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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_to_the_assassination_of_Osama_bin_Laden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Connection to the assassination of Osama bin Laden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connection_to_the_assassination_of_Osama_bin_Laden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_government_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_government_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Recent government efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_government_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Current Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_affecting_eradication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_affecting_eradication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Factors affecting eradication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Factors_affecting_eradication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Factors affecting eradication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Factors_affecting_eradication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Misinformation_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misinformation_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Misinformation campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misinformation_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_potential_role_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_potential_role_of_Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>The potential role of Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_potential_role_of_Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poor_health_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poor_health_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Poor health infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poor_health_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perceptions_of_Pakistani_parents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perceptions_of_Pakistani_parents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Perceptions of Pakistani parents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perceptions_of_Pakistani_parents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militant_opposition_to_vaccine_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militant_opposition_to_vaccine_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Militant opposition to vaccine distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militant_opposition_to_vaccine_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Other factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_polio_in_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_polio_in_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impact of polio in Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_polio_in_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Pakistan</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> is one of the two remaining countries<sup id="cite_ref-polio_status_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polio_status-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the world where <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">poliomyelitis</a> (polio) is still categorized as an <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">endemic</a> viral infection,<sup id="cite_ref-eradication_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eradication-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the other one being <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-polio_status_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polio_status-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it has yet to fully eradicate Polio, there has been a major downwards trend in the number of reported cases per year; the total count of wild poliovirus cases in Pakistan in 2019 was down to 147,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to 84 in 2020, 1 in 2021, 20 in 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6 in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-EndPolioCases2023_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EndPolioCases2023-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 41 as of October 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-EndPolioCases_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EndPolioCases-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the polio immunization campaign in the country started in 1974,<sup id="cite_ref-Mangrio_64–67_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mangrio_64–67-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the efforts for eradication officially started in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infection remains endemic despite over 100 rounds of vaccination being carried out in the past decade.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan had the world's highest number of polio cases in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC:_Polio_in_Pakistan_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC:_Polio_in_Pakistan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pakistan_Polio_Eradication_Programme">Pakistan Polio Eradication Programme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pakistan Polio Eradication Programme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1994, the Pakistan Polio Eradication Programme has been fighting to end the crippling poliovirus from the country. The initiative is driven by up to 339,521 trained and dedicated polio workers,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest surveillance network in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quality data collection and analysis, behavioral change communication, state of the art laboratories, and some of the best epidemiologists and public health experts in Pakistan and the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eradication_efforts_in_the_20th_century">Eradication efforts in the 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eradication efforts in the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) was begun in Pakistan by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) in the 1970s to combat deaths from six vaccine-preventable diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, the EPI had vaccinated just 2% of the population against polio; by 1990, the coverage had increased to 54%.<sup id="cite_ref-Mangrio_64–67_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mangrio_64–67-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1994 interview, CDC officials predicted total polio eradication in Pakistan within two to three years; by 1995, the WHO projected total eradication by the year 2000, a target that the organization reaffirmed in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> However, despite donor attention, the rate of vaccinations sagged. By 1991, only 83 percent of <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani children">Pakistani children</a> had been vaccinated.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotary_1994_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotary_1994-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Center for Disease Control</a> (CDC) in April 1998 cited a failure to vaccinate, vaccine failure, and inadequate immunization strategies as causes for the continued incidences of polio in this time.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons for under-vaccination included the population being uninformed, considering vaccination unimportant, and having to travel long distances to vaccination sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to these challenges, organizations including the WHO, <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">United Nations Children's Fund</a> (UNICEF), CDC, Rotary International, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation pulled together to develop and fund intensive eradication campaigns, including door-to-door vaccinations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poliodrops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Poliodrops.jpg/220px-Poliodrops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Poliodrops.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>A child receives the oral polio vaccine (USAID).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2001, about 27 million children were vaccinated across the country in the hope that Pakistan could be virus-free by the end of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-March_2001_campaign_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-March_2001_campaign-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2004, when there were 30 million children in Pakistan under five, about 200,000 health workers were required for a vaccination campaign that was carried out eight times a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Svea_Closser_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svea_Closser-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A documentary, <i>Polio True Stories</i>, was aired on several television channels to make people aware of the problems facing people affected by the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Polio_True_Stories_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polio_True_Stories-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opposition to the polio vaccination program by militant groups continues to thwart the success of eradication efforts. In 2014, the number of polio cases reached 306, the highest it has been since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2015, the country launched an injectable polio vaccine intended to treat four million children and bring Pakistan closer to its goal of eradication by 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the new vaccine is pricier than the traditional oral <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a> (OPV) and requires that a doctor or nurse administer it, the injection needs only one dose, not repeated doses, to generate immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2019, over 25,000 children were rushed to the hospital during a mass panic over the spread of false rumors that the polio vaccine causes fainting and vomiting.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2022, officials believed that a new outbreak was the cause of some health workers helping parents avoid vaccinations by falsely marking a child's fingers, indicating they have been vaccinated for polio when they have not.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connection_to_the_assassination_of_Osama_bin_Laden">Connection to the assassination of Osama bin Laden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Connection to the assassination of Osama bin Laden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leading up to the early 2000s, Pakistani vaccination workers were making notable progress in eliminating the polio virus in the highly infected areas of Gadap, Quetta Block (Quetta, Pishin, Kila Abdullah Districts), FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar and the neighboring areas of Mardan, Charsaddah, Nowshehra and Lakki Marwat.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) employed the services of Pakistani doctor, <a href="/wiki/Shakil_Afridi" title="Shakil Afridi">Shakil Afridi</a>, and local health officials to stage a fake vaccination campaign in an attempt to confirm <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>'s location in Abbottabad. This ruse was organized in an effort to gain more knowledge on Bin Laden's whereabouts prior to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune_Spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Neptune Spear">Operation Neptune Spear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heidi_Larson_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidi_Larson-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is still unknown if Afridi was aware of the implications for his services in the campaign, the main goal of the CIA was to collect <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> samples of <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>'s children from blood left on the needles used to deliver the <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">Hepatitis B</a> vaccination.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC20111006_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC20111006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CIA's false vaccination campaign has had severe lasting effects on the North West corner of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2012, at least 70 polio workers have been killed in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the attacks have been claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Pakistani Taliban</a>, who forward claims that the vaccination campaigns are a facade for intelligence gathering.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fake Hepatitis B campaign has caused people to question the motivations behind all vaccination campaigns, leading to a spike in poliomyelitis cases from 198 in 2011 to 306 cases in 2014. Many citizens of both the US and various other nations have criticized the CIA's vaccination campaign for the effects that it has had on Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_government_efforts">Recent government efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recent government efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> government had issued arrest warrants for 1,200 parents and guardians for refusing to administer vaccine to their children. 512 people were arrested on the charge but were later freed after signing an undertaking that they would not oppose vaccination.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2015, new cases of polio had dropped by 70% as compared to 2014, due to increased vaccination in parts of the northwest Pakistan that had previously been under the control of militants. These areas were secured by Pakistani forces in the <a href="/wiki/Zarb-e-Azb" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarb-e-Azb">Zarb-e-Azb</a> Campaign against Taliban militants.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC:_Polio_in_Pakistan_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC:_Polio_in_Pakistan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, vaccination teams were forbidden by militants from vaccinating children in the area. </p><p>Polio cases in Pakistan increased significantly in 2024 compared to the previous year, with increases in cases being reported across 71 districts. The majority of cases were reported in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>, where on the border in Afghanistan cases had been surging as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in part due to many children not receiving their scheduled polio vaccinations during the year, such as in September 2024 where a reported 1 million children missed vaccinations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Militant attacks on polio workers also increased during the year, with 27 attacks being reported in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as of October 2024. Owing to this, on 28 October 2024 the Pakistani government launched an initiative to vaccinate 45 million children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_Statistics">Current Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>20 cases of WPV were reported throughout 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, Only 6 cases of WPV were reported. As of October in 2024, this number had increased to 41 cases of WPV across 71 districts.<sup id="cite_ref-EndPolioCases_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EndPolioCases-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_affecting_eradication">Factors affecting eradication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Factors affecting eradication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the reasons which affect the eradication of polio are political unrest, poor <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Pakistan" title="Health in Pakistan">health</a> infrastructure, and government negligence. The most afflicted areas are those where militants are present and the government lacks absolute control, such as the <a href="/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Federally Administered Tribal Areas">Federally Administered Tribal Areas</a>. Transmission of the virus from such areas then leads to spread through other parts of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misinformation_campaigns">Misinformation campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Misinformation campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the fact that the vaccines are primarily produced in the western countries, militant groups like <a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban">Tehrik-i-Taliban</a> propagandize that they have been made out of pig fat or contain alcohol, two things that are strictly forbidden in Islam. Some clerics have also denounced the vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-radio_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radio-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a myth prevalent in many of the areas with low literacy rates that the immunization sterilizes the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-Heidi_Larson_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidi_Larson-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around early 2012, it was reported that some parents refused to get their children vaccinated in <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/FATA" class="mw-redirect" title="FATA">FATA</a> on religious grounds but overall religious refusals in the rest of the country have "decreased manifold".<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_rejects_rumours_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_rejects_rumours-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both major sides of the Afghani civil war now support the polio vaccination,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and polio rates are steadily declining rapidly in Afghanistan, with only seven cases in 2015 (as of August 18, 2015).<sup id="cite_ref-reuters.com-2015-08-18_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-2015-08-18-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> there were 29 cases in the same period,<sup id="cite_ref-reuters.com-2015-08-18_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-2015-08-18-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with organizational difficulties slowing immunization,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but more than ten million children have been vaccinated in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the last remaining region with active polio cases as of 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_potential_role_of_Saudi_Arabia">The potential role of Saudi Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The potential role of Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some researchers point to the unique role that Saudi Arabia is able to play in the affairs of the Muslim-majority Pakistan, both as the site of the annual Islamic pilgrimage (the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>) and as the seat of formal Islamic authority, in terms of the ability to pass <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatawa</a> and shape public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that over 10% (200,000) of the Hajj pilgrims are Pakistani, Saudi Arabia has a vested interest in eradication campaigns in Pakistan to prevent spread during Hajj. One possible avenue for the Muslim world to eliminate the polio threat is to have local mosques and community centres promote vaccination, emphasizing that the sanctity of life is foremost in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If supported by national and international Muslim organisations, with the aid of world health agencies and Muslim public health scholars, this policy could reduce the extent of misinformation the Taliban is able to spread. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poor_health_infrastructure">Poor health infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Poor health infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Pakistan">Health care in Pakistan</a></div> <p>Pakistan's healthcare system is burdened by poor public-sector funding, an ill-regulated private sector, and a lack of governmental transparency, all of which contribute to limiting the quality of public health services.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the Polio Eradication Initiative is well funded, it is delivered through the underfunded public infrastructure. Members of the Polio Eradication Committee in Pakistan have also expressed concerns regarding the accountability of the organizations backing the campaign. </p><p>Since the number of cases began to rise following the raid on the <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> compound, organizations including local health authorities, government workers, WHO, and UNICEF have been asserting blame rather than addressing the public health issues at hand.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public health system provides various avenues for institutionalized malpractice, wherein resources are leached. Staff misconduct is common, where staff members remain absent from duty, fail to run field operations, and divert vaccine for use in private facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can result in the attachment of costs to services intended to be free.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fecal-oral_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal-oral route">Fecal-oral transmission</a> is the most common source of transmission of the poliovirus in developing countries, including Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the poor health and water sanitation infrastructure, the transmission of the virus is also heightened because of the high population density and climate conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have indicated that the polio vaccine has reduced per-dose efficacy in areas near the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropics</a>, including Pakistan and its neighboring country India.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of the climate in South Asia, sometimes ten or more doses of the vaccine need to be administered, each a month apart, in order to ensure immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The month-long spacing can itself be a reason for families not to complete the vaccination schedule, because transportation could prove unreliable from month to month, and parents might be unable to take time off of work for risk of losing the day's income or losing their job entirely. </p><p>The threat of natural disaster also plays a role in delaying total eradication of polio.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Pakistan is prone to earthquakes and heavy monsoon rains. In the <a href="/wiki/2010_Pakistan_floods" title="2010 Pakistan floods">2010 Pakistan floods</a>, of the 20 million affected, a majority were in the lowest socioeconomic percentile.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to cases of <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, the WHO reported an upsurge in cases of polio. By November 2010, Pakistan accounted for about 62% of all polio cases from endemic countries, with most new cases being from areas affected by the floods.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perceptions_of_Pakistani_parents">Perceptions of Pakistani parents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Perceptions of Pakistani parents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another reason for the resistance to the polio vaccine is one of mindset. There is a common perception that other issues are more pressing than vaccination. A manifestation of this is the policy perspective that, if the source of the virus is contaminated drinking water, efforts should be made to purify the water rather than focus on the treatment of disease caused by ingesting the water. Surveys of the Pakistani population show that a significant number feel that the allocation of funding to prevent the problem is more efficient than retroactive treatment once the problem (the spread of polio) has already happened.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, it has been shown that low parental - specifically, maternal - literacy and knowledge regarding vaccines and immunization schedules, poor socioeconomic status, and residence in rural areas all are attributable to decreased rates of immunization completion.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parental <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">education</a> is one of the most important determiners of whether children will complete their vaccinations. In a study of two-parent households in Pakistan, it was shown that the father's knowledge about health most impacted immunization decisions, with an effect so large that some researchers contend improving education will improve health more so than even the provision of health services.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militant_opposition_to_vaccine_distribution">Militant opposition to vaccine distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Militant opposition to vaccine distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 January 2016, a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide bomber</a> detonated himself near security personal vehicles close to a polio centre in a town near <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, Balochistan. The bombing killed at least 15 people, including 13 policemen and one soldier, and wounding another 25. Both <a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan</a> and Jaishul Islam organizations claimed responsibility for the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another attack on 30 November 2022, a suicide bombing of a <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_Police" title="Balochistan Police">police</a> truck in Quetta killed 3 people and injured 27 others.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The police were travelling to protect <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a> <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">vaccinators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AJ_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 12, 2024, a polio worker and a policeman were killed by a gunman affiliated with Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_factors">Other factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Widespread <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> in Pakistani children is a factor in lowered resistance to disabling diseases and reduced efficacy of the polio vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 there were allegedly 'a dozen' cases of the most dangerous P2 strain from vaccine mismanagement.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_polio_in_Pakistan">Impact of polio in Pakistan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Impact of polio in Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polio has had drastic effects on the health of the population of Pakistan and on the nation's healthcare infrastructure and economy. The WHO estimates that 65–75% of polio cases in developing countries occur in children under 3 years of age, with 95% of all cases occurring in children under 5 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers at the School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University quantified the <a href="/wiki/Disease_burden" title="Disease burden">disease burden</a> of various diseases in Pakistan; in the year 1990, a Pakistani person with polio averaged a loss of 1.13 healthy life years to the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duration of disability of polio, averaged over 1000 people, was 81.84 years, the equivalent of diseases including <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">childhood meningitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been limited research into the impacts of polio in Pakistan in recent years, but a 1988 health survey found that the most common handicaps among individuals with polio were associated with mobility, occupation, and social integration.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey found differences in participants based on whether they lived in a village or a slum area: there was a higher rate of disability in the village population, and higher frequencies of infectious, respiratory, and digestive diseases in the slum area. Both areas saw individuals with polio have a higher incidence of musculoskeletal system diseases, as well as infections of the ear, and respiratory tract.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given 1–2 years with occupational therapists, 80% of patients with handicaps showed improvement in function.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Polio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_polio" class="mw-redirect" title="Eradication of polio">Eradication of polio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio vaccine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-polio_status-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-polio_status_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-polio_status_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endpolio.com.pk/">"Global Polio Eradication Initiative > Key countries"</a>. <i>Pakistan Polio Eradication Programme</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dawn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+in+Bannu+strike+after+attacks+on+polio+vaccination+teams&rft.pub=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1858523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolio+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/gunmen-kill-polio-worker-and-policeman-during-vaccination-campaign-in-pakistan-s-khyber-pakhtunkhwa/1810279">"Gunmen kill polio worker and policeman during vaccination campaign in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"</a>. PTI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gunmen+kill+polio+worker+and+policeman+during+vaccination+campaign+in+Pakistan%E2%80%99s+Khyber+Pakhtunkhwa&rft.pub=PTI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ptinews.com%2Fstory%2Fnational%2Fgunmen-kill-polio-worker-and-policeman-during-vaccination-campaign-in-pakistan-s-khyber-pakhtunkhwa%2F1810279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolio+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2013" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Susan Jeanne (2013-11-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYwuAgAAQBAJ"><i>Education and Disability in Cross-Cultural Perspective</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135811587" title="Special:BookSources/9781135811587"><bdi>9781135811587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+and+Disability+in+Cross-Cultural+Perspective&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft.isbn=9781135811587&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Susan+Jeanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYwuAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolio+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/nov/07/pakistan-accused-of-cover-up-over-fresh-polio-outbreak">Pakistan accused of cover-up over fresh polio outbreak</a> The Guardian, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyderMorrow2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hyder, A A; Morrow, R H (2000-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446325">"Applying burden of disease methods in developing countries: a case study from Pakistan"</a>. <i>American Journal of Public Health</i>. <b>90</b> (8): 1235–1240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2Fajph.90.8.1235">10.2105/ajph.90.8.1235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-0036">0090-0036</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446325">1446325</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10937003">10937003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Applying+burden+of+disease+methods+in+developing+countries%3A+a+case+study+from+Pakistan.&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1235-1240&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1446325%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0090-0036&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10937003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2Fajph.90.8.1235&rft.aulast=Hyder&rft.aufirst=A+A&rft.au=Morrow%2C+R+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1446325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolio+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimbyFinnstamNelsonRashid1988" class="citation journal cs1">Grimby, Gunnar; Finnstam, Jane; Nelson, Gunnel; Rashid, Saeada (1988-01-01). "Evaluation of community-based rehabilitation in Punjab, Pakistan: II: The prevalence of diseases, impairments, and handicaps". <i>International Disability Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 59–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F09638288809164102">10.3109/09638288809164102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0259-9147">0259-9147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3261293">3261293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Disability+Studies&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+community-based+rehabilitation+in+Punjab%2C+Pakistan%3A+II%3A+The+prevalence+of+diseases%2C+impairments%2C+and+handicaps&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-60&rft.date=1988-01-01&rft.issn=0259-9147&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3261293&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F09638288809164102&rft.aulast=Grimby&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft.au=Finnstam%2C+Jane&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Gunnel&rft.au=Rashid%2C+Saeada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolio+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnstamGrimbyNelsonRashid1988" class="citation journal cs1">Finnstam, Jane; Grimby, Gunnar; Nelson, Gunnel; Rashid, Saeada (1988-01-01). "Evaluation of community-based rehabilitation in Punjab, Pakistan: I: Use of the WHO manual, 'Training disabled people in the community'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>International Disability Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 54–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F09638288809164100">10.3109/09638288809164100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0259-9147">0259-9147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3403499">3403499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Disability+Studies&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+community-based+rehabilitation+in+Punjab%2C+Pakistan%3A+I%3A+Use+of+the+WHO+manual%2C+%27Training+disabled+people+in+the+community%27&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=54-58&rft.date=1988-01-01&rft.issn=0259-9147&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3403499&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F09638288809164100&rft.aulast=Finnstam&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Grimby%2C+Gunnar&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Gunnel&rft.au=Rashid%2C+Saeada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolio+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Closser, Svea. <i>Chasing Polio in Pakistan: Why the World's Largest Public Health Initiative May Fail.</i> Vanderbilt University Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826517098" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826517098">978-0826517098</a>.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Every_Last_Child" title="Every Last Child">Every Last Child</a>," documentary film, 2015.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polio_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endpolio.com.pk/">End Polio Pakistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212080440/http://www.emro.who.int/polio/countries/pakistan.html">Polio Eradication Initiative - WHO</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_in_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_in_Pakistan" title="Template:Health in Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_in_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Health in Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_in_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health in Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_in_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Pakistan" title="Health in Pakistan">Health</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan" title="List of hospitals in Pakistan">List of hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentistry in Pakistan">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Pakistan">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Medical tourism in Pakistan">Medical tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear medicine in Pakistan">Nuclear medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Pakistan" title="Nursing in Pakistan">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Pakistan" title="Emergency medical services in Pakistan">Emergency medical services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Health_Services_Regulation_and_Coordination" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Health Services Regulation and Coordination">Ministry of Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Health,_Islamabad" title="National Institute of Health, Islamabad">NIH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Virology_(Pakistan)" title="National Institute of Virology (Pakistan)">NIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Regulatory_Authority_of_Pakistan" title="Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan">DRA</a></li> <li>National Institute of Population Studies</li></ul></li> <li>Provincial health departments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan_Health_Department" title="Balochistan Health Department">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Health_Department" title="Punjab Health Department">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Health_Department" title="Sindh Health Department">Sindh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pakistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan">CoViD-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_Pakistan" title="Family planning in Pakistan">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Pakistan" title="HIV/AIDS in Pakistan">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis in Pakistan">Poliomyelitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dengue in Pakistan">Dengue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Pakistan" title="Obesity in Pakistan">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Pakistan" title="Smoking in Pakistan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction_in_Pakistan" title="Drug addiction in Pakistan">Drug addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Pakistan" title="Suicide in Pakistan">Suicide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_organizations_in_Pakistan" title="List of medical organizations in Pakistan">List of medical organizations</a></li> <li>Councils <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Medical_and_Dental_Council" title="Pakistan Medical and Dental Council">PMDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_Pakistan" title="College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan">CPSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Nursing_Council" title="Pakistan Nursing Council">PNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Pharmacy Council of Pakistan">PhCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Veterinary_Medical_Council" title="Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council">PVMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Homeopathy" title="National Council for Homeopathy">NCH</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Pakistan" title="List of medical schools in Pakistan">Allopathic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dental_schools_in_Pakistan" title="List of dental schools in Pakistan">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nursing_schools_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Nursing schools in Pakistan">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacy_schools_in_Pakistan" title="List of pharmacy schools in Pakistan">Pharmacy</a></li> <li>Physiotherapy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_veterinary_medicine#Pakistan" title="List of schools of veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Pakistan_Medical_Association" title="Journal of Pakistan Medical Association">Journal of Pakistan Medical Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Healthcare in Pakistan">Healthcare in Pakistan</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socio-economic_issues_in_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Template:Social issues in Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Social issues in Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social issues in Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socio-economic_issues_in_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Socio-economic issues in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_Pakistan" title="Standard of living in Pakistan">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slums_in_Pakistan" title="List of slums in Pakistan">Slums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Pakistan">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_drain#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_force_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour force of Pakistan">Labour force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Remittance_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Remittance Initiative">Pakistan Remittance Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain#Pakistan" title="Reverse brain drain">Reverse brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Pakistan" title="Pensions in Pakistan">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan" title="Urbanisation in Pakistan">Urbanisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Healthcare in Pakistan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Pakistan" title="HIV/AIDS in Pakistan">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Malnutrition in Pakistan">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Pakistan" title="Obesity in Pakistan">Obesity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Pakistan" title="Smoking in Pakistan">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Pakistan" title="Literacy in Pakistan">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment#Pakistan" title="School corporal punishment">School corporal punishment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_Pakistan" title="Family planning in Pakistan">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Pakistan">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex family">Complex family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce#Islam" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Pakistan" title="Polygamy in Pakistan">Polygamy in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_children#Pakistan" title="Street children">Street children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage#Pakistan" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swara_(custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swara (custom)">Swara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vani_(custom)" title="Vani (custom)">Vani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution#Asia" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">Acid attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">Bride burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">Dowry death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_teasing" title="Eve teasing">Eve teasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour_killing_in_Pakistan" title="Honour killing in Pakistan">Honour killing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan_honour_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan honour killings">Balochistan honour killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudood_Ordinance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudood Ordinance">Hudood Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo-kari" class="mw-redirect" title="Karo-kari">Karo-kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Pakistan" title="Pornography in Pakistan">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Pakistan" title="Prostitution in Pakistan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Pakistan" title="Rape in Pakistan">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women_in_Pakistan" title="Violence against women in Pakistan">Violence against women in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watta_satta" title="Watta satta">Watta satta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights in Pakistan">Women's rights in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caste system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_among_South_Asian_Muslims" title="Caste system among South Asian Muslims">Caste system among South Asian Muslims</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">Communalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarewal" title="Hazarewal">Hazarewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnahpur" title="Jinnahpur">Jinnahpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Sectarian violence in Pakistan">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Separatism_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Separatism in Pakistan">Secessionist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Religious discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhudesh">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Pakistan" title="Freedom of religion in Pakistan">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Hinduism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Hinduism in Pakistan">Decline of Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pakistan" title="Crime in Pakistan">Crime</a> and terrorism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_since_2001" title="List of terrorist incidents in Pakistan since 2001">List of terrorist incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Pakistan" title="Corruption in Pakistan">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Pakistan" title="Human trafficking in Pakistan">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigration to Pakistan">Illegal immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghan refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_crime_in_Pakistan" title="Organised crime in Pakistan">Organised crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%27s_role_in_the_War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan's role in the War on Terror">War on Terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Environmental issues in Pakistan">Environmental issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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Pakistan">Internet censorship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Pakistan" title="Democracy in Pakistan">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Domestic violence in Pakistan">Domestic violence in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Pakistan" title="Suicide in Pakistan">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Pakistan" title="Gambling in Pakistan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition#Pakistan" title="Prohibition">Alcohol prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Pakistan" title="Secularism in Pakistan">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Police brutality in Pakistan">Police brutality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:1%">Eradication of<br />human diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Successful</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">Smallpox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_smallpox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eradication of smallpox">Eradication of smallpox</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Underway<br />(global)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_dracunculiasis" title="Eradication of dracunculiasis">Eradication of dracunculiasis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Polio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polio_eradication" title="Polio eradication">Polio eradication</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_malaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eradication of malaria">Eradication of malaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaws" title="Yaws">Yaws</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_yaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Eradication of yaws">Eradication of yaws</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Underway<br />(regional)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_infection#Eradication_programmes" title="Hookworm infection">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis#Epidemiology" title="Lymphatic filariasis">Lymphatic filariasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles" title="Epidemiology of measles">epidemiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella#Epidemiology" title="Rubella">Rubella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachoma#Epidemiology" title="Trachoma">Trachoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis#Epidemiology" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_syphilis" title="Epidemiology of syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_rabies" title="Prevalence of rabies">Rabies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eradication of<br />agricultural diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Successful</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rinderpest" title="Rinderpest">Rinderpest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_rinderpest" class="mw-redirect" title="Eradication of rinderpest">Eradication of rinderpest</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Underway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovine_rinderpest" title="Ovine rinderpest">Ovine rinderpest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy#Epidemiology" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eradication<br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Declaration_on_Neglected_Tropical_Diseases" title="London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases">London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Polio_Eradication_Initiative" title="Global Polio Eradication Initiative">Global Polio Eradication Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Certification_Commission" title="Global Certification Commission">Global Certification Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_Eradication_Scientific_Alliance" title="Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance">Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diseases_eliminated_from_the_United_States" title="List of diseases eliminated from the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_Weevil_Eradication_Program" title="Boll Weevil Eradication Program">Boll Weevil Eradication Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Malaria_Eradication_Program" title="National Malaria Eradication Program">National Malaria Eradication Program</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_National_PolioPlus" title="India National PolioPlus">India National PolioPlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_Polio" title="Pulse Polio">Pulse Polio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polio in Pakistan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Every_Last_Child" title="Every Last Child">Every Last Child</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Inch" title="The Final Inch">The Final Inch</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious disease">Mathematical modelling of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">Transmission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)#horizontal" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">horizontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">vertical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_elimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberculosis elimination">Tuberculosis elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">Zoonosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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