CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Stigmata - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ea5fec4e-c1b0-4623-9c33-8cb394139951","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Stigmata","wgTitle":"Stigmata","wgCurRevisionId":1256335168,"wgRevisionId":1256335168,"wgArticleId":39339,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Harv and Sfn no-target errors","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text", "Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2022","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Catholic spirituality","Christian mythology","Christian miracles","Stigmatics","Crucifixion of Jesus"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Stigmata","wgRelevantArticleId":39339,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1256335168,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q190940","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lienz_-_Fanziskanerkirche_-_Au%C3%9Fenansicht_-_H%C3%A4nde_mit_Stigmata.jpg/1200px-Lienz_-_Fanziskanerkirche_-_Au%C3%9Fenansicht_-_H%C3%A4nde_mit_Stigmata.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1557"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lienz_-_Fanziskanerkirche_-_Au%C3%9Fenansicht_-_H%C3%A4nde_mit_Stigmata.jpg/800px-Lienz_-_Fanziskanerkirche_-_Au%C3%9Fenansicht_-_H%C3%A4nde_mit_Stigmata.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1038"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lienz_-_Fanziskanerkirche_-_Au%C3%9Fenansicht_-_H%C3%A4nde_mit_Stigmata.jpg/640px-Lienz_-_Fanziskanerkirche_-_Au%C3%9Fenansicht_-_H%C3%A4nde_mit_Stigmata.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="830"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Stigmata - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Stigmata rootpage-Stigmata skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Stigmata" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Stigmata" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Stigmata" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Stigmata" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Specific cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specific_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specific cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specific_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saint_Ansbert_of_Rouen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint_Ansbert_of_Rouen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Saint Ansbert of Rouen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint_Ansbert_of_Rouen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint_Francis_of_Assisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Saint Francis of Assisi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint_Francis_of_Assisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saint_Padre_Pio_of_Pietrelcina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint_Padre_Pio_of_Pietrelcina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Saint Padre Pio of Pietrelcina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint_Padre_Pio_of_Pietrelcina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mariam_Thresia_Chiramel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariam_Thresia_Chiramel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mariam Thresia Chiramel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariam_Thresia_Chiramel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stigmata_and_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stigmata_and_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Stigmata and gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stigmata_and_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scientific research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Christian_stigmata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Christian_stigmata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Non-Christian stigmata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Christian_stigmata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_stigmatics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_stigmatics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable stigmatics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_stigmatics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stigmata</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ستيغماتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستيغماتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Стигмата – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стигмата" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma_(religi%C3%B3)" title="Estigma (religió) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estigma (religió)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmatisering" title="Stigmatisering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stigmatisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmatisation" title="Stigmatisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stigmatisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1_(%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Στίγματα (Χριστιανισμός) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στίγματα (Χριστιανισμός)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma_(milagro)" title="Estigma (milagro) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estigma (milagro)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmato" title="Stigmato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stigmato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma_(erlijioa)" title="Estigma (erlijioa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estigma (erlijioa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="استیگماتا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استیگماتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmates" title="Stigmates – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stigmates" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiogmata" title="Stiogmata – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stiogmata" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma_(milagre)" title="Estigma (milagre) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estigma (milagre)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%ED%9D%94" title="성흔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성흔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սիգմատներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիգմատներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(rana)" title="Stigma (rana) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stigma (rana)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmate" title="Stigmate – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stigmate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%94" title="סטיגמטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטיגמטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonda_matakatifu" title="Madonda matakatifu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Madonda matakatifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(religio)" title="Stigma (religio) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stigma (religio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma" title="Stigma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stigma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%ACgmate" title="Stìgmate – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stìgmate" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma" title="Stigma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stigma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Стигма – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стигма" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata_(religie)" title="Stigmata (religie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stigmata (religie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%97%95" title="聖痕 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖痕" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stygmat_(religia)" title="Stygmat (religia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stygmat (religia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma_(fen%C3%B4meno)" title="Estigma (fenômeno) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estigma (fenômeno)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmate" title="Stigmate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stigmate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Стигматы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стигматы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmatiz%C3%A1cia" title="Stigmatizácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stigmatizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigme" title="Stigme – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stigme" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Стигма (рана) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стигма (рана)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(rana)" title="Stigma (rana) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stigma (rana)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmatisaatio" title="Stigmatisaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stigmatisaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmatisering_(religion)" title="Stigmatisering (religion) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stigmatisering (religion)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="สติกมาตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สติกมาตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stigmata" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Стигмати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стигмати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="اسٹگماٹا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسٹگماٹا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A5u_Th%C3%A1nh" title="Dấu Thánh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dấu Thánh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%82%B7" title="聖傷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聖傷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190940#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Stigmata" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stigmata"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stigmata"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Stigmata" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Stigmata" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata&oldid=1256335168" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Stigmata&id=1256335168&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStigmata"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStigmata"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Stigmata&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigmata&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stigmata" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190940" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle"><span class="cdx-fr-css-icon-review--status--stable"></span><b>Checked</b></indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until May 20, 2025 at 22:40 UTC, due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on <i>9 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Appearance of wounds corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other senses of this word, see <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Stigma (disambiguation)">Stigma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stigmata_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stigmata (disambiguation)">stigmata (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Stigmatism" title="Stigmatism">Stigmatism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lienz_-_Fanziskanerkirche_-_Au%C3%9Fenansicht_-_H%C3%A4nde_mit_Stigmata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lienz_-_Fanziskanerkirche_-_Au%C3%9Fenansicht_-_H%C3%A4nde_mit_Stigmata.jpg/220px-Lienz_-_Fanziskanerkirche_-_Au%C3%9Fenansicht_-_H%C3%A4nde_mit_Stigmata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lienz_-_Fanziskanerkirche_-_Au%C3%9Fenansicht_-_H%C3%A4nde_mit_Stigmata.jpg/330px-Lienz_-_Fanziskanerkirche_-_Au%C3%9Fenansicht_-_H%C3%A4nde_mit_Stigmata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lienz_-_Fanziskanerkirche_-_Au%C3%9Fenansicht_-_H%C3%A4nde_mit_Stigmata.jpg/440px-Lienz_-_Fanziskanerkirche_-_Au%C3%9Fenansicht_-_H%C3%A4nde_mit_Stigmata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2372" data-file-height="3077" /></a><figcaption>Hands with <i>stigmata</i>, depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Francis">Franciscan</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Lienz" title="Lienz">Lienz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munchhausen_StPantaleon_50.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Munchhausen_StPantaleon_50.JPG/220px-Munchhausen_StPantaleon_50.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Munchhausen_StPantaleon_50.JPG/330px-Munchhausen_StPantaleon_50.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Munchhausen_StPantaleon_50.JPG/440px-Munchhausen_StPantaleon_50.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3958" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">St Catherine</a> fainting from the stigmata</i> by <a href="/wiki/Il_Sodoma" title="Il Sodoma">Il Sodoma</a>, Church of Saint Pantaleon, <a href="/wiki/Alsace,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace, France">Alsace, France</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stigmata</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">στίγματα</span>, plural of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στίγμα</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">stigma</i></span>, 'mark, spot, brand'), in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, are bodily wounds, scars and pain which appear in locations corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a> <a href="/wiki/Five_Holy_Wounds" title="Five Holy Wounds">wounds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a>: the hands, wrists, feet, near the heart, the head (from the crown of thorns), and back (from carrying the cross and scourging).<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis of Assisi">St. Francis of Assisi</a> is widely considered the first recorded stigmatic. For over fifty years, St. <a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Padre Pio</a> of Pietrelcina of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Order of Friars Minor Capuchin</a> reported stigmata which were studied by several 20th-century physicians. Stigmatics are primarily a Roman Catholic phenomenon; the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> professes no official view on them.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A high percentage (probably over 80%) of all stigmatics are women.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>Stigmata: A Medieval Phenomenon in a Modern Age</i>, Ted Harrison suggests that there is no single mechanism whereby the marks of stigmata were produced. What is important is that the marks are recognised by others as of religious significance.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_1994_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison_1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most cases of stigmata have been result of trickery.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll_2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nickell_2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickell_2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cases have also included reportings of a mysterious chalice in visions being given to stigmatics to drink from or the feeling of a sharp sword being driven into one's chest.<sup id="cite_ref-Görres1883_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Görres1883-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cigoli,_san_francesco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cigoli%2C_san_francesco.jpg/200px-Cigoli%2C_san_francesco.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cigoli%2C_san_francesco.jpg/300px-Cigoli%2C_san_francesco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cigoli%2C_san_francesco.jpg/400px-Cigoli%2C_san_francesco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>Saint <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> contemplating the wounds of stigmata as part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Christ" title="Imitation of Christ">Imitation of Christ</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Goff_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goff-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miles160_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>An individual bearing the wounds of stigmata is a <b>stigmatist</b> or a <b>stigmatic</b>. In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#6:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">Galatians 6:17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Saint Paul</a> says: </p> <blockquote> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Τοῦ λοιποῦ κόπους μοι μηδεὶς παρεχέτω· ἐγὼ γὰρ τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματί μου βαστάζω.</span></span> </p><p>From henceforth let no man trouble me: for I bear in my body the marks of the Lord Jesus. </p> </blockquote> <p>A <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">stígma</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στίγμα</span></span>) is a mark on the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reported cases of stigmata take various forms. Many show some or all <a href="/wiki/Holy_Wounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Wounds">Five Sacred Wounds</a> that were, according to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, inflicted on Jesus during his crucifixion: wounds in the wrists and feet, from nails; and in the side, from a lance. Some stigmatics display wounds to the forehead similar to those caused by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">crown of thorns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stigmata as crown of thorns appearing in the 20th century, e.g. on <a href="/wiki/Marie_Rose_Ferron" title="Marie Rose Ferron">Marie Rose Ferron</a>, have been repeatedly photographed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reported forms include tears of blood or sweating blood, and wounds to the back as from <a href="/wiki/Scourging" class="mw-redirect" title="Scourging">scourging</a>. </p><p>Many stigmata show recurring bleeding that stops and then starts, at times after receiving <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>; a significant proportion of stigmatics have shown a strong desire to receive Holy Communion frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A relatively high percentage of stigmatics also exhibit <a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">inedia</a>, claiming to live with minimal (or no) food or water for long periods of time, except for the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Holy Eucharist</a>. Some exhibit weight loss, and closer investigation often reveals evidence of fakery.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some stigmatics claim to feel the pain of wounds with no external marks; these are referred to as "invisible stigmata".<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some stigmatics' wounds do not appear to clot, and seem to stay fresh and uninfected. The blood from the wounds is said, in some cases, to have a pleasant, perfumed odor, known as the <a href="/wiki/Odour_of_Sanctity" class="mw-redirect" title="Odour of Sanctity">Odour of Sanctity</a>. </p><p>Individuals who have obtained the stigmata are many times described as <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">ecstatics</a>, overwhelmed with emotions upon receiving the stigmata.<sup id="cite_ref-advent_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advent-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his paper <i>Hospitality and Pain</i>, Christian <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a> states: "Compassion with Christ ... is faith so strong and so deeply incarnate that it leads to the individual embodiment of the contemplated pain." His thesis is that stigmata result from exceptional poignancy of religious faith and desire to associate oneself with the suffering <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>. </p><p>Differently from the <a href="/wiki/Five_Holy_Wounds" title="Five Holy Wounds">Five Holy Wounds</a> of Christ, some mystics like Francis of Assisi and father Pio of Petralcina reported a spontaneous regression and closure of their stigmata in the days following their death.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="If they were dead, they couldn't have reported anything (August 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Both of them claimed to have received the divine stigmata in their hands as well as in their feet.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_cases">Specific cases</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_Ansbert_of_Rouen">Saint Ansbert of Rouen</h3></div> <p>Saint Francis is widely considered the first recorded stigmatic. Earlier reports of stigmatics do exist, however there is a lack of consensus on how the concept of stigmata was understood pre-Saint Francis.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. <a href="/wiki/Ansbert_of_Rouen" title="Ansbert of Rouen">Ansbert</a> of Rouen (d. 695 AD) could be considered the first recorded stigmatic in Christian history. After his death, witnesses claimed the following: </p><p>"When they had opened his tomb and they thought his body would stink because of the amount of time that had elapsed since it had been buried, such a sweet fragrant odor like a diversity of flowers flowed forth, and the whole church was filled with little drops of balsam. And when the brothers who had come to see him from the neighboring province... removed the clothes in which he had been buried because they wanted to change them wishing to dress him in new clothes, they found on his forearms the sign of the dominical cross, bearing the likeness of a red color. It was evident to all the faithful that this was given to be understood that while he lived he bore the arms of Christ in his heart, therefore, Christ's stigmata were revealed on the body of the dead man."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_Francis_of_Assisi">Saint Francis of Assisi</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto._Stigmatization_of_St_Francis._1295-1300._314x162cm._Louvre,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Giotto._Stigmatization_of_St_Francis._1295-1300._314x162cm._Louvre%2C_Paris.jpg/180px-Giotto._Stigmatization_of_St_Francis._1295-1300._314x162cm._Louvre%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Giotto._Stigmatization_of_St_Francis._1295-1300._314x162cm._Louvre%2C_Paris.jpg/270px-Giotto._Stigmatization_of_St_Francis._1295-1300._314x162cm._Louvre%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Giotto._Stigmatization_of_St_Francis._1295-1300._314x162cm._Louvre%2C_Paris.jpg/360px-Giotto._Stigmatization_of_St_Francis._1295-1300._314x162cm._Louvre%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="3920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_(Giotto)" title="Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (Giotto)">Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Greco_-_The_Stigmatization_of_St_Francis_-_WGA10562.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/El_Greco_-_The_Stigmatization_of_St_Francis_-_WGA10562.jpg/220px-El_Greco_-_The_Stigmatization_of_St_Francis_-_WGA10562.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/El_Greco_-_The_Stigmatization_of_St_Francis_-_WGA10562.jpg/330px-El_Greco_-_The_Stigmatization_of_St_Francis_-_WGA10562.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/El_Greco_-_The_Stigmatization_of_St_Francis_-_WGA10562.jpg/440px-El_Greco_-_The_Stigmatization_of_St_Francis_-_WGA10562.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>St. <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a>, by <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>St. <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> is widely considered the first recorded stigmatic in Christian history.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1224,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two years before his death, he embarked on a journey to <a href="/wiki/La_Verna" title="La Verna">Mount La Verna</a> for a forty-day fast. The legend states that one morning, near the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Exaltation_of_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Exaltation of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a>, a six-winged angel appeared to Francis while he prayed. As the angel approached, Francis could see that the angel was crucified. He was humbled by the sight, and his heart was filled with elation joined by pain and suffering. When the angel departed, Francis was left with wounds in his hands, feet, and side as if caused by the same lance that pierced Christ's side. The image of nails immediately appeared in his hands and feet, and the wound in his side often seeped blood.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Pope Alexander IV</a> and other witnesses declared that they had seen these marks both before and after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In traditional artistic depictions of the incident, Francis is accompanied by a Franciscan brother.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Francis' first biographer, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Celano" title="Thomas of Celano">Thomas of Celano</a>, reports the event in his 1230 <i>First Life of St. Francis</i>: </p> <blockquote> <p>When the blessed servant of God saw these things he was filled with wonder, but he did not know what the vision meant. He rejoiced greatly in the benign and gracious expression with which he saw himself regarded by the seraph, whose beauty was indescribable; yet he was alarmed by the fact that the seraph was affixed to the cross and was suffering terribly. Thus Francis rose, one might say, sad and happy, joy and grief alternating in him. He wondered anxiously what this vision could mean, and his soul was uneasy as it searched for understanding. And as his understanding sought in vain for an explanation and his heart was filled with perplexity at the great novelty of this vision, the marks of nails began to appear in his hands and feet, just as he had seen them slightly earlier in the crucified man above him. </p><p>His wrists and feet seemed to be pierced by nails, with the heads of the nails appearing on his wrists and on the upper sides of his feet, the points appearing on the other side. The marks were round on the palm of each hand but elongated on the other side, and small pieces of flesh jutting out from the rest took on the appearance of the nail-ends, bent and driven back. In the same way the marks of nails were impressed on his feet and projected beyond the rest of the flesh. Moreover, his right side had a large wound as if it had been pierced with a spear, and it often bled so that his tunic and trousers were soaked with his sacred blood.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>From the records of St. Francis' physical ailments and symptoms, Edward Frederick Hartung concluded in 1935 that he knew what health problems plagued St. Francis. Hartung believed that he had an eye ailment known as <a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">trachoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_malariae" title="Plasmodium malariae">quartan malaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartung_1935_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartung_1935-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quartan malaria infects the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, causing the victim intense pain. One complication of quartan malaria occasionally seen around Francis' time is known as <a href="/wiki/Purpura" title="Purpura">purpura</a>, a purple hemorrhage of blood into the skin. According to Hartung "If this were the case of St. Francis, he would have been afflicted by <i>ecchymoses</i>, an exceedingly large <i>purpura</i>. The purple spots of blood may have been punctured while in the wilderness and there appear as an open wound like that of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-Hartung_1935_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartung_1935-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A later medical hypothesis was proposed in 1987 to explain the wounds, it claimed that St. Francis may have contracted <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_Padre_Pio_of_Pietrelcina">Saint Padre Pio of Pietrelcina</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Padre_Pio_of_Pietrelcina_with_the_stigmata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Padre_Pio_of_Pietrelcina_with_the_stigmata.jpg/220px-Padre_Pio_of_Pietrelcina_with_the_stigmata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Padre_Pio_of_Pietrelcina_with_the_stigmata.jpg/330px-Padre_Pio_of_Pietrelcina_with_the_stigmata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Padre_Pio_of_Pietrelcina_with_the_stigmata.jpg/440px-Padre_Pio_of_Pietrelcina_with_the_stigmata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>A young <a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Padre Pio</a> showing the stigmata</figcaption></figure> <p>For over fifty years, Padre <a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a> reported stigmata which were studied by several 20th-century physicians, whose independence from the Church is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-time1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clairval_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clairval-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The observations were reportedly inexplicable and the wounds never became infected.<sup id="cite_ref-time1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wounds healed once, but reappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wounds were examined by Luigi Romanelli, chief physician of the City Hospital of <a href="/wiki/Barletta" title="Barletta">Barletta</a>, for about one year. The physician Angelo Maria Merla noted that the wounds were not <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tubercular</a> in origin but could not make an official diagnosis without further tests.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruffin_1991_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruffin_1991-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surgeon <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Festa" title="Giorgio Festa">Giorgio Festa</a>, a private practitioner, also examined them in 1920 and 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruffin_1991_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruffin_1991-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianelli" title="Giuseppe Bastianelli">Giuseppe Bastianelli</a>, physician to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a>, examined the wounds, but no report of his examinations was made. Pathologist <a href="/wiki/Amico_Bignami" title="Amico Bignami">Amico Bignami</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">University of Rome</a> also observed the wounds, describing them as shallow. Festa, who had originally agreed with Bignami, later described the wounds as superficial when covered with a scab.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruffin_1991_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruffin_1991-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giorgio Festa noted that "at the edges of the lesions, the skin is perfectly normal and does not show any sign of <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, of penetration, or of redness, even when examined with a good magnifying glass".<sup id="cite_ref-Ruffin_1991_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruffin_1991-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alberto Caserta took <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> of the hands in 1954 and found no abnormality in the bone structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruffin_1991_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruffin_1991-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Sala_(physician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Sala (physician) (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Sala</a> who worked as a physician for Pio between 1956 and 1968 commented that tests revealed his blood had no signs of abnormality.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruffin_1991_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruffin_1991-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were both religious and non-religious critics who accused Padre Pio of faking his stigmata, saying he used <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">carbolic acid</a> to make the wounds. The historian Sergio Luzzatto recounted that in 1919, Maria De Vito (the cousin of the local pharmacist Valentini Vista at <a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a>) testified that the young Pio bought carbolic acid and the great quantity of four grams of <a href="/wiki/Veratridine" title="Veratridine">veratrine</a> "without presenting any medical prescription whatsoever".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pio maintained that the carbolic acid was used to sterilize syringes used for medical treatments and that after being subjected to a practical joke where veratrine was mixed with snuff tobacco, causing uncontrollable sneezing after ingestion, he decided to acquire his own quantity of the substance in order to play the same joke on his confreres.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amico_Bignami" title="Amico Bignami">Amico Bignami</a> in a report wrote that the wounds were caused by "<a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a>". He suggested they had been inflicted unconsciously by <a href="/wiki/Suggestion" title="Suggestion">suggestion</a> and artificially maintained by <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> that Pio had used as a disinfectant.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruffin_1991_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruffin_1991-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922, physician <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Gemelli" title="Agostino Gemelli">Agostino Gemelli</a> went to visit Padre Pio, but Gemelli was denied the right to examine the stigmata without an authorization from the Holy Office. Gemelli irritated and offended for not being allowed to examine the stigmata, wrote that Pio was a hysteric and his stigmata were self-induced, not of supernatural origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuzzatto201159_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuzzatto201159-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Higgens_2006_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgens_2006-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gemelli also speculated that his wounds were kept open with carbolic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgens_2006_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgens_2006-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giorgio Festa, who examined the stigmata of the friar on October 28, 1919, wrote in his report that they "are not the product of a trauma of external origin, nor are they due to the application of potently irritating chemicals".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his life, Pio had hidden his wounds by wearing fingerless <a href="/wiki/Glove" title="Glove">gloves</a>. At death there were no wounds, only "unblemished skin".<sup id="cite_ref-Nickell_2001_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickell_2001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mariam_Thresia_Chiramel">Mariam Thresia Chiramel</h3></div> <p>The first saint from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> with stigmata was nun <a href="/wiki/Mariam_Thresia_Chiramel" title="Mariam Thresia Chiramel">Mariam Thresia Chiramel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was canonised on 13 October 2019 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stigmata_and_gender">Stigmata and gender</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumoldasterfbed.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rumoldasterfbed.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Rumoldasterfbed.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rumoldasterfbed.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Rumoldasterfbed.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rumoldasterfbed.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Rumoldasterfbed.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2146" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuster_Rumolda" class="extiw" title="nl:Zuster Rumolda">Sister Rumolda</a> on her deathbed with stigmata (1948)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late nineteenth century, a French physician named Dr. An Imbert-Goubeyre began compiling a census of known stigmatics from the thirteenth century to his own time. This census includes 280 female and 41 male stigmatics, meaning women comprise a little over 87% of the list.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Antwerp" title="University of Antwerp">University of Antwerp</a> released a database of information on 244 stigmatics in April 2019. 92% of the stigmatics in the database are female.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, convent sisters have attempted to shield stigmatic women from public scrutiny, often out of fear of how their condition would affect the convent's reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So, the number of women stigmatics may be even higher than historical record shows. </p><p>Despite the high number of women stigmatics throughout history, the best-known and least contested stigmatics, such as Francis of Assisi and Padre Pio, have been men.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domenico_Beccafumi_-_Stigmatization_of_St_Catherine_of_Siena_-_WGA01536.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Domenico_Beccafumi_-_Stigmatization_of_St_Catherine_of_Siena_-_WGA01536.jpg/220px-Domenico_Beccafumi_-_Stigmatization_of_St_Catherine_of_Siena_-_WGA01536.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Domenico_Beccafumi_-_Stigmatization_of_St_Catherine_of_Siena_-_WGA01536.jpg/330px-Domenico_Beccafumi_-_Stigmatization_of_St_Catherine_of_Siena_-_WGA01536.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Domenico_Beccafumi_-_Stigmatization_of_St_Catherine_of_Siena_-_WGA01536.jpg/440px-Domenico_Beccafumi_-_Stigmatization_of_St_Catherine_of_Siena_-_WGA01536.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Stigmatization of St Catherine of Siena</figcaption></figure> <p>Many stigmatics have been exposed for using trickery.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_2003_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll_2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nickell_2004_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickell_2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_de_la_Cruz" title="Magdalena de la Cruz">Magdalena de la Cruz</a>, for example, confessed before she died that her stigmata was deliberate deception.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early neurologist <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Magloire_Bourneville" title="Désiré-Magloire Bourneville">Désiré-Magloire Bourneville</a> published works which stated that <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> claiming to produce <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a> or stigmata, and those claiming to be <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">possessed</a>, were actually suffering from <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern research has indicated stigmata are of hysterical origin or linked to <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">dissociative identity disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kluger_2013_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kluger_2013-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a link between dietary constriction by <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">self-starvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">dissociative mental states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-mutilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-mutilation">self-mutilation</a>, in the context of a religious belief.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a> cases often display self-mutilation similar to stigmata as part of a ritualistic, <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>. A relationship between starvation and self-mutilation has been reported amongst <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> and during <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The psychologist <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Zusne" title="Leonard Zusne">Leonard Zusne</a> in his book <i>Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking</i> (1989) has written: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Cases of stigmatism fall into two categories: self-inflicted wounds, which may be either cases of fraud or of unconscious self-infliction, and those that are caused by emotional states ... Self-induced (through autosuggestion) itching and subsequent scratching of which the individual is unaware is likely to occur in suggestible persons if the stimulus is a mental or actual picture of the Crucifixion used during meditation and if the main motive is to receive the stigmata. The motive behind that may be unconscious conflict and a desire to escape from an intolerable situation into invalidism where one's needs are taken care of. It then becomes a case of hysterical conversion reaction. Many cases of stigmatism can be explained as fraud or unconsciously self-inflicted wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In his <i>Stigmata: A Medieval Phenomenon in a Modern Age</i>, Ted Harrison suggests that there is no single mechanism whereby the marks of stigmata were produced. Harrison found no evidence from a study of contemporary cases that the marks were supernatural in origin. He concluded, however, that marks of natural origin need not be hoaxes. Some stigmatics marked themselves in attempt to suffer with Christ as a form of piety. Others marked themselves accidentally and their marks were noted as stigmata by witnesses. Often marks of human origin produced profound and genuine religious responses.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_1994_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison_1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harrison also noted that after Saint Francis of Assisi, the stigmata was "seen as a predominantly female experience" with the female-to-male ratio of stigmatics being 7 to 1. Those men that were stigmatic were non-ordained, including Saint Francis. Harrison argues that in many cases the stigmata was a consequence of the intense personal mystical ministries practiced by those excluded from the priesthood. Only in the twentieth century have cases of stigmatic <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic priest">priests</a> appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_1994_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison_1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One suggestion is that <a href="/wiki/Painful_bruising_syndrome" title="Painful bruising syndrome">painful bruising syndrome</a> may explain rare cases of non self-induced stigmata.<sup id="cite_ref-Kluger_2013_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kluger_2013-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skeptical investigator <a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a>, who investigated recent cases of stigmata such as Katya Rivas,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commented that they are indistinguishable from <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoaxing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nickell_2001_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickell_2001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, a psychoanalytic study of stigmatic <a href="/wiki/Therese_Neumann" title="Therese Neumann">Therese Neumann</a> suggested her stigmata resulted from <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-traumatic stress">post-traumatic stress</a> symptoms expressed in unconscious self-mutilation through abnormal autosuggestibility.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a study of the French theologian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Bouflet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim Bouflet (page does not exist)">Joachim Bouflet</a>, in the 21st century there were 200 stigmatics all over the world. Most of them reached the third age without having particular health problems. The oldest stigmatic was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie-July_Jahenny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie-July Jahenny (page does not exist)">Marie-July Jahenny</a> who died in 1941 at the age of 91. As of 1997, the stigmatics who had been declared saints by the Roman Catholic Church were only 7.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Christian_stigmata">Non-Christian stigmata</h2></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Warao_people" title="Warao people">Warao</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_Delta" title="Orinoco Delta">Orinoco Delta</a>, a contemplator of <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary spirits</a> may mystically induce the development of "...(imagined) openings in the palms of his hands."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> "stigmata"<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are regularly indicated in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a>. </p><p>Some spiritualist <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediums</a> have also produced stigmata. During the séances of German medium Maria Vollhardt, it was alleged that bleeding wounds appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Moll_(German_psychiatrist)" title="Albert Moll (German psychiatrist)">Albert Moll</a>, a psychiatrist, considered her phenomena to be fraudulent.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolffram_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolffram-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_stigmatics">Notable stigmatics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Bays" title="Marguerite Bays">Marguerite Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Esperanza_de_Bianchini" title="Maria Esperanza de Bianchini">Maria Esperanza de Bianchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariam_Baouardy" title="Mariam Baouardy">Mariam Baouardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Brocadelli" title="Lucy Brocadelli">Lucy Brocadelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetta_Carlini" title="Benedetta Carlini">Benedetta Carlini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_of_Cascia" title="Rita of Cascia">Rita of Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariam_Thresia_Chiramel" title="Mariam Thresia Chiramel">Mariam Thresia Chiramel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Catherine_Emmerich" title="Anne Catherine Emmerich">Anne Catherine Emmerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natuzza_Evolo" title="Natuzza Evolo">Natuzza Evolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Rose_Ferron" title="Marie Rose Ferron">Marie Rose Ferron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Galgani" title="Gemma Galgani">Gemma Galgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Giuliani" title="Veronica Giuliani">Veronica Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Helena_Higginson" title="Teresa Helena Higginson">Teresa Helena Higginson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_the_Incarnation_(Carmelite)" title="Marie of the Incarnation (Carmelite)">Marie of the Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Julie_Jahenny" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Julie Jahenny">Marie Julie Jahenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalia_of_Jesus_Flagellated" title="Amalia of Jesus Flagellated">Amalia of Jesus Flagellated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lateau" title="Louise Lateau">Louise Lateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Domenica_Lazzeri" title="Maria Domenica Lazzeri">Maria Domenica Lazzeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneliese_Michel" title="Anneliese Michel">Anneliese Michel</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therese_Neumann" title="Therese Neumann">Therese Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelline_Pauper" title="Marcelline Pauper">Marcelline Pauper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Piccarreta" title="Luisa Piccarreta">Luisa Piccarreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Padre Pio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Ricci" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine of Ricci">Catherine of Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marthe_Robin" title="Marthe Robin">Marthe Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlatko_Sudac" title="Zlatko Sudac">Zlatko Sudac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_Wise" title="Rhoda Wise">Rhoda Wise</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/stigmata">"Stigmata (Christian Mysticism)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Stigmata+%28Christian+Mysticism%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fstigmata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oca.org/questions/romancatholicism/manifestations">"Manifestations – Questions & Answers"</a>. <i>oca.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org&rft.atitle=Manifestations+%E2%80%93+Questions+%26+Answers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foca.org%2Fquestions%2Fromancatholicism%2Fmanifestations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carroll, Michael P. (1989). <i>Catholic Cults and Devotions: A Psychological Inquiry</i>. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 80–84. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-0693-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-0693-4">0-7735-0693-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison_1994-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_1994_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_1994_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_1994_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1994" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Ted (1994). <i>Stigmata: A Medieval Phenomenon in a Modern Age</i>. St Martins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-11372-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-11372-8"><bdi>978-0-312-11372-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stigmata%3A+A+Medieval+Phenomenon+in+a+Modern+Age&rft.pub=St+Martins+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-312-11372-8&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll_2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_2003_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_2003_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Carroll, Robert Todd</a>. (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions</a></i>. Wiley. pp. 366–367. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-27242-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-27242-6">0-471-27242-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nickell_2004-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nickell_2004_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nickell_2004_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Nickell, Joe</a>. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2004/03/the-stigmata-of-lilian-bernas">"The Stigmata of Lilian Bernas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>. Retrieved 12 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Görres1883-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Görres1883_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Joseph_von_Görres1883" class="citation book cs1">Johann Joseph von Görres (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stigmatatrfromm00grgoog"><i>The stigmata, tr. from 'The Mystik', ed. by H. Austin</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+stigmata%2C+tr.+from+%27The+Mystik%27%2C+ed.+by+H.+Austin&rft.date=1883&rft.au=Johann+Joseph+von+G%C3%B6rres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstigmatatrfromm00grgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goff-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goff_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saint Francis of Assisi</i> by Jacques Le Goff 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28473-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28473-2">0-415-28473-2</a> p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miles160-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miles160_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, Margaret Ruth. (2004). <i>The Word Made Flesh: A History of Christian Thought</i>. Wiley. pp. 160–161. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0846-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0846-1">978-1-4051-0846-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Greek-English_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Greek-English Dictionary (page does not exist)">A Greek-English Dictionary</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dsti%2Fgma"><i>s.v.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Freze, 1993, <i>They bore the wounds of Christ</i>, OSV Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-422-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-422-1">0-87973-422-1</a> p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Stigmatist: Marie-Rose Ferron</i> by Jeanne S. Bonin 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-89039-161-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-89039-161-2">2-89039-161-2</a> p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Religion and American cultures: an encyclopedia of traditions, Volume 1</i> by Gary Laderman, Luís D. León 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-238-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-238-X">1-57607-238-X</a> p. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-advent-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-advent_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14294b.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Mystical Stigmata"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Mystical+Stigmata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14294b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avvenire.it/chiesa/pagine/cent-anni-fa-le-stimmate-di-padre-pio-da-pietrelcina">"Cent'anni fa le stimmate di Padre Pio: quando la scienza si arrende"</a>. <i>L'Avvenire</i> (in Italian). September 20, 2018. <q>Poche ore dopo, alla morte erano completamente scomparse, senza lasciare segno di sé.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Avvenire&rft.atitle=Cent%27anni+fa+le+stimmate+di+Padre+Pio%3A+quando+la+scienza+si+arrende&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avvenire.it%2Fchiesa%2Fpagine%2Fcent-anni-fa-le-stimmate-di-padre-pio-da-pietrelcina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lalucedimaria.it/san-francesco-stimmate-assisi/">"San Francesco: le fonti che attestano le sue stimmate"</a>. October 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Francesco%3A+le+fonti+che+attestano+le+sue+stimmate&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lalucedimaria.it%2Fsan-francesco-stimmate-assisi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muessig, C. (2013, February 21). "Signs of salvation: The evolution of stigmatic spirituality before Francis of assisi": <i>Church history</i>. Cambridge Core. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/church-history/article/signs-of-salvation-the-evolution-of-stigmatic-spirituality-before-francis-of-assisi/5303041ED21A96178473592D1ADD06B5">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/church-history/article/signs-of-salvation-the-evolution-of-stigmatic-spirituality-before-francis-of-assisi/5303041ED21A96178473592D1ADD06B5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuessig2013" class="citation journal cs1">Muessig, Carolyn (2013). "Signs of Salvation: The Evolution of Stigmatic Spirituality Before Francis of Assisi". <i>Church History</i>. <b>82</b> (1): 40–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000964071200251X">10.1017/S000964071200251X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23358905">23358905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Signs+of+Salvation%3A+The+Evolution+of+Stigmatic+Spirituality+Before+Francis+of+Assisi&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-68&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000964071200251X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23358905%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Muessig&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1163/whats-the-deal-with-stigmata">"What's the deal with stigmata?"</a>. The Straight Dope. 1998-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+the+deal+with+stigmata%3F&rft.pub=The+Straight+Dope&rft.date=1998-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2Fcolumns%2Fread%2F1163%2Fwhats-the-deal-with-stigmata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacalister1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Macalister, Alexander (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stigmatization"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Stigmatization">"Stigmatization" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stigmatization&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=918&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Macalister&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307093413/http://www.franciscanfriarstor.com/archive/stfrancis/stf_stigmata_of_st_francis.htm">"Stigmata of St. Francis of Assisi"</a>. Franciscan Friars T.O.R. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franciscanfriarstor.com/archive/stfrancis/stf_stigmata_of_st_francis.htm">the original</a> on 2012-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stigmata+of+St.+Francis+of+Assisi&rft.pub=Franciscan+Friars+T.O.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.franciscanfriarstor.com%2Farchive%2Fstfrancis%2Fstf_stigmata_of_st_francis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis1963" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, Henry S. (1963). "Sasseta: crucifixion with St. Francis". <i>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. <b>50</b> (3). Cleveland Museum of Art: 46–49. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25151940">25151940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin+of+the+Cleveland+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Sasseta%3A+crucifixion+with+St.+Francis&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=46-49&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25151940%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Henry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/stfran-lives.html">"Medieval Sourcebook: Thomas of Celano: Lives of St. Francis"</a>. Fordham.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medieval+Sourcebook%3A+Thomas+of+Celano%3A+Lives+of+St.+Francis&rft.pub=Fordham.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fsource%2Fstfran-lives.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartung_1935-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartung_1935_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartung_1935_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartung, Edward Frederick. (1935). "St. Francis and Medieval Medicine". <i>Annals of Medical History</i> 7: 85–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071116111728/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883261,00.html">"Medicine: St. Francis' Stigmata"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 1935-03-11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883261,00.html">the original</a> on November 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Medicine%3A+St.+Francis%27+Stigmata&rft.date=1935-03-11&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C883261%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schazlein, Joanne; Sulmasy, Daniel P. (1987). <i>The Diagnosis of St. Francis: Evidence for Leprosy</i>. Franciscan Studies 47: 181–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501181214/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855088,00.html">"The Stigmatist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i>. 19 December 1949. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855088,00.html">the original</a> on May 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Stigmatist&rft.date=1949-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C855088%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time2_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time2_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930114430/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870915,00.html">"A Padre's Patience"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i>. 24 April 1964. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870915,00.html">the original</a> on September 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Padre%27s+Patience&rft.date=1964-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C870915%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clairval-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clairval_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarie_osb2000" class="citation web cs1">Marie osb, Dom Antoine (2000-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clairval.com/lettres/en/2000/04/24/2260400.htm">"Letter on Blessed Pader Pio: Stigmata – Sacraments of Penance and Eucharist – Suffering"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+on+Blessed+Pader+Pio%3A+Stigmata+%E2%80%93+Sacraments+of+Penance+and+Eucharist+%E2%80%93+Suffering&rft.date=2000-04-24&rft.aulast=Marie+osb&rft.aufirst=Dom+Antoine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clairval.com%2Flettres%2Fen%2F2000%2F04%2F24%2F2260400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Freze, 1989, <i>They Bore the Wounds of Christ: The Mystery of the Sacred Stigmata</i>, OSV Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-422-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-422-1">0-87973-422-1</a> pp. 283–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9375317">"Padre Pio"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Padre+Pio&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft.date=1968&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Febc%2Farticle-9375317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruffin_1991-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruffin_1991_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruffin_1991_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruffin_1991_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruffin_1991_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruffin_1991_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruffin_1991_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruffin_1991_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruffin, Barnard. (1991). <i>Padre Pio: The True Story</i>. OSV Press. pp. 160–178. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-673-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-673-9">0-87973-673-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuzzatto" class="citation book cs1">Luzzatto, Sergio. <i>Padre Pio: Miracles and Politics in a Secular Age</i>. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-4645-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-4645-2"><bdi>978-1-4299-4645-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Padre+Pio%3A+Miracles+and+Politics+in+a+Secular+Age&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-4645-2&rft.aulast=Luzzatto&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote: Maria De Vito said, "I was an admirer of Padre Pio and I met him for the first time on July 31, 1919...he gave me personally an empty bottle, and asked if I would act as a chauffeur to transport it back from Foggia to San Giovanni Rotondo with four grams of pure carbolic acid. ... He explained that the acid was for disinfecting syringes for injections. He also asked for other things, such as Valda pastilles." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2007" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Malcolm (2007-10-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1567216/Italys-Padre-Pio-faked-his-stigmata-with-acid.html">"Italy's Padre Pio 'faked his stigmata with acid'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+Padre+Pio+%27faked+his+stigmata+with+acid%27&rft.date=2007-10-24&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1567216%2FItalys-Padre-Pio-faked-his-stigmata-with-acid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuzzatto" class="citation book cs1">Luzzatto, Sergio. <i>Padre Pio: Miracles and Politics in a Secular Age</i>. Henry Holt and Company. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-4645-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-4645-2"><bdi>978-1-4299-4645-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Padre+Pio%3A+Miracles+and+Politics+in+a+Secular+Age&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-4645-2&rft.aulast=Luzzatto&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastelli2011" class="citation book cs1">Castelli, Francesco (2011). <i>Padre Pio under investigation: the secret Vatican files</i>. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. pp. 25, 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-405-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-405-7"><bdi>978-1-58617-405-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Padre+Pio+under+investigation%3A+the+secret+Vatican+files&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=25%2C+114&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58617-405-7&rft.aulast=Castelli&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuzzatto201159-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuzzatto201159_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuzzatto2011">Luzzatto (2011)</a>, p. 59.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLuzzatto2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higgens_2006-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Higgens_2006_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgens_2006_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Higgins, Michael W. (2006). <i>Stalking the Holy: The Pursuit of Saint Making</i>. Anansi Press. p. 129. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88784-181-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88784-181-3">0-88784-181-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaetaTornielli2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gaeta, Saverio; Tornielli, Andrea (2008). <i>Padre Pio, l'ultimo sospetto: la verità sul frate delle stimmate</i> (in Italian). Casale Monferrato (Alessandria): Piemme.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Padre+Pio%2C+l%27ultimo+sospetto%3A+la+verit%C3%A0+sul+frate+delle+stimmate&rft.place=Casale+Monferrato+%28Alessandria%29&rft.pub=Piemme&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Gaeta&rft.aufirst=Saverio&rft.au=Tornielli%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nickell_2001-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nickell_2001_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nickell_2001_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Nickell, Joe</a>. (2001). <i>Real-Life X-Files: Investigating the Paranormal</i>. University of Kentucky Press. pp. 276–288. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2210-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2210-4">0-8131-2210-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2019-10/biography-mariam-thresia-mankidiyan-mystic-holy-family.html">"Mother Mariam Thresia Mankidiyan: From silent mystic to apostle of the family"</a>. <i>www.vaticannews.va</i>. October 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vaticannews.va&rft.atitle=Mother+Mariam+Thresia+Mankidiyan%3A+From+silent+mystic+to+apostle+of+the+family&rft.date=2019-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fchurch%2Fnews%2F2019-10%2Fbiography-mariam-thresia-mankidiyan-mystic-holy-family.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1989" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Ian (1989). <i>Stigmata: an investigation into the mysterious appearance of Christ's wounds in hundreds of people from medieval Italy to modern America</i>. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 10, 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-250974-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-250974-8"><bdi>0-06-250974-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stigmata%3A+an+investigation+into+the+mysterious+appearance+of+Christ%27s+wounds+in+hundreds+of+people+from+medieval+Italy+to+modern+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10%2C+62&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-06-250974-8&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmeyers2018" class="citation journal cs1">Smeyers, Kristof (Autumn 2018). "Building the Archive of Stigmatic Women Religious". <i>An Irish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>107</b>: 337–339.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=An+Irish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Building+the+Archive+of+Stigmatic+Women+Religious&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=107&rft.pages=337-339&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Smeyers&rft.aufirst=Kristof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Nickell, Joe</a>. (2001). <i>Real-Life X-Files: Investigating the Paranormal</i>. University of Kentucky Press. p. 281. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2210-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2210-4">0-8131-2210-4</a> "That many stigmatics were fakes is well established. For example, Magdalena de la Cruz, having become ill in 1543 and fearful of dying a sinner, confessed that her stigmata, inedia, and other phenomena were deliberate deceptions."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, Dorothy; Porter, Roy (1993). <i>Doctors, Politics and Society: Historical Essays</i>. Rodopi. pp. 120–121. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5183-510-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-5183-510-8">90-5183-510-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hustvedt, Asti. (2011). <i>Medical Muses: Hysteria in Nineteenth-Century Paris</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 279. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-2235-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-2235-7">978-1-4088-2235-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mazzoni, Cristina (1996). <i>Saint Hysteria: Neurosis, Mysticism, and Gender in European Culture</i>. Cornell University Press. pp. 24–28, 136–140. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3229-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3229-4">0-8014-3229-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seidl, O. (2008). <i>Stigmatisation and Absence of Nutrition in the Case of Therese Neumann (1898–1962)</i>. <i>Nervenarzt</i> 79 (7): 836–843.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regal, Brian (2009). <i>Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia</i>. Greenwood. pp. 154–155. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35507-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35507-3">978-0-313-35507-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kluger_2013-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kluger_2013_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kluger_2013_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kluger, N.; Cribier, B. (2013). <i>Stigmata: From Saint-Francis of Assisi to Idiopathic Haematidrosis</i>. <i>Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie</i> 140: 771–777.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFessler2002" class="citation journal cs1">Fessler, Daniel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222083502/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fessler/pubs/FesslerStigmata.pdf">"Starvation, serotonin, and symbolism. A psychobiocultural perspective on stigmata"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mind and Society: Cognitive Studies in Economics and Social Sciences</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 81–96. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fessler/pubs/FesslerStigmata.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 22, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind+and+Society%3A+Cognitive+Studies+in+Economics+and+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Starvation%2C+serotonin%2C+and+symbolism.+A+psychobiocultural+perspective+on+stigmata&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-96&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Fessler&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fanthro%2Ffaculty%2Ffessler%2Fpubs%2FFesslerStigmata.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaryura-TobiasNezirogluKaplan1995" class="citation journal cs1">Yaryura-Tobias, Jose A.; Neziroglu, Fugen A.; Kaplan, Steven (1995). "Self-mutilation, anorexia, and dysmenorrhea in obsessive compulsive disorder". <i>International Journal of Eating Disorders</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 33–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1098-108X%28199501%2917%3A1%3C33%3A%3AAID-EAT2260170104%3E3.0.CO%3B2-2">10.1002/1098-108X(199501)17:1<33::AID-EAT2260170104>3.0.CO;2-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7894450">7894450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Eating+Disorders&rft.atitle=Self-mutilation%2C+anorexia%2C+and+dysmenorrhea+in+obsessive+compulsive+disorder&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-38&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1098-108X%28199501%2917%3A1%3C33%3A%3AAID-EAT2260170104%3E3.0.CO%3B2-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7894450&rft.aulast=Yaryura-Tobias&rft.aufirst=Jose+A.&rft.au=Neziroglu%2C+Fugen+A.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtin1946" class="citation journal cs1">Curtin, A. P. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2054516">"Imprisonment under the Japanese"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>2</b> (4476): 585–586. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.4476.585">10.1136/bmj.2.4476.585</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138">0959-8138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2054516">2054516</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21284113">21284113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Imprisonment+under+the+Japanese&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4476&rft.pages=585-586&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2054516%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0959-8138&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21284113&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.4476.585&rft.aulast=Curtin&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2054516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeys1950" class="citation book cs1">Keys, Ancel (1950). <i>The Biology of Human Starvation</i>. University of Minnesota Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Human+Starvation&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Keys&rft.aufirst=Ancel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren H. (1989). <i>Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking</i>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. pp. 54–56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-805-80507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-805-80507-9">978-0-805-80507-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Early, Loretta F; Lifschutz, Joseph E. (1974). <i>A Case of Stigmata Loretta</i>. Arch Gen Psychiatry 30 (2):197–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ratnoff, O. D. (1980). <i>The psychogenic purpuras: A review of autoerythrocyte sensitization, autosensitization to DNA, "hysterical" and factitial bleeding, and the religious stigmata</i>. Semin Hematol 17: 192–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panconesi, E., & Hautmann, G. (1995). "Stress, Stigmatization and Psychosomatic Purpuras". <i>International Angiology</i> 14: 130–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armando De Vincentiis (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cicap.org/new/articolo.php?id=274400">"New insights into the phenomenon of Natuzza Evolo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CICAP" title="CICAP">Italian Committee for the Investigation of Claims on the Paranormal</a>. Retrieved 12 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/rivas.html">"Rivas, Catalina (Katya or Catia)"</a>. <i>The Skeptic's Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Rivas%2C+Catalina+%28Katya+or+Catia%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskepdic.com%2Frivas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright2002" class="citation journal cs1">Albright, M. (2002). "The Stigmata: The Psychological and Ethical Message of the Posttraumatic Sufferer". <i>Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 329–358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoanalysis+and+Contemporary+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Stigmata%3A+The+Psychological+and+Ethical+Message+of+the+Posttraumatic+Sufferer&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=329-358&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1-adnkronos-com.translate.goog/Archivio/AdnAgenzia/1997/12/18/Cronaca/PADRE-PIO-IN-ITALIA-21-STIGMATIZZATI-COME-IL-FRATE_152100.php?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=it&_x_tr_pto=wapp">"Padre Pio: in Italy 21 stigmatized like the friar"</a>. Rome: <a href="/wiki/Adnkronos" title="Adnkronos">Adnkronos</a>. December 18, 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Padre+Pio%3A+in+Italy+21+stigmatized+like+the+friar&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Adnkronos&rft.date=1997-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1-adnkronos-com.translate.goog%2FArchivio%2FAdnAgenzia%2F1997%2F12%2F18%2FCronaca%2FPADRE-PIO-IN-ITALIA-21-STIGMATIZZATI-COME-IL-FRATE_152100.php%3F_x_tr_sl%3Dauto%26_x_tr_tl%3Den%26_x_tr_hl%3Dit%26_x_tr_pto%3Dwapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes Wilbert : "Warao Basketry". <i>Occasional Papers of the Museum of Cultural History</i>, University of California at Los Angeles, No. 3, 1975. pp. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Taylor & John Whitmore : <i>Essays into Vietnamese Pasts</i>. Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, 1985. p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cited in Ing-Britt Trankell & Laura Summers : <i>Facets of Power and Its Limitations</i>. Department of Cultural Anthropology, Uppsala University, 1998. p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shepard, Leslie. (1991). <i>Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology</i>. Gale Research Company. p. 1779</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolffram-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolffram_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolffram2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wolffram, Heather (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3381525">"Trick, Manipulation and Farce: Albert Moll's Critique of Occultism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Medical_History_(journal)" title="Medical History (journal)">Medical History</a></i>. <b>56</b> (2): 277–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fmdh.2011.37">10.1017/mdh.2011.37</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3381525">3381525</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23002297">23002297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=Trick%2C+Manipulation+and+Farce%3A+Albert+Moll%27s+Critique+of+Occultism&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=277-295&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3381525%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23002297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fmdh.2011.37&rft.aulast=Wolffram&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3381525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mamamia.com.au/the-exorcism-of-emily-rose/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'God told us to exorcise her demons.' The real story behind Netflix's The Exorcism of Emily Rose"</a>. <i>www.mamamia.com.au</i>. 22 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mamamia.com.au&rft.atitle=%27God+told+us+to+exorcise+her+demons.%27+The+real+story+behind+Netflix%27s+The+Exorcism+of+Emily+Rose.&rft.date=2020-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mamamia.com.au%2Fthe-exorcism-of-emily-rose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1504158/God-told-us-to-exorcise-my-daughters-demons.-I-dont-regret-her-death.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'God told us to exorcise my daughter's demons. I don't regret her death'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.telegraph.co.uk</i>. 27 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=%27God+told+us+to+exorcise+my+daughter%27s+demons.+I+don%27t+regret+her+death%27&rft.date=2005-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fnorthamerica%2Fusa%2F1504158%2FGod-told-us-to-exorcise-my-daughters-demons.-I-dont-regret-her-death.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Biot, René. (1962). <i>The Enigma of the Stigmata</i>. Hawthorn Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Carroll, Robert Todd</a>. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/stigmata.html"><i>Stigmata</i></a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i>. Wiley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27242-7">978-0-471-27242-7</a></li> <li>Harrison, Ted. (1994). <i>Stigmata: A Medieval Phenomenon in a Modern Age</i>. St Martins Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-11372-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-11372-2">0-312-11372-2</a></li> <li>Mazzoni, Cristina. (1996). <i>Saint Hysteria: Neurosis, Mysticism, and Gender in European Culture</i>. Cornell University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3229-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3229-4">0-8014-3229-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Nickell, Joe</a>. (1993). <i>Looking for a Miracle: Weeping Icons, Relics, Stigmata, Visions & Healing Cures</i>. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-680-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-680-9">1-57392-680-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Radford" title="Benjamin Radford">Radford, Benjamin</a>. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/42822-stigmata.html"><i>What is Stigmata?</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/LiveScience" class="mw-redirect" title="LiveScience">LiveScience</a>. Retrieved 12 May 2016.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Wilson_(author)" title="Ian Wilson (author)">Wilson, Ian</a>. (1988). <i>The Bleeding Mind: An Investigation into the Mysterious Phenomena of Stigmata</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-79099-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-79099-4">0-297-79099-4</a></li> <li>Yarom, Nitza. (1992). <i>Body, Blood, and Sexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of St. Francis' Stigmata and Their Historical Context</i>. Peter Lang Publisher.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_OsselaerGrausRossiSmeyers2020" class="citation book cs1">Van Osselaer, Tina; Graus, Andrea; Rossi, Leonardo; Smeyers, Kristof (12 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/402ca62d-df9a-46b3-8817-87829004288e/9789004439351.pdf"><i>The Devotion and Promotion of Stigmatics in Europe c. 1800–1950, between Saints and Celebrities</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Numen Book Series-Studies in the History of Religions. Vol. 167. Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. 487. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43935-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43935-1"><bdi>978-90-04-43935-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-8834">0169-8834</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2020031449">2020031449</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210909224121/https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/402ca62d-df9a-46b3-8817-87829004288e/9789004439351.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devotion+and+Promotion+of+Stigmatics+in+Europe+c.+1800%E2%80%931950%2C+between+Saints+and+Celebrities&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.series=Numen+Book+Series-Studies+in+the+History+of+Religions&rft.pages=487&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020-10-12&rft.issn=0169-8834&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2020031449&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43935-1&rft.aulast=Van+Osselaer&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft.au=Graus%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Rossi%2C+Leonardo&rft.au=Smeyers%2C+Kristof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fid%2F402ca62d-df9a-46b3-8817-87829004288e%2F9789004439351.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigmata" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stigmata" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stigmata">Stigmata</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Private revelation in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Private revelation in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Private revelation in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Private_revelation" title="Private revelation">Private revelation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of revelation">Revelations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locution_(paranormal)" title="Locution (paranormal)">Locution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interior_locution" title="Interior locution">interior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">Vision (spirituality)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">Visions of Jesus and Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuam_Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_Sacred_Heart_Detail_2009_09_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stained glass at Tuam Cathedral, depicting Marguerite Marie Alacoque when she receives a revelation of the Sacred Heart"><img alt="Stained glass at Tuam Cathedral, depicting Marguerite Marie Alacoque when she receives a revelation of the Sacred Heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tuam_Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_Sacred_Heart_Detail_2009_09_14.jpg/100px-Tuam_Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_Sacred_Heart_Detail_2009_09_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tuam_Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_Sacred_Heart_Detail_2009_09_14.jpg/150px-Tuam_Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_Sacred_Heart_Detail_2009_09_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tuam_Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_Sacred_Heart_Detail_2009_09_14.jpg/200px-Tuam_Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_Sacred_Heart_Detail_2009_09_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="543" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Miracle#Catholic_Church" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Miraculous_events" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Miraculous events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_miracle" title="Eucharistic miracle">Eucharistic miracle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_miracle_of_Lanciano" title="Eucharistic miracle of Lanciano">Miracle of Lanciano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourdes_water" title="Lourdes water">Lourdes water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Sun" title="Miracle of the Sun">Miracle of the Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odour_of_sanctity" title="Odour of sanctity">Odour of sanctity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeping_statue" title="Weeping statue">Weeping statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Extraordinary graces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">Charism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_of_miracles" title="Gift of miracles">Gift of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifts_of_healing" title="Gifts of healing">Gifts of healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_tongues" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretation of tongues">Interpretation of tongues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Knowledge" title="Word of Knowledge">Word of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_wisdom" title="Word of wisdom">Word of wisdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)#Christianity" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stigmata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decree_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Decree (Catholic canon law)">Documents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Code of canon law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haurietis_aquas" title="Haurietis aquas">Haurietis aquas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Normae_Congregationis" title="Normae Congregationis">Normae Congregationis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tribus_circiter" title="Tribus circiter">Tribus circiter</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Faith" title="Rule of Faith">Rule of Faith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sensus_fidelium" title="Sensus fidelium">Sensus fidei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Christ" title="Bride of Christ">Bridal theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_reparation" title="Acts of reparation">Acts of reparation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Thursdays_Devotion" title="First Thursdays Devotion">First Thursdays Devotion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Saturdays_Devotion" title="First Saturdays Devotion">First Saturdays Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miraculous_Medal" title="Miraculous Medal">Miraculous Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Seven Dolors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosary_of_the_Holy_Wounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosary of the Holy Wounds">Rosary of the Holy Wounds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fridays_Devotion" title="First Fridays Devotion">First Fridays Devotion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_(Catholic_devotion)" title="Divine Mercy (Catholic devotion)">Divine Mercy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplet_of_the_Divine_Mercy" title="Chaplet of the Divine Mercy">Chaplet of the Divine Mercy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration" title="Eucharistic adoration">Eucharistic adoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Hour" title="Holy Hour">Holy Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Tears" title="Our Lady of Tears">Our Lady of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Saint Michael</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church"> in the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplet_of_Saint_Michael" title="Chaplet of Saint Michael">Chaplet of Saint Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_to_Saint_Michael" title="Prayer to Saint Michael">Prayer to Saint Michael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotional_scapular" class="mw-redirect" title="Devotional scapular">Scapular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian shrines">Shrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_church_buildings" title="Catholic Marian church buildings">Marian shrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe">Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral-Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar">Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Miraculous_Medal" title="Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal">Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knock_Shrine" title="Knock Shrine">Knock Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Sanctuary of Fátima">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Champion" title="National Shrine of Our Lady of Champion">Shrine of Our Lady of Champion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Graces_of_Onuva" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Graces of Onuva">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Graces of Onuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Hens" title="Shrine of Our Lady of the Hens">Shrine of Our Lady of the Hens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Virgin_of_the_Rosary_of_Pompei" title="Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei">Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_of_San_Nicol%C3%A1s" title="Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás">Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Paray-le-Monial" title="Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paray-le-Monial">Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paray-le-Monial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sanctuary,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Divine Mercy Sanctuary, Kraków">Sanctuary of the Divine Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_King_(Almada)" title="Christ the King (Almada)">Sanctuary of Christ the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_(Ermesinde)" title="Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Ermesinde)">Shrine of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190940#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4057560-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85128110">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="stigmata"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138507&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000077918&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536428605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stigmata&oldid=1256335168">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stigmata&oldid=1256335168</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_spirituality" title="Category:Catholic spirituality">Catholic spirituality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_mythology" title="Category:Christian mythology">Christian mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_miracles" title="Category:Christian miracles">Christian miracles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stigmatics" title="Category:Stigmatics">Stigmatics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Category:Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 12:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stigmata&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gfg4b","wgBackendResponseTime":197,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.007","walltime":"1.247","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8057,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":122942,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8661,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":213155,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1118.824 1 -total"," 38.13% 426.606 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.75% 153.876 14 Template:Cite_web"," 10.03% 112.165 1 Template:Langx"," 9.85% 110.212 22 Template:ISBN"," 9.35% 104.618 1 Template:Private_revelation"," 9.29% 103.914 3 Template:Navbox"," 8.08% 90.403 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.18% 69.116 1 Template:Sfnp"," 5.15% 57.670 22 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.626","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16667112,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlbright2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastelli2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtin1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFessler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaetaTornielli2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohann_Joseph_von_Görres1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeys1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuzzatto\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMacalister1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarie_osb2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuessig2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmeyers2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_OsselaerGrausRossiSmeyers2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolffram2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYaryura-TobiasNezirogluKaplan1995\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Collist\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 22,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Private revelation\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gbhlh","timestamp":"20241122140703","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Stigmata","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stigmata","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q190940","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q190940","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-16T09:45:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/01\/Lienz_-_Fanziskanerkirche_-_Au%C3%9Fenansicht_-_H%C3%A4nde_mit_Stigmata.jpg","headline":"the appearance of bodily wounds, scars, and pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus Christ"}</script> </body> </html>