalleson1899" class="citation book cs1">Malleson, Colonel G. B. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rulersofindiaakb009177mbp#page/n7/mode/2up">Akbar and the Rise of the Mughal Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_India_series" title="Rulers of India series">Rulers of India series</a>. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akbar+and+the+Rise+of+the+Mughal+Empire&rft.series=Rulers+of+India+series&rft.pub=Oxford+at+the+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Malleson&rft.aufirst=Colonel+G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Frulersofindiaakb009177mbp%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18307">The Adventures of Akbar by Flora Annie Steel, 1847–1929 (ebook)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200902044145/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18307">Archived</a> 2 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavell1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Binfield_Havell" title="Ernest Binfield Havell">Havell, Ernest Binfield</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofaryanru00have#page/n9/mode/2up">The History of Aryan Rule in India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar</a>. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Aryan+Rule+in+India+from+the+earliest+times+to+the+death+of+Akbar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes+Company&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Havell&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Binfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofaryanru00have%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreland1920" class="citation book cs1">Moreland, W. H. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022895001#page/n5/mode/2up">India at the death of Akbar: An economic study</a>. London, England: Macmillan & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+at+the+death+of+Akbar%3A+An+economic+study&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Moreland&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924022895001%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonserrate1922" class="citation book cs1">Monserrate, Father Antonio (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/commentaryoffath00monsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">The commentary of Father Monserrate, S. J., on his journey to the court of Akbar</a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+commentary+of+Father+Monserrate%2C+S.+J.%2C+on+his+journey+to+the+court+of+Akbar&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Monserrate&rft.aufirst=Father+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcommentaryoffath00monsuoft%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrivastava1957" class="citation book cs1">Shrivastava, A. L. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131063">A short history of Akbar the Great</a>. Shiva Lal Agarwala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+Akbar+the+Great.&rft.pub=Shiva+Lal+Agarwala&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Shrivastava&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.131063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkbar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Akbar" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Akbar">Akbar</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Akbar,_Jellaladin_Mahommed" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Akbar, Jellaladin Mahommed">Akbar, Jellaladin Mahommed</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Akbar_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Akbar I">Akbar I</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666203/">The Drama of Akbar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husain_Azad" title="Muhammad Husain Azad">Muhammad Husain Azad</a> from 1922</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Akbar </div><div><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a></div>Born: 14 October 1542 Died: 27 October 1605 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> 1556–1605 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png/30px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png/45px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png/60px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="905" /></a><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahryar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Muhammad Azam Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat" title="Rafi ud-Darajat">Rafi ud-Darajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II" title="Shah Jahan II">Shah Jahan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shah Bahadur">Shah Jahan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_II" title="Akbar II">Akbar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_family_tree" title="Timurid family tree">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Economy of the Mughal Empire">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Mughal Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Government of the Mughal Empire">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal artillery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Subah" title="Agra Subah">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Subah" title="Ajmer Subah">Ajmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awadh Subah">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar_Subah" title="Berar Subah">Berar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Subah" title="Bihar Subah">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Subah" title="Gujarat Subah">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Subah">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Subah" title="Hyderabad Subah">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Subah">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Subah" title="Malwa Subah">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah_of_Multan" title="Subah of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sira_Subah" title="Sira Subah">Sira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Rajput_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Rajput wars">Mughal-Rajput wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Malwa" title="Mughal conquest of Malwa">Mughal conquest of Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar's conquest of Gujarat">Gujarat conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1622%E2%80%931623)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)">Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1649%E2%80%931653)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)">Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula#Battle_of_Tilpat" title="Gokula">Suppression of Tilpat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom%E2%80%93Mughal_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahom–Mughal conflicts">Ahom–Mughal conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal–Maratha wars">Mughal–Maratha wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%27s_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Child's war">Child's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_wars" title="Carnatic wars">Carnatic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal war">Bengal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_between_Mughals_and_Sikhs" title="List of battles between Mughals and Sikhs">Mughal–Sikh wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Mughal–Portuguese conflicts">Mughal–Portuguese conflicts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agra" title="Battle of Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai" title="Battle of Badli-ki-Serai">Badli-ki-Serai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhuchar_Mori" title="Battle of Bhuchar Mori">Bhuchar Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chanderi" title="Battle of Chanderi">Chanderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra" title="Battle of Ghaghra">Ghagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati" title="Battle of Haldighati">Haldighati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Karnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khajwa" title="Battle of Khajwa">Khajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Khanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najafgarh" title="Battle of Najafgarh">Najafgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raj Mahal">Raj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samugarh" title="Battle of Samugarh">Samugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirhind_(1555)" title="Battle of Sirhind (1555)">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1567)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1567)">Thanesar (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1710)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1710)">Thanesar (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi" title="Battle of Tukaroi">Tukaroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bakla" title="Conquest of Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bhulua" title="Conquest of Bhulua">Bhulua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sieges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)">Chittorgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daulatabad_(1633)" title="Siege of Daulatabad (1633)">Daulatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golconda" title="Siege of Golconda">Golconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar_(1605%E2%80%9306)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kandahar (1605–06)">Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Purandhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Purandhar">Purandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ranthambore_(1568)" title="Siege of Ranthambore (1568)">Ranthambore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sambhal" title="Siege of Sambhal">Sambhal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan#Baro-Bhuiyans_of_Bengal" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Usman" title="Khwaja Usman">Khwaja Usman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayazid_of_Sylhet" title="Bayazid of Sylhet">Bayazid of Sylhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_of_Bengal" title="Musa Khan of Bengal">Musa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap" title="Maharana Pratap">Maharana Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ambar" title="Malik Ambar">Malik Ambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan" title="Lachit Borphukan">Lachit Borphukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Child,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Child, 1st Baronet">Josiah Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro,_8th_laird_of_Novar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar">Hector Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Mahal,_Orchha" title="Jahangir Mahal, Orchha">Jahangir Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheesh_Mahal_(Lahore_Fort)" title="Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)">Sheesh Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_mosques" title="Category:Mughal mosques">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Mosque,_Aurangabad" title="Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad">Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid (Delhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawk_Mosque" title="Chawk Mosque">Chawk Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunehri_Masjid,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunehri Masjid, Lahore">Sunehri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_tombs" title="Category:Mughal tombs">Tombs and mausoleums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Akbar the Great">Akbar's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Gardens of Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Jahangir's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti" title="Tomb of Salim Chishti">Tomb of Salim Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb" title="Tomb of Aurangzeb">Tomb of Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Nur_Jahan" title="Tomb of Nur Jahan">Tomb of Nur Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tombs_of_Mughal_Empire" title="List of tombs of Mughal Empire">List of tombs of Mughal Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achabal_Gardens" title="Achabal Gardens">Achabal Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Bridge,_Jaunpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur">Shahi Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_clothing" title="Mughal clothing">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in South Asia">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians_in_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Persians in the Mughal Empire">Persian Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_weapons" title="Mughal weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> (interrupted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajput states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawabs of Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Nizam of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic state">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agra_district_topics64" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agra_district" title="Template:Agra district"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agra_district" title="Template talk:Agra district"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agra_district" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agra district"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agra_district_topics64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agra_district" title="Agra district">Agra district</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achhnera" title="Achhnera">Achhnera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizpur" title="Azizpur">Azizpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah" title="Bah">Bah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barhan_village" class="mw-redirect" title="Barhan village">Barhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayalbagh" title="Dayalbagh">Dayalbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanauli" title="Dhanauli">Dhanauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etmadpur" title="Etmadpur">Etmadpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehabad,_Agra" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatehabad, Agra">Fatehabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagner" title="Jagner">Jagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheragarh" title="Kheragarh">Kheragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiraoli" title="Kiraoli">Kiraoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainana_Jat" title="Nainana Jat">Nainana Jat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinahat" title="Pinahat">Pinahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsabad,_Agra" title="Shamsabad, Agra">Shamsabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamibagh" title="Swamibagh">Swamibagh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamrauli,_Barauli_Ahir" title="Chamrauli, Barauli Ahir">Chamrauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barara,_Agra" title="Barara, Agra">Barara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barauli_Ahir" title="Barauli Ahir">Barauli Ahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barhan,_Agra" title="Barhan, Agra">Barhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateshwar,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh">Bateshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beesalpur" title="Beesalpur">Beesalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bichpuri" title="Bichpuri">Bichpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhai_Pokhar" title="Chhai Pokhar">Chhai Pokhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daultabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Daultabad">Daultabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimsiri" title="Dhimsiri">Dhimsiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digrauta" title="Digrauta">Digrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doora,_Agra" title="Doora, Agra">Doora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhi_Udairaj" title="Garhi Udairaj">Garhi Udairaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holipura" title="Holipura">Holipura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarar" title="Jarar">Jarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagarol" title="Kagarol">Kagarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karahara" title="Karahara">Karahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanwa" title="Khanwa">Khanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meoli" title="Meoli">Meoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midhakur" title="Midhakur">Midhakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purabirbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Purabirbal">Purabirbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudhmuli" title="Rudhmuli">Rudhmuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara,_Agra" title="Sahara, Agra">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiyan,_Agra" title="Saiyan, Agra">Saivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakatpur" title="Sakatpur">Sakatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarokhipura" title="Sarokhipura">Sarokhipura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrakpur" title="Tarrakpur">Tarrakpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buland_Darwaza" title="Buland Darwaza">Buland Darwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauburji_(Agra)" title="Chauburji (Agra)">Chauburji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/48423/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv4m7GDYPvyP6QtVW7vHC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118644181">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80002413">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12006732f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12006732f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620250">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFGul2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGómez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabib1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabib1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan_Siddiqi1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHavell1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHindu_Shah1595–1612\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoutsma1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIkram1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJahangir1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarric1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeay1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanna2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKherulla2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoka,_Aziz1594\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulke2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachVan_Kley1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdar1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalleson1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManchanda2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovitz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehta1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonserrate1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoosvi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreland1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuzaffarKumarUsmaniGupta2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNature1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPletcher2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasad1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasad2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice1829\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuddusi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahim\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajadhyaksha1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoychoudhury1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyle2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuggles2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRushdie2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafdarKhan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSangari2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanghmitra\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaranZiegler2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaranZiegler2001b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimmel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrivastava1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomani1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSreenivasan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubrahmanyam1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSundaresan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyed2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThackerayFindling2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruschke2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruschke2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVijayakar,_Rajiv2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaseem2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiegandDavis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Garbe1909\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 17,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"According to whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Agra district\"] = 1,\n [\"Ahnentafel\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 104,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n 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= 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 4,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 3,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","22.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","11.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","7.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.4"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","80","4.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","3.7"],["(for generator)","60","3.7"],["[others]","360","22.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-hllj9","timestamp":"20250214040610","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Akbar","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akbar","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8597","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8597","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-01T23:38:42Z","dateModified":"2025-01-27T18:05:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/34\/Govardhan._Akbar_With_Lion_and_Calf_ca._1630%2C_Metmuseum_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"Mughal emperor from 1556 to 1605"}</script> </body> 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