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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automotive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Automotive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automotive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorsport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorsport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Motorsport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorsport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Underwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gated_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gated_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gated communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gated_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transponder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AB" title="معيد بث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معيد بث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponedor" title="Transponedor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transponedor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Transponder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transponder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Transponder" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpondedor" title="Transpondedor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transpondedor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ترانسپوندر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترانسپوندر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpondeur" title="Transpondeur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transpondeur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasfhreagr%C3%B3ir" title="Trasfhreagróir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Trasfhreagróir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%B0%EB%8D%94" title="트랜스폰더 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트랜스폰더" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0" title="ट्रांसपोंडर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रांसपोंडर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmis-respondilo" title="Transmis-respondilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Transmis-respondilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemanggap" title="Pemanggap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemanggap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Transponder" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91_(RF)" title="משיב (RF) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משיב (RF)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Transponder" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC" title="ട്രാൻസ്പോണ്ടർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രാൻസ്പോണ്ടർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Transponder" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Transponder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80" title="トランスポンダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トランスポンダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Transponder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Transponder" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transponder" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transponder" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Транспондер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транспондер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toisiotutka#Toisiotutkavastain" title="Toisiotutka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toisiotutka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transponder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Transponder" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Транспондер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Транспондер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_ph%C3%A1t_%C4%91%C3%A1p" title="Bộ phát đáp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ phát đáp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 17:49, 1 January 2022 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jphill19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Jphill19 (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1063174466"><bdi>Jphill19</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Jphill19" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Jphill19">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Jphill19" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Jphill19">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(<span class="autocomment"><a href="#Marine">→<bdi dir="ltr">Marine</bdi></a>: </span> Wiki Link Addition ~ B transponder)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transponder&diff=prev&oldid=1063174466" title="Transponder">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transponder&direction=prev&oldid=1063174466" title="Transponder">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transponder&diff=cur&oldid=1063174466" title="Transponder">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transponder&direction=next&oldid=1063174466" title="Transponder">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transponder&diff=next&oldid=1063174466" title="Transponder">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device that emits an identifying signal in response to a received signal</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:407_Transponder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/407_Transponder.jpg/120px-407_Transponder.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/407_Transponder.jpg/180px-407_Transponder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/407_Transponder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_407" title="Ontario Highway 407">Highway 407</a> toll transponder</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a>, a <b>transponder</b> is a device that, upon receiving a signal, emits a different signal in response.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is a <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">blend</a> of <i>transmitter</i> and <i>responder</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is variously abbreviated as XPDR, XPNDR, TPDR or TP. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Air_navigation" title="Air navigation">air navigation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency_identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio frequency identification">radio frequency identification</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">flight transponder</a> is an automated <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a> in an aircraft that emits a coded identifying signal in response to an interrogating received signal. In a <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">satellite transponder</a> receives signals over a range of uplink frequencies, usually from a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_ground_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite ground station">satellite ground station</a>; the transponder amplifies them, and re-transmits them on a different set of downlink frequencies to receivers on Earth, often without changing the content of the received signal or signals. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellite/broadcast_communications"><span id="Satellite.2Fbroadcast_communications"></span>Satellite/broadcast communications</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">Transponder (satellite communications)</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">channels</a> are called transponders because each is a separate <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a> or <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeater</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound reproduction">audio</a> channels may travel through a single transponder on a single <a href="/wiki/Wideband" title="Wideband">wideband</a> <a href="/wiki/Carrier_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier signal">carrier</a>. Original <a href="/wiki/Analog_(signal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog (signal)">analog</a> video only has one channel per transponder, with <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">subcarriers</a> for audio and automatic transmission identification service (<a href="/wiki/Automatic_Transmitter_Identification_System_(television)" title="Automatic Transmitter Identification System (television)">ATIS</a>). Non-multiplexed <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a> can also travel in <a href="/wiki/Single_channel_per_carrier" title="Single channel per carrier">single channel per carrier</a> (SCPC) mode, with multiple carriers (analog or digital) per transponder. This allows each station to transmit directly to the satellite, rather than paying for a whole transponder, or using <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landlines</a> to send it to an <a href="/wiki/Earth_station_(communications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth station (communications)">earth station</a> for multiplexing with other stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optical_communications">Optical communications</h2></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fiber communications">optical fiber communications</a>, a transponder is the element that sends and receives the optical signal from a <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a>. A transponder is typically characterized by its data rate and the maximum distance the signal can travel. </p><p>The term "transponder" can apply to different items with important functional differences, mentioned across academic and commercial literature: </p> <ul><li>according to one description,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a transponder and <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a> are both functionally similar devices that convert a <a href="/wiki/Full-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-duplex">full-duplex</a> <i>electrical</i> signal into a full-duplex optical signal. The difference between the two is that transceivers interface electrically with the host system using a <i>serial</i> interface, whereas transponders use a <i>parallel</i> interface to do so. In this view, transponders provide easier-to-handle lower-rate parallel signals, but are bulkier and consume more power than transceivers.</li> <li>according to another description,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transceivers are limited to providing an <i>electrical-optical</i> function only (not differentiating between serial or parallel electrical interfaces), whereas transponders convert an optical signal at one <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> to an optical signal at another wavelength (typically <a href="/wiki/Frequency_grid" title="Frequency grid">ITU standardized</a> for <a href="/wiki/DWDM" class="mw-redirect" title="DWDM">DWDM</a> communication). As such, transponders can be considered as two transceivers placed back-to-back. This view also seems to be held by e.g. <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>As a result, difference in transponder functionality also might influence the functional description of related optical modules like <a href="/wiki/Transceivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Transceivers">transceivers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muxponder" title="Muxponder">muxponders</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aviation">Aviation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder (aeronautics)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transponder_in_Private_Aircraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Transponder_in_Private_Aircraft.jpg/220px-Transponder_in_Private_Aircraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Transponder_in_Private_Aircraft.jpg/330px-Transponder_in_Private_Aircraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Transponder_in_Private_Aircraft.jpg/440px-Transponder_in_Private_Aircraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2758" data-file-height="3641" /></a><figcaption>A transponder in a private plane squawking 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>Another type of transponder occurs in <a href="/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe" title="Identification friend or foe">identification friend or foe</a> (IFF) systems in <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">military aviation</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a> <a href="/wiki/Secondary_surveillance_radar" title="Secondary surveillance radar">secondary surveillance radar</a> (beacon radar) systems for <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">commercial aviation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Primary radar</a> works best with large all-metal aircraft, but not so well on small, composite aircraft. Its range is also limited by terrain and rain or snow and also detects unwanted objects such as automobiles, hills and trees. Furthermore, it cannot always estimate the altitude of an aircraft. <a href="/wiki/Secondary_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary radar">Secondary radar</a> overcomes these limitations but it depends on a transponder in the aircraft to respond to interrogations from the ground station to make the plane more visible. </p><p>Depending on the type of interrogation, the transponder sends back a <a href="/wiki/Transponder_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Transponder code">transponder code</a> (or "squawk code", Mode A) or altitude information (Mode C) to help air traffic controllers to identify the aircraft and to maintain separation between planes. Another mode called Mode S (Mode Select) is designed to help avoiding over-interrogation of the transponder (having many radars in busy areas) and to allow automatic collision avoidance. Mode S transponders are <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward compatible">backward compatible</a> with Modes A and C. Mode S is mandatory in <a href="/wiki/Controlled_airspace" title="Controlled airspace">controlled airspace</a> in many countries. Some countries have also required, or are moving toward requiring, that all aircraft be equipped with Mode S, even in <a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_airspace" title="Uncontrolled airspace">uncontrolled airspace</a>. However, in the field of general aviation there have been objections to these moves, because of the cost, size, limited benefit to the users in uncontrolled airspace, and, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">balloons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">gliders</a>, the power requirements during long flights. </p><p>Transponders are used on some military aircraft to ensure ground personnel can verify the functionality of a missile’s <a href="/wiki/Flight_termination_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight termination system">flight termination system</a> prior to launch. Such radar enhancing transponders are needed as the enclosed weapon bays on <a href="/wiki/Fifth-generation_jet_fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth-generation jet fighter">modern aircraft</a> interfere with prelaunch, flight termination system verification performed by <a href="/wiki/Range_safety" title="Range safety">range safety</a> personnel during training test launches. The transponders re-radiate the signals allowing for much longer communication distances.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marine">Marine</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Safety_of_Life_at_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea">International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea</a> (SOLAS) requires the <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Identification_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Identification System">Automatic Identification System</a> (AIS) to be fitted aboard international voyaging ships with 300 or more <a href="/wiki/Gross_tonnage" title="Gross tonnage">gross tonnage</a> (GT), and all passenger ships regardless of size.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although AIS transmitters/receivers are generally called transponders they generally transmit autonomously, although coast stations can interrogate <a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_system#Detailed_description:_Class_B_units" title="Automatic identification system">class B transponders</a> on smaller vessels for additional information. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Navigational_aid" title="Navigational aid">navigational aids</a> often have transponders called <a href="/wiki/Racon" class="mw-redirect" title="Racon">RACON</a> (radar beacons) designed to make them stand out on a ship's radar screen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automotive">Automotive</h2></div> <p>Many modern automobiles have keys with transponders hidden inside the plastic head of the key. The user of the car may not even be aware that the transponder is there, because there are no buttons to press. When a key is inserted into the ignition lock cylinder and turned, the car's computer sends a radio signal to the transponder. Unless the transponder replies with a valid code, the computer will not allow the engine to be started. Transponder keys have no battery; they are energized by the radio signal itself. A capacitor in the radio receiver of the vehicle generates a voltage in the key's transponder by <a href="/wiki/Inductive_coupling" title="Inductive coupling">inductive coupling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Road">Road</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection" title="Electronic toll collection">Electronic toll collection</a> systems such as <a href="/wiki/E-ZPass" title="E-ZPass">E-ZPass</a> in the eastern United States use <a href="/wiki/RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> transponders to identify vehicles. <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_407" title="Ontario Highway 407">Highway 407</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ontario,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario, Canada">Ontario, Canada</a> is one of the world's first completely automated toll highways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motorsport">Motorsport</h2></div> <p>Transponders are used in <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motorsport</a> for lap timing purposes. A cable loop is dug into the race circuit near to the start/finish line. Each car has an active transponder with a unique ID code. When the racing car passes the start/finish line the lap time and the racing position is shown on the score board. </p><p>Passive and active RFID systems are used in off-road events such as <a href="/wiki/Enduro" title="Enduro">Enduro</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hare_and_Hound_(Motorcycle_Race)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hare and Hound (Motorcycle Race) (page does not exist)">Hare and Hounds</a> racing, the riders have a transponder on their person, normally on their arm. When they complete a lap they swipe or touch the receiver which is connected to a computer and log their lap time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> uses transponders and cable loops placed at numerous points around the track to determine the lineup during a caution period. This system replaced a dangerous <a href="/wiki/Racing_back_to_the_caution" title="Racing back to the caution">race back to the start-finish line</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Underwater">Underwater</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> transponders operate under water and are used to measure distance and form the basis of underwater location marking, position tracking and <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gated_communities">Gated communities</h2></div> <p>Transponders may also be used by residents to enter their <a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">gated communities</a>. However, having more than one transponder causes problems. If a resident's car with simple transponder is parked in the vicinity, any vehicle can come up to the automated gate, triggering the <a href="/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe" title="Identification friend or foe">gate interrogation signal</a>, which may get an acceptable response from the resident's car. Such units properly installed might involve <a href="/wiki/Beamforming" title="Beamforming">beamforming</a>, unique transponders for each vehicle, or simply obliging vehicles to be stored away from the gate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronyms_and_abbreviations_in_avionics" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics">Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_car_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Transponder car key">Transponder car key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">Transceiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxponder" title="Muxponder">Muxponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca/Eureka_transponding_radar" title="Rebecca/Eureka transponding radar">Rebecca/Eureka transponding radar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/transponder">transponder</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xTIonQZI7TMC&lpg=PA349&dq=%22optical%20fiber%20telecommunications%20V%22%20transceiver&pg=PA353#v=onepage&q=%22MSA%20transceivers%20and%20MSA%20transponders%22&f=false">Optical Fiber Telecommunications V: Systems and networks, Academic Press, 2008, page 353-354</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compeng.dit.ie/staff/tfreir/optical_2/Unit_4.ppt">WDM and DWDM Multiplexing Powerpoint presentation, School of Electronic and Communications Engineering, Dublin (Ireland), slide 61</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span 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"A Radio-Oriented Introduction to Radio Frequency Identification". <i>High Frequency Electronics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=High+Frequency+Electronics&rft.atitle=A+Radio-Oriented+Introduction+to+Radio+Frequency+Identification&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dobkin&rft.aufirst=Daniel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransponder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2008" class="citation web cs1">Cook, Paul (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.curtisswrightds.com/infocenter/white-papers/telemetry-re-radiation-system.html">"TELEMETRY RE-RADIATION SYSTEM"</a>. <i>Curtiss-Wright Desfense Solutions</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Curtiss-Wright+Desfense+Solutions&rft.atitle=TELEMETRY+RE-RADIATION+SYSTEM&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.curtisswrightds.com%2Finfocenter%2Fwhite-papers%2Ftelemetry-re-radiation-system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransponder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Maritime_Organization" class="citation web cs1">International Maritime Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20140725015425/http://www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/ReferencesAndArchives/HistoryofSOLAS/Documents/SOLAS%201974%20-%20Brief%20History%20-%20List%20of%20amendments%20to%20date%20and%20how%20to%20find%20them.html#43">"December 2000 amendments"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Safety_of_Life_at_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea">SOLAS</a>'1974</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/ReferencesAndArchives/HistoryofSOLAS/Documents/SOLAS%201974%20-%20Brief%20History%20-%20List%20of%20amendments%20to%20date%20and%20how%20to%20find%20them.html#43">the original</a> on 2014-07-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SOLAS%271974&rft.atitle=December+2000+amendments&rft.au=International+Maritime+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.org%2FKnowledgeCentre%2FReferencesAndArchives%2FHistoryofSOLAS%2FDocuments%2FSOLAS%25201974%2520-%2520Brief%2520History%2520-%2520List%2520of%2520amendments%2520to%2520date%2520and%2520how%2520to%2520find%2520them.html%2343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransponder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carlocksmith.co/7-how-does-transponder-car-key-work.html">"HOW DOES TRANSPONDER CAR KEY WORK?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HOW+DOES+TRANSPONDER+CAR+KEY+WORK%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarlocksmith.co%2F7-how-does-transponder-car-key-work.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransponder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rfid-handbook.de/downloads/E2E_chapter03-rfid-handbook.pdf">http://www.rfid-handbook.de/downloads/E2E_chapter03-rfid-handbook.pdf</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation FS1037C MS188"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122224547/https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm"><i>Federal Standard 1037C</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm">the original</a> on 2022-01-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal+Standard+1037C&rft.pub=General+Services+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.its.bldrdoc.gov%2Ffs-1037%2Ffs-1037c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransponder" class="Z3988"></span> (in support of <a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-188" title="MIL-STD-188">MIL-STD-188</a>).</span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense_Dictionary_of_Military_and_Associated_Terms" title="Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms">Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Military+and+Associated+Terms&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Defense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransponder" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Transponders" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Transponders">Transponders</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dccwiki.com/Transponding">Transponding with DCC</a> - Transponding in model railroading</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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