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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Opioids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opioids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Alcohol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannabis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannabis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Cannabis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannabis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Combinations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Alternative medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Other drugs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjuvants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjuvants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Adjuvants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjuvants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_drugs_with_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_drugs_with_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 List of drugs with comparison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_drugs_with_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Analgesic</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" > 71 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pynstiller" title="Pynstiller – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pynstiller" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85" title="مسكن ألم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسكن ألم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analx%C3%A9sicu" title="Analxésicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Analxésicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgetik_madd%C9%99l%C9%99r" title="Analgetik maddələr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Analgetik maddələr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="آغری کسیجی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آغری کسیجی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Анальгетыкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анальгетыкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Анальгетыкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Анальгетыкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Аналгетик – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аналгетик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgetik" title="Analgetik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Analgetik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analg%C3%A8sic" title="Analgèsic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Analgèsic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgetikum" title="Analgetikum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Analgetikum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poenliniarydd" title="Poenliniarydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Poenliniarydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgetikum" title="Analgetikum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Analgetikum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgetikum" title="Analgetikum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Analgetikum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuvaigisti" title="Valuvaigisti – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valuvaigisti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Αναλγητικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναλγητικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analg%C3%A9sico" title="Analgésico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Analgésico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADdolorilo" title="Kontraŭdolorilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭdolorilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesiko" title="Analgesiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Analgesiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ضد درد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضد درد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalgique" title="Antalgique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antalgique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anailg%C3%A9iseach" title="Anailgéiseach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Anailgéiseach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analx%C3%A9sico" title="Analxésico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Analxésico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%ED%86%B5%EC%A0%9C" title="진통제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진통제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A6%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B2_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ցավազրկող դեղամիջոցներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցավազրկող դեղամիջոցներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="वेदनाहर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेदनाहर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgetik" title="Analgetik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Analgetik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesik" title="Analgesik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Analgesik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmaco_antalgico" title="Farmaco antalgico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Farmaco antalgico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%91" title="שיכוך כאב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיכוך כאב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derman%C3%AAn_%C3%AA%C5%9Fbir" title="Dermanên êşbir – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dermanên êşbir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prets%C4%81pju_l%C4%ABdzek%C4%BCi" title="Pretsāpju līdzekļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pretsāpju līdzekļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgetikas" title="Analgetikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Analgetikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradole" title="Paradole – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Paradole" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1jdalomcsillap%C3%ADt%C3%B3" title="Fájdalomcsillapító – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fájdalomcsillapító" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Аналгетик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аналгетик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="അനാൽജെസിക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനാൽജെസിക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95" title="वेदनाशामक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वेदनाशामक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesik" title="Analgesik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Analgesik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijnstillers" title="Pijnstillers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pijnstillers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%AE%E7%97%9B%E8%96%AC" title="鎮痛薬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鎮痛薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgetika" title="Analgetika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Analgetika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgetika" title="Analgetika – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Analgetika" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Analgesic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgetiklar" title="Analgetiklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Analgetiklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgetyki" title="Analgetyki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Analgetyki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analg%C3%A9sico" title="Analgésico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Analgésico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgezic" title="Analgezic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Analgezic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Анальгетик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анальгетик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Analgesic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgetik" title="Analgetik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Analgetik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanuun_baa_bi%27iye" title="Xanuun baa bi'iye – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xanuun baa bi'iye" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8E%D9%86" title="ئازارشکێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئازارشکێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Аналгетик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аналгетик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgetik" title="Analgetik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Analgetik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesik" title="Analgesik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Analgesik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgeetit" title="Analgeetit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Analgeetit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A4rtstillande_l%C3%A4kemedel" title="Smärtstillande läkemedel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Smärtstillande läkemedel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analhesiko" title="Analhesiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Analhesiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="வலிநீக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலிநீக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF" title="నొప్పి నివారిణి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నొప్పి నివారిణి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94" title="ยาระงับปวด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยาระงับปวด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Аналгетик – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аналгетик" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_kesici" title="Ağrı kesici – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ağrı kesici" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Анальгетики – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анальгетики" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86" title="مسکن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مسکن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_gi%E1%BA%A3m_%C4%91au" title="Thuốc giảm đau – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Drugs used to achieve relief from pain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the medical condition of hereditary analgesia, see <a href="/wiki/Congenital_insensitivity_to_pain" title="Congenital insensitivity to pain">Congenital insensitivity to pain</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Painkiller" and similar terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Painkiller_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Painkiller (disambiguation)">Painkiller (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Analgesic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg/280px-Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg/420px-Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg/560px-Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Opium_poppies" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium poppies">Opium poppies</a> such as this one provide ingredients for the class of analgesics called <a href="/wiki/Opiates" class="mw-redirect" title="Opiates">opiates</a>. Also visible is the plant's <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>, from which numerous opiate compounds have been isolated.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Class identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Use</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Pain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02A" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code N02A">N02A</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/analgesics.html">Drug Classes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consumerreports.org/health/best-buy-drugs/analgesics.htm">Best Buy Drugs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/WebMD" title="WebMD">WebMD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicinenet.com/analgesics/article.htm">MedicineNet</a> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173235" class="extiw" title="d:Q173235">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> An analgesic drug, also called simply an analgesic, antalgic, pain reliever, or painkiller, is any member of the group of <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">drugs</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">pain management</a>. Analgesics are conceptually distinct from <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetics</a>, which temporarily reduce, and in some instances eliminate, <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensation</a>, although analgesia and <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> are neurophysiologically overlapping and thus various drugs have both analgesic and anesthetic effects. Analgesic choice is also determined by the type of pain: For <a href="/wiki/Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">neuropathic pain</a>, recent research has suggested that classes of drugs that are not normally considered analgesics, such as <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants">tricyclic antidepressants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsants</a> may be considered as an alternative.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14623723-1">[1]</a> Various analgesics, such as many <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">NSAIDs</a>, are available <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over the counter</a> in most countries, whereas various others are <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drugs</a> owing to the substantial risks and high chances of <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">overdose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">misuse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a> in the absence of medical supervision. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word analgesic derives from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> an- (ἀν-, "without"), álgos (ἄλγος, "pain"),<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and -ikos (-ικος, forming <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>). Such drugs were usually known as "<a href="/wiki/Anodyne" title="Anodyne">anodynes</a>" before the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEB1878-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEB1911-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Analgesics are typically classified based on their mechanism of action.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tylenol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tylenol.jpg/136px-Tylenol.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tylenol.jpg/205px-Tylenol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tylenol.jpg/273px-Tylenol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A bottle of <a href="/wiki/Acetaminophen" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetaminophen">acetaminophen</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paracetamol_(acetaminophen)">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paracetamol (acetaminophen)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a></div> Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen or APAP, is a medication used to treat <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-6">[6]</a> It is typically used for mild to moderate pain.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-6">[6]</a> In combination with <a href="/wiki/Opioid_analgesic" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid analgesic">opioid pain medication</a>, paracetamol is now used for more severe pain such as <a href="/wiki/Cancer_pain" title="Cancer pain">cancer pain</a> and after surgery.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It is typically used either by mouth or <a href="/wiki/Rectally" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectally">rectally</a> but is also available <a href="/wiki/Intravenously" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenously">intravenously</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoch2014-8">[8]</a> Effects last between two and four hours.<a href="#cite_note-Hoch2014-8">[8]</a> Paracetamol is classified as a mild analgesic.<a href="#cite_note-Hoch2014-8">[8]</a> Paracetamol is generally safe at recommended doses.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NSAIDs">NSAIDs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: NSAIDs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug</a></div> Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (usually abbreviated to NSAIDs), are a <a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">drug class</a> that groups together <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a> that decrease pain<a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-10">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antipyretic" title="Antipyretic">lower fever</a>, and, in higher doses, decrease <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mallinson-11">[11]</a> The most prominent members of this group of drugs—<a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">naproxen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">diclofenac</a> are all available <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over the counter</a> in most countries.<a href="#cite_note-The_Physician_and_Sportsmedicine_2010-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="COX-2_inhibitors">COX-2 inhibitors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: COX-2 inhibitors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2 inhibitor</a></div> These drugs have been derived from NSAIDs. The <a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase">cyclooxygenase</a> enzyme inhibited by NSAIDs was discovered to have at least two different versions: COX1 and COX2. Research suggested most of the adverse effects of NSAIDs to be mediated by blocking the COX1 (<a href="/wiki/Constitutive_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutive enzyme">constitutive</a>) enzyme, with the analgesic effects being mediated by the COX2 (<a href="/wiki/Adaptive_enzyme" title="Adaptive enzyme">inducible</a>) enzyme. Thus, the COX2 inhibitors were developed to inhibit only the COX2 enzyme (traditional NSAIDs block both versions in general). These drugs (such as <a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">rofecoxib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">celecoxib</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etoricoxib" title="Etoricoxib">etoricoxib</a>) are equally effective analgesics when compared with NSAIDs, but cause less gastrointestinal hemorrhage in particular.<a href="#cite_note-Conaghan2012-13">[13]</a> After widespread adoption of the COX-2 inhibitors, it was discovered that most of the drugs in this class increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular event">cardiovascular events</a> by 40% on average. This led to the withdrawal of rofecoxib and valdecoxib, and warnings on others. Etoricoxib seems relatively safe, with the risk of <a href="/wiki/Thrombotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombotic">thrombotic</a> events similar to that of non-coxib NSAID diclofenac.<a href="#cite_note-Conaghan2012-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opioids">Opioids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opioids">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioid</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a>, the archetypal <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioid</a>, and other opioids (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">dihydromorphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine</a>) all exert a similar influence on the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebral</a> <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid receptor</a> system. <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partial agonist</a> of the μ-opioid receptor, and <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a> is a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) with weak μ-opioid receptor agonist properties.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a> is structurally closer to <a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">venlafaxine</a> than to <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a> and delivers analgesia by not only delivering "opioid-like" effects (through mild agonism of the <a href="/wiki/Mu_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu receptor">mu receptor</a>) but also by acting as a weak but fast-acting <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_releasing_agent" title="Serotonin releasing agent">serotonin releasing agent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1596676-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9389855-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9671098-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12354291-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a>, with some structural similarities to tramadol, presents what is believed to be a novel drug working through two (and possibly three) different modes of action in the fashion of both a traditional opioid and as an SNRI. The effects of serotonin and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">norepinephrine</a> on pain, while not completely understood, have had causal links established and drugs in the SNRI class are commonly used in conjunction with opioids (especially tapentadol and tramadol) with greater success in pain relief. Dosing of all opioids may be limited by opioid toxicity (confusion, respiratory depression, <a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">myoclonic jerks</a> and pinpoint pupils), seizures (<a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a>), but opioid-tolerant individuals usually have higher dose ceilings than patients without tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Opioids, while very effective analgesics, may have some unpleasant side-effects. Patients starting morphine may experience <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> (generally relieved by a short course of <a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">antiemetics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Phenergan" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenergan">phenergan</a>). <a href="/wiki/Pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritus">Pruritus</a> (itching) may require switching to a different opioid. <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a> occurs in almost all patients on opioids, and <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lactulose" title="Lactulose">lactulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrogol" title="Macrogol">macrogol</a>-containing or co-danthramer) are typically co-prescribed.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-20">[20]</a> When used appropriately, opioids and other central analgesics are safe and effective; however, risks such as addiction and the body's becoming used to the drug (tolerance) can occur. The effect of tolerance means that frequent use of the drug may result in its diminished effect. When safe to do so, the dosage may need to be increased to maintain effectiveness against tolerance, which may be of particular concern regarding patients with chronic pain and requiring an analgesic over long periods. Opioid tolerance is often addressed with <a href="/wiki/Opioid_rotation" title="Opioid rotation">opioid rotation therapy</a> in which a patient is routinely switched between two or more non-cross-tolerant opioid medications in order to prevent exceeding safe dosages in the attempt to achieve an adequate analgesic effect. Opioid tolerance should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_hyperalgesia" title="Opioid-induced hyperalgesia">opioid-induced hyperalgesia</a>. The symptoms of these two conditions can appear very similar but the mechanism of action is different. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is when exposure to opioids increases the sensation of pain (<a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">hyperalgesia</a>) and can even make non-painful stimuli painful (<a href="/wiki/Allodynia" title="Allodynia">allodynia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol">Alcohol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alcohol">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></div> Alcohol has biological, mental, and social effects which influence the consequences of using alcohol for pain.<a href="#cite_note-ZaleMaisto2015-22">[22]</a> Moderate use of alcohol can lessen certain types of pain in certain circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-ZaleMaisto2015-22">[22]</a> The majority of its analgesic effects come from antagonizing NMDA receptors, similarly to ketamine, thus decreasing the activity of the primary excitatory (signal boosting) <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a>, glutamate. It also functions as an analgesic to a lesser degree by increasing the activity of the primary inhibitory (signal reducing) neurotransmitter, GABA.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Attempting to use alcohol to treat pain has also been observed to lead to negative outcomes including excessive drinking and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol use disorder">alcohol use disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ZaleMaisto2015-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannabis">Cannabis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cannabis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></div> Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana, refers to <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> or its <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoids">cannabinoids</a> used to treat disease or improve symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> There is evidence suggesting that cannabis can be used to treat <a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">chronic pain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_spasms" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle spasms">muscle spasms</a>, with some trials indicating improved relief of neuropathic pain over opioids.<a href="#cite_note-Borgelt2013-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-JAMA2015-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combinations">Combinations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Combinations">edit</a>]</div> Analgesics are frequently used in combination, such as the <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a> preparations found in many non-prescription pain relievers. They can also be found in combination with vasoconstrictor drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">pseudoephedrine</a> for <a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranasal sinus">sinus</a>-related preparations, or with <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamine</a> drugs for people with allergies. While the use of paracetamol, aspirin, <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">naproxen</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/NSAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="NSAIDS">NSAIDS</a> concurrently with weak to mid-range opiates (up to about the hydrocodone level) has been said to show beneficial synergistic effects by combating pain at multiple sites of action,<a href="#cite_note-pmid34636261-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12148679-30">[30]</a> several combination analgesic products have been shown to have few efficacy benefits when compared to similar doses of their individual components. Moreover, these combination analgesics can often result in significant adverse events, including accidental overdoses, most often due to confusion that arises from the multiple (and often non-acting) components of these combinations.<a href="#cite_note-nps01-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alternative medicine">edit</a>]</div> There is some evidence that some treatments using alternative medicine can relieve some types of pain more effectively than <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alternative_medicine_reviews-32">[32]</a> The available research concludes that more research would be necessary to better understand the use of alternative medicine.<a href="#cite_note-alternative_medicine_reviews-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_drugs">Other drugs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other drugs">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a>—a monoamine reuptake inhibitor, and calcium and sodium channel modulator—is also approved for the treatment of moderate to severe pain in some countries.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a> is a centrally acting K+ channel opener with weak <a href="/wiki/NMDA_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="NMDA antagonist">NMDA antagonist</a> properties.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> It was used in Europe for moderate to strong pain, as well as its <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a>-treating and muscle-relaxant properties. It has no significant <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> properties, and is believed to be devoid of any activity on dopamine, serotonin, or histamine receptors. It is not addictive, and tolerance usually does not develop.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> However, tolerance may develop in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide</a>, a blocker of potent <a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type voltage-gated calcium channels</a>, is administered <a href="/wiki/Intrathecally" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrathecally">intrathecally</a> for the relief of severe, usually cancer-related pain.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjuvants">Adjuvants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adjuvants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Analgesic_adjuvant" title="Analgesic adjuvant">Analgesic adjuvant</a></div> Certain drugs that have been introduced for uses other than analgesics are also used in pain management. Both first-generation (such as <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>) and newer <a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">antidepressants</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a>) are used alongside NSAIDs and opioids for pain involving nerve damage and similar problems. Other agents directly potentiate the effects of analgesics, such as using <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">hydroxyzine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">promethazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">carisoprodol</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">tripelennamine</a> to increase the pain-killing ability of a given dose of opioid analgesic. Adjuvant analgesics, also called atypical analgesics, include <a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">orphenadrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">mexiletine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">cyclobenzaprine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyoscine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine">hyoscine</a> (scopolamine), and other drugs possessing anticonvulsant, anticholinergic, and/or antispasmodic properties, as well as many other drugs with CNS actions. These drugs are used along with analgesics to modulate and/or modify the action of opioids when used against pain, especially of neuropathic origin. <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a> has been noted to slow the development of and reverse tolerance to opioids, as well as to exert additional analgesia by acting upon <a href="/wiki/NMDA" class="mw-redirect" title="NMDA">NMDA</a> receptors, as does <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Some analgesics such as <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">ketobemidone</a> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">piritramide</a> have intrinsic NMDA action.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a> is used to treat neuropathic pain. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a> are prescribed for neuropathic pain, and phenibut is available without prescription. Gabapentinoids work as α2δ-subunit blockers of <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel" title="Voltage-gated calcium channel">voltage-gated calcium channels</a>, and tend to have other mechanisms of action as well. Gabapentinoids are all <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsants</a>, which are most commonly used for neuropathic pain, as their mechanism of action tends to inhibit pain sensation originating from the nervous system.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> Topical analgesia is generally recommended to avoid systemic side-effects. Painful joints, for example, may be treated with an <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>- or <a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">diclofenac</a>-containing gel (The labeling for topical diclofenac has been updated to warn about drug-induced hepatotoxicity.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>); <a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">capsaicin</a> also is used <a href="/wiki/Topical_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical cream">topically</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">steroids</a> may be injected into joints for longer-term pain relief. Lidocaine is also used for painful <a href="/wiki/Mouth_sore" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouth sore">mouth sores</a> and to numb areas for <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dental</a> work and minor medical procedures. In February 2007 the FDA notified consumers and healthcare professionals of the potential hazards of topical anesthetics entering the bloodstream when applied in large doses to the skin without medical supervision. These topical anesthetics contain anesthetic drugs such as lidocaine, tetracaine, benzocaine, and prilocaine in a cream, ointment, or gel.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> Topical <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs">nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> provide pain relief in common conditions such as muscle sprains and overuse injuries. Since the side effects are also lesser, topical preparations could be preferred over oral medications in these conditions.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_drugs_with_comparison">List of drugs with comparison</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of drugs with comparison">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%"> <caption><big>Comparison of different analgesics</big> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Generic name (INN) </th> <th>Physicochemistry<a href="#cite_note-MD-44">[44]</a> </th> <th>Mechanism of action<a href="#cite_note-GG-45">[45]</a> </th> <th>Routes of administration <a href="#cite_note-GG-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMH-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-BNF-47">[47]</a> </th> <th style="width:100px;">Pharmacokinetics<a href="#cite_note-MD-44">[44]</a> </th> <th>Indications <a href="#cite_note-GG-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMH-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-BNF-47">[47]</a> </th> <th>Major safety concerns <a href="#cite_note-GG-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMH-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-BNF-47">[47]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;">Unselective agents </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aceclofenac" title="Aceclofenac">Aceclofenac</a></td> <td>Comes in betadex salt and free acid forms; practically insoluble in water, soluble in many organic solvents; degrades on contact with light; phenylacetic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per <a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">diclofenac</a>.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a> (PO.)</td> <td>Protein binding > 99%; half-life = 4 hours; metabolised to diclofenac (minor); excretion = urine (67%).</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acemetacin" title="Acemetacin">Acemetacin</a></td> <td>Comes in free form; practically insoluble in water, soluble in certain organic solvents; degrades upon contact with light. Chemically related to <a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">indometacin</a></td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Slightly metabolised to <a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">indometacin</a>.</td> <td>Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and lower back pain.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amfenac" title="Amfenac">Amfenac</a></td> <td>No available data.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Pain and inflammation.</td> <td>As diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aminophenazone" title="Aminophenazone">Aminophenazone</a></td> <td>Related to phenylbutazone.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>Musculoskeletal and joint disorders.</td> <td>Agranulocytosis and cancer. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ampiroxicam" title="Ampiroxicam">Ampiroxicam</a></td> <td>Related to piroxicam.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>.</td> <td>Photosensitivity and other AEs typical of NSAIDs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amtolmetin_guacil" title="Amtolmetin guacil">Amtolmetin guacil</a></td> <td>Prodrug to <a href="/wiki/Tolmetin" title="Tolmetin">tolmetin</a>.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a></td> <td>Comes in free form, aluminium and lysine salt forms; fairly insoluble in water (1 in 300); highly soluble (1 in 5) in alcohol; degrades on contact with air. Salicylate.</td> <td>Irreversibly inhibits <a href="/wiki/COX-1" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-1">COX-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/COX-2" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2">COX-2</a>; hence inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.</td> <td>PO, IM, IV, rectal</td> <td>Bioavailability = 80–100%; protein binding = 25–95% (inversely dependent on plasma concentration); half life = 2–3 hours, 15–30 hours (higher doses); excretion = 80–100%.<a href="#cite_note-AMSR-48">[48]</a></td> <td>Blood thinning; mild-to-moderate pain; fever; <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a>; migraine; <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasaki's disease">Kawasaki's disease</a></td> <td>GI bleeds; ulcers; <a href="/wiki/Reye_syndrome" title="Reye syndrome">Reye syndrome</a>; nephrotoxicity; blood dyscrasias (rarely); <a href="/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome" title="Stevens–Johnson syndrome">Stevens–Johnson syndrome</a> (uncommon/rare) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azapropazone" title="Azapropazone">Azapropazone</a></td> <td>Comes in free form; fairly insoluble in water and chloroform, soluble in ethanol; phenylbutazone.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, rectal.</td> <td>No data available.</td> <td>Rheumatoid arthritis; gout; ankylosing spondylitis.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bendazac" title="Bendazac">Bendazac</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid and lysine salt forms. Chemically related to <a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">indometacin</a>.</td> <td>As per acetametacin.</td> <td>Topical, ophthalmologic.</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>Skin conditions (such as <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataracts</a>.</td> <td>Hepatotoxicity reported. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benorilate" title="Benorilate">Benorilate</a></td> <td>Aspirin-paracetamol ester. Practically insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in ethanol and methanol, soluble in acetone and chloroform.</td> <td>As per aspirin and paracetamol.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Unavailable.</td> <td>Osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis; soft-tissue rheumatism; mild-moderate pain and fever.</td> <td>As per aspirin and paracetamol. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid form; freely soluble in water.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>Topical, PO, rectal, spray and vaginal.</td> <td>No data available.</td> <td>Musculoskeletal disorders; soft-tissue disorders; sore throat.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromfenac" title="Bromfenac">Bromfenac</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid form; phenylacetic acid derivative.</td> <td>Reversible COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor.</td> <td>Ophthalmologic.</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>Postoperative pain and inflammation.</td> <td>Corneal ulceration. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bufexamac" title="Bufexamac">Bufexamac</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid form; practically insoluble in water, soluble in a few organic solvents; degrades upon contact with light.</td> <td>Reversible COX-1/COX-2 inhibition.</td> <td>Topical.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Skin disorders.</td> <td>Skin conditions, such as contact dermatitis. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbasalate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbasalate (page does not exist)">Carbasalate</a></td> <td>Comes in calcium salt form; fairly soluble in water.</td> <td>Is metabolised to aspirin and urea. As per aspirin.</td> <td>Oral.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Used for thromboembolic disorders.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clonixin" title="Clonixin">Clonixin</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid and lysine salt forms.</td> <td>Reversible COX-1/COX-2 inhibition.</td> <td>PO, IM, IV, rectal.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Pain.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dexibuprofen" title="Dexibuprofen">Dexibuprofen</a></td> <td>D-isomer of <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>. Propionic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = ?; protein binding = 99%; metabolism = hepatic via carboxylation and hydroxylation; half-life = 1.8–3.5 hours; excretion = Urine (90%).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></td> <td>Osteoarthritis; mild-moderate pain and menstrual pain.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></td> <td>Comes in sodium, potassium and diethylamine (topically used as a gel) salt forms; sparingly soluble in water but soluble in ethanol. Unstable in the presence of light and air. Indole acetic acid derivative.</td> <td>Reversible COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor.</td> <td>PO and topical.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 50–60%; protein binding = 99–99.8%; hepatic metabolism; half-life = 1.2–2 hours; excretion = urine (50–70%), faeces (30–35%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>; inflammatory pain (e.g. period pain); local pain/inflammation (as a gel); <a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinic keratoses">actinic keratoses</a>; heavy menstrual bleeding</td> <td>As per aspirin, except without Reye syndrome and with the following additions: <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarctions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>. More prone to causing these AEs compared to the other non-selective NSAIDs.<a href="#cite_note-card-51">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylamine_salicylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diethylamine salicylate (page does not exist)">Diethylamine salicylate</a></td> <td>Freely soluble in water; degrades upon contact with light and iron.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>Topical.</td> <td>N/A.</td> <td>Rheumatic and musculoskeletal pain.</td> <td>As per bufexamac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diflunisal" title="Diflunisal">Diflunisal</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid and <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a> salt forms; practically insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol; degrades upon contact with light.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, IM, IV.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 80–100%; protein binding > 99%; volume of distribution = 0.11 L/kg; hepatic metabolism; half-life = 8–12 hours; excretion = urine (90%), faeces (<5%).<a href="#cite_note-MD-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></td> <td>Pain; osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epirizole" title="Epirizole">Epirizole</a></td> <td>Comes in free form.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a>.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethenzamide" title="Ethenzamide">Ethenzamide</a></td> <td>Comes in free form; salicylate.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>Musculoskeletal pain; fever.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etofenamate" title="Etofenamate">Etofenamate</a></td> <td>Liquid; practically insoluble in water, miscible with ethyl acetate and methanol.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>Topical.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>Musculoskeletal, joint and soft-tissue disorders.</td> <td>As per bufexamac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Felbinac" title="Felbinac">Felbinac</a></td> <td>Comes in free and <a href="/wiki/Diisopropanolamine" title="Diisopropanolamine">diisopropanolamine</a> salt forms; practically insoluble in water and ethanol, soluble in methanol.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>Topical.</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>Musculoskeletal pain and soft tissue injuries.</td> <td>As per bufexamac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fenbufen" title="Fenbufen">Fenbufen</a></td> <td>Comes as free acid; fairly insoluble in most solvents (including water); propionic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Protein binding > 99%; half-life = 10–17 hours.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fenoprofen" title="Fenoprofen">Fenoprofen</a></td> <td>Comes in calcium salt; fairly insoluble in water and chloroform and fairly soluble in alcohol; sensitive to degradation by air. Propionic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = ?; protein binding = 99%; hepatic metabolism; excretion = urine, faeces.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></td> <td>Pain; rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fentiazac" title="Fentiazac">Fentiazac</a></td> <td>Comes in free form and calcium salt; acetic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fepradinol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fepradinol (page does not exist)">Fepradinol</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid and hydrochloride salt forms.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>Topical.</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>Local inflammatory response.</td> <td>As per bufexamac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Feprazone" title="Feprazone">Feprazone</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid and piperazine salt forms. Phenylbutazone.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, Rectal, topical.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>As per bufexamac (topical use) and diclofenac (PO/rectal). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Floctafenine" title="Floctafenine">Floctafenine</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid form; anthranilic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>Oral.</td> <td>Extensively metabolised by the liver; half-life = 8 hours; excretion = urinary and biliary.</td> <td>Short-term relief from pain.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid form and aluminium salt form; anthranilic acid.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>Topical.</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>Soft tissue inflammation and pain.</td> <td>As per bufexamac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flurbiprofen" title="Flurbiprofen">Flurbiprofen</a></td> <td>Comes in sodium salt and free acid forms; fairly insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol; sensitive to degradation by air. Propionic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, IM, IV, ophthalmologic.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 96% (oral); protein binding > 99%; volume of distribution = 0.12 L/kg; excretion = urine (70%).<a href="#cite_note-saudi-54">[54]</a></td> <td>Ophthalmologic: <a href="/wiki/Vernal_keratoconjunctivitis" title="Vernal keratoconjunctivitis">Vernal keratoconjunctivitis</a>; postoperative ocular swelling; herpetic stromal keratitis, excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy; ocular gingivitis. Systemic use: <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-saudi-54">[54]</a></td> <td>As per bromfenac (ophthalmologic) and diclofenac (PO/IM/IV). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glucametacin" title="Glucametacin">Glucametacin</a></td> <td>Indometacin derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>Musculoskeletal, joint, peri-articular and soft-tissue disorders.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a></td> <td>Comes in lysine salt, potassium salt and free acid forms; practically insoluble in water, but soluble in ethanol, <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dichloromethane" title="Dichloromethane">dichloromethane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>. Degrades in the presence of air. Propionic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, IV, topical</td> <td>Bioavailability = 80–100%; protein binding = 90–99%; hepatic metabolism, mostly via <a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">CYP2C9</a> and <a href="/wiki/CYP2C19" title="CYP2C19">CYP2C19</a>-mediated oxidation; excretion = Urine (50–60%), faeces.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></td> <td>Pain; fever; inflammatory illness; <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>; heavy menstrual bleeding; <a href="/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus" title="Patent ductus arteriosus">patent ductus arteriosus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AMH-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></td> <td>As per diclofenac, except with lower risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and hypertension. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Imidazole_salicylate" title="Imidazole salicylate">Imidazole salicylate</a></td> <td>Comes in free form. Salicylate.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, rectal, topical.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>Muscular and rheumatic pain.</td> <td>As per bufexamac (topical use) and diclofenac (PO/rectal). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid and sodium salt forms; practically insoluble in water and most solvents; sensitive to degradation by light. Acetic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, IV, rectal</td> <td>Bioavailability = 100% (oral); protein binding = 90%; hepatic metabolism; excretion = urine (60%), faeces (33%).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">ankylosing spondylitis</a>; period pain; patent ductus arteriosus.<a href="#cite_note-AMH-46">[46]</a></td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isonixin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isonixin (page does not exist)">Isonixin</a></td> <td>Comes in free form.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, rectal and topical.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>Musculoskeletal and joint disorders.</td> <td>As per bufexamac (topical use) and diclofenac (PO/rectal). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kebuzone" title="Kebuzone">Kebuzone</a></td> <td>Comes in free and sodium salt form; phenylbutazone derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>IM, PO.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">Ketoprofen</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid, lysine salt, sodium salt and hydrochloride salt forms; the dex-enantiomer comes in <a href="/wiki/Trometamol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trometamol">trometamol</a> salt form. Practically insoluble in water; freely soluble in most other solvents. Propionic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, rectal, topical, transdermal, intravenous, intramuscular.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></td> <td>Bioavailability > 92% (oral), 70–90% (rectal); protein binding > 99%; volume of distribution = 0.1–0.2 L/kg; hepatic metabolism; half-life = 1.5–2 hours (oral), 2.2 hours (rectal), 2 hours (intravenous).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a> and superficial sporting injuries (topical use).<a href="#cite_note-AMH-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ketorolac" title="Ketorolac">Ketorolac</a></td> <td>Comes in the <a href="/wiki/Trometamol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trometamol">trometamol</a> salt form; highly soluble in water. Degrades in the presence of light. Acetic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, IM, IV, intranasal, tromethamine and ophthalmologic.</td> <td>Bioavailability of IM formulation = 100%; protein binding = 99%; hepatic metabolism mostly via glucoronic acid conjugation and p-hydroxylation; half-life = 5–6 hours; excretion = urine (91.4%), faeces (6.1%).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></td> <td>Mild-moderate postoperative pain; acute migraine; inflammation of the eye due to cataract surgery or allergic seasonal <a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a>; prevention of acute pseudophakic cystoid macular oedema.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lornoxicam" title="Lornoxicam">Lornoxicam</a></td> <td>Hydrochloride salt form used; oxicam derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Protein binding = 99%; volume of distribution = 0.2 L/kg; half-life = 3–5 hours; excretion = faeces (51%), urine (42%).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></td> <td>Acute and chronic pain.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loxoprofen" title="Loxoprofen">Loxoprofen</a></td> <td>Comes in sodium salt form. Propionic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>Topical.</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>Local inflammation and pain.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_salicylate" title="Magnesium salicylate">Magnesium salicylate</a></td> <td>Comes in free form; soluble in water and ethanol; salicylate.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid and sodium salt form, sodium salt is the form used in human medicine; practically insoluble in water (free acid) and freely soluble in water (sodium salt); sensitive to degradation by air and light.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Protein binding > 99%; half-life = 2–4 hours; hepatically metabolised via oxidation, hydroxylation, dehalogenation and conjugation with glucuronic acid; excretion = urine, faeces (20–30%).<a href="#cite_note-MD-44">[44]</a></td> <td>Osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis; mild-moderate pain; dysmenorrhoea; <a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">menorrhagia</a>.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid form; practically insoluble in water, fairly insoluble in organic solvents; degrades on contact with air and light. Anthranilic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Protein binding extensive; hepatic metabolism, mostly via <a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">CYP2C9</a>; half-life = 2 hours; excretion = urine (66%), faeces (20–25%).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></td> <td>Inflammatory pain and heavy menstrual bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-AMH-46">[46]</a></td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mofezolac" title="Mofezolac">Mofezolac</a></td> <td>Comes in free form.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>Musculoskeletal and joint pain.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morniflumate" title="Morniflumate">Morniflumate</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid form; niflumic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, rectal.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>Inflammatory conditions.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabumetone" title="Nabumetone">Nabumetone</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid form; practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in acetone; degrades on contact with air and light.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Protein binding = 99%; hepatically metabolised; half-life = 24 hours; excretion = urine (80%), faeces (9%).<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></td> <td>Osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid and sodium form; practically insoluble in water in free form, freely soluble in water (sodium salt), fairly soluble in most organic solvents. Degrades on contact with air and light. Propionic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = ?; protein binding > 99.5%; volume of distribution = 10% of bodyweight; half-life = 12–15 hours; excretion = urine (95%), faeces (<3%).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></td> <td>Rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis; ankylosing spondylitis; <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_idiopathic_arthritis" title="Juvenile idiopathic arthritis">juvenile idiopathic arthritis</a>; inflammatory pain; heavy menstrual bleeding.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. less prone to causing thrombotic events compared to other non-selective NSAIDs.<a href="#cite_note-card-51">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepafenac" title="Nepafenac">Nepafenac</a></td> <td>Comes in free form; related to amfenac.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>Ophthalmologic.</td> <td>Unavailable.</td> <td>Inflammation and pain following cataract surgery.</td> <td>As per bromfenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid form, glycinamide and ethyl ester form; practically insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, acetone and methanol. Nicotinic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, rectal (ethyl ester, <a href="/wiki/Morniflumate" title="Morniflumate">morniflumate</a>).</td> <td>Unavailable.</td> <td>Musculoskeletal, joint and mouth inflammatory disorders.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxaprozin" title="Oxaprozin">Oxaprozin</a></td> <td>Comes in potassium and free acid forms; degrades upon contact with light. Propionic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = ?; protein binding > 99.5%; volume of distribution = 0.15–0.25 L/kg; half-life = 50–60 hours; excretion = urine (65), faeces (35%).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></td> <td>Osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxyphenbutazone" title="Oxyphenbutazone">Oxyphenbutazone</a></td> <td>Comes in free form. Phenylbutazone.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, Ophthalmologic.</td> <td>Unavailable.</td> <td>Ophthalmologic: <a href="/wiki/Episcleritis" title="Episcleritis">Episcleritis</a>. Systemic (now seldom used due to adverse effects): ankylosing spondylitis; rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis.</td> <td>As per bromfenac. For systemic use haematological side effects such as aplastic anaemia; agranulocytosis; leucopenia; neutropenia; etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phenazone" title="Phenazone">Phenazone</a></td> <td>No data.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otolaryngologic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otolaryngologic (page does not exist)">otolaryngologic</a>.</td> <td>Protein binding < 10%; half-life = 12 hours; hepatic metabolised; excretion = urine (primary), faeces.</td> <td>Acute <a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">otitis media</a>.</td> <td>Nephrotoxicity and haematologic toxicity and other AEs typical of NSAIDs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phenylbutazone" title="Phenylbutazone">Phenylbutazone</a></td> <td>Comes in free form; practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in most organic solvents; degrades upon contact with light and air.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, rectal, topical.</td> <td>No data available.</td> <td>Ankylosing spondylitis; acute gout; osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis.</td> <td>Haematologic toxicity (including agranulocytosis, aplastic anaemia) and AEs typical of NSAIDs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piketoprofen" title="Piketoprofen">Piketoprofen</a></td> <td>Comes in free form.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>Topical.</td> <td>N/A.</td> <td>Musculoskeletal, joint, peri-articular and soft-tissue disorders.</td> <td>As per other topical NSAIDs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">Piroxicam</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid and betadex salt forms; practically insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol; degrades on contact with air and light. Enolic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, topical.</td> <td>Protein binding = 99%; extensively hepatically metabolised; half-life = 36–45 hours; excretion = urine, faeces.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></td> <td>Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and sports injuries (topical use).<a href="#cite_note-AMH-46">[46]</a></td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Proglumetacin" title="Proglumetacin">Proglumetacin</a></td> <td>Comes in maleate salt form; indometacin derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, rectal, topical.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>Musculoskeletal and joint disorders.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Proquazone" title="Proquazone">Proquazone</a></td> <td>Comes in free form.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, rectal.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pranoprofen" title="Pranoprofen">Pranoprofen</a></td> <td>No data.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, ophthalmologic.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>Pain, inflammation and fever.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salamidacetic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salamidacetic acid (page does not exist)">Salamidacetic acid</a></td> <td>Comes in sodium and diethylamine salt forms; salicylate.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Unavailable.</td> <td>Musculoskeletal disorders.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salicylamide" title="Salicylamide">Salicylamide</a></td> <td>Fairly insoluble in water and chloroform; soluble in most other organic solvents; salicylate.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, topical.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Muscular and rheumatic diseases.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salol" class="mw-redirect" title="Salol">Salol</a></td> <td>No data.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, topical.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Lower urinary tract infections.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salsalate" title="Salsalate">Salsalate</a></td> <td>Degrades upon contact with air; salicylate derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Hepatic metabolism; half-life = 7–8 hours; excretion = urine.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></td> <td>Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">Sodium salicylate</a></td> <td>Freely soluble in water; degrades upon contact with air and light; salicylate.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, IV, topical.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Pain, fever and rheumatic conditions.</td> <td>Cardiac problems; otherwise As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulindac" title="Sulindac">Sulindac</a></td> <td>Comes in free acid and sodium salt forms; practically insoluble in water and hexane, very slightly soluble in most organic solvents. Degrades upon contact with light. Acetic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, rectal.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 90%; protein binding = 93% (sulindac), 98% (active metabolite); hepatic metabolism; excretion = urine (50%), faeces (25%).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></td> <td>Rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis; gout; ankylosing spondylitis; inflammatory pain.<a href="#cite_note-AMH-46">[46]</a></td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suxibuzone" title="Suxibuzone">Suxibuzone</a></td> <td>Practically insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol and acetone; phenylbutazone.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, topical.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Musculoskeletal and joint disorders.</td> <td>As per phenylbutazone. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenoxicam" title="Tenoxicam">Tenoxicam</a></td> <td>Comes as free acid; practically insoluble in water, fairly insoluble in organic solvents; degrades upon contact with light.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO, rectal.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 100% (oral), 80% (rectal); protein binding = 99%; volume of distribution = 0.15 L/kg; half-life = 60–75 hours; excretion = urine (67%), faeces (33%).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></td> <td>Osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis; soft tissue injury.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetridamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetridamine (page does not exist)">Tetridamine</a></td> <td>No data.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>Vaginal.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</a>.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiaprofenic_acid" title="Tiaprofenic acid">Tiaprofenic acid</a></td> <td>Comes as free acid; practically insoluble in water but freely soluble in most organic solvents; propionic acid derivative; degrades upon contact with light. Propionic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Protein binding > 99%; volume of distribution = 0.1–0.2 L/kg; hepatic metabolism; half-life = 2–4 hours.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></td> <td>Ankylosing spondylitis; osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis; fibrosis; capsulitis; soft-tissue disorders.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiaramide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiaramide (page does not exist)">Tiaramide</a></td> <td>No data.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Pain; inflammation.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tinoridine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tinoridine (page does not exist)">Tinoridine</a></td> <td>No data.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Pain; inflammation.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></td> <td>Comes as free acid; practically insoluble in water; degrades upon contact with light; anthranilic acid.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Protein binding = 99%; half-life = 2 hours; hepatically metabolised; excretion = urine (90%), faeces.</td> <td>Migraine; osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis; dysmenorrhoea.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tolmetin" title="Tolmetin">Tolmetin</a></td> <td>Comes in sodium salt form; freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, freely soluble in methanol. Acetic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per diclofenac.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Protein binding > 99%; volume of distribution = 7–10 L; half-life = 1 hour; excretion = urine (90%).<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></td> <td>Osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ufenamate" title="Ufenamate">Ufenamate</a></td> <td>No data.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Topical.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Inflammatory skin disorders.</td> <td>As per other topical NSAIDs. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;">COX-2 selective inhibitors </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">Celecoxib</a></td> <td>Comes in free form; practically insoluble in water, fairly soluble in organic solvents. Degrades on contact with light and moisture. <a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide" title="Sulfonamide">Sulfonamide</a>.</td> <td>Selective COX-2 inhibitor.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Protein binding = 97%; hepatic metabolism, mostly via <a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">CYP2C9</a>; faeces (57%), urine (27%).<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></td> <td>Rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis; ankylosing spondylitis; pain due to dysmenorrhoea or injury.</td> <td>As per non-selective NSAIDs. More prone to causing thrombotic events than most of them, however, except diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etodolac" title="Etodolac">Etodolac</a></td> <td>Comes in free form; practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in acetone and dehydrated alcohol. Acetic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per celecoxib.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = ?; protein binding > 99%; volume of distribution = 0.41 L/kg; half-life = 6–7 hours; excretion = urine (73%).<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></td> <td>Rheumatoid arthritis, including juvenile idiopathic arthritis; osteoarthritis; acute pain.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etoricoxib" title="Etoricoxib">Etoricoxib</a></td> <td>Comes in free form; <a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide" title="Sulfonamide">sulfonamide</a>.</td> <td>As per celecoxib.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 100%; protein binding = 91.4%; volume of distribution = 120 L; half-life = 22 hours; hepatic metabolism; excretion = urine (70%), faeces (20%).<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></td> <td>Acute pain; gout; osteoarthritis.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lumiracoxib" title="Lumiracoxib">Lumiracoxib</a>†</td> <td>Comes in free form; acetic acid derivative.</td> <td>As per celecoxib.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 74%; protein binding > 98%; extensive hepatic metabolism, mostly via <a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">CYP2C9</a>; half-life = 3–6 hours; excretion = Urine (50%), faeces (50%).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></td> <td>Osteoarthritis.</td> <td>As above, plus hepatotoxicity. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">Meloxicam</a></td> <td>Comes in free form; fairly insoluble in water and in most organic solvents; oxicam derivative.</td> <td>As per celecoxib.</td> <td>PO, rectal.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 89%; protein binding > 99%; volume of distribution = 0.1–0.2 L/kg; half-life = 22–24 hours; extensive hepatic metabolism; excretion = urine (45%), faeces (47%).<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></td> <td>Osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></td> <td>Comes in free and betadex form; practically insoluble in water and ethanol, soluble in acetone.</td> <td>As per celecoxib.</td> <td>PO, rectal, topical.</td> <td>Unavailable.</td> <td>Acute pain; dysmenorrhoea; sprains (topical); <a href="/wiki/Tendinitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendinitis">tendinitis</a>.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parecoxib" title="Parecoxib">Parecoxib</a></td> <td>Comes in sodium salt form; sulfonamide.</td> <td>As per celecoxib.</td> <td>IM, IV.</td> <td>Plasma binding = 98%; volume of distribution = 55 L; hepatic metabolism, mostly via <a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">CYP2C9</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>; half-life = 8 hours; excretion = urine (70%).<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></td> <td>Postoperative pain.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">Rofecoxib</a>†</td> <td>Comes in free form; sulfonamide.</td> <td>As per celecoxib.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 93%; protein binding = 87%; hepatic metabolism; half-life = 17 hours.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></td> <td>Acute pain; osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis.</td> <td>As per diclofenac. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Valdecoxib" title="Valdecoxib">Valdecoxib</a>†</td> <td>Comes in free form; sulfonamide.</td> <td>As per celecoxib.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 83%; protein binding = 98%; hepatic metabolism, mostly via <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a> and <a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">CYP2C9</a>; half-life = 8.11 hours; excretion = urine (90%).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></td> <td>Pain from <a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysmenorrhoea">dysmenorrhoea</a>; rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis.</td> <td>As above and also potentially fatal skin reactions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Toxic_epidermal_necrolysis" title="Toxic epidermal necrolysis">toxic epidermal necrolysis</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Opioids" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioids">Opioids</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;">Those with a morphine skeleton </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></td> <td>Comes in free and hydrochloride salt forms; fairly insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, methanol and acetone; degrades upon contact with light.</td> <td>Partial agonist at the mu opioid receptor; agonist at delta opioid receptor; antagonist at kappa opioid receptor.</td> <td>Sublingual, transdermal, IM, IV, intranasal, epidural, SC.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 79% (sublingual); protein binding = 96%: volume of distribution = 97–187 L/kg; half-life = 20–36 hours; excretion = urine, faeces.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></td> <td>Opioid dependence, moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As per codeine, respiratory effects are subject to a ceiling effect. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></td> <td>Comes in free form, hydrochloride salt, sulfate salt and phosphate salts; soluble in boiling water (free form), freely soluble in ethanol (free form), soluble/freely soluble in water (salt forms); sensitive to degradation by light. Methoxy analogue of morphine.</td> <td>Metabolised to morphine, which activates the <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid receptors">opioid receptors</a>.</td> <td>PO, IM, IV.</td> <td>Extensive hepatic metabolism, mostly via <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>; half-life = 3–4 hours; excretion = urine (86%).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></td> <td>Mild-moderate pain, often in combination with <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>.</td> <td>Constipation, dependence, sedation, itching, nausea, vomiting and respiratory depression. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diamorphine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamorphine">Diamorphine</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride salt form; freely soluble in water, soluble in alcohol; degrades upon contact with light. Diacetyl derivative of morphine.</td> <td>Rapidly hydrolysed to 6-acetylmorphine and then to morphine after crossing the blood-brain barrier which in turn activates the opioid receptors in the CNS.</td> <td>IM, intrathecal, intranasal, PO, IV, SC.</td> <td>Extensively metabolised to morphine with 6-acetylmorphine as a possible intermediate. Mostly excreted in urine.</td> <td>Severe pain (including labour pain); cough due to terminal lung cancer; angina; left ventricular failure.</td> <td>As per codeine. Higher potential for abuse compared to other opioids due to its rapid penetration of the blood-brain barrier. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a></td> <td>Comes in freebase, hydrochloride, phosphate, polistirex, thiocyanate, tartrate, bitartrate and hydrogen tartrate salt forms; freely soluble in water, practically insoluble in organic solvents (hydrogen tartrate salt); degrades upon contact with air and light.</td> <td>Opioid receptor agonist.</td> <td>IM, IV, PO, SC.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 20%; extensive hepatic metabolism, partly via <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">dihydromorphine</a> and <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordihydrocodeine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordihydrocodeine (page does not exist)">nordihydrocodeine</a>; half-life = 3.5 –5 hours; excretion = urine.</td> <td>Moderate-severe pain; usually in combination with paracetamol and/or aspirin.</td> <td>As per codeine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">Ethylmorphine</a></td> <td>Comes in freebase, hydrochloride, camphorate and camsilate salt forms; soluble in water and alcohol; degrades upon contact with light.</td> <td>Opioid receptor ligand.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Cough suppressant.</td> <td>As per codeine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride/tartrate salt form; freely soluble in water, practically insoluble in most organic solvents; degrades upon contact with light/air.</td> <td>Opioid receptor ligand.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Protein binding = 19%; extensively hepatically metabolised, mostly via <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, but via <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> to a lesser extent to <a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">hydromorphone</a>; half-life = 8 hours; excretion = urine.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></td> <td>Chronic pain.</td> <td>As per codeine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride salt form; freely soluble in water, fairly insoluble in organic solvents; degrades upon contact with light or temperatures outside 15 °C and 35 °C.</td> <td>Opioid receptor agonist.</td> <td>IM, IV, PO, SC.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 50–62% (oral); protein binding = 8–19%; extensively hepatically metabolised; half-life = 2–3 hours; excretion = urine.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></td> <td>Moderate-severe pain; cough.</td> <td>As per codeine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></td> <td>Comes in freebase form, hydrochloride salt, sulfate salt and tartrate salt forms; soluble in water; degrades in the presence of light.</td> <td>Opioid receptor agonist (μ, δ, κ).</td> <td>IM, intrathecal, PO, IV, SC, rectal.</td> <td>Protein binding = 35%; extensive hepatic metabolism, with some metabolism occur in the gut after oral administration; half-life = 2 hours; excretion = urine (90%).</td> <td>Moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As per codeine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">Nicomorphine</a></td> <td>Di<a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acid" title="Nicotinic acid">nicotinic acid</a> ester derivative of morphine.</td> <td>As per morphine.</td> <td>IM, IV, PO, rectal, SC.</td> <td>No available data.</td> <td>Moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As per codeine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></td> <td>Comes in freebase, hydrochloride and <a href="/wiki/Terephthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Terephthalate">terephthalate</a> salt forms; freely soluble in water and practically insoluble in organic solvents; degrades upon contact with air.</td> <td>Opioid receptor agonist.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 60–87%; protein binding = 45%; volume of distribution = 2.6 L/kg; extensively metabolised in the liver via <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a> and to a lesser extent via <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">oxymorphone</a>; half-life = 2–4 hours; excretion = urine (83%).<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></td> <td>Moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As per codeine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride salt form; fairly soluble in water (1 in 4), practically insoluble in most organic solvents; degrades upon contact with air, light and temperatures outside 15 °C to 30 °C.</td> <td>As per morphine.</td> <td>PO, IM, SC.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 10% (oral); protein binding = 10–12%; volume of distribution = 1.94–4.22 L/kg; hepatic metabolism; half-life = 7–9 hours, 9–11 hours (XR); excretion = urine, faeces.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></td> <td>Postoperative analgesia/anaesthesia; moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As per codeine. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;">Morphinans </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></td> <td>Comes in tartrate salt form; sparingly soluble in water, insoluble in most organic solvents; degrades upon contact with air and at temperatures outside the range of 15 °C and 30 °C.</td> <td>Kappa opioid receptor agonist; mu opioid receptor partial agonist.</td> <td>IM, IV, intranasal.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 60–70% (intranasal); protein binding = 80%; volume of distribution = 487 L; hepatic metabolism, mostly via hydroxylation; excretion = urine (mostly); half-life = 4.6 hours.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></td> <td>Moderate-severe pain, including labour pain.</td> <td>As above, but with a higher propensity for causing hallucinations and delusions. Respiratory depression is subject to ceiling effect. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></td> <td>Comes in tartrate salt form; fairly insoluble in water (1 in 50) and fairly insoluble in ethanol, chloroform and ether; unstable outside of 15 °C and 30 °C; phenanthrene derivative.</td> <td>Mu opioid; NMDA antagonist; <a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">SNRI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-supp07-104">[104]</a></td> <td>PO, IM, IV, SC.</td> <td>Protein binding = 40%; extensive first-pass metabolism; half-life = 12–16 hours, 30 hours (repeated dosing).<a href="#cite_note-supp07-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></td> <td>Acute/chronic pain.</td> <td>As per codeine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></td> <td>Comes primarily as its hydrochloride salt.</td> <td>Full agonist at <a href="/wiki/Kappa_opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kappa opioid receptor">kappa opioid receptors</a>, partial agonist/antagonist at the <a href="/wiki/Mu_opioid_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu opioid receptors">mu opioid receptors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MD-44">[44]</a></td> <td>IM, IV, SC.</td> <td>Protein binding = not significant; hepatic metabolism; half-life = 5 hours; excretion = urine, faeces.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></td> <td>Pain; anaesthesia supplement; opioid-induced pruritus.</td> <td>As per codeine. Respiratory depression is subject to ceiling effect. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;">Benzomorphans </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></td> <td>No data available.</td> <td>Mixed opioid agonist-antagonist.</td> <td>IM, IV.</td> <td>Volume of distribution = 9–12 L/kg; half-life = 2.2–2.7 hours.</td> <td>Moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As per codeine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eptazocine" title="Eptazocine">Eptazocine</a></td> <td>Comes as hydrobromide salt.</td> <td>As per morphine.</td> <td>IM, SC.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As per codeine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></td> <td>Comes in free, hydrochloride and lactate salt forms; fairly insoluble in water (1:30 or less), more soluble in ethanol and chloroform; degrades upon contact with air and light.</td> <td>Kappa opioid receptor agonist; mu opioid receptor antagonist/partial agonist.</td> <td>IM, IV, SC.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 60–70%; protein binding = 60%; hepatic metabolism; half-life = 2–3 hours; excretion = urine (primary), faeces.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></td> <td>Moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As per codeine. Respiratory effects are subject to a ceiling effect. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiperidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenylpiperidine">Phenylpiperidines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a></td> <td>Comes in free, hydrochloride and phosphate forms; fairly insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether and chloroform; degrades upon contact with air and light.</td> <td>Mu opioid receptor agonist.</td> <td>IM, IV.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As per codeine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride salt form; freely soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and fairly insoluble in <a href="/wiki/Dichloromethane" title="Dichloromethane">dichloromethane</a>.</td> <td>Mu opioid; NMDA antagonist.</td> <td>PO, IM, IV, rectal.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 34% (oral), 44% (rectal); half-life = 2–3.5 hours.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></td> <td>Moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As per other opioids. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride form; very soluble in water, sparingly soluble in ether, soluble in ethanol; degrades upon contact with air and light.</td> <td>Mu opioid receptor agonist with some serotonergic effects.</td> <td>IM, IV, PO, SC.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 50–60%; protein binding = 65–75%; hepatic metabolism; half-life = 2.5–4 hours; excretion = urine (primarily).<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></td> <td>Moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As per other opioids; and seizures, anxiety, mood changes and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">serotonin syndrome</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;">Open-chain opioids </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dextromoramide" title="Dextromoramide">Dextromoramide</a></td> <td>Comes in tartrate salt and free forms; soluble in water (tartrate salt).</td> <td>Mu opioid.</td> <td>IM, IV, PO, rectal.</td> <td>No data available.</td> <td>Severe pain.</td> <td>As per other opioids. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></td> <td>Comes in free form, hydrochloride and napsilate salt forms; very soluble in water (HCl), practically insoluble in water (napsilate); degrades upon contact with light and air.</td> <td>Mu opioid.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Protein binding = 80%; hepatic metabolism; half-life = 6–12 hours, 30–36 hours (active metabolite).</td> <td>Mild-moderate pain.</td> <td>As per other opioids, plus ECG changes. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">Dipipanone</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride salt form; practically insoluble in water and ether, soluble in acetone and ethanol.</td> <td>Mu opioid.</td> <td>PO, often in combination with <a href="/wiki/Cyclizine" title="Cyclizine">cyclizine</a>.</td> <td>Half-life = 20 hours.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></td> <td>Moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>Less sedating than morphine, otherwise as per morphine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a>†</td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride salt form.</td> <td>As above plus nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Protein binding = 80%; half-life = 2.6 days.</td> <td>Opioid dependence.</td> <td>As per other opioids, plus ventricular rhythm disorders. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levomethadone" title="Levomethadone">Levomethadone</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride salt form; soluble in water and alcohol; degrades upon contact with light.</td> <td>Mu opioid; NMDA antagonist.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>As per methadone.</td> <td>As per methadone. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meptazinol" title="Meptazinol">Meptazinol</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride salt form; soluble in water, ethanol and methanol, fairly insoluble in acetone; unstable at temperatures greater than 25 °C.</td> <td>Mixed opioid agonist-antagonist, partial agonist at mu-1 receptor; cholinergic actions exist.</td> <td>IM, IV, PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 8.69% (oral); protein binding = 27.1%; half-life = 2 hours; excretion = urine.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></td> <td>Moderate-severe pain; perioperative analgesia; <a href="/wiki/Renal_colic" title="Renal colic">renal colic</a>.</td> <td>As per pentazocine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride salt form; soluble in water and ethanol; degrades upon contact with air and light and outside the temperature range of 15 °C and 30 °C.</td> <td>Mu opioid; NMDA antagonist.</td> <td>IM, IV, PO, SC.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 36–100% (mean: 70–80%); protein binding = 81–97% (mean: 87%); volume of distribution = 1.9-8 L/kg (mean: 4 L/kg); hepatic metabolism, mostly via <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2B6" title="CYP2B6">CYP2B6</a> and to a lesser extent: <a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">CYP2C9</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2C19" title="CYP2C19">CYP2C19</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> & <a href="/wiki/CYP2C8" title="CYP2C8">CYP2C8</a>; half-life = 5–130 hours (mean: 20–35 hours); excretion = urine (20–50%), faeces.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></td> <td>Opioid addiction; chronic pain.</td> <td>As per other opioids, plus QT interval prolongation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">Piritramide</a></td> <td>Comes in free or tartrate salt forms.</td> <td>Mu opioid.</td> <td>IM, IV, SC.</td> <td>No data available.</td> <td>Severe pain.</td> <td>As per other opioids. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></td> <td>Comes in free and hydrochloride salt forms.</td> <td>Mu opioid and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 32%; protein binding = 20%; hepatic metabolism, mostly via <a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">CYP2C9</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2C19" title="CYP2C19">CYP2C19</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>; excretion = urine (70%), faeces; half-life = 4 hours.</td> <td>Moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As per other opioids; less likely to cause nausea, vomiting and constipation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilidine" title="Tilidine">Tilidine</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride salt form; soluble in water, ethanol and dichloromethane; degrades upon contact with light.</td> <td>Mu opioid metabolite, <a href="/wiki/Nortilidine" title="Nortilidine">nortilidine</a>.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As per other opioids. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride salt form; freely soluble in water and methanol, insoluble in acetone; degrades at temperatures less than 15 °C and 30 °C and upon contact with light.</td> <td>Mu opioid (mostly via its active metabolite, <a href="/wiki/O-desmethyltramadol" class="mw-redirect" title="O-desmethyltramadol">O-desmethyltramadol</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">SNRI</a>.</td> <td>IM, IV, PO, rectal.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 70–75% (oral), 100% (IM); protein binding = 20%; hepatic metabolism, via <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a> and <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>; half-life = 6 hours; excretion = urine, faeces.</td> <td>Moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As per other opioids but with less respiratory depression and constipation. Psychiatric AEs reported. Serotonin syndrome possible if used in conjunction with other serotonergics. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;">Anilidopiperidines </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride salt form; freely soluble in ethanol, water, methanol; degrades upon contact with air and light.</td> <td>Mu opioid.</td> <td>Epidural, IM, IV, intrathecally.</td> <td>Protein binding = 90%; volume of distribution = small; half-life = 1–2 hours; hepatic metabolism, mostly via <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>; excretion = urine.</td> <td>Procedural anaesthesia.</td> <td>As per other opioids. Very sedating. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></td> <td>Comes in free, hydrochloride salt, citrate salt forms; practically insoluble in water (free form), soluble in water (citrate salt form), freely soluble in ethanol and methanol; degrades outside the temperature range of 15 °C and 30 °C and upon contact with light.</td> <td>Mu opioid.</td> <td>Buccal, epidermal, IM, IV, intrathecal, intranasal, SC, sublingual.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 50% (buccal), 89% (intranasal); protein binding = 80%; hepatic metabolism, mostly via <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>; half-life = 219 min; excretion = urine (primary), faeces.</td> <td>Moderate-severe pain (including labour pain); adjunct to anaesthesia.</td> <td>As with other opioids, with less nausea, vomiting, constipation and itching and more sedation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride salt.</td> <td>Mu opioid.</td> <td>IV.</td> <td>Protein binding = 70%; hydrolysed by blood and tissue esterases; half-life = 20 min; excretion = urine (95%).</td> <td>Anaesthesia maintenance.</td> <td>As with fentanyl. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></td> <td>Comes in free and citrate salt forms; soluble in water, ethanol and methanol; degrades upon contact with light and temperatures outside 15 °C and 30 °C.</td> <td>Mu opioid.</td> <td>Epidural, IV, intrathecal, transdermal.</td> <td>Protein binding = 90%; half-life = 2.5 hours; excretion = urine (80%).</td> <td>Adjunct to anaesthesia and moderate-severe pain.</td> <td>As with fentanyl. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"><big>Other analgesics</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetanilide" title="Acetanilide">Acetanilide</a></td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Paracetamol prodrug.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Pain; fever.</td> <td>Cancer; AEs of paracetamol. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></td> <td>Comes in free form and in hydrochloride and embonate salt forms; practically insoluble in water (embonate salt), freely soluble in water (HCl); degrades upon contact with light.</td> <td>SNRI.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Hepatic metabolism, via <a href="/wiki/CYP2C19" title="CYP2C19">CYP2C19</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>; active metabolite, nortriptyline; half-life = 9–27 hours; excretion = urine (18%), faeces.</td> <td>Neuropathic pain; nocturnal enuresis; major depression; migraine prophylaxis; urinary urge incontinence.</td> <td>Sedation, anticholinergic effects, weight gain, orthostatic hypotension, <a href="/wiki/Sinus_tachycardia" title="Sinus tachycardia">sinus tachycardia</a>, sexual dysfunction, tremor, dizziness, sweating, agitation, insomnia, anxiety, confusion. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dronabinol" title="Dronabinol">Dronabinol</a></td> <td>Comes in free form; degrades upon contact with light.</td> <td>Cannabinoid receptor partial agonist.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 10–20%; protein binding = 90–99%; volume of distribution = 10 L/kg; hepatic metabolism; half-life = 25–36 hours, 44–59 hours (metabolites); excretion = faeces (50%), urine (15%).<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></td> <td>Refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; anorexia; neuropathic pain.</td> <td>Dizziness, euphoria, paranoia, somnolence, abnormal thinking, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, depression, hallucinations, hypotension, special difficulties, emotional lability, tremors, flushing, etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">Duloxetine</a></td> <td>Comes in hydrochloride salt form; slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in methanol; degrades upon contact with light.</td> <td>SNRI.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Protein binding > 90%; volume of distribution = 3.4 L/kg; hepatic metabolism, via <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">CYP1A2</a>; half-life = 12 hours; excretion = urine (70%), faeces (20%).<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></td> <td>Major depression; generalised anxiety disorder; neuropathic pain.</td> <td>Anticholinergic effects, GI effects, yawning, sweating, dizziness, weakness, sexual dysfunction, somnolence, insomnia, headache, tremor, decreased appetite. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></td> <td>Comes as maleate salt. Chemically related to <a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">retigabine</a>.</td> <td>Potassium channel (Kv7) opener.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></td> <td>PO, rectal.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 90% (oral), 72.5% (rectal); protein binding = 80%; volume of distribution = 154 L; hepatic metabolism; half-life = 6.5 hours; excretion = urine (72%).</td> <td>Pain; <a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a>.</td> <td>Drowsiness, dizziness, heartburn, dry mouth, fatigue and nausea.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></td> <td>Comes in free and enacarbil salt forms; fairly insoluble in ethanol, dichoromethane, fairly soluble in water.</td> <td>Binds to the α2δ-1 subunit of voltage gated calcium ion channels in the spinal cord. May also modulate NMDA receptors and protein kinase C.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Half-life = 5–7 hours.</td> <td>Neuropathic pain; epilepsy.</td> <td>Fatigue, sedation, dizziness, ataxia, tremor, diplopia, nystagmus, amblyopia, amnesia, abnormal thinking, hypertension, vasodilation, peripheral oedema, dry mouth, weight gain and rash. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></td> <td>No data.</td> <td>SNRI.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 85–90%; protein binding = 13%: volume of distribution = 400 L; hepatic metabolism; half-life = 6–8 hours (L-isomer), 8–10 hours (D-isomer); excretion = urine (55%).<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">Fibromyalgia</a>.</td> <td>As per duloxetine, plus hypertension. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabiximols" title="Nabiximols">Nabiximols</a></td> <td>Contains <a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">cannabidiol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dronabinol" title="Dronabinol">dronabinol</a> in roughly equal concentrations.</td> <td>As per dronabinol.</td> <td>Buccal spray.</td> <td>Not available.</td> <td>Neuropathic pain and spasticity as part of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">MS</a>.</td> <td>As per dronabinol. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></td> <td>Comes in a hydrochloride salt form. Chemically related to <a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">orphenadrine</a>.</td> <td>Unknown; <a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor">serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a>.</td> <td>PO, IM.</td> <td>Protein binding = 73%; half-life = 4 hours; excretion = urine, faeces (8%).</td> <td>Analgesia, especially postoperative; <a href="/wiki/Hiccups" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiccups">hiccups</a>.</td> <td>Has antimuscarinic and sympathomimetic effects.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a></td> <td>Comes in free form; practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol; degrades upon contact with moisture, air and light.</td> <td>Multiple; inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS, an active metabolite, <a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a>, is an <a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">anandamide</a> reuptake inhibitor.</td> <td>PO, IV, IM, rectal.</td> <td>Protein binding = 10–25%; volume of distribution = 1 L/kg; hepatic metabolism; half-life = 1–3 hours; excretion = urine.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></td> <td>Analgesia and fever reduction.</td> <td>Hepatotoxicity; hypersensitivity reactions (rare), including <a href="/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome" title="Stevens–Johnson syndrome">Stevens–Johnson syndrome</a>; hypotension (rare; IV). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phenacetin" title="Phenacetin">Phenacetin</a></td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Prodrug to paracetamol.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>No data.</td> <td>Analgesia and fever reduction.</td> <td>Haematologic, nephrotoxicity, cancer and paracetamol AEs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></td> <td>Comes in free form.</td> <td>As per gabapentin.</td> <td>PO.</td> <td>Bioavailability = 90%; half-life = 6.3 hours; hepatic metabolism; excretion = urine (90%).<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></td> <td>Neuropathic pain; anxiety; epilepsy.</td> <td>As per gabapentin. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Propacetamol" title="Propacetamol">Propacetamol</a></td> <td>Freely soluble in water; degrades upon contact with moisture.</td> <td>Prodrug to paracetamol.</td> <td>IM, IV.</td> <td>No data available.</td> <td>Analgesia and fever reduction.</td> <td>As per paracetamol. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide</a></td> <td>Peptide.</td> <td>N-type calcium-channel blocker.</td> <td>Intrathecal.</td> <td>Protein binding = 50%; half-life = 2.9–6.5 hours; excretion = urine (<1%).<a href="#cite_note-ZMSR-127">[127]</a></td> <td>Chronic pain.</td> <td>CNS toxicity (abnormal gait, abnormal vision, memory problems, etc.); GI effects.<a href="#cite_note-ZMSR-127">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="font-size:88%">Where † indicates products that are no longer marketed. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> Some novel and investigational analgesics include subtype-selective <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">voltage-gated sodium channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">blockers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Funapide" title="Funapide">funapide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raxatrigine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raxatrigine">raxatrigine</a>, as well as multimodal agents such as <a href="/wiki/Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">ralfinamide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audioanalgesia" title="Audioanalgesia">Audioanalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalgesia" title="Electroanalgesia">Electroanalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient-controlled_analgesia" title="Patient-controlled analgesia">Patient-controlled analgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_babies" title="Pain in babies">Pain in babies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_insensitivity_to_pain" title="Congenital insensitivity to pain">Congenital analgesia</a> (insensitivity to pain)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid14623723-1"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14623723_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Analgesics" title="Template:Analgesics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Analgesics" title="Template talk:Analgesics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Analgesics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Analgesics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analgesics_(N02A,_N02B)251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Analgesics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02A" title="ATC code N02">N02A</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02B" title="ATC code N02">N02B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">Opiates</a>/<a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/aspirin" class="mw-redirect" title="Codeine/aspirin">+aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/paracetamol" title="Codeine/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a># (<a href="/wiki/Morphine/naltrexone" title="Morphine/naltrexone">+naltrexone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">Laudanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paregoric" title="Paregoric">Paregoric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semisynthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetyldihydrocodeine" title="Acetyldihydrocodeine">Acetyldihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylmorphine" title="Benzylmorphine">Benzylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/naloxone" title="Buprenorphine/naloxone">+naloxone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Co-dydramol" title="Co-dydramol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">Ethylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/paracetamol" title="Hydrocodone/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/ibuprofen" title="Hydrocodone/ibuprofen">+ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/aspirin" title="Hydrocodone/aspirin">+aspirin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphinol" title="Hydromorphinol">Hydromorphinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopon" title="Metopon">Metopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicocodeine" title="Nicocodeine">Nicocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodicodine" title="Nicodicodine">Nicodicodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">Nicomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/aspirin" title="Oxycodone/aspirin">+aspirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/ibuprofen" title="Oxycodone/ibuprofen">+ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/naloxone" title="Oxycodone/naloxone">+naloxone</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxycodone/naltrexone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxycodone/naltrexone (page does not exist)">+naltrexone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaveretum" title="Papaveretum">Papaveretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebacon" title="Thebacon">Thebacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodine" title="Prodine">Alphaprodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezitramide" title="Bezitramide">Bezitramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromoramide" title="Dextromoramide">Dextromoramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenoxadol" title="Dimenoxadol">Dimenoxadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">Dipipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoheptazine" title="Ethoheptazine">Ethoheptazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a># (<a href="/wiki/Fentanyl/fluanisone" title="Fentanyl/fluanisone">+fluanisone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meptazinol" title="Meptazinol">Meptazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFEPP" title="NFEPP">NFEPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpipanone" title="Norpipanone">Norpipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliceridine" title="Oliceridine">Oliceridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenadoxone" title="Phenadoxone">Phenadoxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoperidine" title="Phenoperidine">Phenoperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piminodine" title="Piminodine">Piminodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">Piritramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proheptazine" title="Proheptazine">Proheptazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiram" title="Propiram">Propiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilidine" title="Tilidine">Tilidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celecoxib/tramadol" title="Celecoxib/tramadol">+celecoxib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol/paracetamol" title="Tramadol/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">Viminol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a>-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetanilide" title="Acetanilide">Acetanilide</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucetin" title="Bucetin">Bucetin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butacetin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butacetin (page does not exist)">Butacetin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine">+aspirin/caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/paracetamol" title="Codeine/paracetamol">+codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/paracetamol" title="Hydrocodone/paracetamol">+hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">+ibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol/metoclopramide" title="Paracetamol/metoclopramide">+metoclopramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">+oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine">+propyphenazone/caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol/paracetamol" title="Tramadol/paracetamol">+tramadol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapropamol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapropamol (page does not exist)">Parapropamol</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacetin" title="Phenacetin">Phenacetin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propacetamol" title="Propacetamol">Propacetamol</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">NSAIDs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propionates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoxaprofen" title="Benoxaprofen">Benoxaprofen</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoprofen" title="Fenoprofen">Fenoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurbiprofen" title="Flurbiprofen">Flurbiprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a># (<a href="/wiki/Dexibuprofen" title="Dexibuprofen">Dexibuprofen</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">Ketoprofen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexketoprofen" title="Dexketoprofen">Dexketoprofen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxoprofen" title="Loxoprofen">Loxoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprozin" title="Oxaprozin">Oxaprozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprofen" title="Suprofen">Suprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaprofenic_acid" title="Tiaprofenic acid">Tiaprofenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaltoprofen" title="Zaltoprofen">Zaltoprofen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxicams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isoxicam" title="Isoxicam">Isoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lornoxicam" title="Lornoxicam">Lornoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">Meloxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">Piroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenoxicam" title="Tenoxicam">Tenoxicam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acetates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acemetacin" title="Acemetacin">Acemetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromfenac" title="Bromfenac">Bromfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etodolac" title="Etodolac">Etodolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indometacin_farnesil" title="Indometacin farnesil">Indometacin farnesil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketorolac" title="Ketorolac">Ketorolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulindac" title="Sulindac">Sulindac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolmetin" title="Tolmetin">Tolmetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomepirac" title="Zomepirac">Zomepirac</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2 inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">Celecoxib</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celecoxib/tramadol" title="Celecoxib/tramadol">+tramadol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoricoxib" title="Etoricoxib">Etoricoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumiracoxib" title="Lumiracoxib">Lumiracoxib</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parecoxib" title="Parecoxib">Parecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">Rofecoxib</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdecoxib" title="Valdecoxib">Valdecoxib</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fenamic_acid" title="Fenamic acid">Fenamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)</a># (<a href="/wiki/Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine">+paracetamol/caffeine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloxiprin" title="Aloxiprin">Aloxiprin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorilate" title="Benorilate">Benorylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbasalate_calcium" title="Carbasalate calcium">Carbasalate calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Choline salicylate">Choline salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflunisal" title="Diflunisal">Diflunisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrocetyl" title="Dipyrocetyl">Dipyrocetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenzamide" title="Ethenzamide">Ethenzamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guacetisal" title="Guacetisal">Guacetisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidazole_salicylate" title="Imidazole salicylate">Imidazole salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_salicylate" title="Magnesium salicylate">Magnesium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpholine_salicylate" title="Morpholine salicylate">Morpholine salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_salicylate" title="Potassium salicylate">Potassium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicin" title="Salicin">Salicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylamide" title="Salicylamide">Salicylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsalate" title="Salsalate">Salsalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">Sodium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">Wintergreen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">methyl salicylate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolone" title="Pyrazolone">Pyrazolones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminophenazone" title="Aminophenazone">Aminophenazone</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampyrone" title="Ampyrone">Ampyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamizole" title="Metamizole">Metamizole (dipyrone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifenazone" title="Nifenazone">Nifenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazone" title="Phenazone">Phenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone" title="Propyphenazone">Propyphenazone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine">+paracetamol/caffeine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floctafenine" title="Floctafenine">Floctafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glafenine" title="Glafenine">Glafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabumetone" title="Nabumetone">Nabumetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proquazone" title="Proquazone">Proquazone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabiximols" title="Nabiximols">Nabiximols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Ion channel modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol (ethanol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leconotide" title="Leconotide">Leconotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Sodium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>#)</li></ul> <ul><li>Nav1.7/1.8-selective: <a href="/wiki/DSP-2230" title="DSP-2230">DSP-2230</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funapide" title="Funapide">Funapide</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05089771" title="PF-05089771">PF-05089771</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzetrigine" title="Suzetrigine">Suzetrigine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium openers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Myorelaxants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorzoxazone" title="Chlorzoxazone">Chlorzoxazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">Cyclobenzaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenoxalone" title="Mephenoxalone">Mephenoxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocarbamol" title="Methocarbamol">Methocarbamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgecine" title="Analgecine">Analgecine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic_adjuvant" title="Analgesic adjuvant">Analgesic adjuvant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedinvetmab" title="Bedinvetmab">Bedinvetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frunevetmab" title="Frunevetmab">Frunevetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazopyridine" title="Phenazopyridine">Phenazopyridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumide" title="Proglumide">Proglumide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimazolium" title="Rimazolium">Rimazolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezumab" title="Tanezumab">Tanezumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pain112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pain" title="Template:Pain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pain" title="Template talk:Pain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pain112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Pain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region/system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Head and neck</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_strain" title="Eye strain">Eye strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_pain" title="Neck pain">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">Odynophagia (swallowing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothache" title="Toothache">Toothache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">Sore throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_disease" title="Bornholm disease">Pleurodynia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthralgia" title="Arthralgia">Arthralgia (joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_pain" title="Bone pain">Bone pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myalgia" title="Myalgia">Myalgia (muscle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_muscle_soreness" title="Acute muscle soreness">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_onset_muscle_soreness" title="Delayed onset muscle soreness">Delayed-onset</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurologic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuralgia" title="Neuralgia">Neuralgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_asymbolia" title="Pain asymbolia">Pain asymbolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_disorder" title="Pain disorder">Pain disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_extreme_pain_disorder" title="Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder">Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allodynia" title="Allodynia">Allodynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">Chronic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">Hyperalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoalgesia" title="Hypoalgesia">Hypoalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpathia" title="Hyperpathia">Hyperpathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_pain" title="Phantom pain">Phantom pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referred_pain" title="Referred pain">Referred pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_insensitivity_to_pain" title="Congenital insensitivity to pain">Congenital insensitivity to pain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_insensitivity_to_pain_with_anhidrosis" title="Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis">congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_insensitivity_to_pain_with_partial_anhidrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis">congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_pain" title="Pelvic pain">Pelvic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctalgia_fugax" title="Proctalgia fugax">Proctalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_pain" title="Back pain">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">Low back pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement and testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pain_scale" title="Pain scale">Pain scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_pressor_test" title="Cold pressor test">Cold pressor test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolorimeter" title="Dolorimeter">Dolorimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimace_scale" title="Grimace scale">Grimace scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_plate_test" title="Hot plate test">Hot plate test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_flick_test" title="Tail flick test">Tail flick test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analogue_scale" title="Visual analogue scale">Visual analogue scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">Nociception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterolateral system">Anterolateral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_nucleus_of_spinal_cord" title="Marginal nucleus of spinal cord">Posteromarginal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesia">Analgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">Anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordotomy" title="Cordotomy">Cordotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_suffering" title="Eradication of suffering">Pain eradication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_of_pain" title="Threshold of pain">Pain threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_tolerance" title="Pain tolerance">Pain tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCRATES_(pain_assessment)" title="SOCRATES (pain assessment)">SOCRATES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" title="Pain (philosophy)">Philosophy of pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_pain" title="Cancer pain">Cancer pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-seeking_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug-seeking behavior">Drug-seeking behavior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System1398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_drug_groups" title="Template talk:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System1398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major chemical drug groups – based upon the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> / <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A" title="ATC code A">A</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>stomach acid <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">Antacids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H2 antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">Proton-pump inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">Laxatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidiarrhoeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiarrhoeal">Antidiarrhoeals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antipropulsive" title="Antipropulsive">Antipropulsives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and blood forming organs (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B" title="ATC code B">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihemorrhagic" title="Antihemorrhagic">Antihemorrhagics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifibrinolytic" title="Antifibrinolytic">Antifibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C" title="ATC code C">C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>cardiac therapy / <a href="/wiki/Antianginal" title="Antianginal">antianginals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">Cardiac glycosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stimulant" title="Cardiac stimulant">Cardiac stimulants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium channel blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolipidemic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypolipidemic agent">Antihyperlipidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">Fibrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant" title="Bile acid sequestrant">Bile acid sequestrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D" title="ATC code D">D</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">Emollients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatrizant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatrizant">Cicatrizants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipruritic" title="Antipruritic">Antipruritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsoriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsoriatic">Antipsoriatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D09" title="ATC code D09">Medicated dressings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">genitourinary system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G" title="ATC code G">G</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">Fertility agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">Selective estrogen receptor modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H" title="ATC code H">H</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antithyroid_agent" title="Antithyroid agent">Antithyroid agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infestation" class="extiw" title="wikt:infestation">infestations</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J" title="ATC code J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P" title="ATC code P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATCvet_code_QI" title="ATCvet code QI">QI</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobials</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">Antibacterials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimycobacterial" title="Antimycobacterial">Antimycobacterials</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">Antifungals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antivirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">Antiparasitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoal_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotozoal agent">Antiprotozoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoparasiticide" title="Ectoparasiticide">Ectoparasiticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous immunoglobulin">Intravenous immunoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> disease (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L01–L02</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Anticancer agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Alkylating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_poison" title="Spindle poison">Spindle poisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">Antineoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor" title="Topoisomerase inhibitor">Topoisomerase inhibitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> disease (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L03–L04</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunostimulant" title="Immunostimulant">Immunostimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M" title="ATC code M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drug" title="Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug">Antirheumatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Muscle relaxants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">Bisphosphonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N" title="ATC code N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Analgesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">Anorectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihyperkinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihyperkinetic">Anti-ADHD agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Antiaddictives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidementia_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidementia drug">Antidementia agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimigraine_drug" title="Antimigraine drug">Antimigraine agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">Antiparkinson agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">Aphrodisiacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">Entactogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoriants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants">Hallucinogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">Mood stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation-enhancing_drug" title="Motivation-enhancing drug">Motivation-enhancing drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">Neuroprotectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexigenic">Orexigenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenic" title="Serenic">Serenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">Wakefulness-promoting agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R" title="ATC code R">R</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">Decongestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilator" title="Bronchodilator">Bronchodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">Cough medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist">H1 antagonists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S" title="ATC code S">S</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmologicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otology" title="Otology">Otologicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V" title="ATC code V">V</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast medium">Contrast media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medicine)" title="Dressing (medicine)">Dressings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senotherapeutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Senotherapeutics">Senotherapeutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs" title="Category:Drugs">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacological_classification_systems" title="Category:Pharmacological classification systems">Pharmacological classification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:ATC_codes" title="Category:ATC codes">ATC codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007294739605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=44046">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&oldid=1273033288">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analgesic&oldid=1273033288</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-btqzh","wgBackendResponseTime":121,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.505","walltime":"1.738","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9381,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":401123,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3712,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":534431,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1457.900 1 -total"," 51.21% 746.553 1 Template:Reflist"," 33.85% 493.481 82 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.27% 120.596 37 Template:Cite_web"," 7.34% 107.034 3 Template:Lang"," 7.03% 102.548 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.60% 96.151 1 Template:Analgesics"," 5.79% 84.444 2 Template:Sfnp"," 5.26% 76.680 1 Template:Authority_control"," 3.45% 50.279 2 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1,\n [\"CITEREFJensenChenFurnishWallace2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstonGillam-KrakauerFullerReese2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoint_Formulary_Committee2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaweMaschke2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKokki2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornhuberBleichWiltfangMaler1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLattaGinsbergBarkin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLugoSatterfieldKern2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynchBrogden1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacPhersonDuguid2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallinson2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMatherMeffin1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormack2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcKeageKeam2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehlisch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurnion\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurnion2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeumannSchulzkeBührer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlteanRobbinsvan_TulderBerman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrmrodWellingtonWagstaff2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatelDickenson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrommer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReimannSchneider1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossi2013\"] = 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