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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biology,_choice_and_social_constructionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology,_choice_and_social_constructionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Biology, choice and social constructionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology,_choice_and_social_constructionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Separatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_woman-identified_woman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_woman-identified_woman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The woman-identified woman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_woman-identified_woman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Womyn's_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Womyn's_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Womyn's culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Womyn's_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lesbians_and_mainstream_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lesbians_and_mainstream_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lesbians and mainstream feminism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lesbians_and_mainstream_feminism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lesbians and mainstream feminism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lesbians_and_mainstream_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_within_feminist_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_within_feminist_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Influence within feminist organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_within_feminist_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Organization_for_Women_(USA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Organization_for_Women_(USA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>National Organization for Women (USA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Organization_for_Women_(USA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Lesbians_Organizing_for_Change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Lesbians_Organizing_for_Change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Old Lesbians Organizing for Change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Lesbians_Organizing_for_Change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_within_governmental_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_within_governmental_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Influence within governmental institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_within_governmental_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Plan_of_Action_of_the_1977_National_Women's_Conference_(USA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Plan_of_Action_of_the_1977_National_Women's_Conference_(USA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>National Plan of Action of the 1977 National Women's Conference (USA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Plan_of_Action_of_the_1977_National_Women's_Conference_(USA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Feminist culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminist_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tensions_with_queer_theory_and_trans_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tensions_with_queer_theory_and_trans_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tensions with queer theory and trans feminism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tensions_with_queer_theory_and_trans_feminism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tensions with queer theory and trans feminism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tensions_with_queer_theory_and_trans_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Views_on_butch/femme_identities_and_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_butch/femme_identities_and_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Views on butch/femme identities and relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_butch/femme_identities_and_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_BDSM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_BDSM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Views on BDSM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_BDSM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_bisexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_bisexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Views on bisexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_bisexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_transgender_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_transgender_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Views on transgender people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_transgender_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lesbian_of_color_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lesbian_of_color_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lesbian of color feminism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lesbian_of_color_feminism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lesbian of color feminism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lesbian_of_color_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_lesbian_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_lesbian_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Black lesbian feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_lesbian_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combahee_River_Collective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combahee_River_Collective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Combahee River Collective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combahee_River_Collective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_art_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Visual art works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicana_lesbian_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicana_lesbian_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chicana lesbian feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicana_lesbian_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genres_and_main_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres_and_main_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Genres and main themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres_and_main_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lesbian feminism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نسوية مثلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نسوية مثلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminismu_l%C3%A9sbicu" title="Feminismu lésbicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Feminismu lésbicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezbiyan_feminizmi" title="Lezbiyan feminizmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lezbiyan feminizmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সমকামী নারীবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমকামী নারীবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_feminista_l%C3%A8sbica" title="Teoria feminista lèsbica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teoria feminista lèsbica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbick%C3%BD_feminismus" title="Lesbický feminismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lesbický feminismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Λεσβιακός φεμινισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεσβιακός φεμινισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminismo_l%C3%A9sbico" title="Feminismo lésbico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Feminismo lésbico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesba_feminismo" title="Lesba feminismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lesba feminismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="لزبین فمینیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لزبین فمینیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9minisme_lesbien" title="Féminisme lesbien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Féminisme lesbien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminismo_l%C3%A9sbico" title="Feminismo lésbico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Feminismo lésbico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%A6%88%EB%B9%84%EC%96%B8_%EC%97%AC%EC%84%B1%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="레즈비언 여성주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레즈비언 여성주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Լեսբիական ֆեմինիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեսբիական ֆեմինիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezbijski_feminizam" title="Lezbijski feminizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lezbijski feminizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminisme_lesbian" title="Feminisme lesbian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Feminisme lesbian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_lesbico" title="Movimento lesbico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Movimento lesbico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99" title="פמיניזם לסבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פמיניזם לסבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminis_madivin" title="Feminis madivin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Feminis madivin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Лезбиски феминизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лезбиски феминизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbisch_feminisme" title="Lesbisch feminisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lesbisch feminisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminizm_lesbijski" title="Feminizm lesbijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Feminizm lesbijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminismo_l%C3%A9sbico" title="Feminismo lésbico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Feminismo lésbico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_lesbian" title="Feminism lesbian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Feminism lesbian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Лесбийский феминизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лесбийский феминизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lesbian feminism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="لێزبیان فێمێنیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لێزبیان فێمێنیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Лезбијски феминизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лезбијски феминизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezbijski_feminizam" title="Lezbijski feminizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lezbijski feminizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezbiyen_feminizm" title="Lezbiyen feminizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lezbiyen feminizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Лесбійський фемінізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лесбійський фемінізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminizm%C3%AA_lezbiyenan" title="Feminizmê lezbiyenan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Feminizmê lezbiyenan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="女同性戀女性主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Lesbian_feminism" title="Category:Lesbian feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lesbian feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg/200px-Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg/300px-Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg/400px-Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lesbian_feminists" title="Category:Lesbian feminists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Gunn_Allen" title="Paula Gunn Allen">Paula Gunn Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Allison" title="Dorothy Allison">Dorothy Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti-Grace_Atkinson" title="Ti-Grace Atkinson">Ti-Grace Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Bechdel" title="Alison Bechdel">Alison Bechdel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Torton_Beck" title="Evelyn Torton Beck">Evelyn Torton Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Ben-Shalom" title="Miriam Ben-Shalom">Miriam Ben-Shalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Bindel" title="Julie Bindel">Julie Bindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Bottini" title="Ivy Bottini">Ivy Bottini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Clarke" title="Cheryl Clarke">Cheryl Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Cliff" title="Michelle Cliff">Michelle Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Clinton" title="Kate Clinton">Kate Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_C%C3%B3rdova" title="Jeanne Córdova">Jeanne Córdova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly">Mary Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Dashu" title="Max Dashu">Max Dashu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm%C3%A9_DeLarverie" title="Stormé DeLarverie">Stormé DeLarverie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_DiMassa" title="Diane DiMassa">Diane DiMassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alix_Dobkin" title="Alix Dobkin">Alix Dobkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elana_Dykewomon" title="Elana Dykewomon">Elana Dykewomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Faderman" title="Lillian Faderman">Lillian Faderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferron" title="Ferron">Ferron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Frye" title="Marilyn Frye">Marilyn Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michiyo_Fukaya" title="Michiyo Fukaya">Michiyo Fukaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Gage" title="Carolyn Gage">Carolyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Gottschalk" title="Donna Gottschalk">Donna Gottschalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Hoagland" title="Sarah Hoagland">Sarah Hoagland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karla_Jay" title="Karla Jay">Karla Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys" title="Sheila Jeffreys">Sheila Jeffreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Johnston" title="Jill Johnston">Jill Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Kaye/Kantrowitz" title="Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz">Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Larkin" title="Joan Larkin">Joan Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Livia_(author)" title="Anna Livia (author)">Anna Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Martin_and_Phyllis_Lyon" title="Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon">Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherr%C3%ADe_Moraga" title="Cherríe Moraga">Cherríe Moraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_J._Morris" title="Bonnie J. Morris">Bonnie J. Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mountaingrove" title="Ruth Mountaingrove">Ruth Mountaingrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_O%27Leary" title="Jean O'Leary">Jean O'Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Parker" title="Pat Parker">Pat Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Penelope" title="Julia Penelope">Julia Penelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Raymond" title="Janice Raymond">Janice Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Rich" title="Adrienne Rich">Adrienne Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sloan-Hunter" title="Margaret Sloan-Hunter">Margaret Sloan-Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Smith" title="Barbara Smith">Barbara Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cris_Williamson" title="Cris Williamson">Cris Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Wittig" title="Monique Wittig">Monique Wittig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Zimmerman" title="Bonnie Zimmerman">Bonnie Zimmerman</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lesbian_feminist_organizations" title="List of lesbian feminist organizations">Groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMASONG" title="AMASONG">AMASONG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Bookstore_Cooperative" title="Amazon Bookstore Cooperative">Amazon Bookstore Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjaree" title="Anjaree">Anjaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Singers" title="Artemis Singers">Artemis Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Lesbian_Feminist_Alliance" title="Atlanta Lesbian Feminist Alliance">Atlanta Lesbian Feminist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-National_Lesbian_Conference" title="Bi-National Lesbian Conference">Bi-National Lesbian Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Lesbian_Liberation" title="Chicago Lesbian Liberation">Chicago Lesbian Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combahee_River_Collective" title="Combahee River Collective">Combahee River Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connexxus_Women%27s_Center/Centro_de_Mujeres" title="Connexxus Women's Center/Centro de Mujeres">Connexxus Women's Center/Centro de Mujeres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis" title="Daughters of Bilitis">Daughters of Bilitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis_(Australia)" title="Daughters of Bilitis (Australia)">Daughters of Bilitis (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Feminists" title="The Feminists">The Feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Black_Lesbian_Conference" title="First Black Lesbian Conference">First Black Lesbian Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Furies_Collective" title="The Furies Collective">The Furies Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Women%27s_Alternative" title="Gay Women's Alternative">Gay Women's Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouines_rouges" title="Gouines rouges">Gouines rouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_L._Mazer_Lesbian_Archives" title="June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives">June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_Menace" title="Lavender Menace">Lavender Menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Revolutionary_Feminist_Group" title="Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group">Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Art_Project" title="Lesbian Art Project">Lesbian Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Avengers" title="Lesbian Avengers">Lesbian Avengers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Feminist_Liberation" title="Lesbian Feminist Liberation">Lesbian Feminist Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Herstory_Archives" title="Lesbian Herstory Archives">Lesbian Herstory Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Movement_(Denmark)" title="Lesbian Movement (Denmark)">Lesbian Movement (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Organization_of_Toronto" title="Lesbian Organization of Toronto">Lesbian Organization of Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_Against_Pit_Closures" title="Lesbians Against Pit Closures">Lesbians Against Pit Closures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Legion_of_Lesbians" title="Lincoln Legion of Lesbians">Lincoln Legion of Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujeres_Creando" title="Mujeres Creando">Mujeres Creando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Women%27s_Land_Trust" title="Oregon Women's Land Trust">Oregon Women's Land Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_Soul_Sisters" title="Salsa Soul Sisters">Salsa Soul Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Spit" title="Sister Spit">Sister Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_for_Homophile_Equality" title="Sisters for Homophile Equality">Sisters for Homophile Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Dykes" title="Van Dykes">Van Dykes</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Key issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butch_(lesbian_slang)" title="Butch (lesbian slang)">Butch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_and_femme" title="Butch and femme">Butch and femme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_heterosexuality" title="Compulsory heterosexuality">Compulsory heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyke_(slang)" title="Dyke (slang)">Dyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Feminist separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femme" title="Femme">Femme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_bed_death" title="Lesbian bed death">Lesbian bed death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Lesbian erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Lesbians in Francoist Spain">Lesbians in Francoist Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic" title="Lesbians in the Spanish Second Republic">Lesbians in the Spanish Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_lesbian" title="Lipstick lesbian">Lipstick lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist feminism">Separatist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_butch" title="Soft butch">Soft butch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_butch" title="Stone butch">Stone butch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_femme" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone femme">Stone femme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-Haul_lesbian" title="U-Haul lesbian">U-Haul lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn-born_womyn" title="Womyn-born womyn">Womyn-born womyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn%27s_land" title="Womyn's land">Womyn's land</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <b>Books</b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Gu%C3%A9rill%C3%A8res" title="Les Guérillères">Les Guérillères</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Corps_Lesbien" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Corps Lesbien">Le Corps Lesbien</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Nation" title="Lesbian Nation">Lesbian Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lover_(novel)" title="Lover (novel)">Lover</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wanderground" title="The Wanderground">The Wanderground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zami:_A_New_Spelling_of_My_Name" title="Zami: A New Spelling of My Name">Zami: A New Spelling of My Name</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lesbian/Woman" title="Lesbian/Woman">Lesbian/Woman</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Mind_and_Other_Essays" title="The Straight Mind and Other Essays">The Straight Mind and Other Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boots_of_Leather,_Slippers_of_Gold" title="Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold">Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Your_Silence_Will_Not_Protect_You" title="Your Silence Will Not Protect You">Your Silence Will Not Protect You</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <b>Other</b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Freundin" title="Die Freundin">Die Freundin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924–1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vice_Versa_(magazine)" title="Vice Versa (magazine)">Vice Versa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947–1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ladder_(magazine)" title="The Ladder (magazine)">The Ladder</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1956–1972)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arena_Three" title="Arena Three">Arena Three</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963-1972)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman-Identified_Woman" title="The Woman-Identified Woman">The Woman-Identified Woman</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Off_Our_Backs" title="Off Our Backs">Off Our Backs</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970–2008)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lavender_Woman" title="Lavender Woman">Lavender Woman</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971–1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Tide" title="Lesbian Tide">Lesbian Tide</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971–1980)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dykes_%26_Gorgons" title="Dykes & Gorgons">Dykes & Gorgons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Feminist_Circle" title="Lesbian Feminist Circle">Lesbian Feminist Circle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1986)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WomanSpirit" title="WomanSpirit">WomanSpirit</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974–1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Connection" title="Lesbian Connection">Lesbian Connection</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conditions_(magazine)" title="Conditions (magazine)">Conditions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976–1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinister_Wisdom" title="Sinister Wisdom">Sinister Wisdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azalea:_A_Magazine_by_Third_World_Lesbians" title="Azalea: A Magazine by Third World Lesbians">Azalea: A Magazine by Third World Lesbians</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977–1983)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Lives/Lesbian_Lives" title="Common Lives/Lesbian Lives">Common Lives/Lesbian Lives</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980–1996)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Onyx:_Black_Lesbian_Newsletter" title="Onyx: Black Lesbian Newsletter">Onyx: Black Lesbian Newsletter</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982–1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazones_d%27Hier,_Lesbiennes_d%27Aujourd%27hui" title="Amazones d'Hier, Lesbiennes d'Aujourd'hui">Amazones d'Hier, Lesbiennes d'Aujourd'hui</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dykes_to_Watch_Out_For" title="Dykes to Watch Out For">Dykes to Watch Out For</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–2008)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hothead_Paisan" title="Hothead Paisan">Hothead Paisan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–1998)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diva_(magazine)" title="Diva (magazine)">Diva</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Lesbian_Studies" title="Journal of Lesbian Studies">Journal of Lesbian Studies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_World" title="Jane's World">Jane's World</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2018)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Curve_(magazine)" title="Curve (magazine)">Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AfterEllen" title="AfterEllen">AfterEllen</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Velvetpark" title="Velvetpark">Velvetpark</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Gadsby:_Nanette" title="Hannah Gadsby: Nanette">Hannah Gadsby: Nanette</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Actions and ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cineffable" title="Cineffable">Cineffable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyke_march" title="Dyke march">Dyke march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_bar" title="Lesbian bar">Lesbian bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_flags" title="Lesbian flags">Lesbian flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_literature" title="Lesbian literature">Lesbian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_pulp_fiction" title="Lesbian pulp fiction">Lesbian pulp fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud%27s_(bar)" title="Maud's (bar)">Maud's (bar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Womyn%27s_Music_Festival" title="Michigan Womyn's Music Festival">Michigan Womyn's Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherpeace_Tarot" title="Motherpeace Tarot">Motherpeace Tarot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Moving_Coffeehouse" title="Mountain Moving Coffeehouse">Mountain Moving Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_Records" title="Olivia Records">Olivia Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Lesbian_and_Feminist_Film_Festival" title="Paris Lesbian and Feminist Film Festival">Paris Lesbian and Feminist Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg%27s_Place_(bar)" title="Peg's Place (bar)">Peg's Place (bar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Some_Prefer_Cake" title="Some Prefer Cake">Some Prefer Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_music" title="Women's music">Women's music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Week_Provincetown" title="Women's Week Provincetown">Women's Week Provincetown</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Lesbian_of_color_feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Black_lesbian_feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Chicana_lesbian_feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Gender-critical</span> or <span class="nowrap">trans-exclusionary</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_of_a_Minoan_double_axe_(Lavrys)_at_Athens_War_Museum_on_November_22,_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Replica_of_a_Minoan_double_axe_%28Lavrys%29_at_Athens_War_Museum_on_November_22%2C_2022.jpg/205px-Replica_of_a_Minoan_double_axe_%28Lavrys%29_at_Athens_War_Museum_on_November_22%2C_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Replica_of_a_Minoan_double_axe_%28Lavrys%29_at_Athens_War_Museum_on_November_22%2C_2022.jpg/308px-Replica_of_a_Minoan_double_axe_%28Lavrys%29_at_Athens_War_Museum_on_November_22%2C_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Replica_of_a_Minoan_double_axe_%28Lavrys%29_at_Athens_War_Museum_on_November_22%2C_2022.jpg/410px-Replica_of_a_Minoan_double_axe_%28Lavrys%29_at_Athens_War_Museum_on_November_22%2C_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Since the late 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">labrys</a> has been used as a symbolic representation of lesbian and feminist strength and self-sufficiency.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg/210px-Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg/315px-Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg/420px-Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Lesbian feminist pride flag. <br /> A <a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">labrys</a> superimposed on the <a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">black triangle</a>, set against a <a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)" title="Lavender (color)">lavender-purple</a> background.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesbian_Pride_double-Venus_canton_rainbow_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lesbian_Pride_double-Venus_canton_rainbow_flag.svg/210px-Lesbian_Pride_double-Venus_canton_rainbow_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lesbian_Pride_double-Venus_canton_rainbow_flag.svg/315px-Lesbian_Pride_double-Venus_canton_rainbow_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lesbian_Pride_double-Venus_canton_rainbow_flag.svg/420px-Lesbian_Pride_double-Venus_canton_rainbow_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Lesbian pride flag with double-Venus symbol (in biology and botany, the <a href="/wiki/Planet_symbols#Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet symbols">Venus symbol</a> represents the female sex<sup id="cite_ref-Stearn1961_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearn1961-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lesbian feminism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">cultural movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">critical</a> perspective that encourages women to focus their efforts, attentions, relationships, and activities towards their fellow women rather than men, and often advocates <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbianism</a> as the logical result of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich_Compulsory_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich_Compulsory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lesbian feminism was most influential in the 1970s and early 1980s, primarily in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Faderman377–391_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faderman377–391-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but began in the late 1960s<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and arose out of dissatisfaction with the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Homosexual_Equality" title="Campaign for Homosexual Equality">Campaign for Homosexual Equality</a>, sexism within the <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay liberation</a> movement, and <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a> within popular women's movements at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Faderman377–391_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faderman377–391-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schneider2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the supporters of Lesbianism were actually women involved in gay liberation who were tired of the sexism and centering of gay men within the community and lesbian women in the mainstream women's movement who were tired of the homophobia involved in it.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider2017_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some key thinkers and activists include <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Bunch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Mae_Brown" title="Rita Mae Brown">Rita Mae Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Rich" title="Adrienne Rich">Adrienne Rich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Frye" title="Marilyn Frye">Marilyn Frye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly">Mary Daly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys" title="Sheila Jeffreys">Sheila Jeffreys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Smith" title="Barbara Smith">Barbara Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Parker" title="Pat Parker">Pat Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sloan-Hunter" title="Margaret Sloan-Hunter">Margaret Sloan-Hunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Clarke" title="Cheryl Clarke">Cheryl Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_E._Anzald%C3%BAa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria E. Anzaldúa">Gloria E. Anzaldúa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherr%C3%ADe_Moraga" title="Cherríe Moraga">Cherríe Moraga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monique_Wittig" title="Monique Wittig">Monique Wittig</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sara_Ahmed" title="Sara Ahmed">Sara Ahmed</a> (although the last two are more commonly associated with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">queer theory</a>). </p><p>As stated by lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys, "Lesbian feminism emerged as a result of two developments: lesbians within the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a> began to create a new, distinctively <a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">feminist lesbian politics</a>, and lesbians in the <a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a> left to join up with their sisters".<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffreys19_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Judy_Rebick" title="Judy Rebick">Judy Rebick</a>, a leading Canadian journalist and feminist activist, lesbians were and always have been "the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's movement">women's movement</a>", while their issues were "invisible" in the same movement.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lesbian feminism of color emerged as a response to lesbian feminism thought that failed to incorporate the issues of <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> as sources of oppression along with <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexuality</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_ideas">Key ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Key ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lesbian feminism, much like feminism, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_and_gay_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian and gay studies">lesbian and gay studies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">queer theory</a>, is characterized by the ideas of contestation and revision. At the same time, one of the key themes of lesbian feminism is the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexuality</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich_Compulsory_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich_Compulsory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lesbian feminist texts work to denaturalise heterosexuality and, based on this denaturalization, to explore heterosexuality's "roots" in institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>. Additionally, lesbian feminism advocates lesbianism as a rational result of <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a> and dissatisfaction with these institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich_Compulsory_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich_Compulsory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sheila Jeffreys defines lesbian feminism as having seven key themes: </p> <ul><li>An emphasis on women's love for one another</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatist</a> organizations</li> <li>Community and ideas</li> <li>Idea that lesbianism is about <i>choice</i> and <i>resistance</i></li> <li>Idea that <a href="/wiki/The_personal_is_political" title="The personal is political">the personal is political</a></li> <li>A rejection of <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchy</a></li> <li>A critique of <a href="/wiki/Male_supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Male supremacy">male supremacy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jeffreys19_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Lesbian feminist literary critic Bonnie Zimmerman frequently analyzes the language used by writers from within the movement, often drawing from autobiographical narratives and the use of personal testimony. According to Zimmerman, lesbian feminist texts tend to be expressly non-linear, poetic and even obscure.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lesbian feminists of color argue for <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a>, in particular the crossings of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a>, class, and race, emphasizing that most research and data about sexual orientation is provided by white <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cis</a> males.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biology,_choice_and_social_constructionism"><span id="Biology.2C_choice_and_social_constructionism"></span>Biology, choice and social constructionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biology, choice and social constructionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queer_by_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Queer by choice">Queer by choice</a></div><p> As outlined above, lesbian feminism typically situates <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbianism</a> as a form of resistance to "man-made" institutions. Cheryl Clarke writes in her essay <i>New Notes on Lesbianism</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>I name myself "lesbian" because this culture oppresses, silences, and destroys lesbians, even lesbians who don't call themselves "lesbians." I name myself "lesbian" because I want to be visible to other black lesbians. I name myself "lesbian" because I do not subscribe to predatory/institutionalized heterosexuality.</p></blockquote><p>However, according to <i>A Dictionary of Gender Studies</i>, some lesbians who believed themselves to be 'born that way' considered political lesbians or those who believe lesbianism is a choice based on the institutionalized heterosexuality were appropriating the term 'lesbian' and not experiencing or speaking out against the oppression that those women experience.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some feminists argue that "<a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">political lesbianism</a>," which reduces lesbianism as a political choice to reject men and the <a href="/wiki/Penises" class="mw-redirect" title="Penises">penises</a>, overlooks the deeply personal nature of lesbianism as an expression of attraction between women and erases the experiences of <a href="/wiki/Trans_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans women">trans women</a> and their lesbian partners. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separatism">Separatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Separatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Separatist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist feminism">Separatist feminism</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Queer nationalism</a></div> <p>Lesbian separatism is a form of separatist feminism specific to lesbians. Separatism has been considered by lesbians as both a temporary strategy and as a lifelong practice, but mostly the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In separatist feminism, lesbianism is posited as a key feminist <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategy</a> that enables <a href="/wiki/Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Women">women</a> to invest their energies in other women, creating new space and <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> about women's relationships, and typically, limits their dealings with men.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lesbian separatism became popular in the 1970s, as some lesbians doubted whether mainstream society or even the <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay rights</a> movement had anything to offer them. In 1970, seven women, including <a href="/wiki/Del_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Del Martin">Del Martin</a>, confronted the North Conference of Homophile [meaning homosexual] Organizations about the relevance of the gay rights movement to the women within it. The delegates passed a resolution in favor of women's liberation, but Martin felt they had not done enough and wrote "If That's All There Is", an influential 1970 essay in which she decried gay rights organizations as sexist.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1971, a lesbian group calling themselves "<a href="/wiki/The_Furies_Collective" title="The Furies Collective">The Furies</a>" formed a commune open to lesbians only, where they put out a monthly newspaper. "The Furies" consisted of twelve women, aged eighteen to twenty-eight, all feminists, all lesbians, all white, with three children among them.<sup id="cite_ref-Clendinen2001_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clendinen2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They shared chores and clothes, lived together, held some of their money in common, and slept on mattresses on a common floor.<sup id="cite_ref-Clendinen2001_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clendinen2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also started a school to teach women auto and home repair so they would not be dependent on men.<sup id="cite_ref-Clendinen2001_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clendinen2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newspaper lasted from January 1972 to June 1973;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the commune itself ended in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Bunch</a>, an early member of "The Furies", viewed separatist feminism as a strategy, a "first step" period, or temporary withdrawal from mainstream activism to accomplish specific goals or enhance <a href="/wiki/Personal_development" title="Personal development">personal growth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other lesbians, such as <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda Award">Lambda Award</a> winning author <a href="/wiki/Elana_Dykewomon" title="Elana Dykewomon">Elana Dykewomon</a>, have chosen separatism as a lifelong practice. </p><p>In addition to advocating withdrawal from working, personal or casual relationships with men, "The Furies" recommended that Lesbian Separatists relate "only (with) women who cut their ties to <a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male privilege</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Bunch_1972,_pp.8-9_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunch_1972,_pp.8-9-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and suggested that "as long as women still benefit from heterosexuality, receive its privileges and security, they will at some point have to betray their sisters, especially Lesbian sisters who do not receive those benefits".<sup id="cite_ref-Bunch_1972,_pp.8-9_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunch_1972,_pp.8-9-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was part of a larger idea that Bunch articulated in <i>Learning from Lesbian Separatism</i>, that "in a male-supremacist society, heterosexuality is a political institution" and the practice of separatism is a way to escape its domination.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For The Furies, lesbianism was the only path towards liberation from male supremacy and was seen as more of a political tool rather than a sexual preference.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewitt2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewitt2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her 1988 book, <i>Lesbian Ethics: Towards a New Value</i>, lesbian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lucia_Hoagland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Lucia Hoagland">Sarah Lucia Hoagland</a> alludes to lesbian separatism's potential to encourage lesbians to develop healthy community ethics based on shared values. Hoagland articulates a distinction (originally noted by Lesbian Separatist author and anthologist <a href="/wiki/Julia_Penelope" title="Julia Penelope">Julia Penelope</a>) between a <i>lesbian subculture</i> and a <i>lesbian community</i>; membership in the subculture being "defined in negative terms by an external, hostile culture", and membership in the community being based on "the values we believe we can enact here".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bette Tallen believes that lesbian separatism, unlike some other <a href="/wiki/Separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist">separatist</a> movements, is "not about the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Independent_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent state">independent state</a>, it is about the development of an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Self-identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-identity">self-identity</a> and the creation of a strong solid lesbian community".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lesbian historian <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Faderman" title="Lillian Faderman">Lillian Faderman</a> describes the separatist impulses of lesbian feminism which created culture and cultural artifacts as "giving love between women greater visibility" in broader culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Faderman_Oddp220_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faderman_Oddp220-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faderman also believes that lesbian feminists who acted to create separatist institutions did so to "bring their ideals about integrity, nurturing the needy, <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and equality of labor and rewards into all aspects of institution-building and economics".<sup id="cite_ref-Faderman_Oddp220_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faderman_Oddp220-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice of Lesbian separatism sometimes incorporates concepts related to <a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">queer nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">political lesbianism</a>. Some individuals who identify as Lesbian separatists are also associated with the practice of <a href="/wiki/Dianic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dianic paganism">Dianic paganism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Womyn%27s_land" title="Womyn's land">womyn's land</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">women-only</a> <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">intentional community</a> predominantly created, populated, and maintained by lesbian separatists.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lesbian_intentional_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesbian_intentional-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsewhere, lesbian feminists have situated female separatism as quite a mainstream thing and have explored the mythology surrounding it. <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Frye" title="Marilyn Frye">Marilyn Frye</a>'s (1978) essay <i>Notes on Separatism and Power</i> is one such example. She posits female separatism as a strategy practiced by all women, at some point, and present in many feminist projects (one might cite women's refuges, electoral quotas or women's studies programmes). She argues that it is only when women practice it, self-consciously <i>as</i> separation from men, that it is treated with controversy (or as she suggests <a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysteria</a>). On the other hand, male separatism (one might cite gentleman's clubs, labour unions, sports teams, the military and, more arguably, decision-making positions in general) is seen as quite a normal, even expedient phenomenon. </p><p>Still, other lesbian feminists put forward a notion of "tactical separatism" from men, arguing for and investing in things like women's sanctuaries and <a href="/wiki/Consciousness-raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness-raising">consciousness-raising</a> groups, but also exploring everyday practices to which women may temporarily retreat or practice solitude from <a href="/wiki/Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Men">men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a>. </p><p> Margaret Sloan-Hunter compared lesbian separatism to black separatism. In her work <i>Making Separatist Connections: The Issue is Woman Identification</i> she stated:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>If Lesbian separatism fails it will be because women are so together that we will just exude woman identification wherever we go. But since sexism is much older than racism, it seems that we must for now embrace separatism, at least psychically, for health and consciousness sake. This is a revolution, not a public relations campaign, we must keep reminding ourselves.</p></blockquote><p>Some of the lesbian feminist groups, however, were skeptical of separatism. As such, a prominent black lesbian feminist group, the <a href="/wiki/Combahee_River_Collective" title="Combahee River Collective">Combahee River Collective</a>, stated that separatism is not a viable political strategy for them. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_woman-identified_woman">The woman-identified woman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The woman-identified woman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the founding of the lesbian feminist movement could be pinpointed to a specific moment, it would probably be May 1970, when <a href="/wiki/Radicalesbians" title="Radicalesbians">Radicalesbians</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">radical feminist</a> activist group of 20 lesbians, including novelist <a href="/wiki/Rita_Mae_Brown" title="Rita Mae Brown">Rita Mae Brown</a>, took over the <i>Second Congress to Unite Women</i>, a women's conference in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYC-Historic_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC-Historic-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1969NYPL_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1969NYPL-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LOC_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uninvited, they lined up on stage wearing matching T-shirts inscribed with the words "<a href="/wiki/Lavender_Menace" title="Lavender Menace">Lavender Menace</a>", and demanded the microphone to read aloud their <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Woman-Identified_Woman" title="The Woman-Identified Woman">The Woman-Identified Woman</a>", which laid out the main precepts of their movement.<sup id="cite_ref-NYC-Historic_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC-Historic-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, Adrienne Rich incorporated this concept in her essay "<a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Heterosexuality_and_Lesbian_Existence" title="Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence">Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence</a>", in which she unpacks the idea that patriarchy dictates women to be focused on men or to be "men-identified women. Becoming women-identified women, i.e. changing the focus of attention and energy from men to women, is a way to resist the patriarchal oppression".<sup id="cite_ref-Rich_Compulsory_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich_Compulsory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to some popular beliefs about "<a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">man-hating</a> <a href="/wiki/Butch_and_femme" title="Butch and femme">butch</a> <a href="/wiki/Dyke_(lesbian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke (lesbian)">dykes</a>", lesbian feminist theory does not support the concept of female masculinity. Proponents like Sheila Jeffreys (2003:13) have argued that "all forms of masculinity are problematic". </p><p>This is one of the principal areas in which lesbian feminism differs from queer theory, perhaps best summarized by <a href="/wiki/Judith_Halberstam" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith Halberstam">Judith Halberstam</a>'s quip that "If Sheila Jeffreys didn't exist, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Camille Paglia</a> would have had to invent her."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Womyn's_culture"><span id="Womyn.27s_culture"></span>Womyn's culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Womyn's culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Womyn" title="Womyn">Womyn</a>" along with "wimmin" and "womin" were terms created by alliances within the lesbian feminist movement to distinguish them from men and masculine (or "<a href="/wiki/Phallogocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Phallogocentric">phallogocentric</a>") language. The term "women" was seen as derivative of men and ultimately symbolized the prescriptive nature of women's oppression. A new vocabulary emerged more generally, sometimes referencing lost or unspoken <a href="/wiki/Matriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchal">matriarchal</a> civilizations, <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazonian warriors</a>, ancient – especially Greek – goddesses, sometimes parts of the female anatomy and often references to the natural world. It was frequently remarked that the movement had nothing to go on, no knowledge of its roots, nor histories of lesbianism to draw on. Hence the emphasis on consciousness-raising and carving out new (arguably) "<a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">gynocentric</a>" cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Salsa_Soul_Sisters" title="Salsa Soul Sisters">Salsa Soul Sisters, Third World Wimmin Inc</a> organization united lesbian feminists and <a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">womanists</a> of color.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lesbians_and_mainstream_feminism">Lesbians and mainstream feminism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lesbians and mainstream feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_rouen_20190504_-_drapeau_lesbien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_rouen_20190504_-_drapeau_lesbien.jpg/200px-Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_rouen_20190504_-_drapeau_lesbien.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_rouen_20190504_-_drapeau_lesbien.jpg/300px-Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_rouen_20190504_-_drapeau_lesbien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_rouen_20190504_-_drapeau_lesbien.jpg/400px-Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_rouen_20190504_-_drapeau_lesbien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Gay pride parade, Rouen, France (2019)</figcaption></figure> <p>As a critical perspective, lesbian feminism is perhaps best defined in opposition to mainstream feminism and queer theory. It has certainly been argued that mainstream feminism has been guilty of homophobia in its failure to integrate sexuality as a fundamental category of gendered inquiry and its treatment of lesbianism as a separate issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Bitch_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitch-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this respect, <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Rich" title="Adrienne Rich">Adrienne Rich</a>'s 1980 classic text "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213095421/http://people.terry.uga.edu/dawndba/4500compulsoryhet.htm">Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence</a>" is instructive and one of the landmarks in lesbian feminism.<sup id="cite_ref-Bitch_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitch-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_within_feminist_organizations">Influence within feminist organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence within feminist organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Organization_for_Women_(USA)"><span id="National_Organization_for_Women_.28USA.29"></span>National Organization for Women (USA)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National Organization for Women (USA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lesbians have been active in the mainstream American feminist movement. The first time lesbian concerns were introduced into the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women (NOW)</a> was in 1969, when <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Bottini" title="Ivy Bottini">Ivy Bottini</a>, an open lesbian who was then president of the New York chapter of NOW, held a public forum titled "Is Lesbianism a Feminist Issue?".<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_d_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url_d-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, NOW president <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> was against lesbian participation in the movement. In 1969, she referred to growing lesbian visibility as a "lavender menace" and fired openly lesbian newsletter editor <a href="/wiki/Rita_Mae_Brown" title="Rita Mae Brown">Rita Mae Brown</a>, and in 1970, she engineered the expulsion of lesbians, including Ivy Bottini, from NOW's New York chapter.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, on the first evening, when four hundred feminists were assembled in the auditorium at the 1970 Congress to Unite Women, a group of twenty women wearing T-shirts that read "Lavender Menace" came to the front of the room and faced the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the women then read the group's declaration, <i>The Woman-Identified Woman</i>, the first major lesbian feminist statement.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group, who later named themselves "Radicalesbians", were among the first to challenge the <a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">heterosexism</a> of heterosexual feminists and to describe lesbian experience in positive terms.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, NOW passed a resolution that proclaimed "a woman's right to her own person includes the right to define and express her own sexuality and to choose her own lifestyle", as well as a conference resolution stating that forcing lesbian mothers to stay in marriages or to live a secret existence in an effort to keep their children was unjust.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, NOW also committed to offering legal and moral support in a test case involving child custody rights of lesbian mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, the NOW Task Force on Sexuality and Lesbianism was established.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Del_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Del Martin">Del Martin</a> was the first open lesbian elected to NOW, and <a href="/wiki/Del_Martin_and_Phyllis_Lyon" title="Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon">Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon</a> were the first lesbian couple to join the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-ABOUTMARTIN_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABOUTMARTIN-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Lesbians_Organizing_for_Change">Old Lesbians Organizing for Change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Old Lesbians Organizing for Change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 2014, Old Lesbians Organizing for Change (OLOC) issued an "Anti-Sexism Statement" which states:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Men run the world and women are supposed to serve according to the belief that men are superior to women, which is patriarchy. Patriarchy is the system by which men's universal power is maintained and enforced. OLOC works toward the end of patriarchy and the liberation of all women.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_within_governmental_institutions">Influence within governmental institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influence within governmental institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Plan_of_Action_of_the_1977_National_Women's_Conference_(USA)"><span id="National_Plan_of_Action_of_the_1977_National_Women.27s_Conference_.28USA.29"></span>National Plan of Action of the 1977 National Women's Conference (USA)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: National Plan of Action of the 1977 National Women's Conference (USA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In November 1977 the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="National Women's Conference">National Women's Conference</a> issued a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lindagriffith.com/IWY%20PlanofAction.html">National Plan of Action</a>, which stated in part:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Congress, State, and local legislatures should enact legislation to eliminate discrimination on the basis of sexual and affectional preference in areas including, but not limited to, employment, housing, public accommodations, credit, public facilities, government funding, and the military. State legislatures should reform their penal codes or repeal State laws that restrict private sexual behavior between consenting adults. State legislatures should enact legislation that would prohibit consideration of sexual or affectional orientation as a factor in any judicial determination of child custody or visitation rights. Rather, child custody cases should be evaluated solely on the merits of which party is the better parent, without regard to that person's sexual and affectional orientation.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminist_culture">Feminist culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Feminist culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American photographer <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Bright" title="Deborah Bright">Deborah Bright</a> created a series called <i>Dream Girls</i> which challenged mainstream gender-sex identities that the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood industry</a> in the 1980s chose to propagate.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference1980sclass_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference1980sclass-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tensions_with_queer_theory_and_trans_feminism">Tensions with queer theory and trans feminism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tensions with queer theory and trans feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emergence of queer theory in the 1990s built upon certain principles of lesbian feminism, including the critique of compulsory heterosexuality, the understanding of gender as defined in part by heterosexuality, and the understanding of sexuality as institutional instead of personal. Despite this, queer theory is largely set in opposition to traditional lesbian feminism. Whereas lesbian feminism is traditionally critical of <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butch_and_femme" title="Butch and femme">butch/femme identities and relationships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">transsexual</a> people, <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, queer theory tends to embrace them. Queer theorists embrace <a href="/wiki/Genderqueer" class="mw-redirect" title="Genderqueer">gender fluidity</a> and subsequently have critiqued lesbian feminism as having an essentialist understanding of gender that runs counter to their stated aims. Lesbian feminists have critiqued queer theory as implicitly male-oriented and a recreation of the male-oriented <a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a> that lesbian feminists initially sought refuge from. Queer theorists have countered by pointing out that the majority of the most prominent queer theorists are feminists and many (including <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Halberstam" title="Jack Halberstam">Jack Halberstam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a>) are, or have at one point identified as lesbians.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barry (2002) suggests that in choosing between these possible alignments (lesbian feminism and/or queer theory) one must answer whether it is gender or sexuality that is the more "fundamental in personal identity."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_butch/femme_identities_and_relationships"><span id="Views_on_butch.2Ffemme_identities_and_relationships"></span>Views on butch/femme identities and relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Views on butch/femme identities and relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some lesbian feminists have argued that butch–femme is a replication of <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a> relations, while other commentators argue that, while it resonates with heterosexual patterns of relating, butch–femme simultaneously challenges it.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan2003_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan2003-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, the development of lesbian feminism pushed butch–femme roles out of popularity. Lesbian separatists such as <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys" title="Sheila Jeffreys">Sheila Jeffreys</a> argued that all forms of masculinity, including masculine butch women, were negative and harmful to women.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffreys2003_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys2003-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group of radical lesbians often credited with sparking lesbian feminism, <a href="/wiki/Radicalesbians" title="Radicalesbians">Radicalesbians</a>, called butch culture "male-identified role-playing among lesbians"<sup id="cite_ref-Faderman1992JHS_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faderman1992JHS-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While butch–femme roles had previously been the primary way of identifying lesbians and quantifying lesbian relationships in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, lesbian feminist ideology had turned these roles into a "perversion of lesbian identity".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1989NWSA_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1989NWSA-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lesbian feminism was publicly represented though <a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">white feminism</a>, and often excluded and alienated working class lesbians and lesbians of color. In these excluded communities, butch–femme roles persisted and grew throughout the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FadermanOdd_pg210_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FadermanOdd_pg210-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the criticism from both middle-class lesbians and lesbian feminists, butch and femme roles reemerged in the 1980s and 1990s, but were no longer relegated to only working-class lesbians.<sup id="cite_ref-Faderman1992JHS_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faderman1992JHS-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_BDSM">Views on BDSM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Views on BDSM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of its focus on equality in sexual relationships, lesbian feminism has traditionally been opposed to any form of <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> that involve perpetuation of gender stereotypes. This view was challenged in the late 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most notably by the <a href="/wiki/Samois" title="Samois">Samois</a> group, a San Francisco-based lesbian-feminist organization focused on BDSM. Samois members felt strongly that their way of practicing BDSM was entirely compatible with feminism, and held that the kind of feminist sexuality advocated by <a href="/wiki/Women_Against_Violence_in_Pornography_and_Media" title="Women Against Violence in Pornography and Media">Women Against Violence in Pornography and Media</a> was conservative and puritanical.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, many black lesbian feminists have spoken out against the practice of BDSM as racist. According to scholars <a href="/wiki/Darlene_Pagano" title="Darlene Pagano">Darlene Pagano</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Sims&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen Sims (page does not exist)">Karen Sims</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Mason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rose Mason (page does not exist)">Rose Mason</a>, sadomasochism, in particular, is a practice that often lacks sensitivity to the black female experience as it can be historically linked to similar forms of sexual violence and dominance enacted against black female slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_bisexuality">Views on bisexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Views on bisexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bisexual_politics" title="Bisexual politics">Bisexual politics</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> is rejected by some lesbian feminists as being a reactionary and anti-feminist <a href="/wiki/Backlash_(sociology)" title="Backlash (sociology)">backlash</a> to lesbian feminism.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A bisexual woman filed a lawsuit against the lesbian feminist magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Lives/Lesbian_Lives" title="Common Lives/Lesbian Lives">Common Lives/Lesbian Lives</a></i>, alleging discrimination against bisexuals when her submission was not published.<sup id="cite_ref-sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of women who were at one time involved in lesbian feminist activism <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">came out</a> as bisexual after realizing their attractions to men. A widely studied example of lesbian-bisexual conflict within feminism was the Northampton Pride March during the years between 1989 and 1993, where many feminists involved debated over whether bisexuals should be included and whether or not bisexuality was compatible with feminism. Common lesbian feminist critiques leveled at bisexuality were that bisexuality was <a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">anti-feminist</a>, that bisexuality was a form of <a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">false consciousness</a>, and that bisexual women who pursue relationships with men were "deluded and desperate." However, tensions between bisexual feminists and lesbian feminists have eased since the 1990s, as bisexual women have become more accepted within the feminist community.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, some lesbian feminists such as <a href="/wiki/Julie_Bindel" title="Julie Bindel">Julie Bindel</a> are still critical of bisexuality. Bindel has described female bisexuality as a "fashionable trend" being promoted due to "sexual <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a>" and questioned whether bisexuality even exists.<sup id="cite_ref-Bindel_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bindel-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has also made <a href="/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek" title="Tongue-in-cheek">tongue-in-cheek</a> comparisons of bisexuals to <a href="/wiki/Animal_fancy" title="Animal fancy">cat fanciers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">devil worshippers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys writes in <i>The Lesbian Heresy</i> (1993) that while many feminists are comfortable working alongside gay men, they are uncomfortable interacting with bisexual men. Jeffreys states that while gay men are unlikely to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexually harass</a> women, bisexual men are just as likely to be troublesome to women as heterosexual men.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, <i><a href="/wiki/Bi_Any_Other_Name" title="Bi Any Other Name">Bi Any Other Name</a></i> (1991), an anthology edited by <a href="/wiki/Loraine_Hutchins" title="Loraine Hutchins">Loraine Hutchins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lani_Ka%CA%BBahumanu" title="Lani Kaʻahumanu">Lani Kaʻahumanu</a> considered one of the seminal books in the history of the modern bisexual rights movement, contains (among other things) the piece, "Bisexuality: The Best Thing That Ever Happened to Lesbian Feminism?", by Beth Elliot.<sup id="cite_ref-lanikaahumanu1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanikaahumanu1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_transgender_people">Views on transgender people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Views on transgender people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though lesbian feminists' views vary, there is a specific lesbian feminist canon which rejects the <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">transgender rights movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transsexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transsexualism">transsexuals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transvestism" title="Transvestism">transvestites</a>, positing transgender people as, at best, gender dupes or functions of a discourse on mutilation; or at worst, shoring up support for traditional and violent gender norms. This is a position marked by intense controversy. Sheila Jeffreys summarized the arguments on this topic in <i>Unpacking Queer Politics</i> (2003) and <i>Gender Hurts</i> (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These views on transsexuality have been criticized by many in the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> and feminist communities as <a href="/wiki/Transphobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transphobic">transphobic</a> and constituting <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> against transsexual men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-rose2004_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose2004-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-serano2007_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serano2007-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-namaste2000_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-namaste2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hayes2003_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayes2003-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lesbian feminism is sometimes associated with opposition to <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as some lesbian feminist analyses see sex reassignment surgery as a form of violence akin to BDSM.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, lesbian feminist <a href="/wiki/Janice_Raymond" title="Janice Raymond">Janice Raymond</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Transsexual_Empire:_The_Making_of_the_She-Male" class="mw-redirect" title="The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male">The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controversial even today, it looked at the role of transsexualism – particularly psychological and surgical approaches to it – in reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes, the ways in which the medical-psychiatric complex is medicalizing "gender identity", and the social and political context that has been instrumental in making transsexual treatment and surgery a normal and therapeutic medicine. </p><p>Raymond maintains that transsexualism is based on the "patriarchal myths" of "male mothering," and "making of woman according to man's image." She claims this is done in order "to colonize <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> identification, culture, politics and <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>," adding: "All transsexuals <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves .... Transsexuals merely cut off the most obvious means of invading women, so that they seem non-invasive."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her book, Raymond includes sections on <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a>, a trans woman who had worked as a sound engineer for <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Records" title="Olivia Records">Olivia Records</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Christy Barsky, accusing both of creating divisiveness in women's spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These writings have been heavily criticized as personal attacks on these individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Living a Feminist Life</i> (2017), Sara Ahmed imagines lesbian feminism as a fundamental and necessary alliance with <a href="/wiki/Trans_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans feminism">trans feminism</a>. Ahmed considered that an anti-trans stance is an anti-feminist stance, and against the feminist project of creating worlds to support those for whom gender <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">fatalism</a> (i.e. boys will be boys, girls will be girls) is deleterious.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lesbian_of_color_feminism">Lesbian of color feminism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lesbian of color feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Feminism among lesbians of <a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color">color</a> emerged as a response to the texts produced by <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> lesbian feminist authors in the late 1970s. Typically, lesbian feminism at the time failed to recognize issues related to intersectionality between race, gender, and class.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from this, lesbian feminists of color addressed the relationship between feminism as a movement and "ideology of cultural nationalism or racial pride", as well as the differences found in the prevalent texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia1989_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia1989-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most influential lesbian feminists of color are <a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_E._Anzald%C3%BAa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria E. Anzaldúa">Gloria E. Anzaldúa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherrie_Moraga" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherrie Moraga">Cherrie Moraga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Smith" title="Barbara Smith">Barbara Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Parker" title="Pat Parker">Pat Parker</a>, Kate Rushin, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sloan-Hunter" title="Margaret Sloan-Hunter">Margaret Sloan-Hunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Clarke" title="Cheryl Clarke">Cheryl Clarke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ochy_Curiel" title="Ochy Curiel">Ochy Curiel</a>. Audre Lorde addressed how these movements should intersect in her 1979 speech "The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, she stated:<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>As women, we have been taught either to ignore our differences, or to view them as causes for separation and suspicion rather than as forces for change. Without community there is no liberation, only the most vulnerable and temporary armistice between an individual and her oppression. But community must not mean a shedding of our differences, nor the pathetic pretense that these differences do not exist.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_lesbian_feminism">Black lesbian feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Black lesbian feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1980_Democratic_National_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1980_Democratic_National_Congress.jpg/195px-1980_Democratic_National_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1980_Democratic_National_Congress.jpg/293px-1980_Democratic_National_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1980_Democratic_National_Congress.jpg/390px-1980_Democratic_National_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 Democratic National Convention</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Black lesbian feminism originates from <a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">black feminism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the beginning of the 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Kaila_Story" title="Kaila Story">Kaila Adia Story</a>, a contemporary black lesbian feminist scholar, defines black lesbian feminism "as the thought and praxis of an intersectional gendered and sexual analysis of the world's relationship to queer women of color specifically, both cis and trans".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prominent authors who were at the roots of black lesbian feminism include <a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Smith" title="Barbara Smith">Barbara Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Parker" title="Pat Parker">Pat Parker</a>, Kate Rushin, Doris Davenport, <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Clarke" title="Cheryl Clarke">Cheryl Clarke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sloan-Hunter" title="Margaret Sloan-Hunter">Margaret Sloan-Hunter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black lesbian feminism emerged as a venue to address the issue of racism in the mainstream feminist movement, which was described as white, middle-class, and predominantly heterosexual. According to a 1979 statement by Barbara Smith, "the reason racism is a feminist issue is easily explained by the inherent definition of feminism", which is "the political theory and practice to free all women: women of color, working-class women, poor women, physically challenged women, lesbians, old women, as well as white economically privileged heterosexual women." Later, in 1984, she extended her views on black lesbian feminism mission to "a movement committed to fighting sexual, racial, economic and heterosexist oppression, not to mention one which opposes imperialism, anti-Semitism, the oppressions visited upon the physically disabled, the old and the young, at the same time that it challenges militarism and imminent nuclear destruction is the very opposite of narrow."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most prominent black lesbian feminists were writers rather than scholars and expressed their position in literary ways.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allida Mae Black states that unlike black feminism, in 1977 the position of black lesbian feminism was not as clear as the position of black feminism and was "an allusion in the text".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from this, the position of black lesbian feminists was expressed in their interviews and public speeches. As such, in a 1980 interview published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Poetry_Review" title="The American Poetry Review">The American Poetry Review</a></i>, Audre Lorde stated that a "true feminist deals out of a lesbian consciousness whether or not she ever sleeps with women", as well as that all black women, whether they admit it or not, are lesbians because they are "raised in the remnants of a basically matriarchal society" and are still oppressed by patriarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pat Parker's work reflected the oppression she suffered and observed in lives of other women. In her poem <i>Have you Ever Tried to Hide</i>, Parker calls out racism in the white feminist movement. In her multiple works, including the poem "Womanslaughter", she drew attention to the violence Black women experience in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among others, Parker defended the idea of complex identities and stated that, for her, revolution will happen when all elements of her identity "can come along".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combahee_River_Collective">Combahee River Collective</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Combahee River Collective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Combahee_River_Collective" title="Combahee River Collective">Combahee River Collective</a> is a Boston-based black feminist group that was formed as a radical alternative to the <a href="/wiki/National_Black_Feminist_Organization" title="National Black Feminist Organization">National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO)</a> founded by Margaret Sloan-Hunter in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the organization's members, NBFO lacked attention to the issues of sexuality and economic oppression. The Collective united the women that were dissatisfied with racism in white feminist movement and sexism in civil rights movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Westerband_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westerband-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the organization alludes to the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> Combahee River Raid that happened in 1863 under <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a>'s leadership and freed 750 slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Combahee River Collective issued a statement in 1977 that described the organization's vision as being opposed to all forms of oppression — including sexuality, gender identity, class, disability, and age oppression (later incorporated in the concept of intersectionality) that shaped the conditions on black women's lives. </p><p>In its "Statement", the Combahee River Collective defined itself as a left-wing organization leaning towards socialism and anti-imperialism. The organization also claimed that unlike some white feminist groups or NBFO, the Collective members are in "solidarity with progressive Black men and do not advocate the fractionalization" and emphasizing that "the stance of Lesbian separatism ... is not a viable political analysis or strategy."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other organizations under the stance of black lesbian feminism include <a href="/wiki/Salsa_Soul_Sisters" title="Salsa Soul Sisters">Salsa Souls Sisters</a>, formed in 1974 in New York City and considered to be the oldest black lesbian feminist organization; and Sapphire Sapphos, formed in 1979 in Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visual_art_works">Visual art works</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Visual art works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The more recent art form used to express black lesbian feminist ideas is film. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Aishah_Shahidah_Simmons" title="Aishah Shahidah Simmons">Aishah Shahidah Simmons</a>, an award-winning black lesbian feminist, made <i>NO! The Rape Documentary</i> (2006), a <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a> that explores how rape is used as a weapon of homophobia. For Simmons, a sexual assault survivor herself, the film was also an exploration of how rape impacted her Black feminist lesbian journey.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chicana_lesbian_feminism">Chicana lesbian feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chicana lesbian feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chicana lesbian feminism emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana feminism</a> movement in the late 1970s and early 1980s. During this time, Chicana feminism began to form as a "social movement aimed to improve the position of Chicanas in American society."<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia1989_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia1989-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chicanas separated from the <a href="/wiki/Chicano_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicano movement">Chicano movement</a> began drawing their own political agendas, and started to question their traditional female roles.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia1989_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia1989-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, Chicana feminists (see also <a href="/wiki/Chicana_literature" title="Chicana literature">Chicana literature</a>) started addressing the forces that affected them as women of color and fighting for social equality.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia1989_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia1989-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>With Her Machete in Her Hand: Reading Chicana Lesbians</i> (2009), the first monograph dedicated to the work of Chicana lesbians, Catriona Rueda Esquibel stated "Chicana lesbians are central to understanding Chicana/o communities, theories, and feminisms."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly to black lesbian feminists, Chicana lesbian feminists use literature as a way of naming themselves, expressing their ideas, and reclaiming their experiences flagged with a number of accusations.<sup id="cite_ref-Iglesia_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iglesia-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are accused of being lesbians, of betraying society by denying men of their reproductive role, and of betraying their Chicana identity by adhering to feminist and lesbian ideologies, both things considered by Chicano culture as "white" notions.<sup id="cite_ref-Iglesia_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iglesia-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key Chicana lesbian feminist thinkers include <a href="/wiki/Cherrie_Moraga" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherrie Moraga">Cherrie Moraga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Anzald%C3%BAa" title="Gloria Anzaldúa">Gloria Anzaldúa</a>, Lidia Tirado White, <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Gaspar_de_Alba" title="Alicia Gaspar de Alba">Alicia Gaspar de Alba</a>, Emma Pérez, Carla Trujillo, <a href="/wiki/Monica_Palacios_(playwright)" title="Monica Palacios (playwright)">Monica Palacios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ana_Castillo" title="Ana Castillo">Ana Castillo</a>, Natashia López, and <a href="/wiki/Norma_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Norma Alarcón">Norma Alarcón</a>. </p><p>In the feminist <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> <i><a href="/wiki/This_Bridge_Called_My_Back" title="This Bridge Called My Back">This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color</a></i>, Moraga and Anzaldúa describe the Chicana lesbian feminist mission as follows: "we attempt to bridge the contradictions in our experience. We are the colored in a white feminist movement. We are the feminists among the people of our culture. We are often the lesbians among the straight. We do this bridging by naming ourselves and by telling our stories in our own words."<sup id="cite_ref-ThisBridge_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThisBridge-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> One of the foundational concepts of Chicana lesbian feminist movement is "theory in the flesh", which is "flesh and blood experiences of the woman of color."<sup id="cite_ref-ThisBridge_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThisBridge-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, as described by Moraga and Anzaldúa, "a theory in flesh means one where the typical realities of our lives —our skin color, the land or concrete we grew up on, our sexual belongings—all fuse to create a political born out of necessity."<sup id="cite_ref-ThisBridge_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThisBridge-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Moraga's article <i>La Güera,</i> she continues making reference to the theory in the flesh: "it wasn't until I acknowledged and confronted my own lesbianism in the flesh, that my heartfelt identification with and empathy for my mother's oppression —due to being poor, uneducated, Chicana— was realized."<sup id="cite_ref-ThisBridge_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThisBridge-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, this theory incorporates the ideas of finding strength in and celebrating each other's difference as well as reinterpreting the history by "shaping new myths",<sup id="cite_ref-ThisBridge_109-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThisBridge-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lays in a process of naming themselves but also naming the enemies within oneself to break down paradigms. As Moraga explains in her prose <i>Loving in the War Years: Lo que nunca paso por sus labios</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-ThisBridge_109-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThisBridge-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>In this country, lesbianism is a poverty — as is being brown, as is being a woman, as is being just plain poor. The danger lies in ranking the oppressions. The danger lies in failing to acknowledge the specificity of the oppression. The danger lies in attempting to deal with oppression purely from a theoretical base. Without an emotional, heartfelt grappling with the source of our own oppression, without naming the enemy within ourselves and outside of us, no authentic, non-hierarchical connection among oppressed groups can take place.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genres_and_main_themes">Genres and main themes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Genres and main themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chicana lesbian feminists challenge traditional forms of knowledge production, and introduce new ways of knowledge creation through new forms of writing. Many Chicana lesbian feminists use what <a href="/wiki/Teresa_de_Lauretis" title="Teresa de Lauretis">Teresa de Lauretis</a> named "fiction/theory", "a formally experimental, critical and lyrical, autobiographical and theoretically conscious, practice of writing-in-the-feminine that crosses genre boundaries (poetry and prose, verbal and visual modes, narrative and cultural criticism), and instates new correlations between signs and meanings."<sup id="cite_ref-Iglesia_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iglesia-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ThisBridge_109-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThisBridge-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They combine genres such as autobiography, poetry, theory, personal diaries or imaginary interviews. At the same time, Chicana lesbian feminists today navigate and struggle across a variety of discursive contexts (as activist, academics, feminists, and artists).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Through their literature and art, Chicana lesbian feminists explore their body-lived experiences, a fundamental aspect in the construction of lesbian identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Iglesia_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iglesia-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reclaim the idea of the real body and the physical aspect of it. Chicana lesbian feminists bring into the discussion the conflicts with the concept of <i>la familia</i>, the new <i>familias</i> they create, and their right to choose their own sexuality. Martha Barrera writes "we are just as valid a <i>familia</i> as we would be if she were a brown man who I married in the Catholic Church."<sup id="cite_ref-Iglesia_108-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iglesia-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time they try to find reconciliation with their <i>familia</i>. Juanita M. Sánchez writes:<sup id="cite_ref-Anzaldúa_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anzaldúa-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>my father wanted me to go to work my grandmother wanted me to speak more Spanish she couldn't speak English i wanted to make a living selling popsicles on my 1948 cushman scooter nothing turned out like they wanted but my mother did say, "if you want to be with a woman, que le hace, as long as you're happy".</p></blockquote><p>Chicana lesbian feminists confront their lesbian identity with their Chicano identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Iglesia_108-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iglesia-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This constitutes a central aspect of Chicana lesbian literature. Renée M. Martinez expresses her impossibility to reconcile the two identities: "being a Chicana and a lesbian, my parents' daughter and a lesbian, alive and a lesbian", lesbianism "would sever me from everything that counted in my life: homosexuality, the ultimate betrayal of my Mexican heritage, was only for white people."<sup id="cite_ref-Anzaldúa_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anzaldúa-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moraga writes how:<sup id="cite_ref-Iglesia_108-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iglesia-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>the woman who defies her role ... is purported to be a "traitor to her race" by contributing to the "genocide" of her people ... In short, even if the defiant woman is not a lesbian, she is purported to be one; for, like the lesbian in the Chicano imagination, she is una Malinchista. Like the Malinche of Mexican history, she is corrupted by foreign influences which threaten to destroy her people. ... Lesbianism can be construed by the race then as the Chicana being used by the white man, even if the man never lays a hand on her. The choice is never seen as her own. Homosexuality is his disease with which he sinisterly infects Third World people, men and women alike.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Feminist movements and ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexual_orientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist views on sexual orientation">Feminist views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_L._Mazer_Lesbian_Archives" title="June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives">June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Lesbian erasure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Feminist_Circle" title="Lesbian Feminist Circle">Lesbian Feminist Circle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Herstory_Archives" title="Lesbian Herstory Archives">Lesbian Herstory Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian science fiction">Lesbian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lesbian_periodicals" title="List of lesbian periodicals">List of lesbian periodicals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sappho_Was_a_Right-on_Woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sappho Was a Right-on Woman">Sappho Was a Right-on Woman</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stearn1961-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stearn1961_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStearn1962" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_T._Stearn" title="William T. Stearn">Stearn, William T.</a> (May 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1964/male_fem.pdf">"The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a></i>. <b>11</b> (4): 109–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1217734">10.2307/1217734</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-0262">0040-0262</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734">1217734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Male+and+Female+Symbols+of+Biology&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=109-113&rft.date=1962-05&rft.issn=0040-0262&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1217734%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1217734&rft.aulast=Stearn&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiapt-taxon.org%2Fhistoric%2FCongress%2FIBC_1964%2Fmale_fem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rich_Compulsory-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rich_Compulsory_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rich_Compulsory_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rich_Compulsory_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rich_Compulsory_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1986" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Adrienne (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodbreadpoetry00adri">"Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (1980)"</a></span>. <i>Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose 1979-1985</i>. <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton & Company">W.W. Norton & Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodbreadpoetry00adri/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31162-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31162-4"><bdi>978-0-393-31162-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Compulsory+Heterosexuality+and+Lesbian+Existence+%281980%29&rft.btitle=Blood%2C+Bread%2C+and+Poetry%3A+Selected+Prose+1979-1985&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31162-4&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodbreadpoetry00adri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faderman377–391-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faderman377–391_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faderman377–391_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaderman1981" class="citation book cs1">Faderman, Lillian (1981). "The Rise of Lesbian-Feminism". <i>Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present</i> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow and Company</a>. pp. 377–391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-68803733X" title="Special:BookSources/0-68803733X"><bdi>0-68803733X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/80024482">80024482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Lesbian-Feminism&rft.btitle=Surpassing+the+Love+of+Men%3A+Romantic+Friendship+and+Love+Between+Women+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=377-391&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F80024482&rft.isbn=0-68803733X&rft.aulast=Faderman&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schneider2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider2017_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider2017_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider2017_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCammonTaylorRegerEinwohner2017" class="citation book cs1">McCammon, Holly J.; Taylor, Verta; Reger, Jo; Einwohner, Rachel L., eds. (2017). "The Turn toward Socialist, Radical, and Lesbian Feminisms". <i>The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Women's Social Movement Activism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 89–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190204204.013.4">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190204204" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190204204"><bdi>978-0190204204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Turn+toward+Socialist%2C+Radical%2C+and+Lesbian+Feminisms&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+U.S.+Women%27s+Social+Movement+Activism&rft.pages=89-108&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190204204.013.4&rft.isbn=978-0190204204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuBois" class="citation web cs1">DuBois, Ellen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Old_and_New_Wave-Feminism.html">"Feminism Old Wave and New Wave"</a>. <i>The Feminist eZine</i>. Lilith Press Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Feminist+eZine&rft.atitle=Feminism+Old+Wave+and+New+Wave&rft.aulast=DuBois&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.feministezine.com%2Ffeminist%2Fmodern%2FOld_and_New_Wave-Feminism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuBois2016" class="citation web cs1">DuBois, Ellen (September 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwluherstory.org/classic-feminist-writings-articles/feminism-old-wave-and-new-wave">"Feminism Old Wave and New Wave (1971)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Women%27s_Liberation_Union" title="Chicago Women's Liberation Union">Chicago Women's Liberation Union</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Women%27s+Liberation+Union&rft.atitle=Feminism+Old+Wave+and+New+Wave+%281971%29&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft.aulast=DuBois&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwluherstory.org%2Fclassic-feminist-writings-articles%2Ffeminism-old-wave-and-new-wave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeffreys19-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffreys19_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffreys19_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys2003" class="citation book cs1">Jeffreys, Sheila (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unpackingqueerpo00jeff/page/19"><i>Unpacking Queer Politics: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective</i></a> (1st ed.). Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unpackingqueerpo00jeff/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745628370" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745628370"><bdi>978-0745628370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unpacking+Queer+Politics%3A+A+Lesbian+Feminist+Perspective&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0745628370&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funpackingqueerpo00jeff%2Fpage%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebick" class="citation web cs1">Rebick, Judy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050526131609/http://www.international.activism.uts.edu.au/conferences/rebick/discussion.html">"Feminism in a neo-liberal age"</a>. <i>Research Initiative on International Activism</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_Sydney" title="University of Technology Sydney">University of Technology Sydney</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.activism.uts.edu.au/conferences/rebick/discussion.html">the original</a> on May 26, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Initiative+on+International+Activism&rft.atitle=Feminism+in+a+neo-liberal+age&rft.aulast=Rebick&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.international.activism.uts.edu.au%2Fconferences%2Frebick%2Fdiscussion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman1981" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmerman, Bonnie (Autumn 1981). "What Has Never Been: An Overview of Lesbian Feminist Literary Criticism". <i>Feminist Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 451–475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3177760">10.2307/3177760</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.0499697.0007.307">2027/spo.0499697.0007.307</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177760">3177760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Studies&rft.atitle=What+Has+Never+Been%3A+An+Overview+of+Lesbian+Feminist+Literary+Criticism&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=451-475&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.0499697.0007.307&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3177760%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3177760&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerezoCummingsHolmesWilliams2020" class="citation journal cs1">Cerezo, Alison; Cummings, Mariah; Holmes, Meredith; Williams, Chelsey (2020-03-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7081969">"Identity as Resistance: Identity Formation at the Intersection of Race, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation"</a>. <i>Psychology of Women Quarterly</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 67–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0361684319875977">10.1177/0361684319875977</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-6843">0361-6843</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7081969">7081969</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32194296">32194296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Women+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Identity+as+Resistance%3A+Identity+Formation+at+the+Intersection+of+Race%2C+Gender+Identity%2C+and+Sexual+Orientation&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-83&rft.date=2020-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7081969%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0361-6843&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32194296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0361684319875977&rft.aulast=Cerezo&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Cummings%2C+Mariah&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Meredith&rft.au=Williams%2C+Chelsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7081969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheryl2006" class="citation book cs1">Cheryl, Clarke (2006). <i>The Days of Good Looks: The Prose and Poetry of Cheryl Clarke</i>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1675-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1675-3"><bdi>978-0-7867-1675-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Days+of+Good+Looks%3A+The+Prose+and+Poetry+of+Cheryl+Clarke&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1675-3&rft.aulast=Cheryl&rft.aufirst=Clarke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2017" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Gabriele (2017). <i>A Dictionary of Gender Studies</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191834837" title="Special:BookSources/9780191834837"><bdi>9780191834837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Gender+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780191834837&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Farnsworth2016" class="citation web cs1">Stephanie Farnsworth (2016-01-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thequeerness.com/2016/01/30/being-a-lesbian-is-not-a-political-choice/">"Being a lesbian is not a political choice"</a>. <i>The Queerness</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Queerness&rft.atitle=Being+a+lesbian+is+not+a+political+choice&rft.date=2016-01-30&rft.au=Stephanie+Farnsworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthequeerness.com%2F2016%2F01%2F30%2Fbeing-a-lesbian-is-not-a-political-choice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHessLangfordRoss1980" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Katharine; Langford, Jean; Ross, Kathy (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feminist-reprise.org/docs/feminism_first_english.pdf"><i>Feminismo Primero: Un Ensayo Sobre Separatismo Lesbiano / Feminism First: An Essay on Lesbian Separatism</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Seattle, Washington: Tsunami Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminismo+Primero%3A+Un+Ensayo+Sobre+Separatismo+Lesbiano+%2F+Feminism+First%3A+An+Essay+on+Lesbian+Separatism&rft.place=Seattle%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Tsunami+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rft.au=Langford%2C+Jean&rft.au=Ross%2C+Kathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeminist-reprise.org%2Fdocs%2Ffeminism_first_english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Revolutionary Lesbians: "How to Stop Choking to Death Or: Separatism," 1971, in, "For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology," ed. Hoagland, Sarah Lucia, and Julia Penelope. p. 22-24. Onlywomen Press, 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Blasius, Shane Phelan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B_tMFSkHzr8C&pg=PA352">We are everywhere: a historical sourcebook in gay and lesbian politics</a>, Routledge, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-90859-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-90859-0">0-415-90859-0</a> p. 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vern L. Bullough <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7x_VnES2esC&pg=PA160">Before Stonewall: activists for gay and lesbian rights in historical context</a>, Routledge, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56023-193-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56023-193-9">1-56023-193-9</a> p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clendinen2001-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clendinen2001_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clendinen2001_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clendinen2001_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudley Clendinen, Adam Nagourney <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zRFBGTSgoUC&pg=PA104">Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America</a>, Simon & Schuster, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-86743-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-86743-5">0-684-86743-5</a>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonnie Zimmerman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0EUoCrFolGcC&pg=PA322">Lesbian histories and cultures: an encyclopedia</a> Garland Pub., 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1920-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1920-7">0-8153-1920-7</a>, p. 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Penny_A._Weiss" title="Penny A. Weiss">Penny A. Weiss</a>, Marilyn Friedman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63J-U6N2THYC&pg=PA131">Feminism and community</a>, Temple University Press, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-277-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-277-2">1-56639-277-2</a> p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Bunch</a> (1972). "Lesbians in Revolt: Male Supremacy Quakes and Quivers".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Flora. Moving the Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960, University of Illinois Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06782-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06782-7">0-252-06782-7</a>, p271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunch_1972,_pp.8-9-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bunch_1972,_pp.8-9_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunch_1972,_pp.8-9_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bunch, Charlotte/The Furies Collective, "Lesbians in Revolt", in <i>The Furies: Lesbian/Feminist Monthly</i>, vol. 1, January 1972, pp.8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bunch, Charlotte. (November 1976). <i>Learning from Lesbian Separatism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ms._(magazine)" title="Ms. (magazine)">Ms.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hewitt2010-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hewitt2010_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2010" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Nancy A., ed. (2010). <i>No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism</i>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. pp. 221–245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813547244" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813547244"><bdi>978-0813547244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Permanent+Waves%3A+Recasting+Histories+of+U.S.+Feminism&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=221-245&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0813547244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoagland, Sarah Lucia. (1988). Lesbian Ethics: Towards a New Value. Institute for Lesbian Studies. Palo Alto, California.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tallen, Bette S. <i>Lesbian Separatism: A Historical and Comparative Perspective</i>, in <i>For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology</i>, <a href="/wiki/Onlywomen_Press" title="Onlywomen Press">Onlywomen Press</a>, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906500-28-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-906500-28-1">0-906500-28-1</a>, p141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faderman_Oddp220-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faderman_Oddp220_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faderman_Oddp220_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaderman1991" class="citation book cs1">Faderman, Lillian (1991). <i>Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America</i> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231074883" title="Special:BookSources/0231074883"><bdi>0231074883</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/90026327">90026327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odd+Girls+and+Twilight+Lovers%3A+A+History+of+Lesbian+Life+in+Twentieth-Century+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=220&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F90026327&rft.isbn=0231074883&rft.aulast=Faderman&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~religion/newifo/religions/paganism/index/goddess/essay.shtml">Empowering the Goddess Within</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212231957/http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~religion/newifo/religions/paganism/index/goddess/essay.shtml">Archived</a> 2012-02-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, by Jessica Alton</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1754">Goddesses and Witches: Liberation and Countercultural Feminism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026140651/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1754">Archived</a> 2014-10-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, by Rosemary Ruether</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2009" class="citation news cs1">Kershaw, Sarah (January 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/01/fashion/01womyn.html">"My Sister's Keeper"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York, NY: New York University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queer+Theory%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Jagose&rft.aufirst=Annamarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epdf.tips/beginning-theory-an-introduction-to-literary-and-cultural-theoryfea4da5066aae1ce40d2a8b0b9fda54337638.html">"Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory - PDF Free Download"</a>. <i>epdf.tips</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epdf.tips&rft.atitle=Beginning+Theory%3A+An+Introduction+to+Literary+and+Cultural+Theory+-+PDF+Free+Download&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepdf.tips%2Fbeginning-theory-an-introduction-to-literary-and-cultural-theoryfea4da5066aae1ce40d2a8b0b9fda54337638.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sullivan2003-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan2003_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2003" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Nikki (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eB6meILZ4toC&q=Sheila+Jeffries+butch+femme+heterosexual"><i>Critical Introduction to Queer Theory</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748615971" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748615971"><bdi>978-0748615971</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240822094244/https://books.google.com/books?id=eB6meILZ4toC&q=Sheila+Jeffries+butch+femme+heterosexual">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Introduction+to+Queer+Theory&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0748615971&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Nikki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeB6meILZ4toC%26q%3DSheila%2BJeffries%2Bbutch%2Bfemme%2Bheterosexual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeffreys2003-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jeffreys2003_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys2003" class="citation book cs1">Jeffreys, Sheila (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unpackingqueerpo00jeff"><i>Unpacking Queer Politics: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Polity_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Polity Press">Polity Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745628370" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745628370"><bdi>978-0745628370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unpacking+Queer+Politics%3A+A+Lesbian+Feminist+Perspective&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0745628370&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funpackingqueerpo00jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faderman1992JHS-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faderman1992JHS_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faderman1992JHS_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaderman1992" class="citation journal cs1">Faderman, Lillian (1992). "The Return of Butch and Femme: A Phenomenon in Lesbian Sexuality of the 1980s and 1990s". <i>Journal of the History of Sexuality</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 578–596. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4070">1043-4070</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3704264">3704264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+Butch+and+Femme%3A+A+Phenomenon+in+Lesbian+Sexuality+of+the+1980s+and+1990s&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=578-596&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3704264%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1043-4070&rft.aulast=Faderman&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1989NWSA-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith1989NWSA_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1989" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Elizabeth (1989). "Butches, Femmes, And Feminists: The Politics Of Lesbian Sexuality". <i>NWSA Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NWSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Butches%2C+Femmes%2C+And+Feminists%3A+The+Politics+Of+Lesbian+Sexuality&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FadermanOdd_pg210-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FadermanOdd_pg210_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaderman1991" class="citation book cs1">Faderman, Lilian (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpBdCl-I_oUC&q=odd+girls+and+twilight+lovers"><i>Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America</i></a>. New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231074889" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231074889"><bdi>978-0231074889</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22906565">22906565</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240822094749/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpBdCl-I_oUC&q=odd+girls+and+twilight+lovers#v=snippet&q=odd%20girls%20and%20twilight%20lovers&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odd+Girls+and+Twilight+Lovers%3A+A+History+of+Lesbian+Life+in+Twentieth-Century+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22906565&rft.isbn=978-0231074889&rft.aulast=Faderman&rft.aufirst=Lilian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpBdCl-I_oUC%26q%3Dodd%2Bgirls%2Band%2Btwilight%2Blovers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span> p.210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoueSajatovic2004" class="citation book cs1">Loue, Sana; Sajatovic, Martha, eds. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Women's Health</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_w3z3/page/363">363</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-48073-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-48073-5"><bdi>0-306-48073-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women%27s+Health&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-306-48073-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2004" class="citation news cs1">Rubin, Gayle (Spring 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327070824/http://www.leatherarchives.org/resources/issue21.pdf">"Samois"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Leather Times</i>. pp. 3–7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leatherarchives.org/resources/issue21.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leather+Times&rft.atitle=Samois&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=3-7&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Gayle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leatherarchives.org%2Fresources%2Fissue21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1986" class="citation journal cs1">Rich, B. Ruby (1986). "Review: Feminism and Sexuality in the 1980s". <i><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Studies" title="Feminist Studies">Feminist Studies</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>. <b>12</b> (3): 525–561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3177911">10.2307/3177911</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0046-3663">0046-3663</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177911">3177911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Studies&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Feminism+and+Sexuality+in+the+1980s&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=525-561&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0046-3663&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3177911%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3177911&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=B.+Ruby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span> Reviewed Works: Heresies: "Sex Issue." No. 12, 1981 ; Coming to Power: Writings and Graphics on Lesbian S/M by Samois; Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis by Robin Ruth Linden, Darlene R. Pagano, Diana E. H. Russell, Susan Leigh Star; Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality by Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, Sharon Thompson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarneMiller1996" class="citation book cs1">Harne, Lynne; Miller, Elaine, eds. (1996). "Bisexuality as Backlash (Sue Wilkinson)". <i>All the Rage: Reasserting Radical Lesbian Feminism</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Teachers_College_Press" title="Teachers College Press">Teachers College Press</a>. pp. 75–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807762851" title="Special:BookSources/9780807762851"><bdi>9780807762851</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35202923">35202923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bisexuality+as+Backlash+%28Sue+Wilkinson%29&rft.btitle=All+the+Rage%3A+Reasserting+Radical+Lesbian+Feminism&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=75-89&rft.pub=Teachers+College+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35202923&rft.isbn=9780807762851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/iwa/findingaids/html/CommonlIves.html">Common Lives/Lesbian Lives Records, Iowa Women's Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City, Iowa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821003341/http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/iwa/findingaids/html/CommonlIves.html">Archived</a> August 21, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerstner2006" class="citation book cs1">Gerstner, David A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XS_SnVPixE8C&q=%22bisexual+feminism%22&pg=PA82"><i>Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture</i></a>. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 82–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30651-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30651-5"><bdi>978-0-415-30651-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+International+Encyclopedia+of+Queer+Culture&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=82-3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30651-5&rft.aulast=Gerstner&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXS_SnVPixE8C%26q%3D%2522bisexual%2Bfeminism%2522%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bindel-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bindel_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindel2012" class="citation news cs1">Bindel, Julie (June 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/julie-bindel/where-is-the-politics-in-_b_1589435.html">"Where's the Politics in Sex?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Albany, New York: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438454399" title="Special:BookSources/9781438454399"><bdi>9781438454399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Bridge+Called+My+Back&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781438454399&rft.aulast=Moraga&rft.aufirst=Cherr%C3%ADe&rft.au=Anzald%C3%BAa%2C+Gloria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph,_G._I.Lewis,_J.1986" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, G. I.; Lewis, J. (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commondifference0000jose"><i>Common Differences: Conflicts in Black and White Feminist Perspectives</i></a></span>. South End Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commondifference0000jose/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-317-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-317-2"><bdi>978-0-89608-317-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Differences%3A+Conflicts+in+Black+and+White+Feminist+Perspectives&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-89608-317-2&rft.au=Joseph%2C+G.+I.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommondifference0000jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloan-Hunter1988" class="citation book cs1">Sloan-Hunter, Margaret (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forlesbiansonly00sara"><i>The Issue is Woman Identification, in For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology</i></a>. Onlywomen Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906500-28-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906500-28-6"><bdi>978-0-906500-28-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Issue+is+Woman+Identification%2C+in+For+Lesbians+Only%3A+A+Separatist+Anthology&rft.pub=Onlywomen+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-906500-28-6&rft.aulast=Sloan-Hunter&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforlesbiansonly00sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isreview.org/issue/91/black-feminism-and-intersectionality">"Black feminism and intersectionality | International Socialist Review"</a>. <i>isreview.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566398725" title="Special:BookSources/9781566398725"><bdi>9781566398725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+American+Queer+History&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=9781566398725&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Allida+Mae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ8ZaIoiRW4YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090313153415/https://english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/feminist.htm">"Audre Lorde on Being a Black Lesbian Feminist"</a>. <i>Modern American Poetry</i>. Department of English | <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/feminist.htm">the original</a> on March 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+American+Poetry&rft.atitle=Audre+Lorde+on+Being+a+Black+Lesbian+Feminist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english.illinois.edu%2Fmaps%2Fpoets%2Fg_l%2Florde%2Ffeminist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1999" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Pat (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expandededitiono00park"><i>Movement in Black</i></a>. Firebrand Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1563411083" title="Special:BookSources/978-1563411083"><bdi>978-1563411083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Movement+in+Black&rft.pub=Firebrand+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1563411083&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpandededitiono00park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elixher.com/heritage-pat-parker/">"HERitage: Pat Parker"</a>. <i>ELIXHER</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ELIXHER&rft.atitle=HERitage%3A+Pat+Parker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felixher.com%2Fheritage-pat-parker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarableMullings2000" class="citation book cs1">Marable, Manning; Mullings, Leith, eds. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letnobodyturnusa00mann"><i>Let Nobody Turn Us Around: Voices of Resistance, Reform, and Renewal</i></a></span>. Rowman and Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letnobodyturnusa00mann/page/524">524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8346-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8346-8"><bdi>978-0-8476-8346-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+Nobody+Turn+Us+Around%3A+Voices+of+Resistance%2C+Reform%2C+and+Renewal&rft.pages=524&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8346-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fletnobodyturnusa00mann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westerband-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Westerband_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesterband2008" class="citation web cs1">Westerband, Yamissette (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/lesbians-20th-century/lesbian-feminism">"Lesbian Feminism, 1960s and 1970s"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/OutHistory" title="OutHistory">OutHistory</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OutHistory&rft.atitle=Lesbian+Feminism%2C+1960s+and+1970s&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Westerband&rft.aufirst=Yamissette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fouthistory.org%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Flesbians-20th-century%2Flesbian-feminism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrmannStewart1994" class="citation book cs1">Herrmann, Anne C.; Stewart, Abigail J., eds. (1994). "The Combahee River Collective Statement". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theorizingfemini00herr"><i>Theorizing Feminism: Parallel Trends in the Humanities and Social Sciences</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Boulder, Colorado: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theorizingfemini00herr/page/n43">29</a>–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-8705-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-8705-1"><bdi>0-8133-8705-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30068049">30068049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Combahee+River+Collective+Statement&rft.btitle=Theorizing+Feminism%3A+Parallel+Trends+in+the+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=29-37&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30068049&rft.isbn=0-8133-8705-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheorizingfemini00herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenstein1978" class="citation web cs1">Eisenstein, Zillah (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182826/http://circuitous.org/scraps/combahee.html">"The Combahee River Collective Statement"</a>. <i>circuitous.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://circuitous.org/scraps/combahee.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=circuitous.org&rft.atitle=The+Combahee+River+Collective+Statement&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Eisenstein&rft.aufirst=Zillah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcircuitous.org%2Fscraps%2Fcombahee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeemyn2014" class="citation book cs1">Beemyn, Genny (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_rvcAwAAQBAJ"><i>A Queer Capital: A History of Gay Life in Washington</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81938-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81938-7"><bdi>978-1-317-81938-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Queer+Capital%3A+A+History+of+Gay+Life+in+Washington&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81938-7&rft.aulast=Beemyn&rft.aufirst=Genny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_rvcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2004" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Roderick A. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aberrationsinbla0000ferg"><i>Aberrations in Black: Toward a Queer of Color Critique</i></a></span>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4129-1"><bdi>978-0-8166-4129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aberrations+in+Black%3A+Toward+a+Queer+of+Color+Critique&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4129-1&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Roderick+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faberrationsinbla0000ferg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefeministwire.com/2012/02/introducing-aishah-shahidah-simmons/">"Introducing: Aishah Shahidah Simmons - The Feminist Wire"</a>. <i>The Feminist Wire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Feminist+Wire&rft.atitle=Introducing%3A+Aishah+Shahidah+Simmons+-+The+Feminist+Wire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefeministwire.com%2F2012%2F02%2Fintroducing-aishah-shahidah-simmons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413061313/http://notherapedocumentary.org/aishah-shahidah-simmons-bio">"NO! The Rape DocumentaryAishah Shahidah Simmons Biographical Sketch | NO! The Rape Documentary"</a>. <i>notherapedocumentary.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notherapedocumentary.org/aishah-shahidah-simmons-bio">the original</a> on 2015-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=notherapedocumentary.org&rft.atitle=NO%21+The+Rape+DocumentaryAishah+Shahidah+Simmons+Biographical+Sketch+%7C+NO%21+The+Rape+Documentary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnotherapedocumentary.org%2Faishah-shahidah-simmons-bio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsquibel2009" class="citation book cs1">Esquibel, Catriona Rueda (2009). <i>With Her Machete in Her Hand: Reading Chicana Lesbians</i>. University of Texas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Her+Machete+in+Her+Hand%3A+Reading+Chicana+Lesbians&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Esquibel&rft.aufirst=Catriona+Rueda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iglesia-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iglesia_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iglesia_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iglesia_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iglesia_108-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iglesia_108-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iglesia_108-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iglesia_108-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToda_Iglesia2010" class="citation journal cs1">Toda Iglesia, Maria Angeles (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Faea.2010.v67.i1.331">"Lesbianismo y literatura chicana: la construcción de una identidad"</a>. <i>Anuario de Estudios Americanos</i>. <b>67</b> (1): 77–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Faea.2010.v67.i1.331">10.3989/aea.2010.v67.i1.331</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anuario+de+Estudios+Americanos&rft.atitle=Lesbianismo+y+literatura+chicana%3A+la+construcci%C3%B3n+de+una+identidad&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-105&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Faea.2010.v67.i1.331&rft.aulast=Toda+Iglesia&rft.aufirst=Maria+Angeles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3989%252Faea.2010.v67.i1.331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThisBridge-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ThisBridge_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThisBridge_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThisBridge_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThisBridge_109-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThisBridge_109-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThisBridge_109-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThisBridge_109-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisbridgecalled00morarich/page/98"><i>This Bridge Called my Back</i></a>. Kitchen Table/Women of Color Press. 1983. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisbridgecalled00morarich/page/98">98–101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913175033" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913175033"><bdi>978-0913175033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Bridge+Called+my+Back&rft.pages=98-101&rft.pub=Kitchen+Table%2FWomen+of+Color+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0913175033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthisbridgecalled00morarich%2Fpage%2F98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2000" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, J, M (2000). <i>Phenomenology of Chicana experience and identity: Communication and transformation in praxis</i>. Rowman & Littlefield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phenomenology+of+Chicana+experience+and+identity%3A+Communication+and+transformation+in+praxis&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=J%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anzaldúa-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anzaldúa_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anzaldúa_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnzaldúaKeating2002" class="citation book cs1">Anzaldúa, Gloria E.; Keating, Analouise, eds. (2002). "Del puente al arco iris: transformando de guerrera a mujer de la paz—From Bridge to Rainbow: Transforming from Warrior to Woman of Peace, by Renee M. Martinez". <i>This Bridge We Call Home: Radical Visions For Transformation</i>. Routledge. pp. 42–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93681-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93681-1"><bdi>978-0-415-93681-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Del+puente+al+arco+iris%3A+transformando+de+guerrera+a+mujer+de+la+paz%E2%80%94From+Bridge+to+Rainbow%3A+Transforming+from+Warrior+to+Woman+of+Peace%2C+by+Renee+M.+Martinez&rft.btitle=This+Bridge+We+Call+Home%3A+Radical+Visions+For+Transformation&rft.pages=42-50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93681-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2017" class="citation web cs1">Barnes, J.J. (July 8, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/07/08/lesbianism-attack-though-not-usual-suspects/">"Lesbianism is under attack, though not by the usual suspects"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Current" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist Current">Feminist Current</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Current&rft.atitle=Lesbianism+is+under+attack%2C+though+not+by+the+usual+suspects&rft.date=2017-07-08&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.feministcurrent.com%2F2017%2F07%2F08%2Flesbianism-attack-though-not-usual-suspects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindel2005" class="citation web cs1">Bindel, Julie (1 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jul/02/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety">"The ugly side of beauty"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+ugly+side+of+beauty&rft.date=2005-07-01&rft.aulast=Bindel&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Fjul%2F02%2Fgender.politicsphilosophyandsociety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span> (Interview with Sheila Jeffreys.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConti2016" class="citation web cs1">Conti, Allie (December 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/jpmdky/whos-killing-the-womens-land-movement">"Who's Killing the Women's Land Movement?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Killing+the+Women%27s+Land+Movement%3F&rft.date=2016-12-18&rft.aulast=Conti&rft.aufirst=Allie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fjpmdky%2Fwhos-killing-the-womens-land-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2016" class="citation web cs1">Cox, Susan (December 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feministcurrent.com/2016/12/26/lesbian-spaces-still-needed-no-matter-what-queer-movement-says/">"Lesbian spaces are still needed, no matter what the queer movement says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Current" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist Current">Feminist Current</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Current&rft.atitle=Lesbian+spaces+are+still+needed%2C+no+matter+what+the+queer+movement+says&rft.date=2016-12-26&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.feministcurrent.com%2F2016%2F12%2F26%2Flesbian-spaces-still-needed-no-matter-what-queer-movement-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDitum2018" class="citation web cs1">Ditum, Sarah (11 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2018/07/why-were-lesbians-protesting-pride-because-lgbt-coalition-leaves-women">"Why were lesbians protesting at Pride? Because the LGBT coalition leaves women behind"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Why+were+lesbians+protesting+at+Pride%3F+Because+the+LGBT+coalition+leaves+women+behind&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.aulast=Ditum&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2Ffeminism%2F2018%2F07%2Fwhy-were-lesbians-protesting-pride-because-lgbt-coalition-leaves-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbir2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Elbir, Dilara (17 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwlies.com/articles/why-films-about-lesbian-characters-should-be-called-lesbian-films/">"Why films about lesbian characters should be called lesbian films"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Little_White_Lies_(magazine)" title="Little White Lies (magazine)">Little White Lies</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Little+White+Lies&rft.atitle=Why+films+about+lesbian+characters+should+be+called+lesbian+films&rft.date=2019-09-17&rft.aulast=Elbir&rft.aufirst=Dilara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwlies.com%2Farticles%2Fwhy-films-about-lesbian-characters-should-be-called-lesbian-films%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2018" class="citation news cs1">Fleming, Pippa (July 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/07/03/the-gender-identity-movement-undermines-lesbians">"The gender-identity movement undermines lesbians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+gender-identity+movement+undermines+lesbians&rft.date=2018-07-03&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fopen-future%2F2018%2F07%2F03%2Fthe-gender-identity-movement-undermines-lesbians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeuchan2017" class="citation web cs1">Heuchan, Claire (February 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sisteroutrider.wordpress.com/2017/02/22/lezbehonest-about-queer-politics-erasing-lesbian-women/">"Lezbehonest about Queer Politics Erasing Lesbian Women"</a>. <i>Sister Outrider</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sister+Outrider&rft.atitle=Lezbehonest+about+Queer+Politics+Erasing+Lesbian+Women&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft.aulast=Heuchan&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsisteroutrider.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F02%2F22%2Flezbehonest-about-queer-politics-erasing-lesbian-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span> (<i>Sister Outrider</i> received the 2016 Best Blog award from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421103135/https://www.edinburghguide.com/news/activism/17659-winnersannouncedforthewritetoendviolenceagainstwomenawards2016">Write to End Violence Against Women</a>.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkup2018" class="citation news cs1">Kirkup, James (16 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2018/05/the-silencing-of-the-lesbians/">"The silencing of the lesbians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+silencing+of+the+lesbians&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft.aulast=Kirkup&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.spectator.co.uk%2F2018%2F05%2Fthe-silencing-of-the-lesbians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirts2023" class="citation web cs1">Kirts, Leo (November 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.them.us/story/historic-lesbian-cafes-ingredients-for-revolution-tender">"Inside the Historic Lesbian Cafes That Fed the Feminist Movement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Them_(website)" title="Them (website)">them</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=them&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Historic+Lesbian+Cafes+That+Fed+the+Feminist+Movement&rft.date=2023-11-22&rft.aulast=Kirts&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.them.us%2Fstory%2Fhistoric-lesbian-cafes-ingredients-for-revolution-tender&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObinwanne2016" class="citation web cs1">Obinwanne, Ashley (April 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lesbiansovereverything.com/why-im-a-lesbian-not-queer/">"Why I'm a Lesbian (Not Queer)"</a>. <i>Lesbians Over Everything</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lesbians+Over+Everything&rft.atitle=Why+I%27m+a+Lesbian+%28Not+Queer%29&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft.aulast=Obinwanne&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flesbiansovereverything.com%2Fwhy-im-a-lesbian-not-queer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOLOC_Boston_(Old_Lesbians_Organizing_for_Change)2016" class="citation web cs1">OLOC Boston (Old Lesbians Organizing for Change) (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190622150502/https://www.theproudtrust.org/resources/research-and-guidance-by-other-organisations/lesbian-erasure-oloc-boston/">"Erasing Lesbians"</a>. <i>The Proud Trust</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theproudtrust.org/resources/research-and-guidance-by-other-organisations/lesbian-erasure-oloc-boston/">the original</a> on 2019-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Proud+Trust&rft.atitle=Erasing+Lesbians&rft.date=2016&rft.au=OLOC+Boston+%28Old+Lesbians+Organizing+for+Change%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theproudtrust.org%2Fresources%2Fresearch-and-guidance-by-other-organisations%2Flesbian-erasure-oloc-boston%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span> (.docx file format can be converted to .pdf)</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Books and journals</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2016" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Ruth, ed. (2016). <i>Female Erasure: What You Need To Know About Gender Politics' War on Women, the Female Sex and Human Rights</i> (1st ed.). California: Tidal Time Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0997146707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0997146707"><bdi>978-0997146707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+Erasure%3A+What+You+Need+To+Know+About+Gender+Politics%27+War+on+Women%2C+the+Female+Sex+and+Human+Rights&rft.place=California&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Tidal+Time+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0997146707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Miller_Gearhart" title="Sally Miller Gearhart">Gearhart, Sally Miller</a>. (1972). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wpPvO-Jtb1UC&dq=%22All+the+Church+Needs+Is+a+Good+Lay+%E2%80%94+On+Its+Side%2C%22&pg=PA57">The Lesbian and God-the-Father, or, All the Church Needs Is a Good Lay ... On Its Side</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486475127" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486475127">978-0486475127</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Johnston" title="Jill Johnston">Johnston, Jill</a>. (1973). <i><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Nation:_The_Feminist_Solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution">Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671214330" title="Special:BookSources/0671214330">0671214330</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Martin_and_Phyllis_Lyon" title="Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon">Martin, Del; Lyon, Phyllis</a>. (1972). <i><a href="/wiki/Lesbian/Woman" title="Lesbian/Woman">Lesbian/Woman</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0912078200" title="Special:BookSources/0912078200">0912078200</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHughJohnson-GrauSher2014" class="citation book cs1">McHugh, Kathleen A.; Johnson-Grau, Brenda; Sher, Ben Raphael, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MakingInvisibleHistoriesVisibleTheJuneL.MazerLesbianArchive"><i>The June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives: Making Invisible Histories Visible</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/UCLA_Center_for_the_Study_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA Center for the Study of Women">UCLA Center for the Study of Women</a> (<a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Regents of the University of California">Regents of the University of California</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-99084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-99084-2"><bdi>978-0-615-99084-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+June+L.+Mazer+Lesbian+Archives%3A+Making+Invisible+Histories+Visible&rft.pub=UCLA+Center+for+the+Study+of+Women+%28Regents+of+the+University+of+California%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-615-99084-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMakingInvisibleHistoriesVisibleTheJuneL.MazerLesbianArchive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Morgan, Robin</a>, ed. (1970). "The Least of These: The Minority Whose Screams Haven't Yet Been Heard", by Gene Damon (aka <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grier" title="Barbara Grier">Barbara Grier</a>). p. 297. <i><a href="/wiki/Sisterhood_Is_Powerful" title="Sisterhood Is Powerful">Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement</a></i>. Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394705394" title="Special:BookSources/0394705394">0394705394</a>.</li> <li>Morgan, Robin, ed. (1970). "Notes of A Radical Lesbian", by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Shelley" title="Martha Shelley">Martha Shelley</a>. p. 306. <i><a href="/wiki/Sisterhood_Is_Powerful" title="Sisterhood Is Powerful">Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement</a></i>. Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394705394" title="Special:BookSources/0394705394">0394705394</a>.</li> <li>Morgan, Robin, ed. (2003). "Confessions of a Worrywart: Ruminations on a Lesbian Feminist Overview", by <a href="/wiki/Karla_Jay" title="Karla Jay">Karla Jay</a>. p. 212. <i><a href="/wiki/Sisterhood_Is_Forever" title="Sisterhood Is Forever">Sisterhood is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium</a></i>. Washington Square Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743466271" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743466271">978-0743466271</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_J._Morris" title="Bonnie J. Morris">Morris, Bonnie J.</a> (2016). <i>The Disappearing L: Erasure of Lesbian Spaces and Culture</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438461779" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438461779"><bdi>978-1438461779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disappearing+L%3A+Erasure+of+Lesbian+Spaces+and+Culture&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1438461779&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Bonnie+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALesbian+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Russ" title="Joanna Russ">Russ, Joanna</a>. (1972). "<a href="/wiki/When_It_Changed" title="When It Changed">When It Changed</a>". (Ellison, Harlan, ed. (1972). <i>Again, Dangerous Visions: 46 Original Stories</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385079532" title="Special:BookSources/0385079532">0385079532</a>.)</li> <li>Russ, Joanna. (1975). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Female_Man" title="The Female Man">The Female Man</a></i>. Bantam Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0553111752" title="Special:BookSources/0553111752">0553111752</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Barbara, ed. (1983). <i>Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology</i>. Kitchen Table/Women of Color. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913175194" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913175194">978-0913175194</a>. (A collection of Black lesbian and Black feminist writing.)</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Miscellaneous</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Anonymous Realesbians (1971). "Politicalesbians and the Women's Liberation Movement".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis" title="Daughters of Bilitis">Daughters of Bilitis</a> (1971). "The Lesbian Newsletter".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_de_la_tierra" title="Tatiana de la tierra">de la tierra, tatiana</a> (1991–1994). <i><a href="/wiki/Esto_no_tiene_nombre_(magazine)" title="Esto no tiene nombre (magazine)">Esto no tiene nombre</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_de_la_tierra" title="Tatiana de la tierra">de la tierra, tatiana</a> (1995–1996). "<i><a href="/wiki/Conmoci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Conmoción">Conmoción</a></i>: <i>revista y red revolucionaria de lesbianas latinas"</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Dworkin, Andrea</a> (1975). "Lesbian Pride".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Dworkin, Andrea</a> (1977). "The Simple Story of a Lesbian Girlhood".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Furies_Collective" title="The Furies Collective">The Furies Collective</a>. <i>The Furies</i>. (January 1972 until mid-1973).</li> <li>Lesbian Group (1975). "1975 Conference Report".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Del Martin">Martin, Del</a> (1970). "If That's All There Is".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalesbians" title="Radicalesbians">Radicalesbians</a> (1970). "<a href="/wiki/The_Woman-Identified_Woman" title="The Woman-Identified Woman">The Woman Identified Woman</a>". Notes from the "Third Year".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_R%C3%BCling" title="Anna Rüling">Rüling, Anna</a> (1904). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051120022127/http://undelete.org/library/library020.html">What Interest does the Women's Movement have in Solving the Homosexual Problem?</a>".</li> <li>Wing, Adrien Katherine (2003). "Critical race feminism".</li> <li>Womankind (1972). "Lesbian Mothers and Their Children".</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_feminism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/lesbian_feminism_S.pdf"><i>Lesbian Feminism</i></a> by Elise Chenier, <a href="/wiki/Glbtq.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Glbtq.com">GLBTQ Encyclopedia archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041216211643/http://womens-studies.osu.edu/araw/1970slf.htm"><i>1970s Lesbian Feminism</i></a> at Department of Women's Studies, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> (archive)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seesaw.typepad.com/dykeaquarterly/"><i>Dyke, A Quarterly</i></a>, published 1975–1979 (annotated archive, live website)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/rwg/letter">Radical Women in Gainesville</a> collection at <a href="/wiki/George_A._Smathers_Libraries" title="George A. Smathers Libraries">George A. Smathers Libraries</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070111091210/http://homepage.mac.com/deidremc/index.html">Sarah Lucia Hoagland</a> website at <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Illinois_University" title="Northeastern Illinois University">Northeastern Illinois University</a> (archive)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ" title="Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ" title="Template talk:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">LGBTQ topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Academic_fields_*_Discourse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines" title="Outline of academic disciplines">Academic fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Education and the LGBTQ community">LGBTQ topics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_literature" title="Gay literature">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_literature" title="Lesbian literature">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_psychology" title="LGBTQ psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Community_*_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay anthem">Anthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_awards" title="List of LGBTQ-related awards">Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_literary_awards" title="List of LGBTQ literary awards">Literary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_bar" title="Lesbian bar">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">Bisexual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community_centre" title="LGBTQ community centre">Community centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_king" title="Drag king">Drag king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">Drag queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_film_festivals" title="List of LGBTQ film festivals">Film festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay-friendly" title="Gay-friendly">Gay-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_icon" title="Gay icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_music" title="LGBTQ music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBT-related_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of LGBT-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Portrayal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of LGBTQ-related organizations and conferences">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Lists of LGBTQ people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pets_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Pets and the LGBTQ community">Pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Pride parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">Religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gay_Rodeo_Association" title="International Gay Rodeo Association">Rodeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slogans" title="LGBTQ slogans">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_modern_sports" title="Homosexuality in modern sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_theatre" title="LGBTQ theatre">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_theatre_companies" title="List of LGBTQ theatre companies">Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaysper" title="Gaysper">Gaysper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_plaque" title="Rainbow plaque">Rainbow plaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Pride flags</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromantic_flag" title="Aromantic flag">Aromantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexual_flag" title="Asexual flag">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_flag_(gay_culture)" title="Bear flag (gay culture)">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_flag" title="Bisexual flag">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_flag_of_South_Africa" title="Gay flag of South Africa">Gay flag of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men%27s_flags" title="Gay men's flags">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_flag" title="Intersex flag">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_flags" title="Lesbian flags">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_flag" title="Non-binary flag">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexual_flag" title="Pansexual flag">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT)">Rainbow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_crossing" title="Rainbow crossing">Rainbow crossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Gender_identities_*_Sexual_identities_*_Sexual_diversities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversities</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gender_identity" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyby" title="Theyby">Theyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womxn" title="Womxn">Womxn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenogender" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenogender">Xenogender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third sex / Third gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Balkan sworn virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissu">Bissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexual_orientations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">Sexual minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom (gender identity)">Tom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dee_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee (gender identity)">Dee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_acronyms" title="List of LGBTQ acronyms">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">Effeminacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_target_location_error" title="Erotic target location error">Erotic target location error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Gender and sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_men" title="Sexual practices between men">Sexual practices between men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ally" title="Straight ally">Straight ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomboy" title="Tomboy">Tomboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_women" title="Sexual practices between women">Sexual practices between women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">History of gay men in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">History of lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Social movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">History of Christianity and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">History of same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">Category:LGBTQ history</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">Adelphopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">pre-Columbian Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_19th_century" title="LGBT rights in the 19th century">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molly_house" title="Molly house">Molly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_377" title="Section 377">Section 377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Forty-One" title="Dance of the Forty-One">Dance of the Forty-One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_scandal" title="Cadet scandal">Cadet scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee" title="Florida Legislative Investigation Committee">Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_queen" title="Sea queen">Sea queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_code" title="Handkerchief code">Handkerchief code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Gay_Liberation_Front_1971_Festival_of_Light_action" title="UK Gay Liberation Front 1971 Festival of Light action">Festival of Light action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Night_riots" title="White Night riots">White Night riots</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_homosexuel_d%27action_r%C3%A9volutionnaire" title="Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire">Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977%E2%80%931980_Florida_orange_juice_boycott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977–1980 Florida orange juice boycott (page does not exist)">Florida orange juice boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Soap" title="Operation Soap">Operation Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28" title="Section 28">Section 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasty_nightclub_raid" title="Tasty nightclub raid">Tasty nightclub raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Abanicos_police_raid" title="Bar Abanicos police raid">Bar Abanicos police raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline of same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Russian anti-LGBT law">Russian anti-LGBT law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014" title="Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014">Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_wave" title="Rainbow wave">Rainbow wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Night" title="Rainbow Night">Rainbow Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Rights_and_legal_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights and legal issues</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights by country or territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_articles_by_region" title="List of LGBTQ rights articles by region">List of LGBTQ rights articles by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ rights topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">Censorship of LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil unions and partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">decriminalization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" title="LGBT people and military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Same-sex parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBT people">Assisted reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_same-sex_married_couples" title="List of same-sex married couples">List of couples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">United Nations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ rights movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">LGBTQ rights groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_activists" title="List of LGBTQ rights activists">LGBTQ rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_capitalism" title="Rainbow capitalism">Rainbow capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Separatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_separatism" title="Gay separatism">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian separatism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="Sexual_orientation_—_Medicine,_science_and_sexology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> — Medicine, science and sexology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">Autism and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_birth_order_and_male_sexual_orientation" title="Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Disability and LGBTQ identities">Disability and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_DSM" title="Homosexuality in the DSM">Homosexuality in the DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_sexual_orientation" title="Neuroscience and sexual orientation">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_hormones_and_sexual_orientation" title="Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation">Prenatal hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_inversion_(sexology)" title="Sexual inversion (sexology)">Sexual inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual orientation identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Societal_attitudes_*_Prejudice_*_Violence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></li> <li>Prejudice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBTQ)" title="Pinkwashing (LGBTQ)">Pinkwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">Gay panic defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_of_LGBTQ_people" title="List of suicides of LGBTQ people">Suicides of LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide among LGBTQ youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:LGBTQ monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerbaiting" title="Queerbaiting">Queerbaiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prejudice and discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal homophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_lesbians" title="Discrimination against lesbians">Discrimination against lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Discrimination against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle_scale" title="Riddle scale">Riddle scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">History of violence in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States">History of violence in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="List of acts of violence against LGBTQ people">Acts of violence against LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Unlawfully killed transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> 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