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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mexico–United States border crisis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Mexico–United States border crisis</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nogales_Border_Wall_and_Concertina_Wire_-_33141967568.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nogales_Border_Wall_and_Concertina_Wire_-_33141967568.jpg/240px-Nogales_Border_Wall_and_Concertina_Wire_-_33141967568.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nogales_Border_Wall_and_Concertina_Wire_-_33141967568.jpg/360px-Nogales_Border_Wall_and_Concertina_Wire_-_33141967568.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nogales_Border_Wall_and_Concertina_Wire_-_33141967568.jpg/480px-Nogales_Border_Wall_and_Concertina_Wire_-_33141967568.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Border between <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales, Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heroica_Nogales" title="Heroica Nogales">Nogales, Sonora</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Immigration and asylum seeking in the US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">7,216 (1998–2017)<sup id="cite_ref-cbp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />At least 853 in 2022<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Arrests</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">2.3 million in 2022<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:642px;max-width:642px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:231px;max-width:231px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1892-_Immigration_Enforcement_Actions_-_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1892-_Immigration_Enforcement_Actions_-_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/229px-1892-_Immigration_Enforcement_Actions_-_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png" decoding="async" width="229" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1892-_Immigration_Enforcement_Actions_-_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/344px-1892-_Immigration_Enforcement_Actions_-_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1892-_Immigration_Enforcement_Actions_-_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/458px-1892-_Immigration_Enforcement_Actions_-_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">History of immigration enforcement actions, raw numbers as reported by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security<sup id="cite_ref-DHS_202311_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHS_202311-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:231px;max-width:231px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1892-_Immigration_returns_removals_expulsions_-_per_US_population.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1892-_Immigration_returns_removals_expulsions_-_per_US_population.svg/229px-1892-_Immigration_returns_removals_expulsions_-_per_US_population.svg.png" decoding="async" width="229" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1892-_Immigration_returns_removals_expulsions_-_per_US_population.svg/344px-1892-_Immigration_returns_removals_expulsions_-_per_US_population.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1892-_Immigration_returns_removals_expulsions_-_per_US_population.svg/458px-1892-_Immigration_returns_removals_expulsions_-_per_US_population.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">As a percent of US population, recent figures for enforcement actions are similar to those in several past decades.<sup id="cite_ref-DHS_enforcement_1892_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHS_enforcement_1892-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2000-_Border_apprehensions_at_southwest_border.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2000-_Border_apprehensions_at_southwest_border.svg/172px-2000-_Border_apprehensions_at_southwest_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2000-_Border_apprehensions_at_southwest_border.svg/258px-2000-_Border_apprehensions_at_southwest_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2000-_Border_apprehensions_at_southwest_border.svg/344px-2000-_Border_apprehensions_at_southwest_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">US Southwest Border Encounters since 2000<sup id="cite_ref-o827_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o827-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>There is an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Migrant_crisis" title="Migrant crisis">migrant crisis</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> concerning the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal migration</a> of people into the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Mexico-United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico-United States border">Mexico-United States border</a>. U.S. Presidents <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> both referred to surges in migrants at the border as a "crisis" during their tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-c290_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c290-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a decline in migrants crossing the border during the first Trump administration, illegal border crossings surged during the <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> administration, with over 7.2 million migrants encountered between January 2021 and January 2024, not counting <a href="/wiki/Gotaways" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotaways">gotaways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-n197_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n197-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-i231_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i231-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experts have attributed the increase in attempted crossings to pent-up demand, changes in global <a href="/wiki/Human_migration#Migration_patterns_and_related_numbers" title="Human migration">migration patterns</a>, a change of perceptions by migrants about the ease of crossing, and incentives for migrants to try to cross again after <a href="/wiki/Title_42" class="mw-redirect" title="Title 42">Title 42</a> expulsions.<sup id="cite_ref-o827_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o827-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a167_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a167-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-m470_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m470-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of migrants sent back increased as a result, though the percentage sent back decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-n197_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n197-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Border apprehensions fell back to 2020 levels in mid-2024.<sup id="cite_ref-LowAP_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LowAP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The migrants, who are mostly of <a href="/wiki/Guatemalans" title="Guatemalans">Guatemalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvadorans" title="Salvadorans">Salvadoran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hondurans" title="Hondurans">Honduran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuelans" title="Venezuelans">Venezuelan</a> citizenship, are reported to be escaping economic hardship, gang violence and environmental disaster in their home countries (particularly acute in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Triangle_of_Central_America" title="Northern Triangle of Central America">Guatemala and Honduras</a>) to seek <a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum in the US">asylum in the US</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-o827_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o827-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the demographic of migrants in the preceding years, an increasing proportion of current migrants arriving at the Mexico–US border are children, including <a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_child" class="mw-redirect" title="Unaccompanied child">unaccompanied children</a><sup id="cite_ref-cfr_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfr-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from countries outside <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r796_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r796-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The agents of the <a href="/wiki/US_Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="US Border Patrol">US Border Patrol</a> (USBP), a federal law enforcement agency, are tasked with deterring, detecting, and apprehending any person crossing into the US illegally at any point not designated as a <a href="/wiki/Port_of_entry" title="Port of entry">port of entry</a> by the <a href="/wiki/US_attorney_general" class="mw-redirect" title="US attorney general">US attorney general</a>. Additionally, agents interdict and seize contraband smuggled into the US through non-ports of entry. USBP agents are both immigration and customs officials.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Border security and immigration policy has been a wedge issue in politics for a long time. In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act</a> was passed which expedited the deportation of immigrants who were detained crossing the border. After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001</a>, more aggressive immigration laws were implemented which gave more power to the USBP.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_along_the_border">Death along the border</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Death along the border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Migrant_deaths_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border">Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border</a></div><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> (IOM) documented 686 deaths and disappearances of migrants crossing the U.S.-Mexico border in 2022, making it the deadliest land route for migrants worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-v717_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v717-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a stark surge compared to when the USBP reported 294 migrant deaths in the fiscal year 2017 (ending September 30, 2017), which was lower than in 2016 (321), and any year during the period 2003–2014. Some of the leading causes are exposure (including <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a>). Many recent deaths and disappearances have been linked to the record-breaking heat and therefore hazardous crossing conditions of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. However, rates of migrant deaths and disappearances have only increased in recent years. </p><p>According to the estimates by group <a href="/wiki/Border_Angels" title="Border Angels">Border Angels</a>, about 10,000 people have died in their attempt to cross border since 1994. However, the statistics mentioned above reflect only known deaths and do not include estimates for those who have never been found. Some migrant deaths may go unreported even when they are brought to the attention of officials. In a recent interaction between WOLA and Border Patrol officials, the agency claims to have found 640 deceased migrants between October 2022 and August 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-l126_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l126-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, this still reflects an undercount. There have been minimal efforts from local law enforcement agencies to keep accurate and robust tracking of migrant deaths. Additionally, there is inadequate infrastructure to identify and return remains to families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obama_administration_(2009–2017)"><span id="Obama_administration_.282009.E2.80.932017.29"></span>Obama administration (2009–2017)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Obama administration (2009–2017)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">2014 American immigration crisis</a></div> <p>In 2014, the US declared a crisis at the border due to an influx of unaccompanied minors and women making their way through checkpoints.<sup id="cite_ref-c290_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c290-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US southern border had long struggled with implementing policies that aim to prevent immigration-related tragedies. With a decline in unlawful immigration from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the crisis predominantly concerned increased immigration from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Triangle_of_Central_America" title="Northern Triangle of Central America">Northern Triangle of Central America</a> (NTCA), encompassing <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>. Academics claimed the immigration crisis was a result of US interventions in Central America during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, with high amounts of political instability, violent crime, and poverty stemming from the US's support of authoritarian regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Only 4 citation since 2017 (WP:NOTRS). (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_legislative_remedies">Proposed legislative remedies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proposed legislative remedies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2013, the Senate approved the most comprehensive immigration overhaul bill since 1986. Negotiated by a bipartisan group of eight senators, fourteen Republicans joined all Democrats in voting for the measure; President Obama promised to sign it. Most conservative Republicans opposed the bill and said it would be dead on arrival in the House. The bill provided for increased border security, including 20,000 new border patrol officers, completion of 700 miles of border fencing and new border surveillance equipment. The bill also provided a "path to citizenship" for some eleven million illegal immigrants already living in the country. <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a> polling found the overhaul was broadly supported by both Democrats and Republicans. Speaker <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> refused to consider the bill in the House, promising "to do our own bill." No immigration reform bill emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Legacy</b> </p><p>The immigration legacy of the Obama Administration is marked by complexity. While it was known for its stringent enforcement of immigration laws, resulting in the deportation of a significant number of migrants, the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)</a> stands out. This initiative has provided protection from deportation for over 750,000 individuals who were brought to the U.S. as children.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Trump_administration_(2017–2021)"><span id="First_Trump_administration_.282017.E2.80.932021.29"></span>First Trump administration (2017–2021)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First Trump administration (2017–2021)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Immigration policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Immigration policy of the first Donald Trump administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_visits_San_Diego_border_wall_prototypes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Donald_Trump_visits_San_Diego_border_wall_prototypes.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_visits_San_Diego_border_wall_prototypes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Donald_Trump_visits_San_Diego_border_wall_prototypes.jpg/330px-Donald_Trump_visits_San_Diego_border_wall_prototypes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Donald_Trump_visits_San_Diego_border_wall_prototypes.jpg/440px-Donald_Trump_visits_San_Diego_border_wall_prototypes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> examines border wall prototypes in <a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa,_San_Diego" title="Otay Mesa, San Diego">Otay Mesa, San Diego</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Families_Belong_Together_-_San_Francisco_Rally_-_Photo_-_27_(28250182117).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Families_Belong_Together_-_San_Francisco_Rally_-_Photo_-_27_%2828250182117%29.jpg/220px-Families_Belong_Together_-_San_Francisco_Rally_-_Photo_-_27_%2828250182117%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Families_Belong_Together_-_San_Francisco_Rally_-_Photo_-_27_%2828250182117%29.jpg/330px-Families_Belong_Together_-_San_Francisco_Rally_-_Photo_-_27_%2828250182117%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Families_Belong_Together_-_San_Francisco_Rally_-_Photo_-_27_%2828250182117%29.jpg/440px-Families_Belong_Together_-_San_Francisco_Rally_-_Photo_-_27_%2828250182117%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>In June 2018, thousands protested the family separation policy in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> for “<a href="/wiki/Families_Belong_Together" title="Families Belong Together">Families Belong Together</a>”</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 2019, Trump introduced the Migrant Protection Protocols (also known as "Remain in Mexico"), which forced asylum seekers to wait in Mexico for their US immigration hearings. About 70,000 people were returned to Mexico as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-b546_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b546-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Trump administration asked migrants to take a number at the border and to wait until they are called for a chance to have their asylum cases heard. As a result, in September 2019, the US immigration court faced over one million waiting for their cases to be heard, matching the highest backlog seen in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">US Supreme Court</a> allowed a new ruling to take effect that could curtail most asylum applications at the border. The ruling would demand that most asylum seekers who pass through another country first will be ineligible for asylum at the US's southern border. <a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Morgan" title="Mark A. Morgan">Mark A. Morgan</a>, acting commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/US_Customs_and_Border_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="US Customs and Border Protection">US Customs and Border Protection</a> (CBP), stated the ruling was set to take effect on the week of October 8, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In several places, dangers including kidnapping, murder, and sexual assault threatened thousands of Central American migrants who had been clustered in Mexican border cities like <a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas" title="Matamoros, Tamaulipas">Matamoros, Tamaulipas</a>, for months, blocked from seeking asylum in the US because of new restriction policies. The US government and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> provided free transportation to return refugees to their homes in Central America, but many others who were stuck in Matamoros said that desperation had led them to consider treacherous and potentially life-threatening methods of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_entry" title="Illegal entry">illegal entry</a>—crossing the river, climbing into tractor-trailers driven by human smugglers, or both. In 2019, as the USBP reported, the number of migrants caught hiding in tractor-trailers along the border had risen by 40 percent that year.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_27_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_27-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2020, Trump instituted <a href="/wiki/Title_42" class="mw-redirect" title="Title 42">Title 42</a>, which allowed U.S. authorities to swiftly expel migrants, including asylum seekers, at the border. Between its implementation and January 2021, nearly 400,000 people were expelled through Title 42.<sup id="cite_ref-b546_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b546-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encounters had fallen by about half in fiscal 2020, when the border was closed during the <a href="/wiki/COVID_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID pandemic">COVID pandemic</a>, following a surge in encounters in fiscal 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 16, 2021, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> deployed the military to their borders, in an attempt to stop a migrant caravan from transiting through their countries on the way to the US.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biden_administration_(2021–2025)"><span id="Biden_administration_.282021.E2.80.932025.29"></span>Biden administration (2021–2025)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biden administration (2021–2025)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Immigration policy of the Joe Biden administration">Immigration policy of the Joe Biden administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standoff_of_Eagle_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Standoff of Eagle Pass">Standoff of Eagle Pass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_migrant_housing_crisis" title="New York City migrant housing crisis">New York City migrant housing crisis</a></div><p>On his first day in office, Biden halted the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States border wall</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States" title="National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States">national emergency declared by the Trump administration</a> in February 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradner_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradner-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also suspended Trump's "Remain in Mexico" policy, and while a court initially blocked its cancellation, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> upheld it in June 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-b546_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b546-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early during Biden's tenure, a surge in migrants at the US border stirred controversy. According to a 2021 <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i> report, Republicans expected prior to Joe Biden taking office that there would be a border surge at the start of 2021 (due to seasonal patterns and regional crises) and planned to make it a central issue in the leadup to the 2022 midterm elections.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USBP reported 5,858 encounters with unaccompanied children in January 2021 and 9,457 in February 2021. This was the largest percentage increase month-to-month since <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a> began tracking the data point in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2021, a group of migrants was found massacred in northern Mexico. A few months later, the US Customs and Border Patrol reported that various colored bracelets with writing on them being used as a method to track a migrant's payment status to their <a href="/wiki/Coyote_(smuggler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyote (smuggler)">coyote</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartels</a> that control various parts of Mexico. The bracelets reportedly are used for tracking status of protection from cartel actions such as death, kidnapping, and the right to be in cartel controlled territory or to cross the border into the US.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2021, amid a rise in migrants entering the US from Mexico, Biden told migrants: "Don't come over." He said that the US was arranging a plan for migrants to apply for asylum in place, without leaving their original locations, and that migrant adults would be continue to be sent back under Title 42.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biden earlier announced that his administration would not deport unaccompanied migrant children; the rise in arrivals of such children exceeded the capacity of facilities meant to shelter them (before they were sent to sponsors), leading the Biden administration in March to direct the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> to help manage these children, but facilities are being overwhelmed because of the numbers of adults and children coming into the country.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 24, 2021, Biden asked Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> to work with Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Triangle_of_Central_America" title="Northern Triangle of Central America">Northern Triangle</a> nations to curb the current flow of migrants to the border and develop a long-term solution.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2021, Harris visited Guatemala and Mexico in an attempt to address the root causes of <a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">migration from Central America to the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her visit, in a joint press conference with Guatemalan President <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Giammattei" title="Alejandro Giammattei">Alejandro Giammattei</a>, Harris issued an appeal to potential migrants, stating "I want to be clear to folks in the region who are thinking about making that dangerous trek to the United States-Mexico border: Do not come. Do not come."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The USBP detained more than 1.7 million migrants crossing the Mexico–US border illegally in the 2021 fiscal year, the largest annual total on record.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Customs and Border Protection (CBP) data, in fiscal year 2022, undocumented immigrant crossings reached 2.76 million.<sup id="cite_ref-c322_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c322-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One month before the end of fiscal year 2023, crossings for that year reached 2.8 million.<sup id="cite_ref-t976_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t976-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CBP reported a monthly record of approximately 250,000 migrant encounters in December 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-o329_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o329-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-i586_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i586-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 7.2 million migrants were encountered between January 2021 and January 2024, more than the individual populations of 36 states.<sup id="cite_ref-i231_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i231-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2.3 million migrants were released into the country at the border between 2021 and 2023, compared to 6 million who were taken into custody by the CBP.<sup id="cite_ref-b057_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b057-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 1.5 million migrants were additionally recorded as "<a href="/wiki/Gotaways" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotaways">gotaways</a>", detected illegally crossing the border while evading the CBP, up from about 521 thousand between 2017 and 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-snopes7.2M_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopes7.2M-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DHS has said the true number of illegal entries is not known because an unknown number evade detection.<sup id="cite_ref-i231_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i231-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-f646_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f646-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fiscal year 2023, CBP figures showed that 169 people on the <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Screening_Database" title="Terrorist Screening Database">United States’ terrorist watch list</a> were arrested at the border, compared to 98 in 2022 and 15 in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-k870_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k870-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a November 2021 <i>Gallup</i> poll, only 31 percent of Americans approved of the president's handling of immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Progressives have pressed the Biden administration to impede the expulsions and provide asylum to migrants who have legitimate claims of persecution in their homelands. It stated in April that the order would be lifted in May 2022, with new plans in place to deal with the influx.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-_Title_42_expulsions_-_southwest_U.S._border.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2020-_Title_42_expulsions_-_southwest_U.S._border.svg/280px-2020-_Title_42_expulsions_-_southwest_U.S._border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2020-_Title_42_expulsions_-_southwest_U.S._border.svg/420px-2020-_Title_42_expulsions_-_southwest_U.S._border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2020-_Title_42_expulsions_-_southwest_U.S._border.svg/560px-2020-_Title_42_expulsions_-_southwest_U.S._border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Expulsions under 42 U.S.C. 265 (Title 42 expulsions) from the southwest U.S. border<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotaway_rate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gotaway_rate.png/280px-Gotaway_rate.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gotaway_rate.png/420px-Gotaway_rate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gotaway_rate.png/560px-Gotaway_rate.png 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>'Gotaway' rate fell to historic lows after Title 42 ended in May 2023<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Biden kept <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">Title 42</a> in place until its expiration on May 11, 2023, with nearly three million expulsions between March 2020 and its expiration.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Title 42 resulted in many repeat attempts from people expelled,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as an increase in 'gotaways' which dropped to a record low rate after Title 42 expired.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the libertarian <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, the drop in gotaways allowed border patrol to apprehend more criminals and make the border more secure.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the end of Title 42, illegal crossings temporarily decreased, partly due to the Biden administration creating more legal pathways in its place. Between June and September 2023, the number of illegal crossings increased every month and returned to pre-Title 42 levels.<sup id="cite_ref-o827_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o827-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of the year after Title 42 ended, the Biden administration deported more people in a fiscal year than any year since 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as of February 2024, Biden deported or expelled a smaller share of migrants who crossed the border than Donald Trump did. Deportations by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a> also fell to an average of 35,000 per year, versus 80,000 a year during Trump's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-n197_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n197-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Biden administration encouraged legal pathways for immigrants, including by opening regional processing centers in Latin America to help migrants apply for asylum, and expanded access to <a href="/wiki/CBP_One" title="CBP One">CBP One</a>, an app for migrants to schedule asylum appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-b546_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b546-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 813,000 migrants entered the country legally through CBP One between January 2023 and August 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-l105_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l105-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also relied heavily on <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a>, including the humanitarian parole of detained migrants, and targeted programs for certain nationalities. Nearly 530,000 migrants between January 2023 and August 2024 legally flew to the United States under parole programs for four Latin American countries,<sup id="cite_ref-l105_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l105-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Biden administration arguing it helped reduce illegal <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico-United States border</a> crossings. The parole programs have been the subject of lawsuits by multiple Republican-led states.<sup id="cite_ref-b546_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b546-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to immigration lawyer and <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a> professor Alex Cuic, part of the surge in illegal immigration is because migrants "think they can just come". <a href="/wiki/Human_smugglers" class="mw-redirect" title="Human smugglers">Human smugglers</a> used the change in presidency to create a sense of urgency for migrants to cross the border.<sup id="cite_ref-a167_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a167-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</a></i> reported in September 2023 that a July survey conducted in four Central American countries found that many in those countries had heard misinformation that the United States had an "open border" policy. The executive director of America's Voice, an advocacy group that promotes immigration reform, said human smugglers were amplifying the false "open border" narrative to lure Central Americans to the United States border, under the impression they would be granted asylum upon arrival. BSP Research, which conducted the survey, asserted that disinformation originated with politicians and conservative media. <a href="/wiki/Media_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Matters">Media Matters</a> used a video database to track the use of the term "open borders," finding that Fox News and Newsmax each used the term over 3,000 times from November 2020 through August 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 17, 2024, a non-binding resolution denouncing the Biden-Harris administration's handling of the U.S. southern border passed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> by a vote of 225–187, with all Republicans and 14 Democrats supporting it.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Republicans and conservative commentators alleged <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security Secretary">Homeland Security Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Alejandro Mayorkas">Alejandro Mayorkas</a> committed "willful and systemic refusal to comply with the law" as justification for impeachment. Constitutional scholars, Democrats, and some conservatives asserted Republicans were improperly using impeachment to address immigration policy disputes rather than for <a href="/wiki/High_crimes_and_misdemeanors" title="High crimes and misdemeanors">high crimes and misdemeanors</a>, of which there was no evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 13, 2024, Mayorkas was <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Impeachment of Alejandro Mayorkas">impeached</a> on a 214-213 party-line vote by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 June 2024, Biden signed <a href="/wiki/A_Proclamation_on_Securing_the_Border" title="A Proclamation on Securing the Border">Executive Order 14123</a>, temporarily shutting down asylum requests and rendering any migrants who crossed the border illegally or without explicit authorization ineligible for asylum, and allowing the removal of migrants who do not have a credible reason for requesting asylum. The order shut down the border if illegal crossings reached an average of 2,500 migrants a day in a given week.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order went into effect immediately after being signed due to the threshold of average daily encounters reaching 2,500 people being exceeded.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the new action, the Biden administration announced the closure of the South Texas Family Residential Center, the largest immigrant detention center in the United States. The primary reason cited for this decision was the high cost of operating the facility.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of June 2024, illegal crossings reached a three-year low following four consecutive monthly drops, which senior U.S. officials attributed to increased enforcement between the United States and Mexico and the weather, as well as the effects of Biden's executive order. Daily apprehensions fell to 2,000 from May's 3,800.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By July 2024, border arrests dropped 33% to a 46-month low after it had previously dropped by 55% in June, the lowest level since September 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-LowAP_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LowAP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e809_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e809-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 25, 2024, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> voted 220–196 to pass another resolution condemning the Biden-Harris administration for their handling of the U.S. southern border. Six Democrats voted with all Republicans in the House to pass the resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2024, ICE released figures showing that 435,719 convicted criminals were illegally living in the United States outside of ICE detention; including 62,231 who had been convicted of assault, 15,811 of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> and 56,533 of <a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">drug possession</a>. 226,847 additional illegal residents were facing criminal charges. In a letter to Republican congressman <a href="/wiki/Tony_Gonzales" title="Tony Gonzales">Tony Gonzales</a>, ICE blamed the high figures on local prosecutors refusing to comply with its detainer requests, which ask police to hold migrants in custody to give ICE time to receive them.<sup id="cite_ref-t368_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t368-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-w838_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w838-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a statement to <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> noted that "the data in this letter is being misinterpreted. The data goes back decades; it includes people who entered the country over the past 40 year or more, the vast majority of whose custody determination was made long before this administration. It also includes many who are under the jurisdiction or currently incarcerated by federal, state or local law enforcement partners."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 19, 2024, ICE reported that deportations had surged to a 10-year high under the Biden administration with 271,000 unauthorized immigrants deported in fiscal year 2024, surpassing the Trump-era high of 267,000 deportations in 2019. The numbers were noted to be the highest since the 316,000 deportations in 2014 during the Obama administration. ICE stated that increased deportations came from efforts to streamline the deportation process and diplomatic efforts with countries to take back more deportees. The numbers did not include removals and returns of migrants at the border, which had sharply increased following Biden's June Executive Order.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_legislation">Proposed legislation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proposed legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Republican_proposals">Republican proposals</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Republican proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2023, the Republican-led House passed H.R. 2, or the "Secure the Border Act", which would drastically restrict the asylum process, require United States employers to verify that employees were not undocumented under penalty of prison, build a <a href="/wiki/Border_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Border wall">border wall</a>, defund <a href="/wiki/Nonprofits" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonprofits">nonprofits</a> that provide services to undocumented immigrants, and allow the DHS to close the border entirely if it determines doing so is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-x710_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x710-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-d981_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d981-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill largely passed on a party-line basis, with no Democratic support, and all but two Republicans voting for it.<sup id="cite_ref-x710_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x710-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-d981_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d981-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar bill to H.R. 2 called H.R. 3602, or the "End The Border Catastrophe Act", was turned down on a 215-199 vote by the House in April 2024, with five Democrats voting in support joining all Republicans. The H.R. 3602 "End The Border Catastrophe Act" was brought to the floor under a fast-track procedure known as suspension of the rules, which requires a two-thirds majority for passage. Since the vote result was only a simple majority, it did not pass.<sup id="cite_ref-k822_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k822-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2023, Senate Republicans unveiled a bill that would resume <a href="/wiki/Border_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Border wall">border wall</a> construction, increase pay for Border Patrol agents, reform the nation’s asylum laws, crack down on humanitarian parole of illegal migrants and deny asylum to migrants who come to the United States through safe third countries. They demanded that the reforms be attached to any foreign aid package funding <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-w782_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w782-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratic Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> called the proposal partisan and "a total non-starter" and compared it to the H.R. 2 bill.<sup id="cite_ref-u300_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u300-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The White House pointed out that it would do nothing to create a path for citizenship for <a href="/wiki/DREAMers" class="mw-redirect" title="DREAMers">DREAMers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-u300_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u300-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a> said the bill was a good starting point but critiqued it for deporting refugees from Ukraine and Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="2024_bipartisan_border_bill">2024 bipartisan border bill</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2024 bipartisan border bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following months of negotiations, on February 4, 2024, a bipartisan group of senators released a 370-page bill intended to sharply reduce incentives for migrants to attempt border crossings. The bill included a "border emergency" provision that would automatically require the border to be closed if border encounters reached an average of 5,000 per day over several days. Trump, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_Mike_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker Mike Johnson">Speaker Mike Johnson</a> and other Republicans falsely claimed the bill allowed 5,000 illegal border crossings per day.<sup id="cite_ref-5000nbc_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5000nbc-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, the bill would end the practice of <a href="/wiki/Catch_and_release_(immigration)" title="Catch and release (immigration)">"catch and release"</a> that allows migrants entry into the country while they await immigration hearings; instead, migrants would be <a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">detained</a> pending hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-5000nbc_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5000nbc-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan included a tighter asylum application and approval process with speedy removal of migrants who do not qualify, the hiring of thousands more border patrol and asylum officers and an increase in detention capacity. The bill also provided for thousands of work visas for migrant spouses of U.S. citizens awaiting immigrant visas, and 250,000 new visas over five years for people seeking to work in the U.S. or join family members. It aimed to provide a <a href="/wiki/Pathway_to_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathway to citizenship">pathway to citizenship</a> for "Documented Dreamers," children who accompanied their parents on a work visa and who could lose their place in line for a <a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">green card</a> at age 21.<sup id="cite_ref-a583_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a583-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Biden supported the bill, while Speaker Johnson said days before its release that it would be "dead on arrival" in the Republican-controlled House. Shortly after the proposal was announced, <a href="/wiki/House_majority_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="House majority leader">House majority leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a> declared it would not be brought before the House for a vote. One negotiator, independent <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a>, asserted the border would have been closed every day so far in 2024 if the bill had been law; Biden promised in January that he would immediately close the border if the bill was enacted. Lead Republican negotiator <a href="/wiki/James_Lankford" title="James Lankford">James Lankford</a> of Oklahoma, among the most conservative Republican Senators, attempted to defend the bill throughout the weeks leading to the vote. Trump, the leading Republican candidate for president in 2024, publicly and privately pressured Republicans during the Senate negotiations to oppose the proposal. The <a href="/wiki/National_Border_Patrol_Council" title="National Border Patrol Council">National Border Patrol Council</a>, a labor union representing some 18,000 border patrol officers, quickly endorsed the Senate bill. The union had endorsed Trump in 2020 and had been critical of Biden's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senate Republicans swiftly turned against the bill upon its release, after Trump openly said he did not want Joe Biden to score a political win with the legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 7, Senate Republicans blocked the proposal in a floor vote. Lankford said on the floor before the vote that a "popular commentator" had told him a month earlier, "'If you try to move a bill that solves the border crisis during this presidential year, I will do whatever I can to destroy you, because I do not want you to solve this during the presidential election.'" Two days before the vote, Trump told a radio host, "This is a very bad bill for his career."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trump said at a rally days later, "We crushed crooked Joe Biden's disastrous open borders bill," while Biden said, "Every day between now and November, the American people are going to know that the only reason the border is not secure is Donald Trump and his <a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">MAGA</a> Republican friends."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Trump_administration_(2025–present)"><span id="Second_Trump_administration_.282025.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Second Trump administration (2025–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second Trump administration (2025–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_second_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Immigration policy of the second Donald Trump administration">Immigration policy of the second Donald Trump administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_deportation_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass deportation of illegal immigrants in the second presidency of Donald Trump">Mass deportation of illegal immigrants in the second presidency of Donald Trump</a></div> <style 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also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lone_Star" title="Operation Lone Star">Operation Lone Star</a> – 2021 to present Texas border operation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">Repatriation</a> – Return of a thing or person to their country</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration" title="Remigration">Remigration</a> – Forced or promoted return of non-European immigrants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_migration" title="Replacement migration">Replacement migration</a> – Migration to avoid lowering population</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cbp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbp_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109174045/https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Southwest%20Border%20Sector%20Deaths%20FY1998%20-%20FY2017.pdf">"Southwest Border Sectors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">United States Border Patrol</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Southwest%20Border%20Sector%20Deaths%20FY1998%20-%20FY2017.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Border+Patrol&rft.atitle=Southwest+Border+Sectors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbp.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2F2017-Dec%2FBP%2520Southwest%2520Border%2520Sector%2520Deaths%2520FY1998%2520-%2520FY2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMONTOYA-GALVEZ2022" class="citation news cs1">MONTOYA-GALVEZ, Camilo (October 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/migrant-deaths-crossing-us-mexico-border-2022-record-high">"At least 853 migrants died crossing the U.S.-Mexico border in past 12 months — a record high"</a>. <i>CBS News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=At+least+853+migrants+died+crossing+the+U.S.-Mexico+border+in+past+12+months+%E2%80%94+a+record+high&rft.date=2022-10-28&rft.aulast=MONTOYA-GALVEZ&rft.aufirst=Camilo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fmigrant-deaths-crossing-us-mexico-border-2022-record-high&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMIROFF2022" class="citation news cs1">MIROFF, NICK (September 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texastribune.org/2022/09/19/u-s-mexico-border-arrests-record-2022">"Arrests along U.S.-Mexico border top 2 million a year for the first time"</a>. <i>Texas Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Tribune&rft.atitle=Arrests+along+U.S.-Mexico+border+top+2+million+a+year+for+the+first+time&rft.date=2022-09-19&rft.aulast=MIROFF&rft.aufirst=NICK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texastribune.org%2F2022%2F09%2F19%2Fu-s-mexico-border-arrests-record-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DHS_202311-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DHS_202311_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-11/2023_0818_plcy_yearbook_immigration_statistics_fy2022.pdf">"2022 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. November 2023. pp. 103–104 (Table 39). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110173616/https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-11/2023_0818_plcy_yearbook_immigration_statistics_fy2022.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2022+Yearbook+of+Immigration+Statistics&rft.pages=103-104+%28Table+39%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft.date=2023-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-11%2F2023_0818_plcy_yearbook_immigration_statistics_fy2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DHS_enforcement_1892-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DHS_enforcement_1892_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">● Data source for enforcement actions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-11/2023_0818_plcy_yearbook_immigration_statistics_fy2022.pdf">"2022 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics. November 2023. pp. 103-104 (Table 39). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110173616/https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-11/2023_0818_plcy_yearbook_immigration_statistics_fy2022.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2022+Yearbook+of+Immigration+Statistics&rft.pages=103-104+%28Table+39%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security%2C+Office+of+Immigration+Statistics&rft.date=2023-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-11%2F2023_0818_plcy_yearbook_immigration_statistics_fy2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span> ● Data source for U.S. population history: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html">"Historical Population Change Data (1910-2020) / Population Change"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. April 26, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241202100939/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Population+Change+Data+%281910-2020%29+%2F+Population+Change&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdec%2Fpopchange-data-text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-o827-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-o827_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o827_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o827_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o827_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2023" class="citation web cs1">Wu, Ashley (October 29, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/10/29/us/illegal-border-crossings-data.html">"Why Illegal Border Crossings Are So High"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Illegal+Border+Crossings+Are+So+High&rft.date=2023-10-29&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2023%2F10%2F29%2Fus%2Fillegal-border-crossings-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c290-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c290_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c290_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2019" class="citation web cs1">Rose, Joel (January 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/01/09/683623555/president-obama-also-faced-a-crisis-at-the-southern-border">"President Obama Also Faced A 'Crisis' At The Southern Border"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=President+Obama+Also+Faced+A+%27Crisis%27+At+The+Southern+Border&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F01%2F09%2F683623555%2Fpresident-obama-also-faced-a-crisis-at-the-southern-border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n197-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n197_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n197_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n197_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiroffSacchettiFrostenson2024" class="citation news cs1">Miroff, Nick; Sacchetti, Maria; Frostenson, Sarah (February 11, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/2024/02/11/trump-biden-immigration-border-compared/">"Trump vs. Biden on immigration: 12 charts comparing U.S. border security"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2024</span>. <q>Illegal border crossings soared to record levels under President Biden, averaging 2 million per year from 2021 to 2023.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+vs.+Biden+on+immigration%3A+12+charts+comparing+U.S.+border+security&rft.date=2024-02-11&rft.aulast=Miroff&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Sacchetti%2C+Maria&rft.au=Frostenson%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fimmigration%2F2024%2F02%2F11%2Ftrump-biden-immigration-border-compared%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i231-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-i231_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-i231_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-i231_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiles2024" class="citation web cs1">Liles, Jordan (February 22, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/million-migrants-border-biden/">"7.2M Migrants Have Illegally Crossed US Border Under Biden, Exceeding the Populations of 36 States?"</a>. <i>Snopes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2024</span>. <q>From fiscal years 2021 through 2023, which included data for October 2020 through September 2023, around 1,589,155 "gotaways" were recorded by Border Patrol for the Southwest border. This was in addition to the 7.2 million-plus encounters recorded by officials — not just detected — along the Southwest border.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=7.2M+Migrants+Have+Illegally+Crossed+US+Border+Under+Biden%2C+Exceeding+the+Populations+of+36+States%3F&rft.date=2024-02-22&rft.aulast=Liles&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Ffact-check%2Fmillion-migrants-border-biden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a167-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a167_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a167_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebusmann_Jr2024" class="citation web cs1">Debusmann Jr, Bernd (February 7, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68208637">"Three reasons why so many migrants want to cross from Mexico to US"</a>. <i>BBC Home</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Home&rft.atitle=Three+reasons+why+so+many+migrants+want+to+cross+from+Mexico+to+US&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.aulast=Debusmann+Jr&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-68208637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m470-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m470_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2023" class="citation web cs1">Snow, Anita (September 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/whats-behind-the-influx-of-migrants-crossing-the-u-s-southern-border">"What's behind the influx of migrants crossing the U.S. southern border?"</a>. <i>PBS News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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There's just one problem. The vice president was never in charge of the border.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Kamala+Harris+and+the+border%3A+The+myth+and+the+facts&rft.date=2024-07-18&rft.aulast=Paz&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fpolitics%2F361635%2Fkamala-harris-border-czar-immigration-mexico-guatemala-rnc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan2021" class="citation news cs1">Egan, Lauren (June 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/harris-takes-her-first-steps-world-stage-migration-policy-spotlight-n1269789">"Harris takes first steps onto world stage, into migration spotlight"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Harris+takes+first+steps+onto+world+stage%2C+into+migration+spotlight&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fwhite-house%2Fharris-takes-her-first-steps-world-stage-migration-policy-spotlight-n1269789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2021" class="citation news cs1">Rodriguez, Sabrina (June 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/07/harris-message-in-guatemala-do-not-come-492047">"Harris' blunt message in Guatemala: 'Do not come' to U.S."</a> <i>POLITICO</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Harris%27+blunt+message+in+Guatemala%3A+%27Do+not+come%27+to+U.S.&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F06%2F07%2Fharris-message-in-guatemala-do-not-come-492047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59019791">"Record high migrant detentions at US-Mexico border"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 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More people are arriving"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2024</span>. <q>Illegal crossings rose to record levels during Biden's term, reaching a peak in December 2023 when U.S. agents encountered 250,000 migrants</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=White+House+touts+drop+in+border+crossings+to+counter+GOP+crime+focus&rft.date=2024-07-17&rft.aulast=Miroff&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fimmigration%2F2024%2F07%2F16%2Funited-states-mexico-border-crossings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i586-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i586_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGramlich2024" class="citation web cs1">Gramlich, John (April 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/15/migrant-encounters-at-the-us-mexico-border-hit-a-record-high-at-the-end-of-2023/">"Migrant encounters at the U.S.-Mexico border hit a record high at the end of 2023"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2024</span>. <q>The Border Patrol reported over 2 million apprehensions in the past year – a record high. Some migrants surrendered themselves to border agents, with the intention of seeking asylum. 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November 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=Biden+Approval+Ratings+Mostly+Underwater&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F357545%2Fbiden-approval-ratings-mostly-underwater.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2022" class="citation news cs1">Jordan, Miriam (May 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/19/us/migrants-border-title-42.html">"Thousands of Migrants Have Been Waiting for Months to Enter U.S."</a> <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(March 4, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/blog/border-patrol-70-drop-successful-evasions-title-42-ended">"Blog: Border Patrol: 70 Percent Drop in Successful Evasions Since Title 42 Ended"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Blog%3A+Border+Patrol%3A+70+Percent+Drop+in+Successful+Evasions+Since+Title+42+Ended&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.aulast=Bier&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fblog%2Fborder-patrol-70-drop-successful-evasions-title-42-ended&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChishtiBush-JosephMontalvo2024" class="citation news cs1">Chishti, Muzaffar; Bush-Joseph, Kathleen; Montalvo, Julian (April 25, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/title-42-autopsy">"Title 42 Postmortem: U.S. Pandemic-Era Expulsions Policy Did Not Shut Down the Border"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Migration+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=Title+42+Postmortem%3A+U.S.+Pandemic-Era+Expulsions+Policy+Did+Not+Shut+Down+the+Border&rft.date=2024-04-25&rft.aulast=Chishti&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar&rft.au=Bush-Joseph%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=Montalvo%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Ftitle-42-autopsy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChishtiBush-JosephMontalvo2024" class="citation news cs1">Chishti, Muzaffar; Bush-Joseph, Kathleen; Montalvo, Julian (April 25, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/title-42-autopsy">"Title 42 Postmortem: U.S. Pandemic-Era Expulsions Policy Did Not Shut Down the Border"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></i>. <q>During its use, the numbers of encounters surged and cases of migrants attempting unauthorized re-entry soared, as did the number of "gotaways"—the term used by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) for migrants who were not intercepted while crossing the border illegally. Because Title 42 short-circuited the careful series of consequences that CBP had put in place over earlier years, including criminal prosecution for illegal entry or re-entry, it created major churn at the border: Facing no formal consequences for their unauthorized entry, expelled migrants kept trying to cross until they succeeded.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Migration+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=Title+42+Postmortem%3A+U.S.+Pandemic-Era+Expulsions+Policy+Did+Not+Shut+Down+the+Border&rft.date=2024-04-25&rft.aulast=Chishti&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar&rft.au=Bush-Joseph%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=Montalvo%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Ftitle-42-autopsy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChishtiBush-Joseph2024" class="citation news cs1">Chishti, Muzaffar; Bush-Joseph, Kathleen (June 27, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/biden-deportation-record">"The Biden Administration Is on Pace to Match Trump Deportation Numbers—Focusing on the Border, Not the U.S. Interior"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></i>. <q>In the 12 months after Title 42 ended, the Biden administration ramped up deportations under the standard U.S. immigration framework, Title 8, and removed or returned 775,000 unauthorized migrants—more than in any previous fiscal year since 2010.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Migration+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Biden+Administration+Is+on+Pace+to+Match+Trump+Deportation+Numbers%E2%80%94Focusing+on+the+Border%2C+Not+the+U.S.+Interior&rft.date=2024-06-27&rft.aulast=Chishti&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar&rft.au=Bush-Joseph%2C+Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Fbiden-deportation-record&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l105-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l105_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l105_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Associated_Press2024" class="citation web cs1">The Associated Press (September 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/arrests-illegal-border-crossings-jump-3-august-suggesting-113742525">"Arrests for illegal border crossings jump 3% in August, suggesting decline may be bottoming out"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CNN. February 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Senate+GOP+blocks+bipartisan+border+deal+and+foreign+aid+package+in+key+vote&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Fpolitics%2Flive-news%2Fsenate-vote-border-bill-aid-02-07-24%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2024" class="citation news cs1">Kane, Paul (February 7, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/02/07/senate-republicans-retreating-into-same-ungovernable-chaos-house-gop/">"Senate Republicans retreating into the same ungovernable chaos as House GOP"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Senate+Republicans+retreating+into+the+same+ungovernable+chaos+as+House+GOP&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2024%2F02%2F07%2Fsenate-republicans-retreating-into-same-ungovernable-chaos-house-gop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacqueline_AlemanyMarianna_SotomayorLeigh_Ann_CaldwellLiz_Goodwin2024" class="citation news cs1">Jacqueline Alemany; Marianna Sotomayor; Leigh Ann Caldwell; Liz Goodwin (January 7, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/02/07/republicans-disarray-house-senate-border/">"GOP leaders face unrest amid chaotic, bungled votes"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=GOP+leaders+face+unrest+amid+chaotic%2C+bungled+votes&rft.date=2024-01-07&rft.au=Jacqueline+Alemany&rft.au=Marianna+Sotomayor&rft.au=Leigh+Ann+Caldwell&rft.au=Liz+Goodwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2024%2F02%2F07%2Frepublicans-disarray-house-senate-border%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaragona2024" class="citation news cs1">Baragona, Justin (February 7, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/jesse-kelly-takes-credit-for-telling-sen-james-lankford-hed-destroy-him-over-border-bill">"MAGA Radio Host Says He Threatened GOP Senator Over Border Bill Support"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=MAGA+Radio+Host+Says+He+Threatened+GOP+Senator+Over+Border+Bill+Support&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.aulast=Baragona&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fjesse-kelly-takes-credit-for-telling-sen-james-lankford-hed-destroy-him-over-border-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiz_GoodwinLeigh_Ann_CaldwellAbigail_Hauslohner2024" class="citation news cs1">Liz Goodwin; Leigh Ann Caldwell; Abigail Hauslohner (February 7, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/02/07/senate-border-security-vote/">"Senate GOP blocks border deal; future of Ukraine, Israel aid unclear"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Senate+GOP+blocks+border+deal%3B+future+of+Ukraine%2C+Israel+aid+unclear&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.au=Liz+Goodwin&rft.au=Leigh+Ann+Caldwell&rft.au=Abigail+Hauslohner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2024%2F02%2F07%2Fsenate-border-security-vote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang_Beattie2024" class="citation news cs1">Chang Beattie, Anita (February 10, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrons.com/news/trump-cheers-border-bill-collapse-vows-deportation-operation-e8ed9dc3">"Trump Threatens To 'Encourage' Attack Of NATO Members Behind On Payments"</a>. <i>Barron's</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barron%27s&rft.atitle=Trump+Threatens+To+%27Encourage%27+Attack+Of+NATO+Members+Behind+On+Payments&rft.date=2024-02-10&rft.aulast=Chang+Beattie&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrons.com%2Fnews%2Ftrump-cheers-border-bill-collapse-vows-deportation-operation-e8ed9dc3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulish2018" class="citation news cs1">Kulish, Nicholas (June 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/06/30/world/smuggling-illegal-immigration-costs.html">"What It Costs to Be Smuggled Across the U.S. Border. Bribes and shakedowns. Days in hideaways without food. For many fleeing violence in Central America, this is what thousands of dollars gets them on the journey to the United States"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+It+Costs+to+Be+Smuggled+Across+the+U.S.+Border.+Bribes+and+shakedowns.+Days+in+hideaways+without+food.+For+many+fleeing+violence+in+Central+America%2C+this+is+what+thousands+of+dollars+gets+them+on+the+journey+to+the+United+States&rft.date=2018-06-30&rft.aulast=Kulish&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2018%2F06%2F30%2Fworld%2Fsmuggling-illegal-immigration-costs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a> and related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Relevant colonial era,<br />United States and<br />international laws</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_in_the_American_Colonies" title="Nationality law in the American Colonies">Nationality law in the American Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act 1790</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">1795</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">1798</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Law_of_1802" title="Naturalization Law of 1802">Naturalization Law 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_Encourage_Immigration" title="An Act to Encourage Immigration">Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act (1892)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1907" title="Immigration Act of 1907">Immigration Act 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act" title="Filipino Repatriation Act">Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940" title="Nationality Act of 1940">Nationality Act of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program (1942–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act (1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">UN Refugee Convention (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act 1952</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_212(f)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 212(f)">Section 212(f)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">Section 287(g)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Fairness" title="Family Fairness">Family Fairness (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Homecoming_Act" title="American Homecoming Act">American Homecoming Act (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Technical_Corrections_Act_of_1994" title="Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994">Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Adjustment_and_Central_American_Relief_Act" title="Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act">Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act" title="American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act">American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Immigration_Family_Equity_Act" title="Legal Immigration Family Equity Act">Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ID_Act" title="Real ID Act">Real ID Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Parents_of_Americans" title="Deferred Action for Parents of Americans">Deferred Action for Parents of Americans (DAPA) (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ending_Discriminatory_Bans_on_Entry_to_The_United_States" title="Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States">Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Families_Together_(United_States_immigration_policy)" title="Keeping Families Together (United States immigration policy)">Keeping Families Together (KFT) (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visas and policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">Permanent residence (Green card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program" title="Visa Waiver Program">Visa Waiver Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_protected_status" title="Temporary protected status">Temporary protected status (TPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Green Card Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Minors_Program" title="Central American Minors Program">Central American Minors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_authorization_document" title="Employment authorization document">Employment authorization document (EAD card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_action" title="Deferred action">Deferred action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_(United_States_immigration)" title="Parole (United States immigration)">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_of_status" title="Adjustment of status">Adjustment of status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-VISIT" class="mw-redirect" title="US-VISIT">US-VISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">Security Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_removal" title="Expedited removal">Expedited removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Detention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Family immigration detention in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_Alien_Children" title="Unaccompanied Alien Children">Unaccompanied children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Trump administration family separation policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/BORTAC" title="BORTAC">BORTAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">Executive Office for Immigration Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Immigration_Appeals" title="Board of Immigration Appeals">Board of Immigration Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_immigration_and_naturalization_case_law" title="Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law">Supreme Court cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark"><i>US v. Wong Kim Ark</i> (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States"><i>Ozawa v. US</i> (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind"><i>US v. Bhagat Singh Thind</i> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce"><i>US v. Brignoni-Ponce</i> (1975)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zadvydas_v._Davis" title="Zadvydas v. Davis">Zadvydas v. Davis</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Whiting" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting"><i>Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting</i> (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_v._Barr" title="Barton v. Barr"><i>Barton v. Barr</i> (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California"><i>DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</i></a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Vidal" title="Wolf v. Vidal">Wolf v. Vidal</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz-Chavez_v._Garland" title="Niz-Chavez v. Garland"><i>Niz-Chavez v. Garland</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchez_v._Mayorkas" title="Sanchez v. Mayorkas"><i>Sanchez v. Mayorkas</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_v._Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Department of State v. Muñoz"><i>Department of State v. Muñoz</i> (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related issues<br />and events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests" title="2006 United States immigration reform protests">2006 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas" title="Brooks County, Texas">Brooks County, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Effects of immigration to the United States">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">Guest worker program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">Human smuggling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyotaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotaje">Coyotaje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_deported_or_removed_from_the_United_States" title="List of people deported or removed from the United States">List of people deported from the United States</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States border wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage#add_Labor_shortage" title="Shortage">Labor shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_America" title="March for America">March for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant population of the United States">Illegal immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse immigration in the United States">Reverse immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">Unaccompanied minors from Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act (2001–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection,_Anti-terrorism_and_Illegal_Immigration_Control_Act_of_2005" title="Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005">H.R. 4437 (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">McCain–Kennedy (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Through_Regularized_Immigration_and_a_Vibrant_Economy_Act_of_2007" title="Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007">STRIVE Act (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_American_Families_Act" title="Uniting American Families Act">Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security,_Economic_Opportunity,_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013" title="Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_SAFE_Act_of_2015" title="American SAFE Act of 2015">SAFE Act (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAISE_Act" title="RAISE Act">RAISE Act (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Citizenship_Act_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="US Citizenship Act of 2021">US Citizenship Act of 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigration stations<br />and points of entry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Island_Immigration_Station" title="Angel Island Immigration Station">Angel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston_Immigration_Station" title="East Boston Immigration Station">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Immigration_Station" title="Washington Avenue Immigration Station">Washington Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">"Wetback" (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">"Babylift" (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">"Gatekeeper" (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Endgame" title="Operation Endgame">"Endgame" (2003–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Front_Line" title="Operation Front Line">"Front Line" (2004–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">"Streamline" (2005–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Return_to_Sender" title="Operation Return to Sender">"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">"Jump Start" (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">"Phalanx" (2010–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">California DREAM Act (2006–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070 (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_HB_56" title="Alabama HB 56">Alabama HB 56 (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-governmental<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Border_Recon" title="Arizona Border Recon">Arizona Border Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coalition_for_Immigration_Reform" title="California Coalition for Immigration Reform">California Coalition for Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="CASA of Maryland">CASA of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Migration_Studies_of_New_York" title="Center for Migration Studies of New York">Center for Migration Studies of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Humane_Immigrant_Rights_of_Los_Angeles" title="Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles">Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform" title="Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform">Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Change" title="Community Change">Community Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improve_The_Dream" title="Improve The Dream">Improve The Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexica_Movement" title="Mexica Movement">Mexica Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_Without_Borders" title="Mexicans Without Borders">Mexicans Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Minuteman Civil Defense Corps">Minuteman Civil Defense Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Forum" title="National Immigration Forum">National Immigration Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Korean_American_Service_%26_Education_Consortium" title="National Korean American Service & Education Consortium">National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Deaths" title="No More Deaths">No More Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_State" title="Save Our State">Save Our State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borderland_(TV_series)" title="Borderland (TV series)">Borderland (TV series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missing_in_Brooks_County" title="Missing in Brooks County">Missing in Brooks County</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Mexico&#124;link=Mexico_Mexico–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States453" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Mexico–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Mexico–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Mexico&#124;link=Mexico_Mexico–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States453" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico–United States relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Mexico,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Mexico, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Mexico, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Mexico_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Mexico to the United States">Ambassadors of Mexico to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Mexico_City" title="Embassy of the United States, Mexico City">Embassy of the United States, Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Mexico" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Mexico">Ambassadors of the United States to Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Mexico,_Dallas" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate General of Mexico, Dallas">Consulate General of Mexico, Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Mexico_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations">Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Mexico_to_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Permanent Mission of Mexico to the Organization of American States">Permanent Mission of Mexico to the Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Western_Hemisphere_Affairs" title="Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs">Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limits_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)">Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLane%E2%80%93Ocampo_Treaty" title="McLane–Ocampo Treaty">McLane–Ocampo Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant" title="International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant">International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_dispute" title="Colorado River dispute">Colorado River dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Convention_of_1905" title="Banco Convention of 1905">Banco Convention of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_la_Huerta%E2%80%93Lamont_Treaty" title="De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty">De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saavedra_Lamas_Treaty" title="Saavedra Lamas Treaty">Saavedra Lamas Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico_Convention_relating_to_the_Final_Adjustment_of_Certain_Unsettled_Claims" title="United States–Mexico Convention relating to the Final Adjustment of Certain Unsettled Claims">United States–Mexico Convention relating to the Final Adjustment of Certain Unsettled Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracero program">Bracero program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Selection_Process" title="Bracero Selection Process">Bracero Selection Process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1970" title="Boundary Treaty of 1970">Boundary Treaty of 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Governors_Conference" title="Border Governors Conference">Border Governors Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Protection_of_Commerce_and_Investments_from_Foreign_Policies_that_Contravene_International_Law" title="Law of Protection of Commerce and Investments from Foreign Policies that Contravene International Law">Law of Protection of Commerce and Investments from Foreign Policies that Contravene International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Mexican response to Hurricane Katrina">Mexican response to Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_visits_to_Mexico" title="United States presidential visits to Mexico">United States presidential visits to Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon Mexico">United States declaration of war upon Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">Battle for Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Resolutions" title="Spot Resolutions">Spot Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Velasco" title="Treaties of Velasco">Treaties of Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cahuenga" title="Treaty of Cahuenga">Treaty of Cahuenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botiller_v._Dominguez" title="Botiller v. Dominguez">Botiller v. Dominguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Reconquista (Mexico)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_Mexican_Boundary_Commission" title="United States and Mexican Boundary Commission">United States and Mexican Boundary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_Mexican_Boundary_Survey" title="United States and Mexican Boundary Survey">United States and Mexican Boundary Survey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_affair" title="Crawford affair">Crawford affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Mexican Border War (1910–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampico_Affair" title="Tampico Affair">Tampico Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">United States occupation of Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypiranga_incident" title="Ypiranga incident">Ypiranga incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Pancho Villa Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_la_Huerta%E2%80%93Lamont_Treaty" title="De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty">De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucareli_Treaty" title="Bucareli Treaty">Bucareli Treaty</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamizal_dispute" title="Chamizal dispute">Chamizal dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Cart_War" title="Texas Cart War">Texas Cart War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortina_Troubles" title="Cortina Troubles">Cortina Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">Operation Wetback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Mendoza-Martinez" title="Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez">Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna-Dolphin_GATT_Case_(I_and_II)" title="Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)">Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce">United States v. Brignoni-Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiki_Camarena" title="Kiki Camarena">Kiki Camarena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosa_v._Alvarez-Machain" title="Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain">Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Mark_Kilroy" title="Murder of Mark Kilroy">Murder of Mark Kilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Verdugo-Urquidez" title="United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez">United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Alvarez-Machain" title="United States v. Alvarez-Machain">United States v. Alvarez-Machain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunique_v._Powell" title="Eunique v. Powell">Eunique v. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Matamoros_standoff" title="1999 Matamoros standoff">1999 Matamoros standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avena_case" title="Avena case">Avena case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gunrunner" title="Project Gunrunner">Project Gunrunner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">ATF gunwalking scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-dumping_measures_on_stainless_steel_from_Mexico" title="Anti-dumping measures on stainless steel from Mexico">Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopez_v._Gonzales" title="Lopez v. Gonzales">Lopez v. Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Medell%C3%ADn" title="José Medellín">José Medellín</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_v._Texas" title="Medellín v. Texas">Medellín v. Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Leal_Garcia" title="Humberto Leal Garcia">Humberto Leal Garcia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leal_Garcia_v._Texas" title="Leal Garcia v. Texas">Leal Garcia v. Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Zapata" title="Jaime Zapata">Jaime Zapata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Matamoros_mass_kidnapping" title="2011 Matamoros mass kidnapping">2011 Matamoros mass kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Jos%C3%A9_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Shooting of José Rodríguez">Shooting of José Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_sugarcane_trade_dispute" title="Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute">Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Air_Conditioner_move_to_Mexico" title="Carrier Air Conditioner move to Mexico">Carrier Air Conditioner move to Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13767" title="Executive Order 13767">Executive Order 13767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Mesa" title="Hernandez v. Mesa">Hernandez v. Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Claudia_G%C3%B3mez_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Killing of Claudia Gómez González">Killing of Claudia Gómez González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">2019 El Paso shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Antonio_migrant_deaths" title="2022 San Antonio migrant deaths">2022 San Antonio migrant deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Matamoros_kidnappings" title="2023 Matamoros kidnappings">2023 Matamoros kidnappings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_collapse" title="Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse">Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Military relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention in Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mexico_City" title="Siege of Mexico City">Siege of Mexico City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_Initiative" title="Mérida Initiative">Mérida Initiative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">Mexico–United States barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">Operation Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Salsa" title="Minuteman Salsa">Minuteman Salsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_Rescue" title="Ranch Rescue">Ranch Rescue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">Operation Jump Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States" title="National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States">National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_border_disputes" title="Rio Grande border disputes">Rio Grande border disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_conflicts_on_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" title="Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier">Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_deaths_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border">Migrant deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Environment_Cooperation_Commission" title="Border Environment Cooperation Commission">Border Environment Cooperation Commission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_Activism_At_The_Border" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence and Activism At The Border">Violence and Activism At The Border</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_soccer_rivalry" title="Mexico–United States soccer rivalry">Mexico–United States soccer rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Puerto_Rico_boxing_rivalry" title="Mexico–Puerto Rico boxing rivalry">Mexico–Puerto Rico boxing rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Republic_of_Texas_relations" title="Mexico–Republic of Texas relations">Mexico–Republic of Texas relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_extradition_relations_with_Mexico" title="United States extradition relations with Mexico">United States extradition relations with Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agua_Prieta_pipeline" title="Agua Prieta pipeline">Agua Prieta pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Baja_Pipeline" title="North Baja Pipeline">North Baja Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-Mexican_Claims_Commission" title="American-Mexican Claims Commission">American-Mexican Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Antorcha_de_la_Amistad" title="La Antorcha de la Amistad">La Antorcha de la Amistad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_Media_Project" title="Chiapas Media Project">Chiapas Media Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directo_a_M%C3%A9xico" title="Directo a México">Directo a México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Mexico" title="Exclusive economic zone of Mexico">Exclusive economic zone of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_the_United_States" title="Exclusive economic zone of the United States">Exclusive economic zone of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibuster (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_international_park" title="Mexico–United States international park">Mexico–United States international park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Development_Bank" title="North American Development Bank">North American Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative" title="Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative">Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Virginia_Colony" title="New Virginia Colony">New Virginia Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquiladora" title="Maquiladora">Maquiladora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-tier_Mexican_sugar" title="Second-tier Mexican sugar">Second-tier Mexican sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_M%C3%A9xico_U.S." title="Señorita México U.S.">Señorita México U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico–United_States_border_crisis&oldid=1274053407">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico–United_States_border_crisis&oldid=1274053407</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020s_in_international_relations" title="Category:2020s in international relations">2020s in international relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020s_in_Mexico" title="Category:2020s in Mexico">2020s in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:2020s in the United States">2020s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Mexico" title="Category:Borders of Mexico">Borders of Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Borders of the United 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