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meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Xiongnu" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Xiongnu" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Xiongnu" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sejarah_awal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_awal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sejarah awal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_awal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konfederasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konfederasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Konfederasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konfederasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Catatan kaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Referensi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sumber_kuno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber_kuno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sumber kuno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber_kuno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumber_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sumber modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xiongnu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 69 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D-%E1%8A%91" title="ሥዮንግ-ኑ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥዮንግ-ኑ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%88" title="شيونغنو – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيونغنو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Hun_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Böyük Hun imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Hun imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="بؤیوک هون ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بؤیوک هون ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D2%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Хуннуҙар (Һуннуҙар) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хуннуҙар (Һуннуҙар)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Хунну – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хунну" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-n%C3%B9" title="Hṳ̆ng-nù – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hṳ̆ng-nù" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="شانگنو – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانگنو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siungnuov%C3%A9" title="Siungnuové – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Siungnuové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Хунну – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хунну" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA-%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Σιονγκ-νου – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιονγκ-νου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ciungnuoj" title="Ŝiungnuoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝiungnuoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88" title="شیونگ‌نو – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیونگ‌نو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnut" title="Xiongnut – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Xiongnut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%BBng-n%C3%B9" title="Hiûng-nù – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hiûng-nù" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95" title="שיונגנו – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיונגנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="शियोंगनु लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शियोंगनु लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsziungnuk" title="Hsziungnuk – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hsziungnuk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Հուննու – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հուննու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="匈奴" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3" title="ხუნუ – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხუნუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D2%B1%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Ғұндар мемлекеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғұндар мемлекеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%89%EB%85%B8" title="흉노 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흉노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Хунну – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хунну" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iongnu" title="Šiongnu – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiongnu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%BD%D2%AF_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Хүннү улс – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүннү улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="شیونگنو لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شیونگنو لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Хунну – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хунну" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Хунну – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хунну" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iungnu" title="Šiungnu – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šiungnu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjongnu" title="Sjongnu – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sjongnu" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Xiongnu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81" title="சியோங்னு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சியோங்னு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%BA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9" title="ซฺยงหนู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซฺยงหนู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiung-nu" title="Hiung-nu – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hiung-nu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Хунну – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хунну" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ھونلار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھونلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Хунну – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хунну" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun_xoqonligi" title="Hun xoqonligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hun xoqonligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_N%C3%B4" title="Hung Nô – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hung Nô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="匈奴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Noz" title="Hong Noz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hong Noz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="匈奴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="匈奴" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiong-l%C3%B4%CD%98" title="Hiong-lô͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hiong-lô͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="匈奴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188836#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan:Xiongnu&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi (halaman belum tersedia) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Xiongnu" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Xiongnu" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&oldid=24377513" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Xiongnu&id=24377513&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FXiongnu"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FXiongnu"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Xiongnu"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Xiongnu&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xiongnu" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188836" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name">Xiongnu</div><br /></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Abad ke-3 SM–460-an M</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:XiongnuMap.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wilayah Xiongnu (hijau), Sekitar 250 SM"><img alt="Wilayah Xiongnu (hijau), Sekitar 250 SM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/XiongnuMap.png/250px-XiongnuMap.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/XiongnuMap.png/375px-XiongnuMap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/XiongnuMap.png/500px-XiongnuMap.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="959" /></a></span><div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:0.3em;">Wilayah Xiongnu (hijau), Sekitar 250 SM</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Konfederasi Nomad</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ibu_kota" title="Ibu kota">Ibu kota</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longcheng_(Xiongnu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longcheng (Xiongnu) (halaman belum tersedia)">Longcheng</a> (龙城/蘢城), dekat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monumen_Kh%C3%B6sh%C3%B6%C3%B6_Tsaidam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monumen Khöshöö Tsaidam (halaman belum tersedia)">Khoshoo Tsaidam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> modern), dijadikan tempat pertemuan tahunan, dan ibukota <i>de facto</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">Agama</a> <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Kemungkinan <a href="/wiki/Tengriisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Tengriisme">Tengriisme</a><sup id="cite_ref-Yuri_Pines_Tengri_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yuri_Pines_Tengri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_Tengri_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Tengri-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">Chanyu</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 240–209 SM </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Touman</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 94–118 M<br /> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Feng-hou (Utara)<br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 195 M </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Huchuquan (Selatan)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sejarah</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Didirikan </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Abad ke-3 SM</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Dibubarkan </div></th><td class="infobox-data">460-an M</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Digantikan oleh</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25006243">.mw-parser-output .flex-container{justify-content:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .flex-container>div{margin:1px;text-align:left;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .sk-container{display:flex;width:auto}.mw-parser-output .sk-container>div{margin:1px;text-align:center;float:none}.mw-parser-output .EX-hover:hover{background:black;color:white}.mw-parser-output .CR-hover:hover{background:red;color:black}.mw-parser-output .SE-hover:hover{background:orange;color:black}.mw-parser-output .DE-hover:hover{background:yellow;color:black}.mw-parser-output .VU-hover:hover{background:yellowgreen;color:black}.mw-parser-output .NE-hover:hover{background:silver;color:black}.mw-parser-output .EX-hover a{color:white}.mw-parser-output .EX-hover:hover{color:white}.mw-parser-output .CR-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output 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<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Kekhaganan_Rouran" title="Kekhaganan Rouran">Kekhaganan Rouran</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below mergedtoprow noprint"><div class="none" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:80%; line-height:normal;text-align:left;height:20px;padding-top:0.2em;;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Sunting kotak info" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Infobox_country&action=edit&section=top&editintro=Templat:Infobox/editintro2"><span style="color:#3464c9"><b>Sunting kotak info</b></span></a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Templat:Infobox_country" title="Templat:Infobox country"><span style="display:inline-text;color:#3464c9">Lihat</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Infobox_country" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Infobox country"><span style="color:#3464c9">Bicara</span></a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Infobox_country/doc" title="Bantuan penggunaan templat ini"><img alt="Info templat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/10px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Berkas:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/100px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/150px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/200px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1774" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;">Zaman kuno</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protektorat_Kawasan_Barat" title="Protektorat Kawasan Barat">Protektorat Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiyu" title="Xiyu">Xiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Khotan" title="Kerajaan Khotan">Kerajaan Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liang_Awal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liang Awal (halaman belum tersedia)">Liang Awal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Awal" title="Qin Awal">Qin Awal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liang_Akhir_(Enam_Belas_Kerajaan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liang Akhir (Enam Belas Kerajaan) (halaman belum tersedia)">Liang Akhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Barat_(Enam_Belas_Kerajaan)" title="Liang Barat (Enam Belas Kerajaan)">Liang Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekhanan_Turk" title="Kekhanan Turk">Kekhanan Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekhanan_Turk_Barat" title="Kekhanan Turk Barat">Kekhanan Turk Barat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;">Zaman abad pertengahan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protektorat_Umum_untuk_Menenangkan_Barat" class="mw-redirect" title="Protektorat Umum untuk Menenangkan Barat">Protektorat Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Tibet" title="Kekaisaran Tibet">Kekaisaran Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekhanan_Uighur" title="Kekhanan Uighur">Kekhanan Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekhanan_Kara-Khanid" title="Kekhanan Kara-Khanid">Kekhanan Kara-Khanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Qocho" title="Kerajaan Qocho">Kerajaan Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" class="mw-redirect" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Mongol" title="Kekaisaran Mongol">Kekaisaran Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinsti_Yuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinsti Yuan (halaman belum tersedia)">Dinsti Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekhanan_Chagatai" title="Kekhanan Chagatai">Kekhanan Chagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekhanan_Yarkent" title="Kekhanan Yarkent">Kekhanan Yarkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekhanan_Zunghar" title="Kekhanan Zunghar">Kekhanan Zunghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekhanan_Kumul" title="Kekhanan Kumul">Kekhanan Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinjiang_di_bawah_kekuasaan_Qing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinjiang di bawah kekuasaan Qing (halaman belum tersedia)">Kekuasaan Qing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;">Zaman modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Xinjiang,_Republik_Tiongkok" title="Provinsi Xinjiang, Republik Tiongkok">Provinsi Xinjiang, Republik Tiongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Turkestan_Timur_Pertama" title="Republik Turkestan Timur Pertama">Republik Turkestan Timur Pertama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Turkestan_Timur_Kedua" title="Republik Turkestan Timur Kedua">Republik Turkestan Timur Kedua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penggabungan_Xinjiang_ke_dalam_Republik_Rakyat_Tiongkok" title="Penggabungan Xinjiang ke dalam Republik Rakyat Tiongkok">Penggabungan Provinsi Xinjiang ke dalam Republik Rakyat Tiongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Daerah Otonomi Uighur Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korps_Produksi_dan_Konstruksi_Xinjiang" title="Korps Produksi dan Konstruksi Xinjiang">Korps Produksi dan Konstruksi Xinjiang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Sejarah_Xinjiang" title="Templat:Sejarah Xinjiang"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Sejarah_Xinjiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Sejarah Xinjiang (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Sejarah_Xinjiang&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Xiongnu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa">Hanzi</a>: <span lang="zh">匈奴</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Xiōngnú</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsiung-nu</span></i>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Chinese (halaman belum tersedia)">Middle Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Guangyun" title="Guangyun">Guangyun</a>: <small></small><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPA">[xi̯woŋ˥˩nu˩]</a></span>) adalah bangsa kuno berbasis nomad yang mendirikan suatu negara atau konfederasi di Mongolia dan Tiongkok.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar informasi mengenai Xiongnu berasal dari sumber-sumber Tiongkok, sehingga nama-nama dan gelar Xinongnu yang diketahui sekarang merupakan transliterasi bahasa Tionghoa dari bahasa asli Xiongnu. </p><p>Identitas inti etnik Xiongnu tak diketahui secara pasti, karena hanya sedikit kata, terutama gelar dan nama pribadi, yang terdapat dalam sumber-sumber Tiongkok. Pendapat dari sejarawan mengenai bahasa yang dituturkan oleh bangsa Xiongnu antara lain <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mongol" title="Bahasa Mongol">bahasa Mongol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Turk">bahasa Turk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yenisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yenisi (halaman belum tersedia)">bahasa Yenisi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-beckwith_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beckwith-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tokharia" title="Bahasa Tokharia">bahasa Tokharia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ural" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Ural">bahasa Ural</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nama <i>Xiongnu</i> kemungkinan merupakan kognat bagi nama suku <a href="/wiki/Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun">Hun</a>, namun bukti untuk pendapat ini cukup kontroversial.<sup id="cite_ref-beckwith_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beckwith-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vaissiere2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaissiere2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sumber-sumber Tiongkok dari abad ke-3 SM melaporkan bahwa bangsa Xiongnu mendirikan sebuah kekaisaran di bawah <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a>, pemimpin agung mereka setelah tahun 209 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kekaisaran ini membentang melampau perbatasan <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> modern. Setelah mengalahkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Yuezhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Yuezhi (halaman belum tersedia)">suku Yuezhi</a> yang sebelumnya dominan pada abad ke-2 SM, Xiongnu menjadi kekuasaan yang dominan di stepa di Asia timur. Mereka aktif di <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> barat, dan provinsi <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_Dalam" title="Mongolia Dalam">Mongolia Dalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> di Tiongkok. Hubungan antara dinasti-dinasti awal Tiongkok dengan Xiongnu cukup rumit, dengana adanya periode konflik militer dan intrik yang berulang dan silih berganti, serta ada pula pertukaran upeti, perdagangan, dan kesepakatan pernikahan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sejarah_awal">Sejarah awal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah awal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah awal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> menuliskan, berdasarkan catatan Tiongkok yang lebih awal (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawarikh_Babmu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tawarikh Babmu (halaman belum tersedia)">Tawarikh Babmu</a>), bahwa klan penguasa Xiongnu merupakan keturunan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chunwei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chunwei (halaman belum tersedia)">Chunwei</a> (淳維 "suku Chun"), kemungkinan putra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jie_(penguasa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jie (penguasa) (halaman belum tersedia)">Jie</a>, penguasa terakhir dari <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Xia" title="Dinasti Xia">Dinasti Xia</a> yang kemungkinan merupakan legenda (sek. 2070–1600 SM). </p><p>Xiongnu pada awalnya merupakan kumpulan suku kecil yang tinggal di dataran tinggi Mongolia yang tandus. Mereka diakui sebagai salah satu noman paling terkenal yang berbatasan dengan Kekaisaran Han.<sup id="cite_ref-Jerry_Bentley_1993_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jerry_Bentley_1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinasti_Zhou_Timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinasti Zhou Timur (halaman belum tersedia)">Dinasti Zhou Timur</a> (1045–256 SM), kampanye militer oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara_bawahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negara bawahan (halaman belum tersedia)">negara bawahan</a> Zhou untuk menekan "bangsa barbar" jahat lainnya memungkinkan Xiongnu untuk memperoleh kesempatan untuk mengisi kekosongan kekuasaan. Nomad yang baru bangkit ini menjadi permasalahan besar bagi Tiongkok, karena gaya hidup mereka yang berbasis kuda membuat mereka mampu melancarkan invasi secara cepat dan menyerbu pedesaaan dan perkotaan kecil. Selama <a href="/wiki/Periode_Negara_Perang" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode Negara Perang">Periode Negara Perang</a> (476–221 SM), tiga dari tujuh negara perang berbatasan dengan wilayah Xiongnu, dan serangkaan benteng pertahanan yang saling bersambungan pun dibangun, yang kelak digabungkan menjadi <a href="/wiki/Tembok_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tembok Besar">Tembok Besar</a>. </p><p>Selama <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Qin" title="Dinasti Qin">Dinasti Qin</a> (221 hingga 206 SM), pasukan Tiongkok, di bawah komando Jenderal <a href="/wiki/Meng_Tian" title="Meng Tian">Meng Tian</a>, menghalau bangsa Xiongnu hingga mereka menjauh. ia juga merebut kembali daerah <a href="/wiki/Ordos" title="Ordos">Ordos</a>. Kehadiran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Donghu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Donghu (halaman belum tersedia)">suku Donghu</a> yang kuat di timur dan suku Yuezhi di barat juga membuat bangsa Xiongu semakin terdesak, memaksa mereka berpindah lebih jauh ke utara selama dekade berikutnya. Dengan runtuhnya Dinasti Qin dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertikaian_Chu-Han&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertikaian Chu-Han (halaman belum tersedia)">perang saudara yang terjadi selanjutnya</a> (206–202 SM), bangsa Xiongnu, di bawah <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">Chanyu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toumen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toumen (halaman belum tersedia)">Toumen</a>, mampu bermigrasi kembali ke wilayah perbatasan Tiongkok. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konfederasi">Konfederasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Konfederasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Konfederasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada 209 SM, tiga tahun sebelum berdirinya <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Han" title="Dinasti Han">Dinasti Han</a>, Xiongnu bersatu dalam sebuah konfederasi yang kuat di bawah seorang <i><a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">chanyu</a></i> baru yang bernama <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a>. Kesatuan politik yang baru ini mengubah mereka menjadi negara yang lebih tangguh dengan memungkinkan pembentukan pasukan yang lebih besar dan kemampuan untuk melaksanakan koordinasi strategi yang lebih baik. Alasan untuk menciptakan konfederasi tidak diketahui secara pasti. Diduga bahwa mereka membutuhkan negara yang lebih kuat untuk berhadapan dengan penyatuan Tiongkok oleh Qin<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang berakibat pada lepasnya <a href="/wiki/Ordos" title="Ordos">Ordos</a> di tangan <a href="/wiki/Meng_Tian" title="Meng Tian">Meng Tian</a>, atau krisis politik yang melanda Xiongnu pada tahun 215 SM, ketika pasukan Qin mengusir mereka dari padang rumput mereka di <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Kuning" title="Sungai Kuning">Sungai Kuning</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah menjalin kesatuan dalam negeri, Modi memperluas kekaisarannya ke segala arah. Ke utara, ia menaklukan sejumlah bangsa nomad, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Dingling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Dingling (halaman belum tersedia)">suku Dingling</a> di Siberia selatan. Ia memusnahkan kekuasaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Donghu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Donghu (halaman belum tersedia)">suku Donghu</a> di Mongolia timur dan Manchuria, serta mengalahkan <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> di <a href="/wiki/Koridor_Hexi" title="Koridor Hexi">Koridor Hexi</a> di <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> di mana putranya Jizhu membuat membuat gelas dari tengkorak raja Yuezhi. Modu juga menduduki ulang semua wilayah yang sebelumnya direbut oleh jenderal Qin, Meng Tian. Di bawah kepemimpinan Modu, Xiongnu menjadi ancaman bagi Dinasti Han, bahkan nyaris membuat Liu Bang kehilangan tahtanya pada 200 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-Jerry_Bentley_1993_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jerry_Bentley_1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setelah Modu meninggal pada 174 SM, Xiongnu telah mengusir suku Yuezhi dari Koridor Hexi, membunuh raja Yuezhi dalam prosesnya dan memantapkan kehadiran mereka di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daerah_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daerah Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Daerah Barat</a> Xinjiang. </p><p>Setelah masa Modu, para pemimpin Xiongnu berikutnya membentuk sistem organisasi politik dualisme dengan cabang Xiongnu kiri dan kanan dibagi pada basis regional. <i>Chanyu</i> atau <i>shan-yü</i> – penguasa tertinggi yang setara dengan "<a href="/wiki/Putra_Langit" title="Putra Langit">Putra Langit</a>" di Tiongkok – memiliki otoritas langsung atas wilayah di tengahnya. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Longcheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longcheng (halaman belum tersedia)">Longcheng</a> (蘢城), dekat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monumen_Kh%C3%B6sh%C3%B6%C3%B6_Tsaidam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monumen Khöshöö Tsaidam (halaman belum tersedia)">Khöshöö Tsaidam</a> di Mongolia, menjadi tempat pertemuan tahunan dan dijadikan ibu kota Xiongnu.<sup id="cite_ref-yuuu86-384_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yuuu86-384-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada musim dingin tahun 200 SM, menyusul pengepungan <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaozu_dari_Han&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaozu dari Han (halaman belum tersedia)">Kaisar Gao</a> secara langsung memimpin sebuah kampanye militer melawan Modun. Pada <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Baideng" title="Pertempuran Baideng">Pertempuran Baideng</a>, ia disergap oleh pasukan yang diduga berjumlah sekitar 300.000 kavaleri elite Xiongnu. Sang kaisar terputus dari perbekalan dan bala bantuan selama tujuh hari, dan nyaris tak dapat melarikan diri. </p><p>Setelah kekalahan di Pingcheng, kaisar Han mengabaikan solusi militer terhadap ancaman Xiongnu. Alih-alih, pada 198 SM, pejabat istana, Liu Jing (劉敬) dikirim untuk bernegosiasi. Kesepakatan damai akhirnya dicapai antara kedua belah pihak, yang meliputi pernikahan pangerah Han dalam suatu <i>chanyu</i> (disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">heqin</a></i> 和親 untuk "kekerabatan harmonis"); hadiah rutin untuk Xiongnu yang berupa sutra, minuman keras, dan beras; status yang setara antara kedua negara; dan Tembok Besar sebagai perbatasan bersama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan kaki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan kaki"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Yuri_Pines_Tengri-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yuri_Pines_Tengri_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuri Pines, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=EA3lfFV9W7IC">The Everlasting Empire: The Political Culture of Ancient China and Its Imperial Legacy</a>, Princeton University Press, 2012, hlm. 37. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1400842271" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4008-4227-1</a>, 9781400842278: <ul><li>"<i>The nomads had their own concept of Great Unity: they believed that the high god of the steppe, Heaven/Tengri, confers the right to rule on a single charismatic clan. This notion had already emerged vividly in the Xiongnu empire, and it surely influenced the nomadic rulers of China in their endorsement of the Chinese idea of unified rule.</i>"</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-John_Tengri-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_Tengri_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Man, Attila: the barbarian king who challenged Rome, Bantam, 2005, hlm. 62. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0593052919" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-593-05291-9</a>, 9780593052914: <ul><li>"<i>The Xiongnu also worshipped Tengri. A history of the Han dynasty (206 BC - AD 8), written towards the end of the first century by the historian Pan Ku, in a section on the Xiongnu, says, 'They refer to their ruler by the title cheng li [a transliteration of tengri] ku t'u [son] shan-yii [king]' i.e. something like 'His Majesty, the Son of Heaven'. In early Turkish inscriptions, the ruler has his power from Tengri; and Tengri was the name given to Uighur kings of the eighth and ninth centuries.</i>"</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2nd edition, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=vr81YoYK0c4C&pg=PA69&dq=%22Xiongnu+Confederation%22#v=onepage&q=%22Xiongnu%20Confederation%22&f=false"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 69. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-12433-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-12433-1">978-0-521-12433-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+China&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-12433-1&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dvr81YoYK0c4C%26pg%3DPA69%26dq%3D%2522Xiongnu%2BConfederation%2522%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522Xiongnu%2520Confederation%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AXiongnu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|year=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adas 2001: 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beckwith-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beckwith_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beckwith_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckwith 2009: 404-405, nn. 51-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Di Cosmo, 2004, hlm. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vaissiere2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vaissiere2006_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaissière 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Di Cosmo 2004: 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jerry_Bentley_1993-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jerry_Bentley_1993_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jerry_Bentley_1993_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry Bentley, <i>Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), hlm. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barfield 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Di Cosmo 1999: 885-966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yuuu86-384-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yuuu86-384_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Yü, Ying-shih (1986). "Han Foreign Relations". <i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. - A.D. 220</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 384. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-24327-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-24327-0">0-521-24327-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Han+Foreign+Relations&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Ch%27in+and+Han+Empires%2C+221+B.C.+-+A.D.+220&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-521-24327-0&rft.aulast=Y%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Ying-shih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AXiongnu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber_kuno">Sumber kuno</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Sumber kuno" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sumber kuno"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a> et al., <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Han&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Book of Han (halaman belum tersedia)">Book of Han</a></i>, esp. vol. 94, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7094%E4%B8%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:s:漢書/卷094上">part 1</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7094%E4%B8%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:s:漢書/卷094下">part 2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_Ye_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan Ye (historian) (halaman belum tersedia)">Fan Ye</a> et al., <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Later_Han&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Book of Later Han (halaman belum tersedia)">Book of Later Han</a></i>, esp. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B789" class="extiw" title="zh:s:後漢書/卷89">vol. 89</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> et al., <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Records_of_the_Grand_Historian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Records of the Grand Historian (halaman belum tersedia)">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>, esp. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7110" class="extiw" title="zh:s:史記/卷110">vol. 110</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber_modern">Sumber modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Sumber modern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sumber modern"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adas, Michael. 2001. <i>Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History</i>, American Historical Association/Temple University Press.</li> <li>Beckwith, Christopher I. 2009. <i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780691135892" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2</a></li> <li>Di Cosmo, Nicola. 2004. <i>Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History</i>. Cambridge University Press. (First paperback edition; original edition 2002)</li> <li>Vaissière, Étienne de la. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i> online.</li> <li>Di Cosmo, Nicola. 1999. The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China. In: <i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China</i>, edited by Michael Loewe and Edward Shaughnessy. Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/xiongnu/xiongnu.html">Material Culture presented by University of Washington</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.experiencefestival.com/xiongnu_-_origins_and_early_history_of_the_xiongnu#.UMi9NoNfCw1">Encyclopedic Archive on Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/archaeology/mongolia/xiongnu/xiongnuarchhist/xiongnuarchhist.html">Xiongnu Archaeology Enters a New Century</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&oldid=24377513">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&oldid=24377513</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Xiongnu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Xiongnu (halaman belum tersedia)">Xiongnu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pendirian_abad_ke-3_SM" title="Kategori:Pendirian abad ke-3 SM">Pendirian abad ke-3 SM</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Pembubaran_tahun_460&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Pembubaran tahun 460 (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembubaran tahun 460</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Sejarah_bangsa_Turk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Sejarah bangsa Turk (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah bangsa Turk</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Negara_Turk_historis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Negara Turk historis (halaman belum tersedia)">Negara Turk historis</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Dinasti_Turki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Dinasti Turki (halaman belum tersedia)">Dinasti Turki</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Noad_Eurasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Noad Eurasia (halaman belum tersedia)">Noad Eurasia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Bangsa_kuno_di_Tiongkok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Bangsa kuno di Tiongkok (halaman belum tersedia)">Bangsa kuno di Tiongkok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sejarah_Mongolia" title="Kategori:Sejarah Mongolia">Sejarah Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Peradaban_dan_kekasiaran_pemanah_berkuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Peradaban dan kekasiaran pemanah berkuda (halaman belum tersedia)">Peradaban dan kekasiaran pemanah berkuda</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_tanggal" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: tanggal">Galat CS1: tanggal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_yang_menggunakan_pranala_magis_ISBN" title="Kategori:Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN">Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pages_using_infobox_country_with_unknown_parameters" title="Kategori:Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters">Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Han" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Han">Artikel mengandung aksara Han</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_teks_IPA_polos" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan teks IPA polos">Halaman dengan teks IPA polos</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 30 September 2023, pukul 13.57.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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