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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History of discovery and investigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_discovery_and_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Measurement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Role in climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_balance_and_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_balance_and_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Energy balance and temperature </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effective_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Effective temperature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effective_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_flux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_flux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Energy flux </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_flux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiative_balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiative_balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Radiative balance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiative_balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_and_night_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_and_night_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Day and night cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_and_night_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_lapse_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_lapse_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Effect of lapse rate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effect_of_lapse_rate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effect of lapse rate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_lapse_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lapse_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lapse_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Lapse rate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lapse_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emission_temperature_and_altitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emission_temperature_and_altitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Emission temperature and altitude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emission_temperature_and_altitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_gases_and_the_lapse_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_gases_and_the_lapse_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Greenhouse gases and the lapse rate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_gases_and_the_lapse_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared_absorbing_constituents_in_the_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_absorbing_constituents_in_the_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Infrared absorbing constituents in the atmosphere </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrared_absorbing_constituents_in_the_atmosphere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrared absorbing constituents in the atmosphere subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrared_absorbing_constituents_in_the_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Greenhouse gases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrared_active_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_active_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Infrared active gases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_active_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absorption_and_emission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorption_and_emission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Absorption and emission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorption_and_emission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiative_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiative_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Radiative effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiative_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clouds_and_aerosols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clouds_and_aerosols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Clouds and aerosols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clouds_and_aerosols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_formulas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_formulas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Basic formulas </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basic_formulas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Basic formulas subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Basic_formulas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effective_temperature_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effective_temperature_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Effective temperature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effective_temperature_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metrics_for_the_greenhouse_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metrics_for_the_greenhouse_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Metrics for the greenhouse effect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metrics_for_the_greenhouse_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiative_balance_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiative_balance_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Radiative balance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiative_balance_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_effect_and_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_effect_and_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Greenhouse effect and temperature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_effect_and_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misconceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misconceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Misconceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misconceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simplified_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simplified_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Simplified models </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Simplified_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Simplified models subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Simplified_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_layer_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_layer_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Atmospheric layer models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_layer_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equivalent_emission_altitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equivalent_emission_altitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Equivalent emission altitude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equivalent_emission_altitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_effects_on_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_effects_on_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Related effects on Earth </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_effects_on_Earth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Related effects on Earth subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Related_effects_on_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_greenhouse_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_greenhouse_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Negative greenhouse effect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_greenhouse_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runaway_greenhouse_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runaway_greenhouse_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Runaway greenhouse effect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runaway_greenhouse_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bodies_other_than_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodies_other_than_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bodies other than Earth </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bodies_other_than_Earth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bodies other than Earth subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bodies_other_than_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Venus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Mars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Titan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Effect of pressure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Greenhouse effect</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" > 92 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kweekhuiseffek" title="Kweekhuiseffek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kweekhuiseffek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="تأثير البيت الزجاجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تأثير البيت الزجاجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_hibernadero" title="Efecto hibernadero – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Efecto hibernadero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B1" title="সেউজ গৃহ প্ৰভাৱ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সেউজ গৃহ প্ৰভাৱ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeutu_ivernaderu" title="Efeutu ivernaderu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Efeutu ivernaderu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stixana_effekti" title="İstixana effekti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstixana effekti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="গ্রিনহাউজ প্রতিক্রিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রিনহাউজ প্রতিক্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un-sek_h%C4%81u-%C3%A8ng" title="Un-sek hāu-èng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Un-sek hāu-èng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Парніковы эфект – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парніковы эфект" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Парников ефект – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парников ефект" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekt_staklenika" title="Efekt staklenika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Efekt staklenika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecte_d%27hivernacle" title="Efecte d'hivernacle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efecte d'hivernacle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklen%C3%ADkov%C3%BD_efekt" title="Skleníkový efekt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skleníkový efekt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effaith_t%C5%B7_gwydr" title="Effaith tŷ gwydr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Effaith tŷ gwydr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivhuseffekt" title="Drivhuseffekt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Drivhuseffekt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="لحتيباس لحراري – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لحتيباس لحراري" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treibhauseffekt" title="Treibhauseffekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Treibhauseffekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="हरितगृह प्रभाव – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हरितगृह प्रभाव" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasvuhooneefekt" title="Kasvuhooneefekt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kasvuhooneefekt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Φαινόμενο του θερμοκηπίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαινόμενο του θερμοκηπίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_invernadero" title="Efecto invernadero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efecto invernadero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forceja_efiko" title="Forceja efiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Forceja efiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berotegi-efektua" title="Berotegi-efektua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Berotegi-efektua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="اثر گلخانه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اثر گلخانه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effet_de_serre" title="Effet de serre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Effet de serre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarmhairt_cheaptha_teasa" title="Iarmhairt cheaptha teasa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iarmhairt cheaptha teasa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buaidh_an_taigh-ghloine" title="Buaidh an taigh-ghloine – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Buaidh an taigh-ghloine" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_invernadoiro" title="Efecto invernadoiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Efecto invernadoiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EC%8B%A4_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="온실 효과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="온실 효과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A7%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF" title="Ջերմոցային էֆեկտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմոցային էֆեկտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%8Dinak_staklenika" title="Učinak staklenika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Učinak staklenika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teplic-efekto" title="Teplic-efekto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Teplic-efekto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmet%E1%BB%A5ta_okpom%E1%BB%8Dk%E1%BB%A5" title="Mmetụta okpomọkụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mmetụta okpomọkụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efek_rumah_kaca" title="Efek rumah kaca – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Efek rumah kaca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effecto_conservatorio" title="Effecto conservatorio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Effecto conservatorio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B3%C3%B0urh%C3%BAsa%C3%A1hrif" title="Gróðurhúsaáhrif – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gróðurhúsaáhrif" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effetto_serra" title="Effetto serra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Effetto serra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%94" title="אפקט החממה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפקט החממה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ಹಸಿರುಮನೆ ಪರಿಣಾಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಸಿರುಮನೆ ಪರಿಣಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სათბურის ეფექტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სათბურის ეფექტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Көшетхана эффектісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көшетхана эффектісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ef%C3%A8_t%C3%A8mik" title="Efè tèmik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Efè tèmik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Парник эффектиси – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Парник эффектиси" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9C%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A7" title="ຜົນກະທົບເຮືອນແກ້ວ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຜົນກະທົບເຮືອນແກ້ວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effectus_thermocepicus" title="Effectus thermocepicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Effectus thermocepicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltumn%C4%ABcas_efekts" title="Siltumnīcas efekts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Siltumnīcas efekts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A4reneffekt" title="Zäreneffekt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zäreneffekt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iltnamio_efektas" title="Šiltnamio efektas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiltnamio efektas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eff%C3%A8tt_s%C3%A8rra" title="Effètt sèrra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Effètt sèrra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cvegh%C3%A1zhat%C3%A1s" title="Üvegházhatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Üvegházhatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ефект на стаклена градина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ефект на стаклена градина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ഹരിതഗൃഹപ്രഭാവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹരിതഗൃഹപ്രഭാവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="हरितगृह परिणाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हरितगृह परिणाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesan_rumah_hijau" title="Kesan rumah hijau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesan rumah hijau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broeikaseffect" title="Broeikaseffect – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Broeikaseffect" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="हरितगृह प्रभाव – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हरितगृह प्रभाव" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%A4%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="温室効果 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="温室効果" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivhuseffekt" title="Drivhuseffekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Drivhuseffekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivhuseffekt" title="Drivhuseffekt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Drivhuseffekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efi%C3%A8ch_de_s%C3%A8rra" title="Efièch de sèrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Efièch de sèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issiqxona_effekti" title="Issiqxona effekti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Issiqxona effekti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5" title="ਗ੍ਰੀਨਹਾਊਸ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ੍ਰੀਨਹਾਊਸ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%87" title="د شنې خونې اغېزه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د شنې خونې اغېزه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekt_cieplarniany" title="Efekt cieplarniany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Efekt cieplarniany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeito_estufa" title="Efeito estufa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Efeito estufa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efect_de_ser%C4%83" title="Efect de seră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Efect de seră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_q%27u%C3%B1ichiy" title="Pacha q'uñichiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pacha q'uñichiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Парниковый эффект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парниковый эффект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekti_serr%C3%AB" title="Efekti serrë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Efekti serrë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="හරිතාගාර ආචරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හරිතාගාර ආචරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Greenhouse effect" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklen%C3%ADkov%C3%BD_efekt" title="Skleníkový efekt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skleníkový efekt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%8Dinek_tople_grede" title="Učinek tople grede – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Učinek tople grede" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekat_staklene_ba%C5%A1te" title="Efekat staklene bašte – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Efekat staklene bašte" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekt_staklenika" title="Efekt staklenika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Efekt staklenika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasvihuoneilmi%C3%B6" title="Kasvihuoneilmiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kasvihuoneilmiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4xthuseffekten" title="Växthuseffekten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Växthuseffekten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epektong_greenhouse" title="Epektong greenhouse – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Epektong greenhouse" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="பைங்குடில் விளைவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பைங்குடில் விளைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="గ్రీన్‌హౌస్ ప్రభావం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రీన్‌హౌస్ ప్రభావం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81" title="ปรากฏการณ์เรือนกระจก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปรากฏการณ์เรือนกระจก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D3%A3" title="Асари гулхонаӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Асари гулхонаӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Atmospheric phenomenon causing planetary warming</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the atmospheric phenomenon causing planetary warming. For the general heating or cooling of Earth's surface, see <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Greenhouse (disambiguation)">Greenhouse (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate_Change_Schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Climate_Change_Schematic.svg/300px-Climate_Change_Schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Climate_Change_Schematic.svg/450px-Climate_Change_Schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Climate_Change_Schematic.svg/600px-Climate_Change_Schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenhouse_effect_with_energy_flows_shown_by_altitude.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Greenhouse_effect_with_energy_flows_shown_by_altitude.svg/300px-Greenhouse_effect_with_energy_flows_shown_by_altitude.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Greenhouse_effect_with_energy_flows_shown_by_altitude.svg/450px-Greenhouse_effect_with_energy_flows_shown_by_altitude.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Greenhouse_effect_with_energy_flows_shown_by_altitude.svg/600px-Greenhouse_effect_with_energy_flows_shown_by_altitude.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Energy flows down from the sun and up from the Earth and its <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> absorb <a href="/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation" title="Outgoing longwave radiation">radiation emitted by Earth's surface</a>, they prevent that radiation from escaping into space, causing <a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">surface temperatures</a> to rise by about 33 °C (59 °F).</figcaption></figure> The greenhouse effect occurs when <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> in a planet's atmosphere insulate the planet from losing heat to space, raising its surface temperature. Surface heating can happen from an internal heat source as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, or from its host star as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. In the case of Earth, the Sun emits <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave radiation">shortwave radiation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>) that passes through greenhouse gases to heat the Earth's surface. In response, the Earth's surface emits <a href="/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation" title="Outgoing longwave radiation">longwave radiation</a> that is mostly <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorbed</a> by greenhouse gases. The absorption of longwave radiation prevents it from reaching space, reducing the rate at which the Earth can cool off. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth's average surface temperature would be as cold as −18 °C (−0.4 °F).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-IPCC4_ch012-2">[2]</a> This is of course much less than the 20th century average of about 14 °C (57 °F).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-clchgtrack-4">[4]</a> In addition to naturally present greenhouse gases, burning of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> has <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">increased amounts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> in the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-AR4WG1-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-budget-6">[6]</a> As a result, <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> of about 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) has occurred since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> with the global average surface temperature increasing at a rate of 0.18 °C (0.32 °F) per decade since 1981.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> All objects with a temperature above <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a> emit <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">wavelengths of thermal radiation</a> emitted by the Sun and Earth differ because their surface temperatures are different. The Sun has a surface temperature of 5,500 °C (9,900 °F), so it emits most of its energy as shortwave radiation in near-infrared and visible wavelengths (as sunlight). In contrast, Earth's surface has a much lower temperature, so it emits longwave radiation at mid- and far-<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> wavelengths.<a href="#cite_note-budget-6">[6]</a> A gas is a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> if it <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">absorbs longwave radiation</a>. Earth's atmosphere absorbs only 23% of incoming shortwave radiation, but absorbs 90% of the longwave radiation emitted by the surface,<a href="#cite_note-eeb1-9">[9]</a> thus accumulating energy and warming the Earth's surface. The existence of the greenhouse effect, while not named as such, was proposed as early as 1824 by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fourier" title="Joseph Fourier">Joseph Fourier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fourier_1824_136–167-10">[10]</a> The argument and the evidence were further strengthened by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pouillet" title="Claude Pouillet">Claude Pouillet</a> in 1827 and 1838. In 1856 <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Newton_Foote" title="Eunice Newton Foote">Eunice Newton Foote</a> demonstrated that the warming effect of the sun is greater for air with water vapour than for dry air, and the effect is even greater with carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-Foote_382–383-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-12">[12]</a> The term greenhouse was first applied to this phenomenon by <a href="/wiki/Nils_Ekholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Nils Ekholm">Nils Gustaf Ekholm</a> in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-easterbrook.ca-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ekholm_N_1901_1–62-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> The greenhouse effect on Earth is defined as: "The infrared radiative effect of all infrared absorbing constituents in the atmosphere. <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a> (GHGs), <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a> absorb terrestrial radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface and elsewhere in the atmosphere."<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-15">[15]</a>: 2232  The enhanced greenhouse effect describes the fact that by increasing the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere (due to human action), the natural greenhouse effect is increased.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-15">[15]</a>: 2232  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> The term greenhouse effect comes from an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/analogy" class="extiw" title="wikt:analogy">analogy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a>. Both greenhouses and the greenhouse effect work by retaining heat from sunlight, but the way they retain heat differs. Greenhouses retain heat mainly by blocking <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> (the movement of air).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-ipccar4wg1ch1-17">[17]</a> In contrast, the greenhouse effect retains heat by restricting <a href="/wiki/Radiative_transfer" title="Radiative transfer">radiative transfer</a> through the air and reducing the rate at which thermal radiation is emitted into space.<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-AR4WG1-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_discovery_and_investigation">History of discovery and investigation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:642px;max-width:642px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:18560823_Eunice_Newton_Foote_-_greenhouse_effect.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/18560823_Eunice_Newton_Foote_-_greenhouse_effect.png/206px-18560823_Eunice_Newton_Foote_-_greenhouse_effect.png" decoding="async" width="206" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/18560823_Eunice_Newton_Foote_-_greenhouse_effect.png/309px-18560823_Eunice_Newton_Foote_-_greenhouse_effect.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/18560823_Eunice_Newton_Foote_-_greenhouse_effect.png/412px-18560823_Eunice_Newton_Foote_-_greenhouse_effect.png 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1737" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Newton_Foote" title="Eunice Newton Foote">Eunice Newton Foote</a> recognized carbon dioxide's heat-capturing effect in 1856, appreciating its implications for the planet.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:430px;max-width:430px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:191203_Furnaces_of_the_world_-_Popular_Mechanics_-_Global_warming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/191203_Furnaces_of_the_world_-_Popular_Mechanics_-_Global_warming.jpg/428px-191203_Furnaces_of_the_world_-_Popular_Mechanics_-_Global_warming.jpg" decoding="async" width="428" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/191203_Furnaces_of_the_world_-_Popular_Mechanics_-_Global_warming.jpg/642px-191203_Furnaces_of_the_world_-_Popular_Mechanics_-_Global_warming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/191203_Furnaces_of_the_world_-_Popular_Mechanics_-_Global_warming.jpg/856px-191203_Furnaces_of_the_world_-_Popular_Mechanics_-_Global_warming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="584" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The greenhouse effect and its impact on climate were succinctly described in this 1912 <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a> article, accessible for reading by the general public.</div></div></div></div></div> The existence of the greenhouse effect, while not named as such, was proposed as early as 1824 by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fourier" title="Joseph Fourier">Joseph Fourier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fourier_1824_136–167-10">[10]</a> The argument and the evidence were further strengthened by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pouillet" title="Claude Pouillet">Claude Pouillet</a> in 1827 and 1838. In 1856 <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Newton_Foote" title="Eunice Newton Foote">Eunice Newton Foote</a> demonstrated that the warming effect of the sun is greater for air with water vapour than for dry air, and the effect is even greater with carbon dioxide. She concluded that "An atmosphere of that gas would give to our earth a high temperature..."<a href="#cite_note-Foote_382–383-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a> was the first to measure the infrared absorption and emission of various gases and vapors. From 1859 onwards, he showed that the effect was due to a very small proportion of the atmosphere, with the main gases having no effect, and was largely due to water vapor, though small percentages of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide had a significant effect.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The effect was more fully quantified by <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a> in 1896, who made the first quantitative prediction of global warming due to a hypothetical doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-anrev-20">[20]</a> The term greenhouse was first applied to this phenomenon by <a href="/wiki/Nils_Ekholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Nils Ekholm">Nils Gustaf Ekholm</a> in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-easterbrook.ca-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ekholm_N_1901_1–62-14">[14]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science#First_calculations_of_greenhouse_effect,_1896" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science § First calculations of greenhouse effect, 1896</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_climate_change_science&action=edit#First_calculations_of_greenhouse_effect,_1896">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> In 1896 <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a> used Langley's observations of increased infrared absorption where Moon rays pass through the atmosphere at a low angle, encountering more <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2), to estimate an atmospheric cooling effect from a future decrease of CO2. He realized that the cooler atmosphere would hold less water vapor (another <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>) and calculated the additional cooling effect. He also realized the cooling would increase snow and ice cover at high latitudes, making the planet reflect more sunlight and thus further cool down, as <a href="/wiki/James_Croll" title="James Croll">James Croll</a> had hypothesized. Overall Arrhenius calculated that cutting CO2 in half would suffice to produce an ice age. He further calculated that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 would give a total warming of 5–6 degrees Celsius.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm/220px--Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="205" data-mwtitle="Climate_Factor_CO₂_(ZDF,_Terra_X).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_(ZDF,_Terra_X).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm/Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm/Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm/Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm/Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm/Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm/Climate_Factor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>How CO2 causes the greenhouse effect.</figcaption></figure> Matter emits <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a> at a rate that <a href="/wiki/Stefan-Boltzmann_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan-Boltzmann law">is directly proportional to the fourth power of its temperature</a>. Some of the radiation emitted by the Earth's surface is absorbed by greenhouse gases and clouds. Without this absorption, Earth's surface would have an average temperature of −18 °C (−0.4 °F). However, because some of the radiation is absorbed, Earth's average surface temperature is around 15 °C (59 °F). Thus, the Earth's greenhouse effect may be measured as a temperature change of 33 °C (59 °F). Thermal radiation is characterized by how much energy it carries, typically in watts per square meter (W/m2). Scientists also measure the greenhouse effect based on how much more longwave thermal radiation leaves the Earth's surface than reaches space.<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7-22">[22]</a>: 968 <a href="#cite_note-ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7-22">[22]</a>: 934 <a href="#cite_note-ravram1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2010paper-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2010-25">[25]</a> Currently, longwave radiation leaves the surface at an average rate of 398 W/m2, but only 239 W/m2 reaches space. Thus, the Earth's greenhouse effect can also be measured as an energy flow change of 159 W/m2.<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7-22">[22]</a>: 968 <a href="#cite_note-ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7-22">[22]</a>: 934  The greenhouse effect can be expressed as a fraction (0.40) or percentage (40%) of the longwave thermal radiation that leaves Earth's surface but does not reach space.<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7-22">[22]</a>: 968 <a href="#cite_note-ravram1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-ravram2-26">[26]</a> Whether the greenhouse effect is expressed as a change in temperature or as a change in longwave thermal radiation, the same effect is being measured.<a href="#cite_note-ravram1-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_climate_change">Role in climate change</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth%27s_heating_rate_since_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Earth%27s_heating_rate_since_2005.jpg/260px-Earth%27s_heating_rate_since_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Earth%27s_heating_rate_since_2005.jpg/390px-Earth%27s_heating_rate_since_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Earth%27s_heating_rate_since_2005.jpg/520px-Earth%27s_heating_rate_since_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_Energy_Imbalance" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's Energy Imbalance">Earth's rate of heating</a> (graph) is a result of factors which include the enhanced greenhouse effect.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></figcaption></figure> Strengthening of the greenhouse effect through additional greenhouse gases from human activities is known as the enhanced greenhouse effect.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-15">[15]</a>: 2232  As well as being inferred from measurements by <a href="/wiki/Argo_(oceanography)" title="Argo (oceanography)">ARGO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clouds_and_the_Earth%27s_Radiant_Energy_System" title="Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System">CERES</a> and other instruments throughout the 21st century,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>: 7–17  this increase in <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> from human activity has been observed directly,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/150px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/225px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/300px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Keeling_Curve" title="Keeling Curve">Keeling Curve</a> of atmospheric CO2 abundance.</figcaption></figure> CO2 is produced by <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel burning">fossil fuel burning</a> and other activities such as <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> production and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_deforestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical deforestation">tropical deforestation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC_deforestation-32">[32]</a> Measurements of CO2 from the <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa_Observatory" title="Mauna Loa Observatory">Mauna Loa Observatory</a> show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm)<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The current observed amount of CO2 exceeds the geological record maxima (≈300 ppm) from ice core data.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Over the past 800,000 years,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice core</a> data shows that carbon dioxide has varied from values as low as 180 ppm to the pre-industrial level of 270 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoclimatologists">Paleoclimatologists</a> consider variations in carbon dioxide concentration to be a fundamental factor influencing climate variations over this time scale.<a href="#cite_note-Bowen_(2005),_Thin_Ice-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_balance_and_temperature">Energy balance and temperature</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incoming_shortwave_radiation">Incoming shortwave radiation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_spectrum_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Solar_spectrum_en.svg/300px-Solar_spectrum_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Solar_spectrum_en.svg/450px-Solar_spectrum_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Solar_spectrum_en.svg/600px-Solar_spectrum_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> spectrum for direct light at both the top of Earth's atmosphere and at sea level</figcaption></figure> Hotter matter emits shorter wavelengths of radiation. As a result, the Sun emits <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave radiation">shortwave radiation</a> as sunlight while the Earth and its atmosphere emit <a href="/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation" title="Outgoing longwave radiation">longwave radiation</a>. Sunlight includes <a href="/wiki/UV" class="mw-redirect" title="UV">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">near-infrared</a> radiation.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-15">[15]</a>: 2251  Sunlight is reflected and absorbed by the Earth and its atmosphere. The atmosphere and clouds reflect about 23% and absorb 23%. The surface reflects 7% and absorbs 48%.<a href="#cite_note-eeb1-9">[9]</a> Overall, Earth reflects about 30% of the incoming sunlight,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-harvard-41">[41]</a> and absorbs the rest (240 W/m2).<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7-22">[22]</a>: 934  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outgoing_longwave_radiation">Outgoing longwave radiation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectral_Greenhouse_Effect.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Spectral_Greenhouse_Effect.png/300px-Spectral_Greenhouse_Effect.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Spectral_Greenhouse_Effect.png/450px-Spectral_Greenhouse_Effect.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Spectral_Greenhouse_Effect.png/600px-Spectral_Greenhouse_Effect.png 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>The greenhouse effect is a reduction in the flux of outgoing longwave radiation, which affects the planet's radiative balance. The spectrum of outgoing radiation shows the effects of different greenhouse gases.</figcaption></figure> The Earth and its atmosphere emit longwave radiation, also known as thermal infrared or terrestrial radiation.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-15">[15]</a>: 2251  Informally, longwave radiation is sometimes called thermal radiation. <a href="/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation" title="Outgoing longwave radiation">Outgoing longwave radiation</a> (OLR) is the radiation from Earth and its atmosphere that passes through the atmosphere and into space. The greenhouse effect can be directly seen in graphs of Earth's outgoing longwave radiation as a function of frequency (or wavelength). The area between the curve for longwave radiation emitted by Earth's surface and the curve for outgoing longwave radiation indicates the size of the greenhouse effect.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2010-25">[25]</a> Different substances are responsible for reducing the radiation energy reaching space at different frequencies; for some frequencies, multiple substances play a role.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2010paper-24">[24]</a> Carbon dioxide is understood to be responsible for the dip in outgoing radiation (and associated rise in the greenhouse effect) at around 667 cm−1 (equivalent to a wavelength of 15 microns).<a href="#cite_note-wijng-42">[42]</a> Each layer of the atmosphere with greenhouse gases absorbs some of the longwave radiation being radiated upwards from lower layers. It also emits longwave radiation in all directions, both upwards and downwards, in equilibrium with the amount it has absorbed. This results in less radiative heat loss and more warmth below. Increasing the concentration of the gases increases the amount of absorption and emission, and thereby causing more heat to be retained at the surface and in the layers below.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC4_ch012-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effective_temperature">Effective temperature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Effective_temperature_for_climate_thermal_radiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Effective_temperature_for_climate_thermal_radiation.svg/220px-Effective_temperature_for_climate_thermal_radiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Effective_temperature_for_climate_thermal_radiation.svg/330px-Effective_temperature_for_climate_thermal_radiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Effective_temperature_for_climate_thermal_radiation.svg/440px-Effective_temperature_for_climate_thermal_radiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Temperature needed to emit a given amount of thermal radiation.</figcaption></figure> The power of outgoing longwave radiation emitted by a planet corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">effective temperature</a> of the planet. The effective temperature is the temperature that a planet radiating with a uniform temperature (a <a href="/wiki/Blackbody" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbody">blackbody</a>) would need to have in order to radiate the same amount of energy. This concept may be used to compare the amount of longwave radiation emitted to space and the amount of longwave radiation emitted by the surface: <ul><li>Emissions to space: Based on its emissions of longwave radiation to space, Earth's overall effective temperature is −18 °C (0 °F).<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-IPCC4_ch012-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Emissions from surface: Based on thermal emissions from the surface, Earth's effective surface temperature is about 16 °C (61 °F),<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7-22">[22]</a>: 934  which is 34 °C (61 °F) warmer than Earth's overall effective temperature.</li></ul> Earth's surface temperature is often reported in terms of the average near-surface air temperature. This is about 15 °C (59 °F),<a href="#cite_note-clchgtrack-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> a bit lower than the effective surface temperature. This value is 33 °C (59 °F) warmer than Earth's overall effective temperature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_flux">Energy flux</h3></div> Energy <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">flux</a> is the rate of energy flow per unit area. Energy flux is expressed in units of W/m2, which is the number of <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a> of energy that pass through a square meter each second. Most fluxes quoted in high-level discussions of climate are global values, which means they are the total flow of energy over the entire globe, divided by the surface area of the Earth, 5.1×1014 m2 (5.1×108 km2; 2.0×108 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-utarea-45">[45]</a> The fluxes of radiation arriving at and leaving the Earth are important because <a href="/wiki/Radiative_transfer" title="Radiative transfer">radiative transfer</a> is the only process capable of exchanging energy between Earth and the rest of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-Wallace2006-46">[46]</a>: 145  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiative_balance">Radiative balance</h3></div> The temperature of a planet depends on the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">balance</a> between incoming radiation and outgoing radiation. If incoming radiation exceeds outgoing radiation, a planet will warm. If outgoing radiation exceeds incoming radiation, a planet will cool. A planet will tend towards a state of <a href="/wiki/Radiative_equilibrium" title="Radiative equilibrium">radiative equilibrium</a>, in which the power of outgoing radiation equals the power of absorbed incoming radiation.<a href="#cite_note-cimss-47">[47]</a> Earth's <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">energy imbalance</a> is the amount by which the power of incoming sunlight absorbed by Earth's surface or atmosphere exceeds the power of outgoing longwave radiation emitted to space. Energy imbalance is the fundamental measurement that drives surface temperature.<a href="#cite_note-SciAmEEB-48">[48]</a> A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> presentation says "The EEI is the most critical number defining the prospects for continued global warming and climate change."<a href="#cite_note-UNeei-49">[49]</a> One study argues, "The absolute value of EEI represents the most fundamental metric defining the status of global climate change."<a href="#cite_note-vsh2016-50">[50]</a> Earth's energy imbalance (EEI) was about 0.7 W/m2 as of around 2015, indicating that Earth as a whole is accumulating thermal energy and is in a process of becoming warmer.<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7-22">[22]</a>: 934  Over 90% of the retained energy goes into warming the oceans, with much smaller amounts going into heating the land, atmosphere, and ice.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outgoing_radiation_with_and_without_Greenhouse_effect.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Outgoing_radiation_with_and_without_Greenhouse_effect.svg/550px-Outgoing_radiation_with_and_without_Greenhouse_effect.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Outgoing_radiation_with_and_without_Greenhouse_effect.svg/825px-Outgoing_radiation_with_and_without_Greenhouse_effect.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Outgoing_radiation_with_and_without_Greenhouse_effect.svg/1100px-Outgoing_radiation_with_and_without_Greenhouse_effect.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Earth's upward flow of longwave radiation in reality and in a hypothetical scenario in which greenhouse gases and clouds are removed or lose their ability to absorb longwave radiation—without changing Earth's albedo (i.e., reflection/absorption of sunlight). Top shows the balance between Earth's heating and cooling as measured at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). Panel (a) shows the real situation with an active greenhouse effect.<a href="#cite_note-rrtmeeb-52">[52]</a> Panel (b) shows the situation immediately after absorption stops; all longwave radiation emitted by the surface would reach space; there would be more cooling (via longwave radiation emitted to space) than warming (from sunlight). This imbalance would lead to a rapid temperature drop. Panel (c) shows the final stable steady state, after the surface cools sufficiently to emit only enough longwave radiation to match the energy flow from absorbed sunlight.<a href="#cite_note-rrtmeeb-52">[52]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_and_night_cycle">Day and night cycle</h3></div> A simple picture assumes a steady state, but in the real world, the day/night (<a href="/wiki/Diurnal_cycle" title="Diurnal cycle">diurnal</a>) cycle, as well as the seasonal cycle and weather disturbances, complicate matters. Solar heating applies only during daytime. At night the atmosphere cools somewhat, but not greatly because the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_inertia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal inertia">thermal inertia</a> of the climate system resists changes both day and night, as well as for longer periods.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">Diurnal temperature changes</a> decrease with height in the atmosphere. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_of_lapse_rate">Effect of lapse rate</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lapse_rate">Lapse rate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lapse_rate" title="Lapse rate">Lapse rate</a></div> In the lower portion of the atmosphere, the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>, the air temperature decreases (or "lapses") with increasing altitude. The rate at which temperature changes with altitude is called the <a href="/wiki/Lapse_rate" title="Lapse rate">lapse rate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nugent5-54">[54]</a> On Earth, the air temperature decreases by about 6.5 °C/km (3.6 °F per 1000 ft), on average, although this varies.<a href="#cite_note-Nugent5-54">[54]</a> The temperature lapse is caused by <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>. Air warmed by the surface rises. As it rises, air <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_process" title="Adiabatic process">expands and cools</a>. Simultaneously, other air descends, compresses, and warms. This process creates a vertical temperature gradient within the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Nugent5-54">[54]</a> This vertical temperature gradient is essential to the greenhouse effect. If the lapse rate was zero (so that the atmospheric temperature did not vary with altitude and was the same as the surface temperature) then there would be no greenhouse effect (i.e., its value would be zero).<a href="#cite_note-ThomasStamnes1999-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emission_temperature_and_altitude">Emission temperature and altitude</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectral_OLR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Spectral_OLR.png/300px-Spectral_OLR.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Spectral_OLR.png/450px-Spectral_OLR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Spectral_OLR.png/600px-Spectral_OLR.png 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>The temperature at which thermal radiation was emitted can be determined by comparing the intensity at a particular wavenumber to the intensity of a <a href="/wiki/Planck%27s_law" title="Planck's law">black-body emission curve</a>. In the chart, emission temperatures range between Tmin and Ts. "Wavenumber" is frequency divided by the speed of light).</figcaption></figure> Greenhouse gases make the atmosphere near Earth's surface mostly opaque to longwave radiation. The atmosphere only becomes transparent to longwave radiation at higher altitudes, where the air is less dense, there is less water vapor, and reduced <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">pressure broadening</a> of absorption lines limits the wavelengths that gas molecules can absorb.<a href="#cite_note-Plass1950-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wallace2006-46">[46]</a> For any given wavelength, the longwave radiation that reaches space is emitted by a particular radiating layer of the atmosphere. The intensity of the emitted radiation is determined by the weighted average air temperature within that layer. So, for any given wavelength of radiation emitted to space, there is an associated effective emission temperature (or <a href="/wiki/Brightness_temperature" title="Brightness temperature">brightness temperature</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Pierrehumbert2011-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wallace2006-46">[46]</a> A given wavelength of radiation may also be said to have an effective emission altitude, which is a weighted average of the altitudes within the radiating layer. The effective emission temperature and altitude vary by wavelength (or frequency). This phenomenon may be seen by examining plots of radiation emitted to space.<a href="#cite_note-Pierrehumbert2011-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenhouse_gases_and_the_lapse_rate">Greenhouse gases and the lapse rate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenhouse_Effect_Overview.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Greenhouse_Effect_Overview.svg/300px-Greenhouse_Effect_Overview.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Greenhouse_Effect_Overview.svg/450px-Greenhouse_Effect_Overview.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Greenhouse_Effect_Overview.svg/600px-Greenhouse_Effect_Overview.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a> (GHGs) in dense air near the surface absorb most of the <a href="/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation" title="Outgoing longwave radiation">longwave radiation emitted</a> by the warm surface. GHGs in sparse air at higher altitudes—cooler because of the environmental <a href="/wiki/Lapse_rate" title="Lapse rate">lapse rate</a>—emit longwave radiation to space at a lower rate than surface emissions.</figcaption></figure> Earth's surface radiates longwave radiation with wavelengths in the range of 4–100 microns.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-1989-58">[58]</a> Greenhouse gases that were largely transparent to incoming solar radiation are more absorbent for some wavelengths in this range.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-1989-58">[58]</a> The atmosphere near the Earth's surface is largely opaque to longwave radiation and most heat loss from the surface is by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>. However radiative energy losses become increasingly important higher in the atmosphere, largely because of the decreasing concentration of water vapor, an important greenhouse gas. Rather than thinking of longwave radiation headed to space as coming from the surface itself, it is more realistic to think of this outgoing radiation as being emitted by a layer in the mid-<a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>, which is effectively coupled to the surface by a <a href="/wiki/Lapse_rate" title="Lapse rate">lapse rate</a>. The difference in temperature between these two locations explains the difference between surface emissions and emissions to space, i.e., it explains the greenhouse effect.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tziperman2022-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrared_absorbing_constituents_in_the_atmosphere">Infrared absorbing constituents in the atmosphere</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenhouse_gases">Greenhouse gases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gas</a></div>A greenhouse gas (GHG) is a gas which contributes to the trapping of heat by impeding the flow of longwave radiation out of a planet's atmosphere. Greenhouse gases contribute most of the greenhouse effect in <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infrared_active_gases">Infrared active gases</h4></div> Gases which can absorb and emit longwave radiation are said to be infrared active<a href="#cite_note-Archer2011Ch4-61">[61]</a> and act as greenhouse gases. Most gases whose molecules have two different atoms (such as carbon monoxide, CO), and all gases with three or more atoms (including <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>H2O and CO2), are infrared active and act as greenhouse gases. (Technically, this is because when these molecules <a href="/wiki/Molecular_vibration" title="Molecular vibration">vibrate</a>, those vibrations modify the molecular <a href="/wiki/Bond_dipole_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Bond dipole moment">dipole moment</a>, or asymmetry in the distribution of electrical charge. See <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy#Number_of_vibrational_modes" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Infrared spectroscopy</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-15">[15]</a> Gases with only one atom (such as argon, Ar) or with two identical atoms (such as nitrogen, N 2, and oxygen, O 2) are not infrared active. They are transparent to longwave radiation, and, for practical purposes, do not absorb or emit longwave radiation. (This is because their molecules are symmetrical and so do not have a dipole moment.) Such gases make up more than 99% of the dry atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absorption_and_emission">Absorption and emission</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longwave_Absorption_Coefficients_of_H2O_and_CO2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Longwave_Absorption_Coefficients_of_H2O_and_CO2.svg/300px-Longwave_Absorption_Coefficients_of_H2O_and_CO2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Longwave_Absorption_Coefficients_of_H2O_and_CO2.svg/450px-Longwave_Absorption_Coefficients_of_H2O_and_CO2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Longwave_Absorption_Coefficients_of_H2O_and_CO2.svg/600px-Longwave_Absorption_Coefficients_of_H2O_and_CO2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation" title="Outgoing longwave radiation">Longwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Absorption_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption coefficient">absorption coefficients</a> of water vapor and carbon dioxide. For wavelengths near 15 microns (15 μm in top scale), where Earth's surface emits strongly, CO2 is a much stronger absorber than water vapor.</figcaption></figure>Greenhouse gases absorb and emit longwave radiation within specific ranges of wavelengths (organized as <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral lines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Absorption_band" title="Absorption band">bands</a>).<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-15">[15]</a> When greenhouse gases absorb radiation, they distribute the acquired energy to the surrounding air as thermal energy (i.e., kinetic energy of gas molecules). Energy is transferred from greenhouse gas molecules to other molecules via <a href="/wiki/Elastic_collision" title="Elastic collision">molecular collisions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uaATMO336eeb-62">[62]</a> Contrary to what is sometimes said, greenhouse gases do not "re-emit" photons after they are absorbed. Because each molecule experiences billions of collisions per second, any energy a greenhouse gas molecule receives by absorbing a photon will be redistributed to other molecules before there is a chance for a new photon to be emitted.<a href="#cite_note-uaATMO336eeb-62">[62]</a> In a separate process, greenhouse gases emit longwave radiation, at a rate determined by the air temperature. This thermal energy is either absorbed by other greenhouse gas molecules or leaves the atmosphere, cooling it.<a href="#cite_note-uaATMO336eeb-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radiative_effects">Radiative effects</h4></div> Effect on air: Air is warmed by <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virtual_temperature" title="Virtual temperature">buoyant water vapor</a> condensing into water droplets and releasing heat), <a href="/wiki/Thermal" title="Thermal">thermals</a> (warm air rising from below), and by sunlight being absorbed in the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-budget-6">[6]</a> Air is cooled radiatively, by greenhouse gases and clouds emitting longwave thermal radiation. Within the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>, greenhouse gases typically have a net cooling effect on air, emitting more thermal radiation than they absorb. Warming and cooling of air are well balanced, on average, so that the atmosphere maintains a roughly stable average temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Wallace2006-46">[46]</a>: 139 <a href="#cite_note-Manabe1964-63">[63]</a> Effect on surface cooling: Longwave radiation flows both upward and downward due to absorption and emission in the atmosphere. These canceling energy flows reduce radiative surface cooling (net upward radiative energy flow). Latent heat transport and thermals provide non-radiative surface cooling which partially compensates for this reduction, but there is still a net reduction in surface cooling, for a given surface temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Wallace2006-46">[46]</a>: 139 <a href="#cite_note-Manabe1964-63">[63]</a> Effect on TOA energy balance: Greenhouse gases impact the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) energy budget by reducing the flux of longwave radiation emitted to space, for a given surface temperature. Thus, greenhouse gases alter the energy balance at TOA. This means that the surface temperature needs to be higher (than the planet's effective temperature, i.e., the temperature associated with emissions to space), in order for the outgoing energy emitted to space to balance the incoming energy from sunlight.<a href="#cite_note-Wallace2006-46">[46]</a>: 139 <a href="#cite_note-Manabe1964-63">[63]</a> It is important to focus on the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) energy budget (rather than the surface energy budget) when reasoning about the warming effect of greenhouse gases.<a href="#cite_note-PierrehumbertTextbook-64">[64]</a>: 414  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmospheric_heat_flow_profile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Atmospheric_heat_flow_profile.svg/550px-Atmospheric_heat_flow_profile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Atmospheric_heat_flow_profile.svg/825px-Atmospheric_heat_flow_profile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Atmospheric_heat_flow_profile.svg/1100px-Atmospheric_heat_flow_profile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Flow of heat in Earth's atmosphere, showing (a) upward radiation heat flow and up/down radiation fluxes, (b) upward non-radiative heat flow (<a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermals" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermals">thermals</a>), (c) the balance between atmospheric heating and cooling at each altitude, and (d) the atmosphere's temperature profile.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clouds_and_aerosols">Clouds and aerosols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a></div> Clouds and aerosols have both cooling effects, associated with reflecting sunlight back to space, and warming effects, associated with trapping thermal radiation. On average, clouds have a strong net cooling effect. However, the mix of cooling and warming effects varies, depending on detailed characteristics of particular clouds (including their type, height, and optical properties).<a href="#cite_note-GFDLcre-65">[65]</a> Thin cirrus clouds can have a net warming effect. Clouds can absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus affect the radiative properties of the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Particulates#Climate_effects" title="Particulates">Particulates § Climate effects</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Particulates&action=edit#Climate_effects">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Atmospheric aerosols affect the climate of the Earth by changing the amount of incoming <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> and outgoing terrestrial longwave radiation retained in the Earth's system. This occurs through several distinct mechanisms which are split into direct, indirect<a href="#cite_note-Particulates_Haywood2000-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Particulates_Twomey1977-68">[68]</a> and semi-direct aerosol effects. The aerosol climate effects are the biggest source of uncertainty in future climate predictions.<a href="#cite_note-Particulates_Forster2007-69">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC) stated in 2001:<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><blockquote>While the radiative forcing due to <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modeling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time.</blockquote></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_formulas">Basic formulas</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effective_temperature_2">Effective temperature</h3></div> A given flux of thermal radiation has an associated effective radiating temperature or <a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">effective temperature</a>. Effective temperature is the temperature that a <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black body</a> (a perfect absorber/emitter) would need to be to emit that much thermal radiation.<a href="#cite_note-mbta-71">[71]</a> Thus, the overall effective temperature of a planet is given by <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }=(\mathrm {OLR} /\sigma )^{1/4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>σ</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }=(\mathrm {OLR} /\sigma )^{1/4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b3a9b165055f27211b5d2e9059203a68c1fc259" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.613ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }=(\mathrm {OLR} /\sigma )^{1/4}}"></dd></dl> where OLR is the average flux (power per unit area) of outgoing longwave radiation emitted to space and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>σ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }"> is the <a href="/wiki/Stefan-Boltzmann_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan-Boltzmann constant">Stefan-Boltzmann constant</a>. Similarly, the effective temperature of the surface is given by <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }=(\mathrm {SLR} /\sigma )^{1/4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>σ</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }=(\mathrm {SLR} /\sigma )^{1/4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d7546067c596eca7fac14db7ec916c5b92b9d07" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.655ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }=(\mathrm {SLR} /\sigma )^{1/4}}"></dd></dl> where SLR is the average flux of longwave radiation emitted by the surface. (OLR is a conventional abbreviation. SLR is used here to denote the flux of surface-emitted longwave radiation, although there is no standard abbreviation for this.)<a href="#cite_note-Haberle2013-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metrics_for_the_greenhouse_effect">Metrics for the greenhouse effect</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenhouse_Effect_metrics_time_series.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greenhouse_Effect_metrics_time_series.svg/300px-Greenhouse_Effect_metrics_time_series.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greenhouse_Effect_metrics_time_series.svg/450px-Greenhouse_Effect_metrics_time_series.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greenhouse_Effect_metrics_time_series.svg/600px-Greenhouse_Effect_metrics_time_series.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Increase in the Earth's greenhouse effect (2000–2022) based on NASA CERES satellite data.</figcaption></figure> The IPCC reports the greenhouse effect, G, as being 159 W m-2, where G is the flux of longwave thermal radiation that leaves the surface minus the flux of outgoing longwave radiation that reaches space:<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7-22">[22]</a>: 968 <a href="#cite_note-ravram1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2010-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2010paper-24">[24]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=\mathrm {SLR} -\mathrm {OLR} \;.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=\mathrm {SLR} -\mathrm {OLR} \;.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6dd03d96bdc669729359844f850114347e83192e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:18.485ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=\mathrm {SLR} -\mathrm {OLR} \;.}"></dd></dl> Alternatively, the greenhouse effect can be described using the normalized greenhouse effect, g̃, defined as <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}=G/\mathrm {SLR} =1-\mathrm {OLR} /\mathrm {SLR} \;.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">~</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}=G/\mathrm {SLR} =1-\mathrm {OLR} /\mathrm {SLR} \;.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f45bd453acfddb41881fb0c5ffd2281e53438af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.758ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}=G/\mathrm {SLR} =1-\mathrm {OLR} /\mathrm {SLR} \;.}"></dd></dl> The normalized greenhouse effect is the fraction of the amount of thermal radiation emitted by the surface that does not reach space. Based on the IPCC numbers, g̃ = 0.40. In other words, 40 percent less thermal radiation reaches space than what leaves the surface.<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7-22">[22]</a>: 968 <a href="#cite_note-ravram1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-ravram2-26">[26]</a> Sometimes the greenhouse effect is quantified as a temperature difference. This temperature difference is closely related to the quantities above. When the greenhouse effect is expressed as a temperature difference, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53d07a7477c776b21a359bc4cfc8d637485af54f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.168ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }}">, this refers to the effective temperature associated with thermal radiation emissions from the surface minus the effective temperature associated with emissions to space: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }=T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }-T_{\mathrm {eff} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }=T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }-T_{\mathrm {eff} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4be374263f32cfbd1b2312d202f6b966ef39463f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.751ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }=T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }-T_{\mathrm {eff} }}"></dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }=\left(\mathrm {SLR} /\sigma \right)^{1/4}-\left(\mathrm {OLR} /\sigma \right)^{1/4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }=\left(\mathrm {SLR} /\sigma \right)^{1/4}-\left(\mathrm {OLR} /\sigma \right)^{1/4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/10b44e5084e28cc2dbe03f7a0a895eacab341437" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.533ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }=\left(\mathrm {SLR} /\sigma \right)^{1/4}-\left(\mathrm {OLR} /\sigma \right)^{1/4}}"></dd></dl> Informal discussions of the greenhouse effect often compare the actual surface temperature to the temperature that the planet would have if there were no greenhouse gases. However, in formal technical discussions, when the size of the greenhouse effect is quantified as a temperature, this is generally done using the above formula. The formula refers to the effective surface temperature rather than the actual surface temperature, and compares the surface with the top of the atmosphere, rather than comparing reality to a hypothetical situation.<a href="#cite_note-Haberle2013-72">[72]</a> The temperature difference, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53d07a7477c776b21a359bc4cfc8d637485af54f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.168ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }}">, indicates how much warmer a planet's surface is than the planet's overall effective temperature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiative_balance_2">Radiative balance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_Energy_Budget_with_GHE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Earth_Energy_Budget_with_GHE.svg/300px-Earth_Energy_Budget_with_GHE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Earth_Energy_Budget_with_GHE.svg/450px-Earth_Energy_Budget_with_GHE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Earth_Energy_Budget_with_GHE.svg/600px-Earth_Energy_Budget_with_GHE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>The greenhouse effect can be understood as a decrease in the efficiency of planetary cooling. The greenhouse effect is quantified as the portion of the radiation flux emitted by the surface minus that doesn't reach space, i.e., 40% or 159 W/m2. Some emitted radiation is effectively cancelled out by downwelling radiation and so does not <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer#Radiation" title="Heat transfer">transfer heat</a>. Evaporation and convection partially compensate for this reduction in surface cooling. Low temperatures at high altitudes limit the rate of thermal emissions to space.</figcaption></figure> Earth's top-of-atmosphere (TOA) <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">energy imbalance</a> (EEI) is the amount by which the power of incoming radiation exceeds the power of outgoing radiation:<a href="#cite_note-UNeei-49">[49]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EEI} =\mathrm {ASR} -\mathrm {OLR} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {EEI} =\mathrm {ASR} -\mathrm {OLR} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/514dda7a2b26b230f30fbc60cbe4fffffa7a8481" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:19.662ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EEI} =\mathrm {ASR} -\mathrm {OLR} }"></dd></dl> where ASR is the mean flux of absorbed solar radiation. ASR may be expanded as <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ASR} =(1-A)\,\mathrm {MSI} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {ASR} =(1-A)\,\mathrm {MSI} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e1c2fd80973d6e5e0cbb01dc833f99cbbebee9ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.05ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ASR} =(1-A)\,\mathrm {MSI} }"></dd></dl> where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"> is the <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> (reflectivity) of the planet and MSI is the <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">mean solar irradiance</a> incoming at the top of the atmosphere. The <a href="/wiki/Planetary_equilibrium_temperature" title="Planetary equilibrium temperature">radiative equilibrium temperature</a> of a planet can be expressed as <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {radeq} }=(\mathrm {ASR} /\sigma )^{1/4}=\left[(1-A)\,\mathrm {MSI} /\sigma \right]^{1/4}\;.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">q</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>σ</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {radeq} }=(\mathrm {ASR} /\sigma )^{1/4}=\left[(1-A)\,\mathrm {MSI} /\sigma \right]^{1/4}\;.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e506f063ecbac24ba1c6397994e83f6fb09e25f5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.504ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {radeq} }=(\mathrm {ASR} /\sigma )^{1/4}=\left[(1-A)\,\mathrm {MSI} /\sigma \right]^{1/4}\;.}"></dd></dl> A planet's temperature will tend to shift towards a state of radiative equilibrium, in which the TOA energy imbalance is zero, i.e., <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EEI} =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {EEI} =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2ab7de63450dc7f81f69e1c7784fa4eec25fdb28" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.266ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {EEI} =0}">. When the planet is in radiative equilibrium, the overall effective temperature of the planet is given by <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }=T_{\mathrm {radeq} }\;.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">q</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }=T_{\mathrm {radeq} }\;.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f97990a9a31fee05ecfb6cf11dcbbd801550c2e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.514ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }=T_{\mathrm {radeq} }\;.}"></dd></dl> Thus, the concept of radiative equilibrium is important because it indicates what effective temperature a planet will tend towards having.<a href="#cite_note-ACSPredPlanTemp-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-rrtmeeb-52">[52]</a> If, in addition to knowing the effective temperature, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/454797c1d2113e908ec26e76c89f18a77f4fec0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.543ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}">, we know the value of the greenhouse effect, then we know the mean (average) surface temperature of the planet. This is why the quantity known as the greenhouse effect is important: it is one of the few quantities that go into determining the planet's mean surface temperature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenhouse_effect_and_temperature">Greenhouse effect and temperature</h3></div> Typically, a planet will be close to radiative equilibrium, with the rates of incoming and outgoing energy being well-balanced. Under such conditions, the planet's equilibrium temperature is determined by the mean solar irradiance and the planetary albedo (how much sunlight is reflected back to space instead of being absorbed). The greenhouse effect measures how much warmer the surface is than the overall effective temperature of the planet. So, the effective surface temperature, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7d6dc23e26b984391a2f1a6959f83ae939c6dd34" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.101ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }}">, is, using the definition of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53d07a7477c776b21a359bc4cfc8d637485af54f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.168ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }}">, <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }=T_{\mathrm {eff} }+\Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }\;.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }=T_{\mathrm {eff} }+\Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }\;.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/066c8624a23b81978cc0e9c2c84620a75dc47176" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.043ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }=T_{\mathrm {eff} }+\Delta T_{\mathrm {GHE} }\;.}"></dd></dl> One could also express the relationship between <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7d6dc23e26b984391a2f1a6959f83ae939c6dd34" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.101ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {surface,eff} }}"> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/454797c1d2113e908ec26e76c89f18a77f4fec0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.543ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}"> using G or g̃. So, the principle that a larger greenhouse effect corresponds to a higher surface temperature, if everything else (i.e., the factors that determine <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/454797c1d2113e908ec26e76c89f18a77f4fec0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.543ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}">) is held fixed, is true as a matter of definition. Note that the greenhouse effect influences the temperature of the planet as a whole, in tandem with the planet's tendency to move toward radiative equilibrium.<a href="#cite_note-Modest2021-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Misconceptions">Misconceptions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth%27s_Overall_Heat_Flow.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth%27s_Overall_Heat_Flow.svg/300px-Earth%27s_Overall_Heat_Flow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth%27s_Overall_Heat_Flow.svg/450px-Earth%27s_Overall_Heat_Flow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth%27s_Overall_Heat_Flow.svg/600px-Earth%27s_Overall_Heat_Flow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Earth's overall heat flow. Heat (net energy) always flows from warmer to cooler, honoring the <a href="/wiki/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Law of Thermodynamics">Second Law of Thermodynamics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2ndlawviol-75">[75]</a> (This heat flow diagram is equivalent to NASA's <a href="/wiki/File:The-NASA-Earth%27s-Energy-Budget-Poster-Radiant-Energy-System-satellite-infrared-radiation-fluxes.jpg" title="File:The-NASA-Earth's-Energy-Budget-Poster-Radiant-Energy-System-satellite-infrared-radiation-fluxes.jpg">earth energy budget</a> diagram. Data is from 2009.)</figcaption></figure> There are sometimes misunderstandings about how the greenhouse effect functions and raises temperatures. The surface budget fallacy is a common error in thinking.<a href="#cite_note-PierrehumbertTextbook-64">[64]</a>: 413  It involves thinking that an increased CO2 concentration could only cause warming by increasing the downward thermal radiation to the surface, as a result of making the atmosphere a better emitter. If the atmosphere near the surface is already nearly opaque to thermal radiation, this would mean that increasing CO2 could not lead to higher temperatures. However, it is a mistake to focus on the surface energy budget rather than the top-of-atmosphere energy budget. Regardless of what happens at the surface, increasing the concentration of CO2 tends to reduce the thermal radiation reaching space (OLR), leading to a TOA energy imbalance that leads to warming. Earlier researchers like <a href="/wiki/Guy_Stewart_Callendar" title="Guy Stewart Callendar">Callendar</a> (1938) and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Plass" title="Gilbert Plass">Plass</a> (1959) focused on the surface budget, but the work of <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a> in the 1960s clarified the importance of the top-of-atmosphere energy budget.<a href="#cite_note-PierrehumbertTextbook-64">[64]</a>: 414  Among those who do not believe in the greenhouse effect, there is a fallacy that the greenhouse effect involves greenhouse gases sending heat from the cool atmosphere to the planet's warm surface, in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Law of Thermodynamics">Second Law of Thermodynamics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2ndlawviol-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halpern2010-76">[76]</a> However, this idea reflects a misunderstanding. Radiation heat flow is the net energy flow after the flows of radiation in both directions have been taken into account.<a href="#cite_note-Modest2021-74">[74]</a> Radiation heat flow occurs in the direction from the surface to the atmosphere and space,<a href="#cite_note-budget-6">[6]</a> as is to be <a href="/wiki/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Law of Thermodynamics">expected</a> given that the surface is warmer than the atmosphere and space. While greenhouse gases emit thermal radiation downward to the surface, this is part of the normal process of <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer#Radiation" title="Heat transfer">radiation heat transfer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Siegel1971-77">[77]</a> The downward thermal radiation simply reduces the upward thermal radiation net energy flow (radiation heat flow), i.e., it reduces cooling.<a href="#cite_note-uaATMO336eeb-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simplified_models">Simplified models</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Idealized_greenhouse_model" title="Idealized greenhouse model">Idealized greenhouse model</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenhouse_Effect_(2017_NASA_data).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greenhouse_Effect_%282017_NASA_data%29.svg/300px-Greenhouse_Effect_%282017_NASA_data%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greenhouse_Effect_%282017_NASA_data%29.svg/450px-Greenhouse_Effect_%282017_NASA_data%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greenhouse_Effect_%282017_NASA_data%29.svg/600px-Greenhouse_Effect_%282017_NASA_data%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Energy flows between space, the atmosphere, and Earth's surface, with greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorbing and emitting radiant heat, affecting <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy balance</a>. Data as of 2007.</figcaption></figure> Simplified models are sometimes used to support understanding of how the greenhouse effect comes about and how this affects surface temperature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmospheric_layer_models">Atmospheric layer models</h3></div> The greenhouse effect can be seen to occur in a <a href="/wiki/Idealized_greenhouse_model" title="Idealized greenhouse model">simplified model</a> in which the air is treated as if it is single uniform layer exchanging radiation with the ground and space.<a href="#cite_note-acs-single-78">[78]</a> Slightly more complex models add additional layers, or introduce convection.<a href="#cite_note-acs-multi-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equivalent_emission_altitude">Equivalent emission altitude</h3></div> One simplification is to treat all outgoing longwave radiation as being emitted from an altitude where the air temperature equals the overall effective temperature for planetary emissions, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/454797c1d2113e908ec26e76c89f18a77f4fec0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.543ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}">.<a href="#cite_note-Benestad2017-80">[80]</a> Some authors have referred to this altitude as the effective radiating level (ERL), and suggest that as the CO2 concentration increases, the ERL must rise to maintain the same mass of CO2 above that level.<a href="#cite_note-aosuw-81">[81]</a> This approach is less accurate than accounting for variation in radiation wavelength by emission altitude. However, it can be useful in supporting a simplified understanding of the greenhouse effect.<a href="#cite_note-Benestad2017-80">[80]</a> For instance, it can be used to explain how the greenhouse effect increases as the concentration of greenhouse gases increase.<a href="#cite_note-Rasmus2016-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-aosuw-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tziperman2022-60">[60]</a> Earth's overall equivalent emission altitude has been increasing with a trend of 23 m (75 ft)/decade, which is said to be consistent with a global mean surface warming of 0.12 °C (0.22 °F)/decade over the period 1979–2011.<a href="#cite_note-Benestad2017-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_effects_on_Earth">Related effects on Earth</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_greenhouse_effect">Negative greenhouse effect</h3></div> Scientists have observed that, at times, there is a negative greenhouse effect over parts of Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-hsch-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-sejas-84">[84]</a> In a location where there is a strong temperature inversion, so that the air is warmer than the surface, it is possible for the greenhouse effect to be reversed, so that the presence of greenhouse gases increases the rate of radiative cooling to space. In this case, the rate of thermal radiation emission to space is greater than the rate at which thermal radiation is emitted by the surface. Thus, the local value of the greenhouse effect is negative. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runaway_greenhouse_effect">Runaway greenhouse effect</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect#Distant_future" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">Runaway greenhouse effect § Distant future</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runaway_greenhouse_effect&action=edit#Distant_future">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Most scientists believe that a runaway greenhouse effect is inevitable in the long term, as the Sun gradually becomes more luminous as it ages, and will spell the end of all life on Earth. As the Sun becomes 10% brighter about one billion years from now, the surface temperature of Earth will reach 47 °C (117 °F) (unless <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a> is increased sufficiently), causing the temperature of Earth to rise rapidly and its oceans to boil away until it becomes a greenhouse planet, similar to Venus today.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bodies_other_than_Earth">Bodies other than Earth</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Greenhouse effect on different celestial bodies<a href="#cite_note-ACSplanet-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-McKay1991-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasatitan-87">[87]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Venus</th> <th>Earth</th> <th>Mars</th> <th>Titan </th></tr> <tr> <td>Surface temperature, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {observed} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {observed} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a9daa8bd509aa404fa7593d12f909191cc6934de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.86ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {observed} }}"></td> <td>735 K (462 °C; 863 °F)</td> <td>288 K (15 °C; 59 °F)</td> <td>215 K (−58 °C; −73 °F)</td> <td>94 K (−179 °C; −290 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greenhouse effect, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta T}_{\mathrm {GHE} }"> <semantics> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta T}_{\mathrm {GHE} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5bce4f8a32ca4375abd1fa568ecfedd950f761c8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.168ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta T}_{\mathrm {GHE} }"></td> <td>503 K (905 °F)</td> <td>33 K (59 °F)</td> <td>6 K (11 °F)</td> <td>21 K (38 °F) GHE; 12 K (22 °F) GHE+<a href="/wiki/Anti-greenhouse_effect" title="Anti-greenhouse effect">AGHE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pressure</td> <td>92 atm</td> <td>1 atm</td> <td>0.0063 atm</td> <td>1.5 atm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Primary gases</td> <td>CO2 (0.965) N2 (0.035)</td> <td>N2 (0.78) O2 (0.21) Ar (0.009)</td> <td>CO2 (0.95) N2 (0.03) Ar (0.02)</td> <td>N2 (0.95) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CH4 (≈0.05) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trace gases</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SO2, Ar</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2O, CO2</td> <td>O2, CO</td> <td>H2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Planetary effective temperature, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/454797c1d2113e908ec26e76c89f18a77f4fec0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.543ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {eff} }}"></td> <td>232 K (−41 °C; −42 °F)</td> <td>255 K (−18 °C; −1 °F)</td> <td>209 K (−64 °C; −83 °F)</td> <td>73 K <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a>; 82 K <a href="/wiki/Stratopause" title="Stratopause">stratopause</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greenhouse effect, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></td> <td>16000 W/m2</td> <td>150 W/m2</td> <td>13 W/m2</td> <td>2.8 W/m2 GHE; 1.9 W/m2 GHE+AGHE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Normalized greenhouse effect, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">~</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bcf709e979316ee494a3f076f7e1d97be44a3f8f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.232ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}}"></td> <td>0.99</td> <td>0.39</td> <td>0.11</td> <td>0.63 GHE; 0.42 GHE+AGHE </td></tr></tbody></table> In the solar system, apart from the Earth, at least two other planets and a moon also have a greenhouse effect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venus">Venus</h3></div> The greenhouse effect on <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> is particularly large, and it brings the surface temperature to as high as 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F). This is due to its very dense atmosphere which consists of about 97% carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-McKay1991-86">[86]</a> Although Venus is about 30% closer to the Sun, it absorbs (and is warmed by) less sunlight than Earth, because Venus reflects 77% of incident sunlight while Earth reflects around 30%. In the absence of a greenhouse effect, the surface of Venus would be expected to have a temperature of 232 K (−41 °C; −42 °F). Thus, contrary to what one might think, being nearer to the Sun is not a reason why Venus is warmer than Earth.<a href="#cite_note-uwatmos211oct10-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Due to its high pressure, the CO2 in the atmosphere of Venus exhibits continuum absorption (absorption over a broad range of wavelengths) and is not limited to absorption within the bands relevant to its absorption on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Pierrehumbert2011-57">[57]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">runaway greenhouse effect</a> involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has for many years been hypothesized to have occurred on <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>;<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> this idea is still largely accepted.<a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-92">[92]</a> The planet <a href="/wiki/Venus_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (planet)">Venus</a> experienced a runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and a surface <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth. Venus may have had water oceans, but they would have boiled off as the mean surface temperature rose to the current 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F).<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jakosky-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars">Mars</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> has about 70 times as much carbon dioxide as Earth,<a href="#cite_note-Crisp2012-96">[96]</a> but experiences only a small greenhouse effect, about 6 K (11 °F).<a href="#cite_note-ACSplanet-85">[85]</a> The greenhouse effect is small due to the lack of water vapor and the overall thinness of the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The same radiative transfer calculations that predict warming on Earth accurately explain the temperature on Mars, given its atmospheric composition.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-WeartVenus-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haberle2013-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titan">Titan</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> has both a greenhouse effect and an <a href="/wiki/Anti-greenhouse_effect" title="Anti-greenhouse effect">anti-greenhouse effect</a>. The presence of nitrogen (<a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinitrogen">N2</a>), methane (<a href="/wiki/CH4" class="mw-redirect" title="CH4">CH4</a>), and hydrogen (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H2</a>) in the atmosphere contribute to a greenhouse effect, increasing the surface temperature by 21 K (38 °F) over the expected temperature of the body without these gases.<a href="#cite_note-McKay1991-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-astrobio2005-100">[100]</a> While the gases N2 and H2 ordinarily do not absorb infrared radiation, these gases absorb thermal radiation on Titan due to pressure-induced collisions, the large mass and thickness of the atmosphere, and the long wavelengths of the thermal radiation from the cold surface.<a href="#cite_note-Pierrehumbert2011-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-McKay1991-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-astrobio2005-100">[100]</a> The existence of a high-altitude haze, which absorbs wavelengths of solar radiation but is transparent to infrared, contribute to an anti-greenhouse effect of approximately 9 K (16 °F).<a href="#cite_note-McKay1991-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-astrobio2005-100">[100]</a> The net result of these two effects is a warming of 21 K − 9 K = 12 K (22 °F), so Titan's surface temperature of 94 K (−179 °C; −290 °F) is 12 K warmer than it would be if there were no atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-McKay1991-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-astrobio2005-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_pressure">Effect of pressure</h3></div> One cannot predict the relative sizes of the greenhouse effects on different bodies simply by comparing the amount of greenhouse gases in their atmospheres. This is because factors other than the quantity of these gases also play a role in determining the size of the greenhouse effect. Overall atmospheric pressure affects how much thermal radiation each molecule of a greenhouse gas can absorb. High pressure leads to more absorption and low pressure leads to less.<a href="#cite_note-Pierrehumbert2011-57">[57]</a> This is due to "pressure broadening" of <a href="/wiki/Spectral_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral lines">spectral lines</a>. When the total atmospheric pressure is higher, collisions between molecules occur at a higher rate. Collisions broaden the width of absorption lines, allowing a greenhouse gas to absorb thermal radiation over a broader range of wavelengths.<a href="#cite_note-PierrehumbertTextbook-64">[64]</a>: 226  Each molecule in the air near Earth's surface experiences about 7 billion collisions per second. This rate is lower at higher altitudes, where the pressure and temperature are both lower.<a href="#cite_note-eiuatmo-101">[101]</a> This means that greenhouse gases are able to absorb more wavelengths in the lower atmosphere than they can in the upper atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Plass1950-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wallace2006-46">[46]</a> On other planets, pressure broadening means that each molecule of a greenhouse gas is more effective at trapping thermal radiation if the total atmospheric pressure is high (as on Venus), and less effective at trapping thermal radiation if the atmospheric pressure is low (as on Mars).<a href="#cite_note-Pierrehumbert2011-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Radiation Management">Solar radiation management</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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In Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 97. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Overview+of+Climate+Change+Science&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2007%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis.+Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Fourth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+and+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Le+Treut&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Somerville%2C+R&rft.au=Cubasch%2C+U&rft.au=Ding%2C+Y&rft.au=Mauritzen%2C+C&rft.au=Mokssit%2C+A&rft.au=Peterson%2C+T&rft.au=Prather%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fpdf%2Fassessment-report%2Far4%2Fwg1%2Far4-wg1-chapter1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+effect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html">"The Elusive Absolute Surface Air Temperature (SAT)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NOAA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093320/http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goddard+Institute+for+Space+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Elusive+Absolute+Surface+Air+Temperature+%28SAT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.giss.nasa.gov%2Fgistemp%2Fabs_temp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+effect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clchgtrack-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clchgtrack_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clchgtrack_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climatechangetracker.org/global-warming/yearly-average-temperature">"Yearly average temperature"</a>. Climate Change Tracker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Change+Tracker&rft.atitle=Yearly+average+temperature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatechangetracker.org%2Fglobal-warming%2Fyearly-average-temperature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+effect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipcc-AR4WG1-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ipcc-AR4WG1_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipcc-AR4WG1_5-1">b</a> A concise description of the greenhouse effect is given in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, "What is the Greenhouse Effect?" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-1-3.html">FAQ 1.3 – AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805034123/https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-1-3.html">Archived</a> 5 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IIPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Chapter 1, page 115: "To balance the absorbed incoming [solar] energy, the Earth must, on average, radiate the same amount of energy back to space. Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1). Much of this thermal radiation emitted by the land and ocean is absorbed by the atmosphere, including clouds, and reradiated back to Earth. This is called the greenhouse effect." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2001" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Stephen H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MsASkmCPDpcC&pg=PA90">"Global Climate Change in the Human Perspective"</a>. In Bengtsson, Lennart O.; Hammer, Claus U. (eds.). Geosphere-biosphere Interactions and Climate. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78238-8"><bdi>978-0-521-78238-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802004048/https://books.google.com/books?id=MsASkmCPDpcC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Global+Climate+Change+in+the+Human+Perspective&rft.btitle=Geosphere-biosphere+Interactions+and+Climate&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78238-8&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMsASkmCPDpcC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+effect" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaussenCochranDavis2001" class="citation book cs1">Claussen, E.; Cochran, V.A.; Davis, D.P., eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g85OJ76ufJoC&pg=PA373">"Global Climate Data"</a>. Climate Change: Science, Strategies, & Solutions. University of Michigan. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004120242" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004120242"><bdi>978-9004120242</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518010607/https://books.google.com/books?id=g85OJ76ufJoC&pg=PA373">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2020. 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Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+Carbon+Dioxide+Reaches+New+High+Despite+Pandemic+Emissions+Reduction&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fatmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+effect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindseyDahlman" class="citation web cs1">Lindsey, Rebecca; Dahlman, Luann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth's%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.">"Climate Change: Global Temperature"</a>. 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Vol. 22. pp. 382–383. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234235/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA382%2F">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circumstances+affecting+the+Heat+of+the+Sun%27s+Rays&rft.pages=382-383&rft.date=1856-11&rft.aulast=Foote&rft.aufirst=Eunice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6xhFAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+effect" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Huddleston-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huddleston_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huddleston_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddleston2019" class="citation web cs1">Huddleston, Amara (17 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer">"Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer"</a>. 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class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/greenhouse_effect" class="extiw" title="wikt:greenhouse effect">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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