CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>纳萨语 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"136d339a-d552-4689-b388-92ee1a784872","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"纳萨语","wgTitle":"纳萨语","wgCurRevisionId":77847993,"wgRevisionId":77847993,"wgArticleId":7815421,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["参考文献包含民族语第24版的条目","含有內容需登入查看的頁面","含有过时参数的引用的页面","CS1英语来源 (en)","哥倫比亞語言","南美洲西北原住民語言","瀕危美洲原住民語言"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh-hans","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh-hans","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"纳萨语","wgRelevantArticleId":7815421,"wgUserVariant":"zh-hans","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-cn","zh-sg","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q33677","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false} ;RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices", "ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});mw.user.options.set({"language":"zh-hans","variant":"zh-hans"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh-hans&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh-hans&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh-hans&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh-hans&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/P%C3%A1ez.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1623"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/P%C3%A1ez.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1082"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="865"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="纳萨语 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-纳萨语 rootpage-纳萨语 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="寻找当前事件的背景信息"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="本wiki的最近更改列表[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机加载页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="查找帮助的地方"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划，您可做的事，何处找到您所需"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh-hans.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh-hans.svg" width="102" height="14" style="width: 6.375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索Wikipedia内容[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索Wikipedia内容[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-hans" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-hans" title="我们推荐您登录，但这不是强制性的[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-hans" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-hans" title="我们推荐您登录，但这不是强制性的[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="有关本IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-古今方言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古今方言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>古今方言</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-古今方言-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关古今方言子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-古今方言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-昔日方言[3]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#昔日方言[3]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>昔日方言<sup><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-昔日方言[3]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-当代方言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#当代方言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>当代方言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-当代方言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音韵及正字法[4][5]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音韵及正字法[4][5]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>音韵及正字法<sup><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup><sup><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-音韵及正字法[4][5]-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关音韵及正字法<sup><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup><sup><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup>子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-音韵及正字法[4][5]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-辅音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#辅音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>辅音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-辅音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-韵母四声" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#韵母四声"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>韵母四声</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-韵母四声-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音节结构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音节结构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>音节结构</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音节结构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考书目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考书目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参考书目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考书目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">纳萨语</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。20种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_paez" title="Idioma paez – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma paez" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaeg" title="Nasaeg – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nasaeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ez" title="Páez – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Páez" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paez_(Sprache)" title="Paez (Sprache) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paez (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Páez language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaa_lingvo" title="Nasaa lingvo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nasaa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_paez" title="Idioma paez – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma paez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paesi_keel" title="Paesi keel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paesi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasa_yuwe" title="Nasa yuwe – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nasa yuwe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paez_(langue)" title="Paez (langue) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paez (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_nasa" title="Lingua nasa – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua nasa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="파에스어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파에스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paez_(lingua)" title="Paez (lingua) – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Paez (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paes" title="Paes – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paes_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Paes (språk) – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paes (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_p%C3%A1ez" title="Lenga páez – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga páez" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_p%C3%A1ez" title="Língua páez – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua páez" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasa_simi" title="Nasa simi – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nasa simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%81_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Паэс (язык) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паэс (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_P%C3%A1ez" title="Gjuha Páez – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha Páez" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33677#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" rel="discussion" title="有关内容页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">简体</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="selected ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=history" title="该页面过去的修订[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="所有链接至本页面的wiki页面列表[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD" rel="nofollow" title="链自本页的页面的最近更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="所有特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&oldid=77847993" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&id=77847993&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fzh-hans%2F%25E7%25BA%25B3%25E8%2590%25A8%25E8%25AF%25AD"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fzh-hans%2F%25E7%25BA%25B3%25E8%2590%25A8%25E8%25AF%25AD"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paez_language" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33677" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: lightblue;">纳萨语</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lightblue;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nasa yuwe</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">母语国家和地区</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="哥伦比亚">哥伦比亚</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><b>区域</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%AC%AC%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="安第斯">安第斯</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">族群</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">243,000 <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E6%97%8F" title="纳萨族">纳萨族</a> (2019普查)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">母语使用人数</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">60,000 （2012）<sup id="cite_ref-e24_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e24-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">语系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纳萨语系（页面不存在）">纳萨语系</a> ? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>纳萨语</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">分支/方言</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div>Pitayo</div> <div>Paniquita</div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightblue;;">语言代码</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pbb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pbb">pbb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/paez1247">paez1247</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%95%E5%8D%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE" title="濒危语言项目">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2964">Paez</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A1ez.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/P%C3%A1ez.png/300px-P%C3%A1ez.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/P%C3%A1ez.png 1.5x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>纳萨语</b>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E6%97%8F" title="纳萨族">纳萨族</a>的语言，分布于<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="哥伦比亚中部山脉">哥伦比亚中部山脉</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%AF%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%B1%E8%8D%89%E7%94%B8" title="安地斯高山草甸">萨利卡</a>地区及其毗邻山地云林，古<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%B8%83%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="奇布查语">奇布查语</a>以西，是今天哥伦比亚现存土著语言中使用人口较多的。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="古今方言"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.8A.E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80"></span>古今方言</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：古今方言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="昔日方言[3]"><span id=".E6.98.94.E6.97.A5.E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80.5B3.5D"></span>昔日方言<sup id="cite_ref-Loukotka_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loukotka-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：昔日方言[3]"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>尽管今天在东部<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81_(%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A)" title="乌伊拉省 (哥伦比亚)">乌伊拉省</a>纳萨族已经不多，但在过去东部的乌伊拉谷地也是纳萨语的重要使用区（包括纳萨族被迫徙至的地方），主要在考卡省及乌伊拉省杯矢河流域。截至1968年，曾被记录的方言有<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E_(%E8%80%83%E5%8D%A1%E7%9C%81)" title="西尔维亚 (考卡省)">西尔维亚镇</a><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Pitayo" data-lang-code="es" data-lang-name="西班牙语" data-foreign-title="Resguardo indígena de Pitayó"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitayo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitayo（页面不存在）">Pitayo</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">西班牙语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resguardo_ind%C3%ADgena_de_Pitay%C3%B3" class="extiw" title="es:Resguardo indígena de Pitayó"><span lang="es" dir="auto">Resguardo indígena de Pitayó</span></a></span>）</span></span>方言</b>和“拉佩尼亚”的<b>Okoshkok方言</b>以及乌伊拉省<b>Paniquita方言</b>，另外在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94" title="厄瓜多尔">厄瓜多尔</a>也曾有纳萨语分布，包括北起<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E6%AC%BD%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%81" title="皮钦查省">皮钦查省</a>南至<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E7%9C%81" title="通古拉瓦省">通古拉瓦省</a>的<b>基多方言</b>和更南方未被记录就已消亡的<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A6%E5%8D%9A%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%A2%E7%9C%81" title="钦博拉索省">钦博拉索省</a><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%B8%A3" title="阿劳西县">阿劳西</a>方言</b>；厄瓜多尔的两种方言一般不被看作纳萨语。 </p><p>这些早期记录的方言由于记录方式未完全标准化，表现出的记录差异可能与记录人的主观听觉甚至个人转写有关。尽管地理上接近Pitayo，今天考卡省<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%89%98%E7%BE%85_(%E8%80%83%E5%8D%A1%E7%9C%81)" title="托托罗 (考卡省)">托托罗镇</a>辖下之纳维劳街（vda. Navirao Alto）或保留地（resguardo Navirao）的方言与昔Okoshkok方言转录语音具有类似性，可能源于方言相似性亦或仅仅是昔Okoshkok方言被转录得比较接近今日正字法。Pitayo及Okoshkok方言均来自德裔法国美洲学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨利·莱曼 (美洲学家)" data-lang-code="fr" data-lang-name="法语" data-foreign-title="Henri Lehmann (anthropologue)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E6%9B%BC_(%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·莱曼 (美洲学家)（页面不存在）">亨利·莱曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">法语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Lehmann_(anthropologue)" class="extiw" title="fr:Henri Lehmann (anthropologue)"><span lang="fr" dir="auto">Henri Lehmann (anthropologue)</span></a></span>）</span></span>的手稿，存于巴黎的档案中。 </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>记录发表年</th> <th>1877-1952</th> <th>1945</th> <th>?</th> <th>1879-1939</th> <th>1919-1947 </th></tr> <tr> <th>词汇</th> <th>某种杯矢河纳萨语</th> <th>昔Pitayo转录</th> <th>昔Okoshkok转录</th> <th>昔Paniquita转录</th> <th>昔基多方言转录 </th></tr> <tr> <th>一 </th> <td>yas</td> <td>tech</td> <td>tesha</td> <td>tesha</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>二 </th> <td>ents</td> <td>ents</td> <td>hänts</td> <td>hentsa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>三 </th> <td>kek</td> <td>tek</td> <td>tek</td> <td>texta</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>耳 </th> <td>tún-gua</td> <td>tõ-ué</td> <td>tõ-ua</td> <td>tu-gue</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>舌 </th> <td>tone</td> <td>tönä</td> <td>téne</td> <td>tuné</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>手 </th> <td>kosä</td> <td>kúsä</td> <td>kosa</td> <td>konsé</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>足 </th> <td>chinda</td> <td>chinda</td> <td>chinda</td> <td>chinda</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>水 </th> <td>yó</td> <td>yu</td> <td>yo</td> <td>yohua</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>石 </th> <td>kuéth</td> <td>uét</td> <td>kwat</td> <td>kuet</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>玉蜀黍 </th> <td>kukx</td> <td>kutx</td> <td>kutx</td> <td>kokavi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>鱼 </th> <td>enzte</td> <td>wench</td> <td>winx</td> <td>wenche</td> <td>pila </td></tr> <tr> <th>房 </th> <td>yath</td> <td>yat</td> <td>yet</td> <td>yat</td> <td>an </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="当代方言"><span id=".E5.BD.93.E4.BB.A3.E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80"></span>当代方言</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：当代方言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音韵及正字法[4][5]"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E9.9F.B5.E5.8F.8A.E6.AD.A3.E5.AD.97.E6.B3.95.5B4.5D.5B5.5D"></span>音韵及正字法<sup id="cite_ref-NasaYuwe_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NasaYuwe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：音韵及正字法[4][5]"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasa_yuwe_tale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nasa_yuwe_tale.jpg/220px-Nasa_yuwe_tale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nasa_yuwe_tale.jpg/330px-Nasa_yuwe_tale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nasa_yuwe_tale.jpg/440px-Nasa_yuwe_tale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>纳萨文民间故事（陈旧拼法）</figcaption></figure> <p>这里给出的正字法来自2003年3月<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%E8%AB%BE_(%E8%80%83%E5%8D%A1%E7%9C%81)" title="卡尔多诺 (考卡省)">卡尔多诺镇</a>（Municipio de Caldono）新民纳萨族保留地（resguardo nasa de Pueblo Nuevo）由Abelardo Ramos Pacho和Tulio Rojas Curieux牵头制定的<b>统一纳萨语字母</b>（Nasa yuwete piisan fxi’jatewe’sx）。这一系统非常严格，/h/与/j/依类别不同作不同表记： </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>宽式音标</th> <th>作次清或腭化</th> <th>作独立辅音 </th></tr> <tr> <td>/j/ 耶</td> <td>x</td> <td>y </td></tr> <tr> <td>/h/ 呵</td> <td>h</td> <td>j </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="辅音"><span id=".E8.BE.85.E9.9F.B3"></span>辅音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：辅音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>这一系统参考了兼容西班牙语的正字法，由于西班牙文系的正字法与国际音标、汉语拼音差异均很大，纳萨文正字与伪国际音标（音位标记）之间附上了中古声母对应例字。除非特殊注明，此处音标对应上声开音节后的第二音节简单声母发音，在洪氏的语法书中，鼻化浊音位均记作鼻化清音位，另多出吐气鼻舌头音位/nʰ/。 </p><p>部分不严格的正字法会将次清组的h写作j，与辅音j /h/相混，此处不再列出。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>待更新 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="4">唇音 </th> <th colspan="4">舌音 </th> <th colspan="4">齿音 </th> <th colspan="4">牙音 </th> <th colspan="4">喉音 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">平 </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="腭化">腭</a> </th> <th colspan="2">平 </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="腭化">腭</a> </th> <th colspan="2">平 </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="腭化">腭</a> </th> <th colspan="2">平 </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="腭化">腭</a> </th> <th colspan="2">平 </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="腭化">腭</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>音 </th> <th>字 </th> <th>音 </th> <th>字 </th> <th>音 </th> <th>字 </th> <th>音 </th> <th>字 </th> <th>音 </th> <th>字 </th> <th>音 </th> <th>字 </th> <th>音 </th> <th>字 </th> <th>音 </th> <th>字 </th> <th>音 </th> <th>字 </th> <th>音 </th> <th>字 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="3" align="left">塞音 </th> <th>全淸 </th> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p</span> </td> <td><i>p</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">pʲ</span> </td> <td><i>px</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t</span> </td> <td><i>t</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ƫ</span> </td> <td><i>tx</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʦ</span> </td> <td><i>ç</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ç</span> </td> <td><i>çx</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">k</span> </td> <td><i>k</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">c</span> </td> <td><i>kx</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʔ</span> </td> <td><i>(')</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>次淸 </th> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">pʰ</span> </td> <td><i>ph</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">pʲʰ</span> </td> <td><i>pxh</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tʰ</span> </td> <td><i>th</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ƫʰ</span> </td> <td><i>txh</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʦʰ</span> </td> <td><i>çh</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">çʰ</span>) </td> <td><i>çxh</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">kʰ</span> </td> <td><i>kh</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">cʰ</span> </td> <td><i>kxh</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>鼻化 </th> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><sup>m</sup>b</span> </td> <td><i>b</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><sup>m</sup>bʲ</span>) </td> <td><i>bx</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ⁿd</span> </td> <td><i>d</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><sup>ȵ</sup>dʲ</span> </td> <td><i>dx</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ⁿʣ</span> </td> <td><i>z</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><sup>ȵ</sup>ʣ̢</span> </td> <td><i>zx</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ⁿɡ</span> </td> <td><i>g</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><sup>ɲ</sup>ɟ</span> </td> <td><i>gx</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">鼻次浊 </th> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">m</span> </td> <td><i>m</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n</span> </td> <td><i>n</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;">ȵ </td> <td><i>nx</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">擦音 </th> <th>淸 </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">fʲ</span> </td> <td><i>fx</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s</span> </td> <td><i>s</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʃ</span> </td> <td><i>sx</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">h</span> </td> <td><i>j</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɧ</span> </td> <td><i>jx</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>浊 </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><sup>m</sup>vʲ</span> </td> <td><i>vx</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">流音 </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">l</span> </td> <td><i>l</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʎ</span> </td> <td><i>lx</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">近音 </th> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">w</span> </td> <td><i>w</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">j</span> </td> <td><i>y</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>括号中的音位Navirao方言中没有。不腭化的全清塞音在元音间可读如浊擦音；/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">j</span>/可被鼻化，在上声音节后甚至会被直接鼻化成/ȵ/；/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">w</span>/可被/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">j</span>/同化成/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">vʲ</span>/。 </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="韵母四声"><span id=".E9.9F.B5.E6.AF.8D.E5.9B.9B.E5.A3.B0"></span>韵母四声</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：韵母四声"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>纳萨语四声韵（有声无调） </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>四声</th> <th>正字</th> <th>音位伪音标 </th></tr> <tr> <td>短声</td> <td>i e a u</td> <td>/i/ /e/ /a/ /u/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>上声</td> <td>i' e' a' u'</td> <td>/iˀ/ /eˀ/ /aˀ/ /uˀ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>去声</td> <td>ih eh ah uh</td> <td>/iʰ/ /eʰ/ /aʰ/ /uʰ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>长声</td> <td>ii ee aa uu</td> <td>/iː/ /eː/ /aː/ /uː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>鼻化</td> <td>首字母加顶标“~”</td> <td>略，四声皆可 </td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>个别方言长声合流入短声。韵尾方面，几乎全部辅音均可做。淸塞音韵尾处合流读送气，鼻化浊音做韵尾自动析为两个音，/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><sup>m</sup>b</span>/塞音部分可清化送气。 </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音节结构"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E8.8A.82.E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84"></span>音节结构</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：音节结构"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CCVTC-C最后一辅音在大多方言中独立成音节读作CCVTC-Cu。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考书目"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E4.B9.A6.E7.9B.AE"></span>参考书目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：参考书目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e24-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e24_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pbb">纳萨语</a>于《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="民族语">民族语</a>》的链接（第24版，2021年）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/paez1247">Páez</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 2.7</a>. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=P%C3%A1ez&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.btitle=Glottolog+2.7&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fpaez1247&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loukotka-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loukotka_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Čestmír Loukotka（页面不存在）">Loukotka, Čestmír</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk">Classification of South American Indian languages</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. 1968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr&rft.aulast=Loukotka&rft.btitle=Classification+of+South+American+Indian+languages&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=UCLA+Latin+American+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassificationof0007louk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有内容需登入查看的页面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有内容需登入查看的页面">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NasaYuwe-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NasaYuwe_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12760057/Una_mirada_al_habla_nasa_yuwe_de_Novirao._Noviraote_nasa_yuwe_wewenxis_thegna">Una mirada al habla nasa yuwe de Novirao / 纳维劳之纳萨口讲概览 / Noviraote nasa yuwe we'wenxi's thegna</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319171639/https://www.academia.edu/12760057/Una_mirada_al_habla_nasa_yuwe_de_Novirao._Noviraote_nasa_yuwe_wewenxis_thegna">存档</a>于2022-03-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&rft.btitle=Una+mirada+al+habla+nasa+yuwe+de+Novirao+%2F+%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E5%8A%B3%E4%B9%8B%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E5%8F%A3%E8%AE%B2%E6%A6%82%E8%A7%88+%2F+Noviraote+nasa+yuwe+we%27wenxi%27s+thegna&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12760057%2FUna_mirada_al_habla_nasa_yuwe_de_Novirao._Noviraote_nasa_yuwe_wewenxis_thegna&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ingrid Jung; Javier Serrano (译). Gramática del páez o nasa yuwe : descripción de una lengua indígena de Colombia. LINCOM GmbH.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&rft.au=Ingrid+Jung&rft.btitle=Gram%C3%A1tica+del+p%C3%A1ez+o+nasa+yuwe+%3A+descripci%C3%B3n+de+una+lengua+ind%C3%ADgena+de+Colombia&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=LINCOM+GmbH&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~saphon">SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories</a>. linguistics.berkeley.edu. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-07-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418091102/https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?chst=d_map_pin_shadow">存档</a>于2021-04-18） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=SAPhon+%E2%80%93+South+American+Phonological+Inventories&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=linguistics.berkeley.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.berkeley.edu%2F~saphon&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rojas, Tulio. Esbozo gramatical de la lengua nasa (lengua páez). 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Tulio&rft.aulast=Rojas&rft.btitle=Esbozo+gramatical+de+la+lengua+nasa+%28lengua+p%C3%A1ez%29&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=纳萨语&oldid=77847993">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=纳萨语&oldid=77847993</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Category:哥倫比亞語言">哥伦比亚语言</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Category:南美洲西北原住民語言">南美洲西北原住民语言</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%80%95%E5%8D%B1%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Category:瀕危美洲原住民語言">濒危美洲原住民语言</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AF%AD%E7%AC%AC24%E7%89%88%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:参考文献包含民族语第24版的条目">参考文献包含民族语第24版的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">含有内容需登入查看的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%BF%87%E6%97%B6%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有过时参数的引用的页面">含有过时参数的引用的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" lang="zh-Hans" dir="ltr"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2023年6月27日 (星期二) 12:06。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国内税收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&variant=zh-hans&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-d29c6","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.298","walltime":"0.492","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2695,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":29741,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1071,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":35527,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 316.254 1 -total"," 80.09% 253.282 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 71.98% 227.641 1 Template:Infobox"," 18.29% 57.848 5 Template:Cite_book"," 15.11% 47.779 1 Template:Glottolog"," 10.33% 32.683 1 Template:Infobox_language/ref"," 9.30% 29.407 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.16% 28.960 1 Template:Endangered_Languages_Project"," 4.07% 12.875 1 Template:Link-es"," 3.35% 10.598 1 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.117","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3496991,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d6fb68d67-zcbpj","timestamp":"20241107150801","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u7eb3\u8428\u8bed","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33677","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33677","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2022-01-02T08:09:41Z","dateModified":"2023-06-27T12:06:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6b\/P%C3%A1ez.png","headline":"\u8bed\u8a00"}</script> </body> </html>