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<ul id="toc-Biblical_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Religious reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_the_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_the_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Book of the Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_the_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophets_and_King_Josiah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophets_and_King_Josiah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Prophets and King Josiah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophets_and_King_Josiah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Josiah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josia" title="Josia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Josia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7" title="يوشيا ملك يهوذا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوشيا ملك يهوذا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Іасія (цар іўдзейскі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іасія (цар іўдзейскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshia" title="Yoshia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yoshia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josies" title="Josies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Josies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3%C5%A1ij%C3%A1%C5%A1" title="Jóšijáš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jóšijáš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josija" title="Josija – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Josija" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joschija" title="Joschija – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joschija" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιωσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιωσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%ADas_de_Jud%C3%A1" title="Josías de Judá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Josías de Judá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="یوشیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوشیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josias" title="Josias – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Josias" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josj%C3%ADa_fan_Juda" title="Josjía fan Juda – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Josjía fan Juda" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yok-s%C3%AE-%C3%A2-v%C3%B2ng" title="Yok-sî-â-vòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yok-sî-â-vòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84" title="요시아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요시아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जोशीया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जोशीया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1ija" title="Jošija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jošija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosia" title="Yosia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yosia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giosia" title="Giosia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giosia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95" title="יאשיהו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יאשיהו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosia" title="Yosia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yosia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosias_(rex)" title="Iosias (rex) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosias (rex)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1ijas" title="Jošijas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jošijas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3si%C3%A1s_j%C3%BAdai_kir%C3%A1ly" title="Jósiás júdai király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jósiás júdai király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јосија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јосија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B4sia_(mpanjakan%27_i_Jod%C3%A0)" title="Jôsia (mpanjakan' i Jodà) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jôsia (mpanjakan' i Jodà)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE" title="ജോസിയാ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോസിയാ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7" title="يوشيا ملك يهوذا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوشيا ملك يهوذا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosia" title="Yosia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yosia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josia" title="Josia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Josia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A4" title="ヨシヤ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨシヤ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josjia_av_Juda" title="Josjia av Juda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Josjia av Juda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81" title="یوسیاہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوسیاہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozjasz" title="Jozjasz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jozjasz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josias" title="Josias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Josias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosia" title="Iosia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iosia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иосия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иосия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Josiah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozi%C3%A1%C5%A1" title="Joziáš – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Joziáš" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јосија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јосија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josija" title="Josija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Josija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josia" title="Josia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Josia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josia" title="Josia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Josia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josias" title="Josias – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Josias" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="โยสิยาห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โยสิยาห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo%C5%9Fiyahu" title="Yoşiyahu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yoşiyahu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Йосія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йосія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81" title="یوسیاہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوسیاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Biblical King of Judah</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Biblical king. For other people of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Josiah_(given_name)" title="Josiah (given name)">Josiah (given name)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Josiah</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%85hus_kyrka-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%C3%85hus_kyrka-12.jpg/200px-%C3%85hus_kyrka-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%C3%85hus_kyrka-12.jpg/300px-%C3%85hus_kyrka-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%C3%85hus_kyrka-12.jpg/400px-%C3%85hus_kyrka-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="2640" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Josiah in a painting by unknown artist in the choir of <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Mary%27s_Church,_%C3%85hus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Mary's Church, Åhus (page does not exist)">St. Mary's Church, Åhus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankta_Maria_kyrka,_%C3%85hus" class="extiw" title="sv:Sankta Maria kyrka, Åhus">sv</a>]</span>, 17th century</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">King of Judah</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">640–609 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 648</span> BCE<br />probably <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a> (July/August) 609 BCE (aged 38–39)<br /><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zebudah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebudah">Zebudah</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hamutal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamutal">Hamutal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johanan,_son_of_Josiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Johanan, son of Josiah">Johanan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amon,_King_of_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="Amon, King of Judah">Amon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jedidah" title="Jedidah">Jedidah</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Josiah</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Yoshiyahu</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the 16th <a href="/wiki/King_of_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Judah">King of Judah</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 640</span>–609 BCE). According to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, he instituted major religious reforms by removing official worship of gods other than <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>. Until the 1990s, the biblical description of Josiah’s reforms were usually considered to be more or less accurate, but that is now heavily debated.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Bible, Josiah became king of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> at the age of eight, after the assassination of his father, King <a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a> and reigned for 31 years, from 641/640 to 610/609 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Josiah is known only from biblical texts; no reference to him exists in other surviving texts of the period from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, and no clear archaeological evidence, such as inscriptions bearing his name, has ever been found.<sup id="cite_ref-Alpert_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alpert-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a seal bearing the name "<a href="/wiki/Nathan-melech" title="Nathan-melech">Nathan-melech</a>," the name of an administrative official under King Josiah according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%2023:11&version=nrsv">2 Kings 23:11</a>, dating to the 7th century BCE, was found <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a> in an archeological site in Jerusalem. The discoverers believe this seal represents the individual mentioned in 2 Kings 23:11.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendel_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars believe that Josiah existed historically.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_narrative">Biblical narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biblical narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bible describes him as a righteous king, a king who "walked in all the way of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> his father, and turned not aside to the right hand or to the left" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#22:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Kings">2 Kings 22:2</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Chronicles#34:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Chronicles">2 Chronicles 34:2</a>). He is also one of the kings mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogy of Jesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Matthew%27s_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew's gospel">Matthew's gospel</a>, one of the two genealogies of Jesus in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:10" title="Matthew 1:10">Matthew 1:10</a>–<a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:11" title="Matthew 1:11">11</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the biblical narrative, Josiah was the son of King <a href="/wiki/Amon,_King_of_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="Amon, King of Judah">Amon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jedidah" title="Jedidah">Jedidah</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Adaiah" title="Adaiah">Adaiah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bozkath" title="Bozkath">Bozkath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-je_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfather <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a> was one of the kings blamed for turning away from the worship of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>. Manasseh adapted the Temple for <a href="/wiki/Idolatrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatrous">idolatrous</a> worship. Josiah's great-grandfather was King <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, a noted reformer also respected by the biblical writers as having "done what was right in the sight of the LORD, as David had done.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Josiah had four sons: <a href="/wiki/Johanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Johanan">Johanan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Eliakim</a> (born c. 634 BCE), whose mother was <a href="/wiki/Zebidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebidah">Zebidah</a> the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Pedaiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedaiah">Pedaiah</a> of Rumah; and <a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Shallum</a> (633/632 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Mattanyahu</a> (c. 618 BCE), whose mother was <a href="/wiki/Hamutal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamutal">Hamutal</a>, the daughter of Jeremiah of <a href="/wiki/Libnah" title="Libnah">Libnah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eliakim had his name changed by Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho</a> of Egypt to <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His third son Shallum succeeded Josiah as king of Judah, under the name <a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shallum was succeeded by Eliakim, under the name <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was succeeded by his own son <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then, Jeconiah was succeeded to the throne by his uncle Mattanyahu, under the name <a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zedekiah was the last king of Judah before the kingdom was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and the people <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">exiled</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_reform">Religious reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Chronicles">Second Book of Chronicles</a> records that Josiah was eight years old when he became king. In the eighth year of his reign, he "began to seek the God of his father David" and in the twelfth year of that reign he began a program of destruction of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baalist</a> altars and images throughout Jerusalem and Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicler" title="The Chronicler">The Chronicler</a> records in detail the execution of this program, whereas the account in 2 Kings begins with the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">temple</a> in Jerusalem, which both accounts say was initiated in the eighteenth year of his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Close-Up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Close-Up.jpg/220px-Close-Up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Close-Up.jpg/330px-Close-Up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Close-Up.jpg/440px-Close-Up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>View of the inner court and House of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Solomon">Temple of Solomon</a> as depicted in a 3-D computer model</figcaption></figure> <p>Josiah ordered the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Priest (Judaism)">High Priest</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilkiah" title="Hilkiah">Hilkiah</a> to use the tax money which had been collected over the years to renovate the temple. While Hilkiah was clearing the treasure room of the Temple he discovered a scroll described in 2 Kings as "the book of the Law",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2 Chronicles as "the book of the Law of the LORD given by <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase <i>sefer ha-torah</i> (ספר התורה) in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b22.htm#8">2 Kings 22:8</a> is identical to the phrase used in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0601.htm#8">Joshua 1:8</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0608.htm#34">8:34</a> to describe the sacred writings that Joshua had received from Moses. The book is not identified in the text as the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and many scholars believe this was either a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a> or a text that became a part of Deuteronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However it has been noted that the story of the repairs to the Temple is based on those ordered by an earlier Judean king, <a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah" title="Jehoash of Judah">Joash</a> (who ruled c. 836 – 796 BCE) in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#12:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Kings">2 Kings 12</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hilkiah brought this scroll to Josiah's attention. Josiah consulted the prophetess <a href="/wiki/Huldah" title="Huldah">Huldah</a>, who assured him that the evil foretold in the document for non-observance of its instructions, would come, but not in his day; "because", she said, "thine heart was tender and thou didst humble thyself before the Lord".<sup id="cite_ref-je_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An assembly of the elders of Judah and Jerusalem and of all the people was called, and Josiah then encouraged the exclusive worship of Yahweh, forbidding all other forms of worship. The instruments and emblems of the worship of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">the host of heaven</a>" were removed from the Jerusalem Temple. Local sanctuaries, or <a href="/wiki/High_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="High Place">High Places</a>, were destroyed, from Beer-sheba in the south to Beth-el and the cities of Samaria in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-je_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josiah had pagan priests executed and even had the bones of the dead priests of Bethel exhumed from their graves and burned on their altars. Josiah also reinstituted the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> celebrations. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Close-Up-Without-Ceiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Close-Up-Without-Ceiling.jpg/300px-Close-Up-Without-Ceiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Close-Up-Without-Ceiling.jpg/450px-Close-Up-Without-Ceiling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Close-Up-Without-Ceiling.jpg/600px-Close-Up-Without-Ceiling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Solomon">Temple of Solomon</a> with ceiling removed as depicted in a 3-D computer model</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Kings%2013:1–3">1 Kings 13:1–3</a> an unnamed "man of God" (sometimes identified as <a href="/wiki/Iddo_(prophet)" title="Iddo (prophet)">Iddo</a>) had prophesied to King <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam</a> of the northern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)</a>, approximately three hundred years earlier, that "a son named Josiah will be born to the house of David" and that he would destroy the altar at <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a>. And the only exception to this destruction was for the grave of an unnamed prophet he found in <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2023:15–19">2 Kings 23:15–19</a>), who had foretold that these religious sites <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam</a> erected would one day be destroyed (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Kings%2013">1 Kings 13</a>). Josiah ordered the double grave of the "man of God" and of the Bethel prophet to be left alone as these prophecies had come true. </p><p>Josiah's reforms are described in two biblical accounts, 2 Kings 22–23, and 2 Chronicles 34–35. They began with the ending of ancient Israelite religious practices, and the astral cults that had become popular in the 8th century, and led to centralisation of worship in Jerusalem, and the destruction of the temple at Bethel.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have rejected the entire historicity of these accounts,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have defended the historical existence of a religious reform under Josiah's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elitzur_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elitzur-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the later account in <a href="/wiki/2_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Chronicles">2 Chronicles</a>, Josiah destroyed altars and images of <a href="/wiki/Pagan_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan god">pagan deities</a> in cities of the tribes of <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">Manasseh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim" title="Tribe of Ephraim">Ephraim</a>, "and <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Simeon" title="Tribe of Simeon">Simeon</a>, as far as <a href="/wiki/Naphtali" title="Naphtali">Naphtali</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Chronicles%2034:6–7">2 Chronicles 34:6–7</a>), which were outside of his kingdom, Judah, and returned the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_of_the_Law">Book of the Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Book of the Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josiah_hearing_the_book_of_the_law.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Josiah_hearing_the_book_of_the_law.jpg/220px-Josiah_hearing_the_book_of_the_law.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Josiah_hearing_the_book_of_the_law.jpg/330px-Josiah_hearing_the_book_of_the_law.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Josiah_hearing_the_book_of_the_law.jpg/440px-Josiah_hearing_the_book_of_the_law.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1693" /></a><figcaption><i>Josiah Hearing the Book of the Law</i> (1873)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> states that the priest <a href="/wiki/Hilkiah" title="Hilkiah">Hilkiah</a> found a "Book of the Law" in the temple during the early stages of Josiah's temple renovation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hilkiah then gave the scroll to his secretary <a href="/wiki/Shaphan" title="Shaphan">Shaphan</a>, who took it to King Josiah. According to the Bible, King Josiah then changed his form of leadership entirely, entering into a new form of covenant with the Lord. He wiped out all of the pagan cults that had formed within his land. He, along with his people, then entered into this new covenant with the Lord to keep the commandments of the Lord.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it was agreed among biblical scholars that this "Book of the Law" was an early version of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a>, but recent biblical scholarship sees it as a largely legendary narrative about one of the earliest stages of the creation of <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomistic</a> work.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">William G. Dever</a>, for example, argues that the Book of the Law was actually composed by orthodox Yahwist priests, who attributed it to the legendary figure of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and then hid it in the Temple, where it would be dramatically discovered; in this way, a "miraculous new Word from <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>" would seem to have appeared, giving Judah a chance to redeem itself and save itself from the advance of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many scholars see the whole core narrative, from Joshua to 2 Kings, as comprising a <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomistic_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomistic History">Deuteronomistic History</a> (DtrH) written during Josiah's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, some recent European theologians even go so far as to posit that most of the Torah and Deuteronomistic History was composed and finalized several centuries later, during the Persian period.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most biblical scholars are coming to believe that the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomistic_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomistic History">Deuteronomistic History</a> was composed using other earlier sources, including a brief chronicle of king's names, age at the beginning of their reign, and their mother's names.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophets_and_King_Josiah">Prophets and King Josiah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prophets and King Josiah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to rabbinic interpretation, <a href="/wiki/Huldah" title="Huldah">Huldah</a> said to the messengers of King Josiah, "Tell the man that sent you to me ..." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2022:15">2 Kings 22:15</a>), indicating by her unceremonious language that for her Josiah was like any other man. The king addressed her, and not Jeremiah, because he thought that women are more easily stirred to pity than men, and that therefore the prophetess would be more likely than Jeremiah to intercede with God in his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huldah was a relative of Jeremiah, both being descendants of Rahab by her marriage with Joshua.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Jeremiah admonished and preached repentance to the men, she did the same to the women.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huldah was not only a prophetess, but taught publicly in the school,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to some teaching especially the oral doctrine. It is doubtful whether "the Gate of Huldah" in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> (Middot 1:3) has any connection with the prophetess Huldah; it may have meant "Cat's Gate"; some scholars, however, associate the gate with Huldah's schoolhouse (Rashi to Kings l.c.).E. C. L. G. </p><p>The prophetic activity of Jeremiah began in the reign of Josiah; he was a contemporary of his relative the prophetess Hulda and of his teacher Zephaniah.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three prophets divided their activity: Hulda spoke to the women and Jeremiah to the men in the street, while Zephaniah preached in the synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Josiah restored the true worship, Jeremiah went to the exiled ten tribes, whom he brought to Israel under the rule of the pious king.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Josiah went to war with Egypt against the prophet's advice, Jeremiah knew that this was an error by the otherwise pious king;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later he bitterly laments the king's death: the fourth chapter of Lamentations beginning with a dirge on Josiah.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Josiah, who foresaw the impending national catastrophe, concealed the Ark and its contents (including Aaron's rod, the vial of <a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">manna</a> and the anointing oil) within a hidden chamber which had been built by <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>] (Tosefta, Sotah, 13a); cf. <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<i>Kereithot</i> 5b) and their whereabouts will remain unknown until, in the Messianic age, the prophet Elijah shall reveal them (Mekhilta l.c.).<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Encyclopedia_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Necho-KnellingStatue_BrooklynMuseum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Necho-KnellingStatue_BrooklynMuseum.png/100px-Necho-KnellingStatue_BrooklynMuseum.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Necho-KnellingStatue_BrooklynMuseum.png/150px-Necho-KnellingStatue_BrooklynMuseum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Necho-KnellingStatue_BrooklynMuseum.png/200px-Necho-KnellingStatue_BrooklynMuseum.png 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When Josiah became king of Judah in about 641/640 BCE, the international situation was in flux. The <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> Empire was beginning to disintegrate, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> had not yet risen to replace it, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> to the west was still recovering from Assyrian rule. In this power vacuum, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was able to govern itself for the time being without foreign intervention. </p><p>In the spring of 609 BCE, Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> led a sizable army up to the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a> to aid the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, which was collapsing under the attacks of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coogan1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coogan1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking the coast route <a href="/wiki/Via_Maris" title="Via Maris">Via Maris</a> into <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> at the head of a large army, consisting mainly of mercenaries; and supported by his Mediterranean fleet along the shore, Necho passed the low tracts of <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharon_plain" title="Sharon plain">Sharon</a>. However, the passage over the ridge of hills which shuts in on the south of the great <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a> was blocked by the Judean army led by Josiah. The reason for Josiah attempting to halt the Egyptian campaign is not known, but he may have considered that the Assyrians and Egyptians were weakened by the death of pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> only a year earlier (610 BCE): Psamtik having been appointed and confirmed by Assyrian kings <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coogan1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coogan1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Books of Chronicles</a>, Necho had not intended to do battle with the Judeans and was confused by Josiah's decision to attack him, supposedly sending a letter saying "what have we done to each other, king of Judah? I am not coming against you this day."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Josiah attempted to block the advance at <a href="/wiki/Megiddo_(place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Megiddo (place)">Megiddo</a>, where a fierce <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(609_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Megiddo (609 BCE)">battle</a> was fought and Josiah was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Necho then joined forces with the Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a> and crossed the Euphrates to lay siege to <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>. The combined forces failed to capture the city, and Necho retreated to northern Syria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Conti_-_Death_of_King_Josiah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Francesco_Conti_-_Death_of_King_Josiah.jpg/220px-Francesco_Conti_-_Death_of_King_Josiah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Francesco_Conti_-_Death_of_King_Josiah.jpg/330px-Francesco_Conti_-_Death_of_King_Josiah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Francesco_Conti_-_Death_of_King_Josiah.jpg/440px-Francesco_Conti_-_Death_of_King_Josiah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Death of king Josiah as illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Conti_(painter)" title="Francesco Conti (painter)">Francesco Conti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are two accounts of Josiah's death in the Bible. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Kings">Second Book of Kings</a> merely states that <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> met Josiah at <a href="/wiki/Megiddo_(place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Megiddo (place)">Megiddo</a> and killed him (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b23.htm#29">2 Kings 23:29</a>), whereas the second book of Chronicles (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b35.htm#20">2 Chronicles 35:20–27</a>) gives a lengthier account and states that Josiah was fatally wounded by Egyptian archers and was brought back to Jerusalem to die. His death in the latter account was attributed to him "not listening to what Necho had said at God's command..." when Necho stated: "What have I to do with you, king of Judah? I am not coming against you today, but against the house with which I am at war; and God has commanded me to hurry. Cease opposing God, who is with me, so that he will not destroy you."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b35.htm#25">2 Chronicles 35:25</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_(prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah (prophet)">Jeremiah</a> wrote a lament for Josiah's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The account in Chronicles is considered unreliable by some scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is based on the description of the death of a different king, Ahab, in 1 Kings, and it meets the Chronicler's religious agenda to attribute the death of a righteous king to some form of sin.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some researchers have concluded from the account in Kings that Josiah did not meet Necho in battle but was summoned by Necho as a vassal, investigated, and beheaded for failing to pay the correct tribute or tax to Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rabbinic Literature remarks on Josiah's piety and his father Amon: "The fact that Amon was the most sinful of all the wicked kings of Judah (II Chron. xxxiii. 23) is brought out in the Talmud (Sanh. 103b) as follows:(Sanh. 104a) Ahaz suspended the sacrificial worship, Manasseh tore down the altar, Amon made it a place of desolation [covered it with cobwebs]; Ahaz sealed up the scrolls of the Law (Isa. viii. 16), Manasseh cut out the sacred name, Amon burnt the scrolls altogether [compare Seder Olam, R. xxiv. This is derived from the story of the finding of the Book of the Law, II Kings, xxii. 8]; Ahab permitted incest, Manasseh committed it himself, Amon acted as Nero was said to have done toward his mother Agrippina. And yet, out of respect for his son Josiah, Amon's name was not placed on the list of the kings excluded from the world to come."<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Encyclopedia_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also that Josiah's death was brought about because despite his sincere religious reform, he had in fact been deceived; thus he refused to heed the Prophet Jeremiah, thinking that no sword would pass through the Land of Israel. He was struck by 300 darts; he made no complaint except to acknowledge "The Lord is righteous, for I rebelled against His commandment.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sages also explain proverbs 24:30 as follows: I passed by the field of a lazy man, This is Ahaz. And the vineyard of a senseless man, this is Manashe. And behold, it was all overgrown with thorns, this is Amon. And its surface was covered with Nettle, this is Jehoiakim. And its stone wall was broken down, this is a reference to Zedekiah, in whose days the temple was destroyed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession">Succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the setback in Harran, the Pharaoh Necho left a sizeable force in Judah and returned to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>. On his return march, Necho found that <a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a> had succeeded his father Josiah as King of Judah. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b23.htm#31">2 Kings 23:31</a>) Necho deposed Jehoahaz, who had been king of Judah for only three months, and replaced him with Jehoahaz's older brother, <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a>. Necho imposed on Judah a levy of a hundred talents of silver (about 3<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> tons or about 3.4 metric tons) and a talent of gold (about 75 pounds or about 34 kilograms). Necho then took Jehoahaz back to Egypt as his prisoner. The defeat of Josiah at Megiddo essentially represents the end of the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a>, since not only were Josiah's successors short-lived, but also Judah's relative independence had crumbled in the face of a resurgent Egypt bent on regaining its traditional control of the region, and the imminent rise of the Babylonian empire which also sought control. </p><p>Necho had left Egypt in 609 BCE to relieve the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> under Babylonian siege. Josiah's actions may have provided aid to the Babylonians by engaging the Egyptian army.<sup id="cite_ref-FeeHubbard2011_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeeHubbard2011-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SolomonsTemple.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SolomonsTemple.png/220px-SolomonsTemple.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SolomonsTemple.png/330px-SolomonsTemple.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SolomonsTemple.png/440px-SolomonsTemple.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>A sketch of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Solomon">Temple of Solomon</a> based on descriptions in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The only textual sources of information for Josiah's reign are from the Bible,<sup id="cite_ref-Alpert_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alpert-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notably <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b22.htm#1">2 Kings 22–23</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b34.htm#1">2 Chronicles 34–35</a>. No archaeological evidence for Josiah as a person exists. However, a signet ring has been found in the City of David in Jerusalem featuring the name of one of King Josiah's officials, <a href="/wiki/Nathan-melech" title="Nathan-melech">Nathan-melech</a>, mentioned in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#23:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Kings">2 Kings 23:11</a>. The inscription of the ring says, "(belonging) to Nathan-Melech, Servant of the King".<sup id="cite_ref-Mendel_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it may not directly mention King Josiah by name, it does appear to be from the same time period in which he would have lived. Seals and seal impressions from the period show a transition from those of an earlier period which bear images of stars and the moon, to seals that carry only names, a possible indication of Josiah's enforcement of monotheism.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No other archaeological evidence of Josiah's religious reforms has been discovered,<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a possible exception being at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dothan" title="Tel Dothan">Tel Dothan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elitzur_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elitzur-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The date of Josiah's death can be established fairly accurately. The <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a> date the battle at <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> between the Assyrians and their Egyptian allies against the Babylonians from <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a> (July–August) to <a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a> (August–September) 609 BCE. On that basis, Josiah was killed in the month of Tammuz (July–August) 609 BCE, when the Egyptians were on their way to Harran.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artifacts_in_biblical_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artifacts in biblical archaeology">List of artifacts in biblical archaeology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;" lang="he" dir="rtl"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ</span></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yōʾšīyahū</i></span></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yōʾšīyyāhū</i></span></i>, literally meaning "healed by <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yah</a>" or "supported of Yah"; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ἰωσίας</span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Iosias</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells1990" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. (1990). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i>. Harlow, England: Longman. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-05383-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-05383-8"><bdi>0-582-05383-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.place=Harlow%2C+England&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-582-05383-8&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span> entry "Josiah"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/josiah">"Josiah"</a> <i>Dictionary.com</i>. Retrieved 25 July 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2017" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4lzyDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA249"><i>Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-67044-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-67044-1"><bdi>978-0-567-67044-1</bdi></a>. <q>It was once conventional to accept Josiah's reform at face value, but the question is currently much debated (Albertz 1994: 198–201; 2005; Lohfink 1995; P. R. Davies 2005; Knauf 2005a).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israel%3A+What+Do+We+Know+and+How+Do+We+Know+It%3F&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-567-67044-1&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4lzyDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Thiele, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Numbers_of_the_Hebrew_Kings" title="The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings">The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings</a></i>, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8254-3825-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8254-3825-X">0-8254-3825-X</a>, 9780825438257, 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alpert-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alpert_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alpert_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpertAlpert2012" class="citation book cs1">Alpert, Bernard; Alpert, Fran (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-_gHZEFd1oC&q=74"><i>Archaeology and the Biblical Record</i></a>. Hamilton Books. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5835-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5835-5"><bdi>978-0-7618-5835-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+the+Biblical+Record&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Hamilton+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-5835-5&rft.aulast=Alpert&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Alpert%2C+Fran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-_gHZEFd1oC%26q%3D74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendel-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendel_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendel_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendel-GeberovichShalevBocherShalom2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mendel-Geberovich, Anat; Shalev, Yiftah; Bocher, Efrat; Shalom, Nitsan; Gadot, Yuval (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27098633">"A Newly Discovered Personal Seal and Bulla from the Excavations of the GivꜤati Parking Lot, Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>. <b>69</b> (2): 154–174. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-2059">0021-2059</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27098633">27098633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Newly+Discovered+Personal+Seal+and+Bulla+from+the+Excavations+of+the+Giv%EA%9C%A4ati+Parking+Lot%2C+Jerusalem&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=154-174&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27098633%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-2059&rft.aulast=Mendel-Geberovich&rft.aufirst=Anat&rft.au=Shalev%2C+Yiftah&rft.au=Bocher%2C+Efrat&rft.au=Shalom%2C+Nitsan&rft.au=Gadot%2C+Yuval&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27098633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2020" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Paul S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T_kFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121">"The Later Monarchy in History and Biblical Historiography"</a>. In Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-007411-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-007411-1"><bdi>978-0-19-007411-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Later+Monarchy+in+History+and+Biblical+Historiography&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Historical+Books+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-007411-1&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT_kFEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-je-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-je_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8926-josiah">"Josiah"</a>, <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i> (1906).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Kings+18:3&version=nkjv">2 Kings 18:3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Chronicles+29:2&version=nkjv">2 Chronicles 29:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%203:15">1 Chronicles 3:15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2023:36">2 Kings 23:36</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2024:18">24:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2023:31">23:31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2023:34">2 Kings 23:34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%203:15">1 Chronicles 3:15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2022:11">Jeremiah 22:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Chronicles%2036:4">2 Chronicles 36:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Chronicles%2036:8">2 Chronicles 36:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2024:17">2 Kings 24:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Chronicles+34:1–3&version=nkjv">2 Chronicles 34:1–3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Kings+22:3&version=nkjv">2 Kings 22:3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Chronicles+34:8&version=nkjv">2 Chronicles 34:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2 Kings 22:8–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b34.htm#14">2 Chronicles 34:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweeney, Marvin A. (2001), <i>King Josiah of Judah</i>, Oxford University Press, p.137. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513324-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513324-0">978-0-19-513324-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a> (second edition, vol 11) pg. 459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>, second edition, vol 11, pg 459</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakkala2010" class="citation book cs1">Pakkala, Juha (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/382385">"Why the Cult Reforms In Judah Probably Did Not Happen"</a>. In Kratz, Reinhard G.; Spieckermann, Hermann (eds.). <i>One God – One Cult – One Nation</i>. De Gruyter. pp. 201–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110223576" title="Special:BookSources/9783110223576"><bdi>9783110223576</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+the+Cult+Reforms+In+Judah+Probably+Did+Not+Happen&rft.btitle=One+God+%E2%80%93+One+Cult+%E2%80%93+One+Nation&rft.pages=201-235&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783110223576&rft.aulast=Pakkala&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F382385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFried2002" class="citation journal cs1">Fried, Lisbeth S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/855580">"The High Places (Bāmôt) and the Reforms of Hezekiah and Josiah: An Archaeological Investigation"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>122</b> (3): 437–464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3087515">10.2307/3087515</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3087515">3087515</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+High+Places+%28B%C4%81m%C3%B4t%29+and+the+Reforms+of+Hezekiah+and+Josiah%3A+An+Archaeological+Investigation&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=437-464&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3087515&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3087515%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Lisbeth+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F855580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grabbe, Lester (2017). <i>Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?</i>. T&T Clark. p. 249-250. “We have no direct evidence outside the biblical text, which makes us at least ask whether it is an invention of the Deuteronomist. The alleged absence of any reference to this reform in Jeremiah has always been a major puzzle. Some have found allusions here and there, but one has to admit that they are surprisingly obscure. Considering Jeremiah’s overall message and position, he should have embraced such a reform and made copious comments about it.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNa’aman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Na’aman, Nadav (2011). "The Discovered Book and the Legitimation of Josiah's Reform". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>130</b> (1): 47–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41304187">10.2307/41304187</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41304187">41304187</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153646048">153646048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Discovered+Book+and+the+Legitimation+of+Josiah%27s+Reform&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-62&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153646048%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41304187%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F41304187&rft.aulast=Na%E2%80%99aman&rft.aufirst=Nadav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRömer2017" class="citation book cs1">Römer, Thomas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41915207">"The Rise and Fall of Josiah"</a>. In Lipschits, O.; Gadot, Y.; Adams, M. J. (eds.). <i>Rethinking Israel: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Ancient Israel in Honor of Israel Finkelstein</i>. Penn State Press. pp. 329–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-787-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Josiah&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Israel%3A+Studies+in+the+History+and+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Israel+in+Honor+of+Israel+Finkelstein&rft.pages=329-340&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-787-2&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6mer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41915207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2022" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Richard S. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YUR6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135">"2 Kings 22-3: Belief in One God in Preexilic Judah?"</a>. In Watson, Rebecca S.; Curtis, Adrian H. W. (eds.). <i>Conversations on Canaanite and Biblical Themes: Creation, Chaos and Monotheism</i>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 135–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-060629-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-060629-4"><bdi>978-3-11-060629-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+Kings+22-3%3A+Belief+in+One+God+in+Preexilic+Judah%3F&rft.btitle=Conversations+on+Canaanite+and+Biblical+Themes%3A+Creation%2C+Chaos+and+Monotheism&rft.pages=135-150&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-11-060629-4&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYUR6EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elitzur-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elitzur_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elitzur_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElitzur2023" class="citation journal cs1">Elitzur, Yoel (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://janes.scholasticahq.com/article/75249-the-altar-at-tel-dothan-a-trace-of-josiah-s-reform">"The Altar at Tel Dothan – A Trace of Josiah's Reform?"</a>. <i>Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 62–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Society&rft.atitle=The+Altar+at+Tel+Dothan+%E2%80%93+A+Trace+of+Josiah%27s+Reform%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62-89&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Elitzur&rft.aufirst=Yoel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjanes.scholasticahq.com%2Farticle%2F75249-the-altar-at-tel-dothan-a-trace-of-josiah-s-reform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Chronicles%2035:1–4">2 Chronicles 35:1–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmeier2020" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmeier, James K. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43756707">"The Discovery of the Book of the Law in 2 Kings 22:8-10 in the Light of the Literary Renaissance of the Eighth to Seventh Centuries in the Ancient Near East"</a>. In Block, Daniel I.; Deuel, David C.; Collins, C. John; Lawrence, Paul J. N. (eds.). <i>Write That They May Read: Studies in Literacy and Textualization in the Ancient Near East and in the Hebrew Scriptures: Essays in Honour of Professor Alan R. Millard</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-5210-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-5210-3"><bdi>978-1-7252-5210-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Book+of+the+Law+in+2+Kings+22%3A8-10+in+the+Light+of+the+Literary+Renaissance+of+the+Eighth+to+Seventh+Centuries+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.btitle=Write+That+They+May+Read%3A+Studies+in+Literacy+and+Textualization+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+in+the+Hebrew+Scriptures%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Professor+Alan+R.+Millard&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-5210-3&rft.aulast=Hoffmeier&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43756707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b22.htm#1">2 Kings 22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b34.htm#1">2 Chronicles 34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendenhall1954" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_E._Mendenhall" title="George E. Mendenhall">Mendenhall, George</a> (September 1954). "Covenant Forms in Israelite Tradition". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Biblical_Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Biblical Archaeologist">The Biblical Archaeologist</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3): 73–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3209151">10.2307/3209151</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209151">3209151</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166165146">166165146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Covenant+Forms+in+Israelite+Tradition&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=73-76&rft.date=1954-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166165146%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3209151%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3209151&rft.aulast=Mendenhall&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aish.com/the-torahs-rediscovery-in-josiahs-time/">The Torah discovery in Josiah Time</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.org/article/book-josiahs-reform">"The Book of Josiah's Reform"</a>, Bible.org. Retrieved 24 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2001" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William G. (2001-05-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&pg=PA98"><i>What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2126-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2126-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-2126-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Did+the+Biblical+Writers+Know+and+When+Did+They+Know+It%3F%3A+What+Archeology+Can+Tell+Us+About+the+Reality+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2001-05-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-VxwC5rQtwC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, <i>The Bible Unearthed: Archeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of its Sacred Texts</i>, Touchstone, New York, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konrad Schmid, "The Persian Imperial Authorization as a Historical Problem and as a Biblical Construct," in G.N. Knoppers and B.M. Levison (eds.): <i>The Pentateuch as Torah: New Models for Understanding its Promulgation and Acceptance</i>, Eisenbrauns 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2016" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (2016-12-01). <i>1 & 2 Kings: An Introduction and Study Guide: History and Story in Ancient Israel</i> (1 ed.). T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01MTO6I34">B01MTO6I34</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+%26+2+Kings%3A+An+Introduction+and+Study+Guide%3A+History+and+Story+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB01MTO6I34%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Megillah 14a,b; compare Seder 'Olam R. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sifre, Numbers 78; Megillah 14a, b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pesiḳta Rabbah 26 [ed. Friedmann, p. 129]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Targum to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2022:14">2 Kings 22:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">compare Maimonides in the introduction to "Yad"; in <a href="/wiki/Lamentations_Rabbah" title="Lamentations Rabbah">Lamentations Rabbah</a> 1:18 Isaiah is mentioned as Jeremiah's teacher</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pesiḳta Rabbah l.c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Arachin 33a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamentations Rabbah l.c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamentations Rabbah 4:1; Targum II Chron. 35:25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/148171/jewish/A-Buried-Treasure-The-Entombment-of-the-Ark.htm">"A Buried Treasure: The Entombment of the Ark - Chabad.org"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Buried+Treasure%3A+The+Entombment+of+the+Ark+-+Chabad.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Ftherebbe%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F148171%2Fjewish%2FA-Buried-Treasure-The-Entombment-of-the-Ark.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Encyclopedia_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Encyclopedia_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_J._MendelsohnKaufmann_KohlerMorris_Jastrow1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Charles J. Mendelsohn; Kaufmann Kohler; Morris Jastrow (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1420-amon-king-of-judah">"Amon, King of Judah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. I (1st ed.). Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 526–527.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amon%2C+King+of+Judah&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=526-527&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Charles+J.+Mendelsohn&rft.au=Kaufmann+Kohler&rft.au=Morris+Jastrow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F1420-amon-king-of-judah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coogan1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coogan1_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan1_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooganCoogan2001" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael David; Coogan, Michael D. (January 8, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&q=josiah%2C+book+of+kings%2C+assyria&pg=RA1-PA261"><i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195139372" title="Special:BookSources/9780195139372"><bdi>9780195139372</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-01-08&rft.isbn=9780195139372&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rft.au=Coogan%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFhvECwNQD0C%26q%3Djosiah%252C%2Bbook%2Bof%2Bkings%252C%2Bassyria%26pg%3DRA1-PA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2035:21&version=nrsv">2 Chronicles 35:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweeney, Marvin A. <i>King Josiah of Judah</i>, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 309. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513324-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513324-0">978-0-19-513324-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2035:21&version=nrsv">2 Chronicles 35:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2010" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Andrew E. (May 11, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eirJowTVOMEC&q=king+josiah&pg=PT565"><i>1 and 2 Chronicles</i></a>. Zondervan Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310865612" title="Special:BookSources/9780310865612"><bdi>9780310865612</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+and+2+Chronicles&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft.isbn=9780310865612&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeirJowTVOMEC%26q%3Dking%2Bjosiah%26pg%3DPT565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talshir, Zipora, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1585444?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">The Three Deaths of Josiah and the Strata of Biblical Historiography</a>" (2 Kings XXIII 29–30; 2 Chronicles XXXV 20-5; 1 Esdras I 23–31), <i>Vetus Testamentum</i> XLVI, 2, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>, second edition, vol. 11, pg 458–459</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kahn, Dan'el, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19430481">Why did Necho II kill Josiah?</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinzbergCohen1913" class="citation web cs1">Ginzberg, Louis; Cohen, Boaz (January 8, 1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3RXG43DWPjEC&q=Josiah">"The Legends of the Jews"</a>. Jewish publication society of America – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legends+of+the+Jews&rft.pub=Jewish+publication+society+of+America&rft.date=1913-01-08&rft.aulast=Ginzberg&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Boaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3RXG43DWPjEC%26q%3DJosiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeeHubbard2011-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FeeHubbard2011_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_D._FeeRobert_L._Jr._Hubbard2011" class="citation book cs1">Gordon D. Fee; Robert L. Jr. Hubbard (4 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-4v9JHteTgC&pg=PA258"><i>The Eerdmans Companion to the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3823-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3823-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3823-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eerdmans+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2011-10-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3823-0&rft.au=Gordon+D.+Fee&rft.au=Robert+L.+Jr.+Hubbard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-4v9JHteTgC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Israel</a>; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). <i>The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4"><bdi>978-0-684-86912-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed%3A+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+Its+Sacred+Texts&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86912-4&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosiah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thiele, <i>Mysterious Numbers</i> 182, 184–185.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_Unearthed" title="The Bible Unearthed">The Bible Unearthed</a>: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts</i> for the possible role of Josiah in creation of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.</li> <li>Hertz, J. H. (1936). <i>The Pentateuch and Haftoras</i>. <i>Deuteronomy</i>. Oxford University Press, London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Elliott_Friedman" title="Richard Elliott Friedman">Friedman, R.</a> (1987). <i>Who Wrote the Bible?</i> New York: Summit Books.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:King_Josiah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:King Josiah">King Josiah</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=564&letter=J&search=Josiah">Jewish Encyclopedia: Josiah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08523a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Josias</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kethertomalkuth.net/josiah-king-of-judah">Genealogy of the House of David- Josiah, King of Judah</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Josiah </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah#The_Kings_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">King of Judah</a> </b><br />641–610 BCE <br /> <small> Died at Tammuz in July–August 609 BCE </small> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Israel_and_Judah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template talk:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Israel_and_Judah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">Kings of Israel and Judah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">Kings of Judah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel<br />(united monarchy)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel<br />(northern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadab_of_Israel" title="Nadab of Israel">Nadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baasha_of_Israel" title="Baasha of Israel">Baasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elah_(king)" title="Elah (king)">Elah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimri_(king)" title="Zimri (king)">Zimri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibni" title="Tibni">Tibni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omri" title="Omri">Omri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Israel" title="Ahaziah of Israel">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Israel" title="Jehoram of Israel">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Israel" title="Jehoahaz of Israel">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Israel" title="Jehoash of Israel">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam_II" title="Jeroboam II">Jeroboam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_of_Israel" title="Zechariah of Israel">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallum_of_Israel" title="Shallum of Israel">Shallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem" title="Menahem">Menahem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekahiah" title="Pekahiah">Pekahiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekah" title="Pekah">Pekah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshea" title="Hoshea">Hoshea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah<br />(southern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_of_Judah" title="Abijah of Judah">Abijam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_of_Judah" title="Asa of Judah">Asa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah" title="Jehoram of Judah">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Judah" title="Ahaziah of Judah">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah" title="Jehoash of Judah">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaziah_of_Judah" title="Amaziah of Judah">Amaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzziah" title="Uzziah">Uzziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotham" title="Jotham">Jotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Josiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Judea<br />(Hasmonean dynasty)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Jewish leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007462841905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josiah&oldid=1257053502">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josiah&oldid=1257053502</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:640s_BC_births" title="Category:640s BC births">640s BC births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:609_BC_deaths" title="Category:609 BC deaths">609 BC deaths</a></li><li><a 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