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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Freedom of disposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_disposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_wills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_wills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of wills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_wills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requirements_for_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirements_for_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Requirements for creation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Requirements_for_creation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Requirements for creation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Requirements_for_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Content_of_the_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_of_the_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Content of the will</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_of_the_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_lawyers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_lawyers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Role of lawyers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_lawyers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_wills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_wills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>International wills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_wills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Revocation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revocation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revocation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methods_and_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_and_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Methods and effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_and_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependent_relative_revocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependent_relative_revocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Dependent relative revocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependent_relative_revocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_against_the_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_against_the_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Election against the will</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_against_the_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_wills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_wills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable wills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_wills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Probate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Probate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Probate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Probate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Will and testament</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وصية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وصية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C9%99siyy%C9%99tnam%C9%99" title="Vəsiyyətnamə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vəsiyyətnamə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4" title="ওসিয়ত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওসিয়ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Завяшчанне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Завяшчанне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%99%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B" title="སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་བསྙུན་གཞི་དང་ཞལ་ཆེམས་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་བསྙུན་གཞི་དང་ཞལ་ཆེམས་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament" title="Testament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Testament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Халал – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Халал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1v%C4%9B%C5%A5" title="Závěť – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Závěť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewyllys_(cyfraith)" title="Ewyllys (cyfraith) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ewyllys (cyfraith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamente" title="Testamente – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Testamente" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament" title="Testament – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Testament" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament" title="Testament – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Testament" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7" title="Διαθήκη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαθήκη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamento" title="Testamento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Testamento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamento_(juro)" title="Testamento (juro) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Testamento (juro)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamentu" title="Testamentu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Testamentu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="وصیت‌نامه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وصیت‌نامه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_(droit)" title="Testament (droit) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Testament (droit)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamint_(akte)" title="Testamint (akte) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Testamint (akte)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamento" title="Testamento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Testamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%96%B8" title="유언 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Կտակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կտակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="इच्छापत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इच्छापत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oporuka" title="Oporuka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oporuka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_wasiat" title="Surat wasiat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Surat wasiat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erf%C3%B0askr%C3%A1" title="Erfðaskrá – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erfðaskrá" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamento" title="Testamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Testamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="צוואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צוואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಉಯಿಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಯಿಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasia" title="Wasia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wasia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Керээз кат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Керээз кат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamentum" title="Testamentum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Testamentum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testaments" title="Testaments – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Testaments" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamentas" title="Testamentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Testamentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9grendelet" title="Végrendelet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Végrendelet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Тестамент – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тестамент" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വിൽപ്പത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിൽപ്പത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मृत्युपत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मृत्युपत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasiat" title="Wasiat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wasiat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83u-d%C3%A2i" title="Gău-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gău-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Гэрээслэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гэрээслэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC" title="သေတမ်းစာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သေတမ်းစာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_(akte)" title="Testament (akte) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Testament (akte)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E8%A8%80" title="遺言 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遺言" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament" title="Testament – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Testament" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament" title="Testament – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Testament" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Сугыньлык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сугыньлык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasiyatnoma" title="Vasiyatnoma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vasiyatnoma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament" title="Testament – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Testament" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamento" title="Testamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Testamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament" title="Testament – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Testament" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Завещание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Завещание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamenti" title="Testamenti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Testamenti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tistamentu" title="Tistamentu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tistamentu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="අන්තිම කැමති පත්‍රය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අන්තිම කැමති පත්‍රය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(law)" title="Will (law) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Will (law)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="وصيت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وصيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1vet" title="Závet – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Závet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oporoka" title="Oporoka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oporoka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Тестамент – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тестамент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament" title="Testament – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Testament" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamentti" title="Testamentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Testamentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamente" title="Testamente – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Testamente" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உயில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%99" title="Васыятьнамә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Васыятьнамә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="వీలునామా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వీలునామా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="พินัยกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พินัยกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васиятнома – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Васиятнома" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasiyet" title="Vasiyet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vasiyet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Заповіт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Заповіт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="وصیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وصیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_ch%C3%BAc" title="Di chúc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Di chúc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamint" title="Testamint – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Testamint" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%97%E5%98%B1" title="遗嘱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="遗嘱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="צוואה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צוואה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%9B%91" title="遺囑 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="遺囑" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shakespeare-Testament.jpg/180px-Shakespeare-Testament.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shakespeare-Testament.jpg/270px-Shakespeare-Testament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shakespeare-Testament.jpg/360px-Shakespeare-Testament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3677" data-file-height="4800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wills</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_wills" title="Legal history of wills">Legal history of wills</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_wills_and_mutual_wills" title="Joint wills and mutual wills">Joint wills and mutual wills</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_contract" title="Will contract">Will contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codicil_(will)" title="Codicil (will)">Codicil</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_will" title="Holographic will">Holographic will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_will" title="Oral will">Oral will</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Sections</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attestation_clause" title="Attestation clause">Attestation clause</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residuary_estate" title="Residuary estate">Residuary clause</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_by_reference" title="Incorporation by reference">Incorporation by reference</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Will_contest" title="Will contest">Contest</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testamentary_capacity" title="Testamentary capacity">Testamentary capacity</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undue_influence" title="Undue influence">Undue influence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insane_delusion" title="Insane delusion">Insane delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No-contest_clause" title="No-contest clause">No-contest clause</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Property disposition</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapse_and_anti-lapse" title="Lapse and anti-lapse">Lapse and anti-lapse</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ademption" title="Ademption">Ademption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatement_of_debts_and_legacies" title="Abatement of debts and legacies">Abatement</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ademption_by_satisfaction" title="Ademption by satisfaction">Satisfaction of legacies</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_independent_significance" title="Acts of independent significance">Acts of independent significance</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elective_share" title="Elective share">Elective share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretermitted_heir" title="Pretermitted heir">Pretermitted heir</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trusts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Express_trust" title="Express trust">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resulting_trust" title="Resulting trust">Resulting</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_trust" title="Constructive trust">Constructive</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Common types</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bare_trust" title="Bare trust">Bare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discretionary_trust" title="Discretionary trust">Discretionary</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_and_maintenance_trust" title="Accumulation and maintenance trust">Accumulation and maintenance</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interest_in_possession_trust" title="Interest in possession trust">Interest in possession</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_trust" title="Charitable trust">Charitable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purpose_trust" title="Purpose trust">Purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incentive_trust" title="Incentive trust">Incentive</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Other types</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protective_trust" title="Protective trust">Protective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spendthrift_trust" title="Spendthrift trust">Spendthrift</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance_trust" title="Life insurance trust">Life insurance</a></li> <li>Remainder</li></ul> <ul><li>Life interest</li></ul> <ul><li>Reversionary interest</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testamentary_trust" title="Testamentary trust">Testamentary</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_trust" title="Honorary trust">Honorary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset-protection_trust" title="Asset-protection trust">Asset-protection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_needs_trust" title="Special needs trust">Special needs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_needs_trust" title="Supplemental needs trust">Supplemental needs</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Governing doctrines</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pour-over_will" title="Pour-over will">Pour-over will</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cy-pr%C3%A8s_doctrine" title="Cy-près doctrine">Cy-près doctrine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Trust_Convention" title="Hague Trust Convention">Hague Convention (conflict law)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trust_law_in_civil_law_jurisdictions" title="Trust law in civil law jurisdictions">Application in civil law</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dishonest_assistance" title="Dishonest assistance">Dishonest assistance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Estate administration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestacy" title="Intestacy">Intestacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testator" title="Testator">Testator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">Probate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_of_appointment" title="Power of appointment">Power of appointment</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_death" title="Simultaneous death">Simultaneous death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slayer_rule" title="Slayer rule">Slayer rule</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laughing_heir" title="Laughing heir">Laughing heir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advancement_(inheritance)" title="Advancement (inheritance)">Advancement</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disclaimer_of_interest" title="Disclaimer of interest">Disclaimer of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">Inheritance tax</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_healthcare_directive" title="Advance healthcare directive">Advance directive (Living will)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_trust" title="Blind trust">Blind trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_heirship" title="Forced heirship">Forced heirship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totten_trust" title="Totten trust">Totten trust</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wills,_trusts,_estates" title="Template:Wills, trusts, estates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wills,_trusts,_estates" title="Template talk:Wills, trusts, estates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wills,_trusts,_estates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wills, trusts, estates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>will and testament</b> is a legal document that expresses a person's (<a href="/wiki/Testator" title="Testator">testator</a>) wishes as to how their property (<a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estate</a>) is to be distributed after their death and as to which person (<a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a>) is to manage the property until its final distribution. For the distribution (devolution) of property not determined by a will, see <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intestacy" title="Intestacy">intestacy</a>. </p><p>Though it has been thought a "will" historically applied only to real property, while "testament" applied only to personal property (thus giving rise to the popular title of the document as "last will and testament"), records show the terms have been used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the word "will" validly applies to both personal and real property. A will may also create a testamentary <a href="/wiki/Trust_(property)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (property)">trust</a> that is effective only after the death of the testator. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_wills" title="Legal history of wills">Legal history of wills</a></div> <p>Throughout most of the world, the disposition of a dead person's estate has been a matter of social custom. According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, the written will was invented by <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Originally, it was a device intended solely for men who died without an <a href="/wiki/Heir" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir">heir</a>. </p><p>The English phrase "will and testament" is derived from a period in English law when Old English and <a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a> were used side by side for maximum clarity. Other such <a href="/wiki/Legal_doublet" title="Legal doublet">legal doublets</a> include "<a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">breaking and entering</a>" and "peace and quiet".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_disposition">Freedom of disposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Freedom of disposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_williams_will.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tennessee_williams_will.jpg/220px-Tennessee_williams_will.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tennessee_williams_will.jpg/330px-Tennessee_williams_will.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tennessee_williams_will.jpg/440px-Tennessee_williams_will.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Last will and testament of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of the freedom of disposition by will, familiar as it is in modern England and the United States, both generally considered <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> systems, is by no means universal. In fact, complete freedom is the exception rather than the rule.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 654">: 654 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a> systems often put restrictions on the possibilities of disposal; see for example "<a href="/wiki/Forced_heirship" title="Forced heirship">Forced heirship</a>". </p><p><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> advocates have pointed to the inheritance rights of spouses as desirable for same-sex couples as well, through <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil unions</a>. Opponents of such advocacy rebut this claim by pointing to the ability of same-sex couples to disperse their assets by will. Historically, however, it was observed that "[e]ven if a same-sex partner executes a will, there is risk that the survivor will face prejudice in court when disgruntled heirs challenge the will",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> being more willing to strike down wills leaving property to a same-sex partner on such grounds as <a href="/wiki/Incapacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Incapacity">incapacity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Undue_influence" title="Undue influence">undue influence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_wills">Types of wills</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of wills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Types of wills generally include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuncupative_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuncupative will">nuncupative (non-culpatory)</a> – oral or dictated; often limited to sailors or military personnel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_will" title="Holographic will">holographic will</a> – written in the hand of the testator; in many jurisdictions, the signature and the material terms of the holographic will must be in the handwriting of the testator.</li> <li>self-proved – in solemn form with affidavits of subscribing witnesses to avoid probate.</li> <li>notarial – will in public form and prepared by a civil-law notary (civil-law jurisdictions and Louisiana, United States).</li> <li>mystic – sealed until death.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>serviceman's will – will of person in active-duty military service and usually lacking certain formalities, particularly under English law.</li> <li>reciprocal/mirror/mutual/husband and wife wills – wills made by two or more parties (typically spouses) that make similar or identical provisions in favor of each other.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint will">joint will</a> – similar to reciprocal wills but one instrument; has a binding effect on the surviving testator(s). First documented in <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> in 1769.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>unsolemn will – will in which the executor is unnamed.</li> <li>will in solemn form – signed by testator and witnesses.</li></ul> <p>Some jurisdictions recognize a <a href="/wiki/Holographic_will" title="Holographic will">holographic will</a>, made out entirely in the testator's own hand, or in some modern formulations, with material provisions in the testator's hand. The distinctive feature of a holographic will is less that it is handwritten by the testator, and often that it need not be witnessed. In Louisiana this type of testament is called an olographic testament.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It must be entirely written, dated, and signed in the handwriting of the testator. Although the date may appear anywhere in the testament, the testator must sign the testament at the end of the testament. Any additions or corrections must also be entirely hand written to have effect. </p><p>In England, the formalities of wills are relaxed for soldiers who express their wishes on active service; any such will is known as a serviceman's will. A minority of jurisdictions even recognize the validity of nuncupative wills (oral wills), particularly for military personnel or merchant sailors. However, there are often constraints on the disposition of property if such an oral will is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Administrator_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrator (law)">Administrator</a></b> – person appointed or who petitions to administer an estate in an intestate succession. The antiquated English term of <b>administratrix</b> was used to refer to a female administrator but is generally no longer in standard legal usage.</li> <li><i><b>Apertura tabularum</b></i> – in ancient law books, signifies the breaking open of a last will and testament.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beneficiary" title="Beneficiary">Beneficiary</a></b> – anyone receiving a gift or benefiting from a trust</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bequest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bequest">Bequest</a></b> – testamentary gift of <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a>, traditionally other than money.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Codicil_(will)" title="Codicil (will)">Codicil</a></b> – (1) amendment to a will; (2) a will that modifies or partially revokes an existing or earlier will.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Decedent</a></b> – the deceased (U.S. term)</li> <li><b>Demonstrative Legacy</b> – a gift of a specific sum of money with a direction that is to be paid out of a particular fund.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kinship_and_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship and descent">Descent</a></b> – succession to real property.</li> <li><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/devise" class="extiw" title="wikt:devise">Devise</a></b> – testamentary gift of <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a>.</li> <li><b>Devisee</b> – beneficiary of real property under a will.</li> <li><b>Distribution</b> – succession to personal property.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">Executor</a></b>/<b>executrix</b> or <b>personal representative</b> [PR] – person named to administer the estate, generally subject to the supervision of the probate court, in accordance with the testator's wishes in the will. In most cases, the testator will nominate an executor/PR in the will unless that person is unable or unwilling to serve. In some cases a <a href="/wiki/Literary_executor" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary executor">literary executor</a> may be appointed to manage a literary estate.</li> <li><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exordium" class="extiw" title="wikt:exordium">Exordium</a> clause</b> is the first paragraph or sentence in a will and testament, in which the testator identifies himself or herself, states a legal domicile, and revokes any prior wills.</li> <li><b>Inheritor</b> – a beneficiary in a succession, testate or intestate.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Intestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestate">Intestate</a></b> – person who has not created a will, or who does not have a valid will at the time of death.</li> <li><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/legacy" class="extiw" title="wikt:legacy">Legacy</a></b> – testamentary gift of personal property, traditionally of money. Note: historically, a legacy has referred to either a gift of real property or personal property.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Legatee" title="Legatee">Legatee</a></b> – beneficiary of personal property under a will, i.e., a person receiving a legacy.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">Probate</a></b> – legal process of settling the estate of a deceased person.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Residuary_estate" title="Residuary estate">Residuary estate</a></b> - the portion of an estate remaining after the payment of expenses and the distribution of specific bequests; this passes to the <b>residuary legatees</b>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Specific_legacy" title="Specific legacy">Specific legacy</a></b> (or specific bequest) – a testamentary gift of a precisely identifiable object.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Testate" class="mw-redirect" title="Testate">Testate</a></b> – person who dies having created a will before death.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Testator" title="Testator">Testator</a></b> – person who executes or signs a will; that is, the person whose will it is. The antiquated English term of <b>Testatrix</b> was used to refer to a female.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trustee" title="Trustee">Trustee</a></b> – a person who has the duty under a <a href="/wiki/Will_trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Will trust">will trust</a> to ensure that the rights of the beneficiaries are upheld.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements_for_creation">Requirements for creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Requirements for creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaid-i-Azam%27s_Will_at_Islamia_College_Peshawar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Quaid-i-Azam%27s_Will_at_Islamia_College_Peshawar.jpg/200px-Quaid-i-Azam%27s_Will_at_Islamia_College_Peshawar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Quaid-i-Azam%27s_Will_at_Islamia_College_Peshawar.jpg/300px-Quaid-i-Azam%27s_Will_at_Islamia_College_Peshawar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Quaid-i-Azam%27s_Will_at_Islamia_College_Peshawar.jpg/400px-Quaid-i-Azam%27s_Will_at_Islamia_College_Peshawar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>'s will, excerpt</figcaption></figure> <p>Any person over the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a> and having "<a href="/wiki/Testamentary_capacity" title="Testamentary capacity">testamentary capacity</a>" (i.e., generally, being of <a href="/wiki/Sound_mind" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound mind">sound mind</a>) can make a will, with or without the aid of a lawyer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_of_the_will">Content of the will</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Content of the will"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Required content varies, depending on the jurisdiction, but generally includes the following: </p> <ul><li>The testator must clearly identify themselves as the maker of the will, and that a will is being made; this is commonly called "publication" of the will, and is typically satisfied by the words "last will and testament" on the face of the document.</li> <li>The testator should declare that he or she revokes all previous wills and <a href="/wiki/Codicil_(will)" title="Codicil (will)">codicils</a>. Otherwise, a subsequent will revokes earlier wills and codicils only to the extent to which they are inconsistent. However, if a subsequent will is completely inconsistent with an earlier one, the earlier will is considered completely revoked by implication.</li> <li>The testator may demonstrate that he or she has the capacity to dispose of their property ("sound mind"), and does so freely and willingly.</li> <li>The testator must sign and date the will, usually in the presence of at least two disinterested witnesses (persons who are not beneficiaries). There may be extra witnesses, these are called "supernumerary" witnesses, if there is a question as to an interested-party conflict. Some jurisdictions, notably <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, have long abolished any requirement for witnesses. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> requires both attestation by two witnesses as well as notarization by a notary public. <a href="/wiki/Holographic_will" title="Holographic will">Holographic wills</a> generally require no witnesses to be valid, but depending on the jurisdiction may need to be proved later as to the authenticity of the testator's signature.</li> <li>If witnesses are designated to receive property under the will they are witnesses to, this has the effect, in many jurisdictions, of either (i) disallowing them to receive under the will, or (ii) invalidating their status as a witness. In a growing number of states in the United States, however, an interested party is only an improper witness as to the clauses that benefit him or her (for instance, in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>).</li> <li>The testator's signature must be placed at the end of the will. If this is not observed, any text following the signature will be ignored, or the entire will may be invalidated if what comes after the signature is so material that ignoring it would defeat the testator's intentions.</li> <li>One or more beneficiaries (devisees, legatees) must generally be clearly stated in the text, but some jurisdictions allow a valid will that merely revokes a previous will, revokes a disposition in a previous will, or names an executor.</li></ul> <p>A will may not include a requirement that an heir commit an illegal, immoral, or other act against public policy as a condition of receipt. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">community property</a> jurisdictions, a will cannot be used to disinherit a surviving spouse, who is entitled to at least a portion of the testator's estate. In the United States, children may be disinherited by a parent's will, except in Louisiana, where a minimum share is guaranteed to surviving children except in specifically enumerated circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many civil law countries follow a similar rule. In England and Wales from 1933 to 1975, a will could disinherit a spouse; however, since the <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(Provision_for_Family_and_Dependants)_Act_1975" title="Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975">Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975</a> such an attempt can be defeated by a court order if it leaves the surviving spouse (or other entitled dependent) without "reasonable financial provision". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_lawyers">Role of lawyers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role of lawyers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no legal requirement that a will be drawn up by a lawyer, and some people may resist hiring a lawyer to draft a will.<sup id="cite_ref-cro_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cro-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People may draft a will with the assistance of a lawyer, use a software product<sup id="cite_ref-usn_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usn-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or will form, or write their wishes entirely on their own. Some lawyers offer educational classes for people who want to write their own will.<sup id="cite_ref-msp_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msp-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When obtained from a lawyer, a will may come as part of an <a href="/wiki/Estate_planning" title="Estate planning">estate planning</a> package that includes other instruments, such as a <a href="/wiki/Living_trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Living trust">living trust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyonline_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyonline-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A will that is drafted by a lawyer should avoid possible technical mistakes that a layperson might make that could potentially invalidate part or all of a will.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While wills prepared by a lawyer may seem similar to each other, lawyers can customize the language of wills to meet the needs of specific clients.<sup id="cite_ref-mw_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_wills">International wills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: International wills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973 an international convention, the <i>Convention providing a Uniform Law on the Form of an International Will</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was concluded in the context of <a href="/wiki/UNIDROIT" title="UNIDROIT">UNIDROIT</a>. The Convention provided for a universally recognised code of rules under which a will made anywhere, by any person of any nationality, would be valid and enforceable in every country that became a party to the Convention. These are known as "international wills". It is in force in Australia, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Canada (in 9 provinces, not Quebec), Croatia, Cyprus, Ecuador, France, Italy, Libya, Niger, Portugal and Slovenia. The Holy See, Iran, Laos, the Russian Federation, Sierra Leone, the United Kingdom, and the United States have signed but not ratified.<sup id="cite_ref-usbar_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usbar-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International wills are only valid where the convention applies. Although the U.S. has not ratified on behalf of any state, the Uniform law has been enacted in 23 states and the District of Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-usbar_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usbar-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For individuals who own assets in multiple countries and at least one of those countries are not a part of the Convention, it may be appropriate for the person to have multiple wills, one for each country.<sup id="cite_ref-usbar_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usbar-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-advoc_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advoc-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some nations, multiple wills may be useful to reduce or avoid taxes upon the estate and its assets.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Care must be taken to avoid accidental revocation of prior wills, avoid conflicts between the wills, and anticipate <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choice_of_law" title="Choice of law">choice of law</a> issues that may arise during probate.<sup id="cite_ref-advoc_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advoc-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revocation">Revocation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods_and_effect">Methods and effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Methods and effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Will_and_testament" title="Special:EditPage/Will and testament">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Intentional physical destruction of a will by the testator will revoke it, through deliberately burning or tearing the physical <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">document</a> itself, or by striking out the <a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">signature</a>. In most jurisdictions, partial revocation is allowed if only part of the text or a particular provision is crossed out. Other jurisdictions will either ignore the attempt or hold that the entire will was actually revoked. A testator may also be able to revoke by the physical act of another (as would be necessary if he or she is physically incapacitated), if this is done in their presence and in the presence of witnesses. Some jurisdictions may presume that a will has been destroyed if it had been last seen in the possession of the testator but is found mutilated or cannot be found after their death. </p><p>A will may also be revoked by the execution of a new will. Most wills contain stock language that expressly revokes any wills that came before them, because otherwise a court will normally still attempt to read the wills together to the extent they are consistent. </p><p>In some jurisdictions, the complete <a href="/wiki/Revocation" title="Revocation">revocation</a> of a will automatically revives the next-most recent will, while others hold that revocation leaves the testator with no will, so that their heirs will instead inherit by <a href="/wiki/Intestate_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestate succession">intestate succession</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> will automatically <a href="/wiki/Revocation" title="Revocation">revoke</a> a will, for it is <a href="/wiki/Presumption" title="Presumption">presumed</a> that upon marriage a <a href="/wiki/Testator" title="Testator">testator</a> will want to review the will. A statement in a will that it is made in <a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">contemplation</a> of forthcoming marriage to a named person will override this. </p><p>Divorce, conversely, will not revoke a will, but in many jurisdictions will have the effect that the former spouse is treated as if they had died before the testator and so will not benefit. </p><p>Where a will has been <a href="/wiki/Negligence" title="Negligence">accidentally</a> destroyed, on <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> that this is the case, a copy will or draft will may be admitted to <a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">probate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependent_relative_revocation">Dependent relative revocation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dependent relative revocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Will_and_testament" title="Special:EditPage/Will and testament">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many jurisdictions exercise an <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equitable</a> doctrine known as "dependent relative revocation" ("DRR"). Under this doctrine, courts may disregard a revocation that was based on a mistake of law on the part of the testator as to the effect of the revocation. For example, if a testator mistakenly believes that an earlier will can be revived by the revocation of a later will, the court will ignore the later revocation if the later will comes closer to fulfilling the testator's intent than not having a will at all. The doctrine also applies when a testator executes a second, or new will and revokes their old will under the (mistaken) belief that the new will would be valid. However, if for some reason the new will is not valid, a court may apply the doctrine to reinstate and probate the old will, if the court holds that the testator would prefer the old will to intestate succession. </p><p>Before applying the doctrine, courts may require (with rare exceptions) that there have been an alternative plan of disposition of the property. That is, after revoking the prior will, the testator could have made an alternative plan of disposition. Such a plan would show that the testator intended the revocation to result in the property going elsewhere, rather than just being a revoked disposition. Secondly, courts require either that the testator have recited their mistake in the terms of the revoking instrument, or that the mistake be established by clear and convincing evidence. For example, when the testator made the original revocation, he must have erroneously noted that he was revoking the gift "because the intended recipient has died" or "because I will enact a new will tomorrow". </p><p>DRR may be applied to restore a gift erroneously struck from a will if the intent of the testator was to enlarge that gift, but will not apply to restore such a gift if the intent of the testator was to revoke the gift in favor of another person. For example, suppose Tom has a will that bequeaths $5,000 to his secretary, Alice Johnson. If Tom crosses out that clause and writes "$7,000 to Alice Johnson" in the margin, but does not sign or date the writing in the margin, most states would find that Tom had revoked the earlier provision, but had not effectively amended his will to add the second; however, under DRR the revocation would be undone because Tom was acting under the mistaken belief that he could increase the gift to $7,000 by writing that in the margin. Therefore, Alice will get 5,000 dollars. However, the doctrine of relative revocation will not apply if the interlineation decreases the amount of the gift from the original provision (e.g., "$5,000 to Alice Johnson" is crossed out and replaced with "$3,000 to Alice Johnson" without Testator's signature or the date in the margin; DRR does not apply and Alice Johnson will take nothing). </p><p>Similarly, if Tom crosses out that clause and writes in the margin "$5,000 to Betty Smith" without signing or dating the writing, the gift to Alice will be effectively revoked. In this case, it will not be restored under the doctrine of DRR because even though Tom was mistaken about the effectiveness of the gift to Betty, that mistake does not affect Tom's intent to revoke the gift to Alice. Because the gift to Betty will be invalid for lack of proper execution, that $5,000 will go to Tom's residuary estate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_against_the_will">Election against the will</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Election against the will"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also referred to as "electing to take against the will". In the United States, many states have <a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">probate</a> statutes that permit the surviving spouse of the decedent to choose to receive a particular share of deceased spouse's estate in lieu of receiving the specified share left to him or her under the deceased spouse's will. As a simple example, under Iowa law (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coolice.legis.iowa.gov/Cool-ICE/default.asp?category=billinfo&service=IowaCode&input=633.238">Code of Iowa Section 633.238 (2005)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173533/http://coolice.legis.iowa.gov/Cool-ICE/default.asp?category=billinfo&service=IowaCode&input=633.238">Archived</a> 2018-06-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), the deceased spouse leaves a will which expressly devises the marital home to someone other than the surviving spouse. The surviving spouse may elect, contrary to the intent of the will, to live in the home for the remainder of his/her lifetime. This is called a "<a href="/wiki/Life_estate" title="Life estate">life estate</a>" and terminates immediately upon the surviving spouse's death. </p><p>The historical and social policy purposes of such statutes are to assure that the surviving spouse receives a statutorily set minimum amount of property from the decedent. Historically, these statutes were enacted to prevent the deceased spouse from leaving the survivor destitute, thereby shifting the burden of care to the social welfare system. </p><p>In New York, a surviving spouse is entitled to one-third of her deceased spouse's estate. The decedent's debts, administrative expenses and reasonable funeral expenses are paid prior to the calculation of the spousal elective share. The elective share is calculated through the "net estate". The net estate is inclusive of property that passed by the laws of intestacy, testamentary property, and testamentary substitutes, as enumerated in EPTL 5-1.1-A. New York's classification of testamentary substitutes that are included in the net estate make it challenging for a deceased spouse to disinherit their surviving spouse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_wills">Notable wills</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable wills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Nobels_will-November_25th,_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alfred_Nobels_will-November_25th%2C_1895.jpg/220px-Alfred_Nobels_will-November_25th%2C_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alfred_Nobels_will-November_25th%2C_1895.jpg/330px-Alfred_Nobels_will-November_25th%2C_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alfred_Nobels_will-November_25th%2C_1895.jpg/440px-Alfred_Nobels_will-November_25th%2C_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2965" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>'s will</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's will">will</a>, which named his grand-nephew <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Roman_adoption" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman adoption">adopted son</a> and heir, funded and legitimized Octavian's rise to political power in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">late Republic</a>; it provided him the resources necessary to win the <a href="/wiki/Roman_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman civil wars">civil wars</a> against the "<a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Final_War_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Final War of the Roman Republic">Antony</a> and to establish the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> under the name <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. Antony's <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony#Leader_of_the_Caesarians" title="Mark Antony">officiating at the public reading of the will</a> led to a riot and moved public opinion against Caesar's assassins. Octavian's illegal publication of Antony's sealed will was an important factor in removing his support within Rome, as it described his wish to be buried in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> beside the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Egyptian</a> queen <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>. </p><p>In the modern era, the <i><a href="/wiki/Thellusson_v_Woodford" title="Thellusson v Woodford">Thellusson v Woodford</a></i> will case led to British legislation against the accumulation of money for later distribution and was fictionalized as <i><a href="/wiki/Jarndyce_and_Jarndyce" title="Jarndyce and Jarndyce">Jarndyce and Jarndyce</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bleak_House" title="Bleak House">Bleak House</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> were established by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>'s will. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vance_Millar" title="Charles Vance Millar">Charles Vance Millar</a>'s will provoked the <a href="/wiki/Great_Stork_Derby" title="Great Stork Derby">Great Stork Derby</a>, as he successfully bequeathed the bulk of his estate to the <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>-area woman who had the greatest number of children in the ten years after his death. (The prize was divided among four women who had nine, with smaller payments made to women who had borne 10 children but lost some to miscarriage. Another woman who bore ten children was disqualified, for several were illegitimate.) </p><p>The longest known legal will is that of Englishwoman Frederica Evelyn Stilwell Cook. Probated in 1925, it was 1,066 pages, and had to be bound in four volumes; her estate was worth $102,000.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shortest known legal wills are those of Bimla Rishi of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, India (four characters in Hindi meaning "all to son")<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Karl Tausch of <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, Germany, ("Alles meiner Frau", meaning "all to wife").<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shortest will is of Shripad Krishnarao Vaidya of Nagpur, Maharashtra, consisting of five letters ("HEIR'S").<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An unusual holographic will, accepted into probate as a valid one, came out of an accident. On 8 June 1948 in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, Canada, a farmer named Cecil George Harris became trapped under his own <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a>. Thinking he would not survive (though found alive later, he died of his injuries in hospital), Harris carved a will into the tractor's fender, which read: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In case I die in this mess I leave all to the wife. Cecil Geo. Harris.</p></blockquote> <p>The fender was probated and stood as his will. The fender is currently on display at the <a href="/wiki/Law_library" title="Law library">law library</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan_College_of_Law" title="University of Saskatchewan College of Law">University of Saskatchewan College of Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Probate">Probate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Probate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">Probate</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_an_estate_on_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration of an estate on death">Administration of an estate on death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Probate_court" title="Probate court">Probate court</a></div> <p>After the testator has died, an application for <a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">probate</a> may be made in a <a href="/wiki/Probate_court" title="Probate court">court with probate jurisdiction</a> to determine the validity of the will or wills that the testator may have created, i.e., which will satisfy the legal requirements, and to appoint an <a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a>. In most cases, during probate, at least one witness is called upon to testify or sign a "proof of witness" affidavit. In some jurisdictions, however, statutes may provide requirements for a "self-proving" will (must be met during the execution of the will), in which case witness testimony may be forgone during probate. Often there is a time limit, usually 30 days, within which a will must be admitted to probate. In some jurisdictions, only an original will may be admitted to probate—even the most accurate photocopy will not suffice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some jurisdictions will admit a copy of a will if the original was lost or accidentally destroyed and the validity of the copy can be proved to the satisfaction of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the will is ruled invalid in probate, then <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> will occur under the laws of <a href="/wiki/Intestacy" title="Intestacy">intestacy</a> as if a will were never drafted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ademption" title="Ademption">Ademption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Death and the Internet</a>, including password vaults</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_will" title="Ethical will">Ethical will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_of_attorney" title="Power of attorney">Power of attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">Trust law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henson_trust" title="Henson trust">Henson trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totten_trust" title="Totten trust">Totten trust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Aid" title="Will Aid">Will Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_contest" title="Will contest">Will contest</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wills, Trusts, and Estates</i> (Aspen, 7th Ed., 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2013" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Adam (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hPktG5yIKMYC&q=%22will%20and%20testament%22%20%22law%20french%22%20breaking&pg=PT32"><i>The party of the first part the curious world of legalese</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466822573" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466822573"><bdi>978-1466822573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+party+of+the+first+part+the+curious+world+of+legalese&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1466822573&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhPktG5yIKMYC%26q%3D%2522will%2520and%2520testament%2522%2520%2522law%2520french%2522%2520breaking%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Will_(Law)" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Will (Law)">Will</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">654–</span>658.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Will&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E654-%3C%2Fspan%3E658&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene F. Scoles, <i>Problems and Materials on Decedents' Estates and Trusts</i> (2000), p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chuck Stewart, <i>Homosexuality and the Law: A Dictionary</i> (2001), p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See also</i>, for example, <i>In Re Kaufmann's Will</i>, 20 A.D.2d 464, 247 N.Y.S.2d 664 (1964), <i>aff'd</i>, 15 N.Y.2d 825, 257 N.Y.S.2d 941, 205 N.E.2d 864 (1965).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/mystic_will">"mystic will"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=mystic+will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fmystic_will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Repository Citation: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol15/iss1/7">Contracts Not to Revoke Joint or Mutual Wills</a></i>, 15 William & Mary Law Review 144 (1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louisiana Civil Code Article 1575 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://legis.la.gov/lss/lss.asp?doc=108900/">http://legis.la.gov/lss/lss.asp?doc=108900/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624142019/http://legis.la.gov/lss/lss.asp?doc=108900%2F">Archived</a> 2013-06-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/testatrix">"Definition of TESTATRIX"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+TESTATRIX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftestatrix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, if the child attempted to kill the parent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cro-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cro_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2013/11/how-to-create-a-bulletproof-estate-plan/index.htm">"Steps to Create an Estate Plan - Consumer Reports"</a>. <i>Consumer Reports</i>. November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minneapolis+Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Prince%27s+estate+highlights+the+value+of+creating+a+will&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft.aulast=Ewoldt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.startribune.com%2Fprince-s-estate-highlights-the-value-of-creating-a-will%2F378423311%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyonline-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyonline_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2018" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Paul (2018-09-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/07/your-money/online-wills.html">"Making Wills Easier and Cheaper With Do-It-Yourself Options"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Making+Wills+Easier+and+Cheaper+With+Do-It-Yourself+Options&rft.date=2018-09-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F07%2Fyour-money%2Fonline-wills.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckBartlettNerney" class="citation web cs1">Beck, Laura W.; Bartlett, Stefania L.; Nerney, Andrew M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cl-law.com/uploads/Wills-Connecticut-w-010-0785.pdf">"Wills: Connecticut"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cummings & Lockwood, LLC</i>. Practical Law<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Market+Watch&rft.atitle=Don%27t+buy+legal+documents+online+without+reading+this+story&rft.date=2015-11-27&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Catey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fdont-buy-legal-documents-online-without-reading-this-story-2015-11-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unidroit.org/instruments/international-will">"Convention providing a Uniform Law on the Form of an International Will (Washington, D.C., 1973)"</a>. <i>www.unidroit.org</i>. 2013-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unidroit.org&rft.atitle=Convention+providing+a+Uniform+Law+on+the+Form+of+an+International+Will+%28Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+1973%29&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unidroit.org%2Finstruments%2Finternational-will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usbar-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usbar_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usbar_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usbar_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEskinDriscoll" class="citation web cs1">Eskin, Vicki; Driscoll, Bryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbar.org/groups/gpsolo/publications/gp_solo/2011/april_may/estate_planning_withforeignproperty/">"Estate Planning with Foreign Property"</a>. American BAR Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estate+Planning+with+Foreign+Property&rft.pub=American+BAR+Association&rft.aulast=Eskin&rft.aufirst=Vicki&rft.au=Driscoll%2C+Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbar.org%2Fgroups%2Fgpsolo%2Fpublications%2Fgp_solo%2F2011%2Fapril_may%2Festate_planning_withforeignproperty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-advoc-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-advoc_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-advoc_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFry2012" class="citation web cs1">Fry, Barry (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advoc.com/uploads/5753160407709e81245677431.pdf">"Cross Border Estate Issues"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Advoc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advoc&rft.atitle=Cross+Border+Estate+Issues&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advoc.com%2Fuploads%2F5753160407709e81245677431.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPopovic-MontagHull2015" class="citation web cs1">Popovic-Montag, Suzana; Hull, Ian M. (2 Oct 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/suzana-popovicmontag/multiple-wills_b_8226444.html">"The Risks and Rewards of Multiple Wills"</a>. <i>HuffPost Canada Business</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost+Canada+Business&rft.atitle=The+Risks+and+Rewards+of+Multiple+Wills&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft.aulast=Popovic-Montag&rft.aufirst=Suzana&rft.au=Hull%2C+Ian+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.ca%2Fsuzana-popovicmontag%2Fmultiple-wills_b_8226444.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1993" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Gordon W. (1993). <i>Administration of wills, trusts, and estates</i>. Albany, N.Y: Delmar Publishers: Lawyers Cooperative Publ. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780827350533" title="Special:BookSources/9780827350533"><bdi>9780827350533</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administration+of+wills%2C+trusts%2C+and+estates&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Delmar+Publishers%3A+Lawyers+Cooperative+Publ&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780827350533&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Gordon+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung1998" class="citation book cs1">Young, Mark C., ed. (1998). <i>The Guinness Book of World Records</i>. United States: Bantam. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780553578959" title="Special:BookSources/9780553578959"><bdi>9780553578959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guinness+Book+of+World+Records&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780553578959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMedina2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Medina, John (2013). <i>Urh Des Lebens</i> (in German). Germany: Birkhäuser Basel. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783034860598" title="Special:BookSources/9783034860598"><bdi>9783034860598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urh+Des+Lebens&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user+Basel&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783034860598&rft.aulast=Medina&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TARUN BHARAT (www.tarunbharat.net) Nagpur, Saturday, 28 April 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PUNNYA NAGARI (Marathi language daily published at Nagpur) Friday 8 June 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On Campus News, January 23, 2009: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/3890/20210112033002/https://ocnarchives.usask.ca/09-jan-23/see_what_we_found.php">The Last Will and Testament of Cecil George Harris</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-136.html#NRS136Sec230">"NRS: CHAPTER 136 - PROBATE OF WILLS AND PETITIONS FOR LETTERS"</a>. <i>www.leg.state.nv.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.leg.state.nv.us&rft.atitle=NRS%3A+CHAPTER+136+-+PROBATE+OF+WILLS+AND+PETITIONS+FOR+LETTERS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.nv.us%2FNRS%2FNRS-136.html%23NRS136Sec230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWill+and+testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Administration of Wills, Trusts, and Estates</i> by Gordon W. Brown, Delmar Cengage Learning (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7668-5281-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7668-5281-5">978-0-7668-5281-5</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_and_testament&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wills" class="extiw" title="q:Wills">Wills</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wills" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wills">Wills</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adviceguide.org.uk/index/family_parent/family/wills.htm">Citizens Advice Bureau (UK)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/wills.asp">Prerogative Court of Canterbury wills (1384–1858) at the National Archives (pay per view)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=5111">Prerogative Court of Canterbury wills on Ancestry.co.uk (subscription)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/PROB1wills.asp">Download the wills of famous people</a> (UK National Archives)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/museum/item.asp?item_id=21">William Shakespeare's Will</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/last-will-and-testament">Thomas Jefferson's Last Will</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/museum/item.asp?item_id=33">Jane Austen's Will</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death" title="Template:Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death" title="Template talk:Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other aspects</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death <i>in absentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Law" title="Template:Law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Law" title="Template talk:Law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Core subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_civil_law_(common_law)" title="Outline of civil law (common law)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_obligations" title="Law of obligations">Law of obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">Private law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_law" title="Procedural law">Procedure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">Criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">Public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restitution_and_unjust_enrichment" title="Restitution and unjust enrichment">Restitution and unjust enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_law" title="Agricultural law">Agricultural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Aviation law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_law" title="Amnesty law">Amnesty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">Banking law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">Conflict of laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_law" class="mw-redirect" title="IT law">Cyberlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drugs law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Energy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a> (Media law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_law" title="Financial law">Financial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">Financial regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_law" title="Health law">Health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">International criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">International human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International slavery laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">International trade law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurimetrics" title="Jurimetrics">Jurimetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlord%E2%80%93tenant_law" title="Landlord–tenant law">Landlord–tenant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_archaeology" title="Legal archaeology">Legal archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">Legal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Maritime law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">Marriage law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Military law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">Probate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Will and testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">Product liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">Public international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">Refugee law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparation_(legal)" title="Reparation (legal)">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">Tax law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_law" title="Transport law">Transport law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unenforced_law" title="Unenforced law">Unenforced law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_law" title="Sources of law">Sources of law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_law" title="Code of law">Legal code</a> / <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">Letters patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-made_law" title="Man-made law">Man-made law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">Case law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_report" title="Law report">Law reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_treatise" title="Legal treatise">Legal treatise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lawmaking" title="Lawmaking">Law making</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Ballot measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">Codification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">Decree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">Edict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Executive order (disambiguation)">Executive order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation" title="Primary and secondary legislation">Delegated legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">Promulgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">Act of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">Legal systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_pluralism" title="Legal pluralism">Legal pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Jain law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_law" title="Parsi law">Parsi law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Xeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">Legal formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">Principle of legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_typicality" title="Principle of typicality">Principle of typicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_man" title="Rule of man">Rule of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit/Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">Legal opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">Judge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justice of the peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Practice of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_at_law" title="Attorney at law">Attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counsel" title="Counsel">Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Legal representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">Prosecutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">Solicitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law#Question_of_fact" title="Question of law">Question of fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_advocacy" title="Trial advocacy">Trial advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier_of_fact" title="Trier of fact">Trier of fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdict" title="Verdict">Verdict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barristers%27_chambers" title="Barristers' chambers">Barristers' chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">The bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_(law)" title="Bench (law)">The bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">Court of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">Law school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_legal_profession" title="History of the legal profession">History of the legal profession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_American_legal_profession" title="History of the American legal profession">History of the American legal profession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Women in law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/40px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155656#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2025" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155656#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119356699">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Testaments"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119356699">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574448">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="závěti"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph164195&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000304152&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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