CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91356b9578d94ca7',cH: 'P3SHMQSyAJ0yeJuFieaqEhClSWX6RkIDTlOZunrpgkM-1739791563-1.2.1.1-pZdJBNryJxY8eMSD3DDHIybGqsezzjkNKRka9xC_hZR0016GD5WQJ1ZHbYHMWqb0',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=counterproductive%20work%20behavior&__cf_chl_tk=ZRnp0zchFdZ1FTeckcHNSgE967eECBPz2v0LsIWmAhg-1739791563-1.0.1.1-xlD5how8uZj5EX1QAaqdl0ABqgWYZAl_SKJe9PjVZhc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739791563',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=counterproductive%20work%20behavior&__cf_chl_f_tk=ZRnp0zchFdZ1FTeckcHNSgE967eECBPz2v0LsIWmAhg-1739791563-1.0.1.1-xlD5how8uZj5EX1QAaqdl0ABqgWYZAl_SKJe9PjVZhc",md: "1aPC9eBcnvkLEUyIraw0nXMZy6MWzF8O1ddS3s46D6s-1739791563-1.2.1.1-T4yYjnF8C2zvzvcLSRnyeT9gPhIvlsLg60qG_3uQ6rmq9Fl7Lq4z2.G_t7WOv.DrQRyPa7l659ZjFO4T19AGPGgZHrMcf3Jr_rdJebXiHa8t83jvyQJ5a4LK.jSMWk7MbhzryZ3m4Dp3bwxcaD9TKTuw2EQUh5.Jm4cx7dz7Uzx.vyTzx_nAA99fbdNsipD8gMeV1sSn1sEi8NsGbbJITOk0H5JPhNv_mgG3WcMDyHloxc9fqLyySaekEZSKL0oNR0L_KwFjWAfBzUjzGBXYili19KRfwOp_.z5d8tNHnNTRlHKu.8K6CjzESP5JPbAZYVpg2U4SP6Fjb3EK_5kSKMJkT4ZGeMzPnEhEZeVPVy8fPqjW_PJ0Swvd00CZejdlVaYDYwMY5lTcOk1jgcV0ZFjTZhYjFudBokPGQNdFGWEbamwUv28UacBVobh8fwR74HTG5tYXhYfDZw7HR6aCF91Q7j9xCZYPeitRW5ArVjqOYA8EuQ9AAemIUuvcZBTAOrt1mR_aKpvcNg1QmKZyrqgW7hhB2syJEAn5RE0QcQqhrxFfaGYDktvVUeLiNvtIy0iEg.pZCUZxTY_AWuu_wAcLxLqW.nZSS9UQTnBxqW78iYsdySIhxlg7yaLYUi8Tax8TQSdIhHYvpAAVPcQj2hv_eCTOYEgybRRgNTixkK25C1y98Wq6mrX9sj7l6H9bk5JvR.Z9WD5siM9z3TxQ6q_aGfImgTLFO7AK91QG8CHGGpAg1jK7gw6vGlWxBBopQA_HquuSQXSx.W9DlAVunOXRaGoCZxajup8g70zCDt9desSQgwH31khZ2IE9T8zClEMV.XQh3at9hDSsOKXeJS0cyRKSxyLbpbIYdZNqbUdwNTsTijMhozpNMCn1qfCrmq__3Mu.0vrUoX3cfC0I8ZiPcao45q1N3hmM2Nsex_4RXW0MuSldWak_OCztoGMCEQDN8I3ZKZ30.mNw3vj7ZrNorT4HpppgEtF.wF4EL8QnoKbA0Eb01iu4Njy4AsGyDDGsH4Vda4.FzEzVWzE4VXUVAlH3P4w28fdEGuaFU5VqwgMQ.4zk.StyiV2hhdcubLMCy6ac9fvL.ogeY4_ntTRbCAqNOeWgZjbQSqM8etA96XyC8f399c28vIt_5z6E8u88K5AWsVFx.RVW2e85U_msstreEB7PIk.FTsKCAraYHM5RpzVNNFs_J9kO7JEepoNJTYeZaZKyRk7w5UWXocKTirRnCoNDxG4YjkYTwwZ8a4Bjz2oAEVb0d6OzOtSuPZVr3X19Mxcews8Ppwy7QWk3wmcSu3hfIapTKrZxOofOfp13sP7JihHEISkfaQ7msG0fvn.Q6uX1IZWfPn0odCgAO9d2xd29sMpDnXVQkQdOKXf9vWGzMRo4NJ9IQSu7Xijb9WmdJH7N5bHRXYvVEYVtSBqAIQE1WQuuBjmxDu40sacIe2ltn4QO7V1JbG0NUj87n4X_51u4UKHVyfcYX4V2E39FcGgndi2IYjiTQj1VpDF7QMaWRnBQ.4ORhPUGJZEXc1gQyxlGmfNP1sby2P7WhyLK0i73sSEiqKa.7wMKLKvo_CN_A_hX515FRYNjXQGnAUf7QW853euVWZ1slAjYY7BHJRu7mFi_BDGbReY9YOwABJYXVNRyEY7u6GMr2cRYF_9M.b8mB0Re_TdhhMG576EUTIdmDDjOh0XUegkMdlNeSH8iIu1ShZlG.8kVuKqPKsWZ6o5i2OzCSoVSAGHOwzeubd698W7vS6tdPDykKTTsbqsNx9nMHuJ9NBWuODReGYaTldGJpnyRaaN9mIeyIo1aZZVGIIrp4jIhzujpeuFIKfv71Uk2rx6h4Jl1x8QbDJyNwwnV241B7AHAhkln29XsqFNmajqF3IBcXuuDImVzh30IOSayelAv5msO6vomehh6wlgW5Bh9XH.SX7QA8QMV26Z2KGDCE7UFG8Ee_WQ07nRTdpsAozn75m6bUE7311YJvzUtNui5oyU4Lw",mdrd: "w_9kYTtRDeXx1pkhvYa3DTOZBzq73T3dk7cyMioqCfQ-1739791563-1.2.1.1-iz5ErA2BDTu0EL38v6xOYDCZI4LbxDe19X1ipWaBnDn6_cnoOMMvQe2UedLcgzXwGizmiXPznveDWRR2aqzE2sA0wtsBkwrl_RurRqAXXpIMZd.Gto1jeYXjPs_RHlfQbQQwDMuYqLfGbsTDO1gId0M3MfPJCAr1AfAI6q3sOjINaPOKexhDlRn9pwrFed6nP2YdUKbu1GcZrTfc0dnR5W8YmaPpdQFjpltYhqVSR_Z6Lk6.ilRYkfKPxP0tRriRJLE6g5elTjlaSfC.Vo1bHad2UkvDgiSNlX2TKAIvTIzlSSGjAFIOwrcooFrGBnuMLZg8bp..wCWLTUWKJ6iSABQ4pURVraEgiR_N8oPAfj2jqwWPjabqvwdgQFSDLFJNSqb5hh0V5u_wm2GAu.XDOQ2zyBzN2PcFWr0qRoRZ2mrRc5A.SO_QjexXY367mLGY116n7tBE.gNYsfCApQcBkOidHa7ZS5NCizxweJTcy0JzK1ftHRI.p9jd_xzX19yFIajgwABXOMItJw5ijX6cYeSDAxbq8sUmSVDM8OSq029g2WQRo.u8UA1S6K5LYstHtpj6qGbChWnU6fPVMLctsPVDHKQVjC2usxn2KcPgzd0agPCUgWQ1DNwUJeTGhEdA2L83tyy2t3L.FjLizPUR6pouEB8uht0nhTUqpnZaOh0.x1hCQk9wAW3w6GbSUIpaz46xln0WLttC93eaAz202BfGXYYCBDEWYurxxp6KeqzcClaI5HapkqKlHWKtYUCJnGMGPEHTkaHYBCsBp1BnjmyK.HOV11oSsiOd04wZrb_N1kvE9QbXwFQclev9lsRvgYiGahtxGLAOh_mP5gUC1WmjvhnbPQ_lsJZDCzIVMVK5aJ4uNgy0Dpx_hfDNWEjTTE_EU9ACco5Vj2eR8FIQa0EGKJXBKJO4nFg2x7diQqptBSBDiTpMLayCUVQWbkUkDscf8h2gq9ZeOY4F2zveVL2wWys3i6EVj._p1FTzRXN88VLRnohgSyvqYlzl5kVje7AM_8YT6MZ.dB4FRLxrzx3S78WSoXjbcIVxkN5wtr0quL353L.bCRePDlGGw70ZZt39Dt8lm3vdaM3Sf0YBAMarPGvpj.k6VWPJIxyefEgif9ON.F_Towy7ebisVwYk1vRHduIZjiLn_70w7uwA73KEQ2etsJvVbburmSvgGvkpdzG_yLHZGnx_gRzI9fttG.LhTYE.6EAO0.hLdsMl0xCwoAvGviWQ.k5AbdZ1NZV4v6z3Ur0B2Z91hqThIayK2Z0yUNVm5C435E1kfGKTgFNN2KfM3iOBUVM90YaBKxTqBD8oxEmrslMLrDVgfB20lzdw3HxAohlSiWiMyZWWXnBK42fD6q.YntAfWfZFPsH.mxCLVUupIvPbuV9sgm7f2w3nMsl2rMDF9qAsUpy7HAMTbp9LYoQJAPHFJjrApVaqY7bCeNmfJM2yEXThzEoQnRFVNMHbmrUMnjOyCNvFP6c2SSPlSWYlPOgG1hyzNAwo.5h5WTsY0lZOAGuTAaZkZosLTgfir_9XPrP6JGo_CirMzrfaYcA4Px6DLSJdb19CYS8TMagRhPKS7sxnEPdGEK49hgcM1LvPomoXfGeYaBhS8.aLRmRJ09b6yXTA7DSu_pMlakrhcNGpe9q3hKHWCGmubfzqNcYGW7bMXACvaP_ojuYiWU_bk1mu2qbB_2JZoILws3jJ9K4UwvD9mQX9buTDRuBx_7gnWQ4dZO6T5saAvnUhpqC.HPctWcqzvTzC_rqi5BhXW4Us.syFYSc_njqhzPfz7hKosR4VuTAL4S8YImuFju7qyWjXUOQA7Igu6hhSMwAE_BZhX5BhkmbNuiuqw_OWpm9qE0GyZVa5CGZJVhYecCjprkztJkdGO9JRbCOFwgTZWFcP2hOsy2mqmmL8idTwUpDB4dKVho8879eP83KoEq6nMoHH1QNVBBR1810qTn.ukURizEhuRlPBqrH7B882tR_wuLn6JXs6zg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91356b9578d94ca7';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=counterproductive%20work%20behavior&__cf_chl_rt_tk=ZRnp0zchFdZ1FTeckcHNSgE967eECBPz2v0LsIWmAhg-1739791563-1.0.1.1-xlD5how8uZj5EX1QAaqdl0ABqgWYZAl_SKJe9PjVZhc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>