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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ائتلاف جامايكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ائتلاف جامايكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajsk%C3%A1_koalice" title="Jamajská koalice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jamajská koalice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica-koalition" title="Jamaica-koalition – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jamaica-koalition" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika-Koalition" title="Jamaika-Koalition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jamaika-Koalition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalici%C3%B3n_Jamaica" title="Coalición Jamaica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coalición Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_jama%C3%AFcaine" title="Coalition jamaïcaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coalition jamaïcaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%B9%B4_%EC%97%B0%EC%A0%95" title="자메이카 연정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자메이카 연정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaj%C4%8Danska_koalicija" title="Jamajčanska koalicija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jamajčanska koalicija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koalisi_Jamaika" title="Koalisi Jamaika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koalisi Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika-Koalition" title="Jamaika-Koalition – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jamaika-Koalition" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%92%27%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="קואליציית ג'מייקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קואליציית ג'מייקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica-koal%C3%ADci%C3%B3" title="Jamaica-koalíció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jamaica-koalíció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica-coalitie" title="Jamaica-coalitie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jamaica-coalitie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AB%E9%80%A3%E7%AB%8B" title="ジャマイカ連立 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャマイカ連立" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica-koalisjon" title="Jamaica-koalisjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jamaica-koalisjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koalicja_jamajska" title="Koalicja jamajska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koalicja jamajska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ямайская коалиция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ямайская коалиция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_coalition" title="Jamaica coalition – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jamaica coalition" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јамајка коалиција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јамајка коалиција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%99%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%A0%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="牙买加联盟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="牙买加联盟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German political term</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jamaica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/220px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/330px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/440px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jamaica" title="Flag of Jamaica">Jamaica's national flag</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Jamaica coalition</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Jamaika-Koalition</i>; also known as the <b>Jamaica alliance</b>, <b>Jamaica traffic light</b>, <b>black traffic light</b> or <b>Schwampel</b>) is a term in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">German politics</a> describing a <a href="/wiki/German_governing_coalition" title="German governing coalition">governing coalition</a> among the parties of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>), <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP), and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance '90/The Greens">Green Party</a>. </p><p>The term comes from the fact that the symbolic colors of the parties in such a coalition—black for the conservative CDU/CSU, yellow for the liberal FDP, and green for the Green Party—are also the colors of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jamaica" title="Flag of Jamaica">flag of Jamaica</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_coalition_(politics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">German federal election in 2005</a> a Jamaica coalition became mathematically possible and was initially discussed. The Free Democrats decided they would not form a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> (SPD), leaving the Jamaica coalition as one of the few remaining options, but the Greens rejected the coalition proposal. "Can you really see [CDU and CSU leaders] <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Stoiber" title="Edmund Stoiber">Edmund Stoiber</a> sitting round the table in dreadlocks?" asked <a href="/wiki/Joschka_Fischer" title="Joschka Fischer">Joschka Fischer</a>, the Greens' leader at the time. "This is more our style. It's impossible. I don't see that."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2005, the CDU/CSU and SPD formed a grand coalition instead. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">state</a> level, the Greens announced in October 2009 that they would support a CDU/FDP coalition in <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>, forming Germany's first Jamaica coalition in state government. This move was partly prompted by desire to prevent an SPD minority government in Saarland dependent upon support from <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Die Linke</a>. The Saarland coalition collapsed in January 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-coalitioncollapsed_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coalitioncollapsed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Jamaica coalition held power in the state of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> from 2017 to 2022. After the <a href="/wiki/2017_Schleswig-Holstein_state_election" title="2017 Schleswig-Holstein state election">2017 Schleswig-Holstein state election</a>, CDU leader <a href="/wiki/Daniel_G%C3%BCnther" title="Daniel Günther">Daniel Günther</a> became <a href="/wiki/Minister_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister President">Minister President</a> by forming a coalition with the Free Democrats led by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kubicki" title="Wolfgang Kubicki">Wolfgang Kubicki</a> and the Greens led by <a href="/wiki/Monika_Heinold" title="Monika Heinold">Monika Heinold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrmann_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/2022_Schleswig-Holstein_state_election" title="2022 Schleswig-Holstein state election">the 2022 election</a>, the FDP was dropped from the governing coalition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017">2017</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_coalition_(politics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaika-Sondierungsgespr%C3%A4che_2017" class="extiw" title="de:Jamaika-Sondierungsgespräche 2017">Jamaica coalition was unsuccessfully negotiated at the national level in Germany</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017 federal election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the SPD initially announced their return to opposition, it became the only viable coalition that didn't involve <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shalal_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shalal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coalition talks failed after the FDP pulled out of talks, citing an inability to find a compromise on migration and energy policy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Black_traffic_light">Black traffic light</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_coalition_(politics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Black traffic light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another nickname for this coalition is <i>black traffic light</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schwarze Ampel</i> or the <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau word">portmanteau word</a> <i>Schwampel</i>). This term alludes to the classic <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_coalition" title="Traffic light coalition">traffic light coalition</a>, an alliance between the SPD (red), FDP (yellow), and the Greens, together whose symbolic colors match the colors of most German traffic lights. In a black traffic light, the CDU's color black would replace the SPD's red. Classic traffic light coalitions have already governed at the state level in <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>. The first known appearance of the short form <i>Schwampel</i> was in the <a href="/wiki/Tageszeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Tageszeitung">Tageszeitung</a> newspaper (Bremen edition) on 4 October 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_the_term_in_Belgium">Use of the term in Belgium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_coalition_(politics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use of the term in Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Belgian politics, the term Jamaica coalition refers to a coalition of Christian democrats (<a href="/wiki/Christen-Democratisch_en_Vlaams" class="mw-redirect" title="Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams">CD&V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centre_d%C3%A9mocrate_humaniste" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre démocrate humaniste">cdH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christlich_Soziale_Partei_(Belgium)" title="Christlich Soziale Partei (Belgium)">CSP</a>), liberals (<a href="/wiki/Open_Vlaamse_Liberalen_en_Democraten" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten">Open Vld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_R%C3%A9formateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement Réformateur">MR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partei_f%C3%BCr_Freiheit_und_Fortschritt" class="mw-redirect" title="Partei für Freiheit und Fortschritt">PFF</a>) and greens (<a href="/wiki/Groen_(political_party)" title="Groen (political party)">Groen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecolo" title="Ecolo">Ecolo</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has been adopted from German politics, even though the colors of the Belgian parties in question (orange, blue and green, respectively) do not correspond to those of the Jamaican flag. Even if this kind of coalition remains hypothetical on a federal, regional or provincial level, it has been formed in various municipalities, such as in <a href="/wiki/Holsbeek" title="Holsbeek">Holsbeek</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_coalition_(politics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_governing_coalition" title="German governing coalition">German governing coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)" title="Grand coalition (Germany)">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-red-green_coalition" title="Black-red-green coalition">Black-red-green coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_alliance" title="Red–green alliance">Red–green alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93red_coalition" title="Red–red coalition">Red–red coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social%E2%80%93liberal_coalition" title="Social–liberal coalition">Social–liberal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_coalition" title="Traffic light coalition">Traffic light coalition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_coalition_(politics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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