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mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_en_science" title="1955 en science – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1955 en science" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanost_u_1955." title="Znanost u 1955. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Znanost u 1955." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2" title="1955 במדע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1955 במדע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_a_tudom%C3%A1nyban" title="1955 a tudományban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1955 a tudományban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_1955_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Науката во 1955 година – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Науката во 1955 година" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1955" title="Vitenskapsåret 1955 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vitenskapsåret 1955" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitskap_i_1955" title="Vitskap i 1955 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vitskap i 1955" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_w_nauce" title="1955 w nauce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1955 w nauce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_na_ci%C3%AAncia" title="1955 na ciência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1955 na ciência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="1955 год в науке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1955 год в науке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetenskaps%C3%A5ret_1955" title="Vetenskapsåret 1955 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vetenskapsåret 1955" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of the events of 1955 in science</div> <table class="infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size:larger;"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; width:15%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_science" title="List of years in science">List of years in science</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; width:15%;">(<a href="/wiki/Table_of_years_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of years in science">table</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_by_year" title="Category:Science by year">…</a> <a href="/wiki/1945_in_science" title="1945 in science">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_in_science" title="1946 in science">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_in_science" title="1947 in science">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_in_science" title="1948 in science">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_in_science" title="1949 in science">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_in_science" title="1950 in science">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_in_science" title="1951 in science">1951</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_in_science" title="1952 in science">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_in_science" title="1953 in science">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_in_science" title="1954 in science">1954</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1955</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_in_science" title="1956 in science">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_in_science" title="1957 in science">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_in_science" title="1958 in science">1958</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_science" title="1959 in science">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_science" title="1960 in science">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_in_science" title="1961 in science">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_in_science" title="1962 in science">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_in_science" title="1963 in science">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_in_science" title="1964 in science">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_in_science" title="1965 in science">1965</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_by_year" title="Category:Science by year">…</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_art" title="1955 in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_archaeology" title="1955 in archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_architecture" title="1955 in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_literature" title="1955 in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_music" title="1955 in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_philosophy" title="1955 in philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Science</a></li></ul> </div><i><a href="/wiki/Category:1955" title="Category:1955">+...</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1955 in science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/1954_in_science" title="1954 in science">1954</a></div><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/1956_in_science" title="1956 in science">1956</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Fields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_archaeology" title="1955 in archaeology">Archaeology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Technology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sustainable_energy_research_2020_to_the_present" title="Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020 to the present">Sustainable energy research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transportation_technology#20st_century" title="Timeline of transportation technology">Transportation technology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Social sciences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology#1950s" title="Timeline of psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_governance_and_policy_studies_2020%E2%80%93present&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of governance and policy studies 2020–present (page does not exist)">Governance and policy studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/1955_in_paleontology" title="1955 in paleontology"><b>Paleontology</b></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event_research#2020s" title="Timeline of Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event research">Dinosaurs' extinction</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Extraterrestrial environment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_spaceflight" title="1955 in spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Terrestrial environment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tornado_research#1950s" title="History of tornado research">Tornado research</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other/related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_literature" title="1955 in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_philosophy" title="1955 in philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">Timeline of cosmological theories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_open_letters_by_academics" title="List of open letters by academics">List of open letters by academics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology#By_type" title="History of technology">History of technology by type</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines#Science" title="List of timelines">List of science timelines</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_year_nav" title="Template:Science year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_year_nav" title="Template talk:Science year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The year <b>1955 in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></b> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> included many events, some of which are listed below. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronomy_and_space_sciences">Astronomy and space sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Astronomy and space sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January 8 – <a href="/wiki/January_1955_lunar_eclipse" title="January 1955 lunar eclipse">Penumbral lunar eclipse</a>.</li> <li>June <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Fred Hoyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a> describe the mechanism for the creation of <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> stars.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first evidence for existence of a <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">magnetosphere of Jupiter</a>, a record of <a href="/wiki/Decametre" title="Decametre">decametric</a> radio emission (DAM) with a spectrum extending up to 40 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a>, is published.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>June 5 – <a href="/wiki/June_1955_lunar_eclipse" title="June 1955 lunar eclipse">Penumbral lunar eclipse</a>.</li> <li>June 20 – <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_June_20,_1955" title="Solar eclipse of June 20, 1955">Total solar eclipse</a> of 7 min 8 sec duration, the longest between the 11th and 22nd centuries, visible in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. During the entire Second Millennium, only seven such eclipses exceed seven minutes of totality.</li> <li>August – The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> approves <a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Project Vanguard</a> to launch a satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>November 29 – <a href="/wiki/November_1955_lunar_eclipse" title="November 1955 lunar eclipse">Partial lunar eclipse</a>.</li> <li>December 14 – <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_December_14,_1955" title="Solar eclipse of December 14, 1955">Annular solar eclipse</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Oort" title="Jan Oort">Jan Oort</a> confirms that polarized light from the <a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a> is produced by <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">synchrotron radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HMGST55_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMGST55-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>February 26 – <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a> publishes her observation that <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">tobacco mosaic virus</a> rods are all of identical length.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 22 – <a href="/wiki/Cytogeneticist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytogeneticist">Cytogeneticist</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hin_Tjio" title="Joe Hin Tjio">Joe Hin Tjio</a> working with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Levan" title="Albert Levan">Albert Levan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a> demonstrates that there are forty-six human <a href="/wiki/Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomes">chromosomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond H. Fischer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a> discover reversible protein <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HMGST55_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMGST55-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Fraenkel-Conrat" title="Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat">Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat</a> shows that a <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> consists of an infective <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> core and a non-infective <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> coat; and with <a href="/wiki/Robley_C._Williams" title="Robley C. Williams">Robley C. Williams</a> assembles a functional <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">tobacco mosaic virus</a> from purified versions of these components.<sup id="cite_ref-HMGST55_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMGST55-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a> is confirmed to be caused by <a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus" title="Influenza A virus">Influenza A virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> develops <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that cause <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid</a> bases to form RNA.<sup id="cite_ref-HMGST55_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMGST55-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Bonner" title="James F. Bonner">James F. Bonner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ts%27o" title="Paul Ts'o">Paul Ts'o</a> isolate <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> from cells.<sup id="cite_ref-HMGST55_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMGST55-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January 11 – <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Conover" title="Lloyd Conover">Lloyd Conover</a> is granted a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">tetracycline</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>February 19 – <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 101) is first <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">synthesized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, Gregory R. Choppin, Bernard G. Harvey, and Stanley G. Thompson (team leader) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August 20 – <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> and colleagues publish the structure of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquat" title="Diquat">Diquat</a>'s properties as a contact <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a> are recognized at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">Imperial Chemical Industries</a> laboratories at <a href="/wiki/Jealott%27s_Hill" title="Jealott's Hill">Jealott's Hill</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Renewable <a href="/wiki/Ion-exchange_resin" title="Ion-exchange resin">ion-exchange resin</a> cartridges for <a href="/wiki/Water_softening" title="Water softening">water softening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">purification</a> are used in a device by Walter F. Lorch.<sup id="cite_ref-HMGST55_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMGST55-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climatology">Climatology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climatology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>August 9 – <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Plass" title="Gilbert Plass">Gilbert Plass</a> submits his seminal article "The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate Change".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_science">Computer science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Computer science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>October 2 (11:45 p.m.) – The <a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a> computer is deactivated at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, having been in continuous operation since <a href="/wiki/1947_in_science" title="1947 in science">1947</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Former <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">flying ace</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Steinhilper" title="Ulrich Steinhilper">Ulrich Steinhilper</a>, a German IBM <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a> salesman, coins and popularizes the term "<i>Textverarbeitung</i>" ("<a href="/wiki/Word_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Word processing">word processing</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes" title="Maurice Wilkes">Maurice Wilkes</a> publishes a description of <a href="/wiki/Microprogramming" class="mw-redirect" title="Microprogramming">microprogramming</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">Electrical Engineering</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/A_Million_Random_Digits_with_100,000_Normal_Deviates" title="A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates">A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earth_sciences">Earth sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Earth sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Geophysicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophysicist">geophysicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Clair_Cameron_Patterson" title="Clair Cameron Patterson">Clair Cameron Patterson</a> presents his result for the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a> using <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopic</a> data from the <a href="/wiki/Canyon_Diablo_(meteorite)" title="Canyon Diablo (meteorite)">Canyon Diablo meteorite</a> – 4.55 billion years (± 70 million).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SYbY55_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SYbY55-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_science_and_technology">History of science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History of science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>October – The term "<a href="/wiki/Industrial_archaeology" title="Industrial archaeology">Industrial archaeology</a>" is popularised.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>July – Statistician <a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(statistician)" title="David Cox (statistician)">David Cox</a> publishes the <a href="/wiki/Cox_process" title="Cox process">Cox process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_finite_simple_groups" title="Classification of finite simple groups">classification of finite simple groups</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brauer%E2%80%93Fowler_theorem" title="Brauer–Fowler theorem">Brauer–Fowler theorem</a> is published<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chevalley" title="Claude Chevalley">Claude Chevalley</a> introduces <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Lie_type#Chevalley_groups" title="Group of Lie type">Chevalley groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert%E2%80%93Shannon%E2%80%93Reeds_model" title="Gilbert–Shannon–Reeds model">Gilbert–Shannon–Reeds model</a> for <a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">probability distribution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Riffle_shuffle_permutation" title="Riffle shuffle permutation">riffle shuffle permutations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shuffling" title="Shuffling">shuffling</a> <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">playing cards</a> reported.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hilton" title="Peter Hilton">Peter Hilton</a> starts work with <a href="/wiki/Beno_Eckmann" title="Beno Eckmann">Beno Eckmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karol_Borsuk" title="Karol Borsuk">Karol Borsuk</a> on what becomes known as <a href="/wiki/Eckmann-Hilton_duality" class="mw-redirect" title="Eckmann-Hilton duality">Eckmann-Hilton duality</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Homotopy_category" title="Homotopy category">homotopy category</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a key driver in <a href="/wiki/Homological_algebra" title="Homological algebra">homological algebra</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Roth" title="Klaus Roth">Klaus Roth</a> publishes <a href="/wiki/Roth%27s_theorem" title="Roth's theorem">Roth's theorem</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Diophantine_approximation" title="Diophantine approximation">Diophantine approximation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_number" title="Algebraic number">algebraic numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Modularity_theorem" title="Modularity theorem">Taniyama–Shimura conjecture</a> is first stated by <a href="/wiki/Yutaka_Taniyama" title="Yutaka Taniyama">Yutaka Taniyama</a> at an international symposium in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physics">Physics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>February – <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a> publish a key paper in the development of <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a> publishes his conclusions that contamination caused by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a> after the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Castle_Bravo" title="Castle Bravo">Castle Bravo</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a> test at <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a> is greater than officially stated.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October – <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">Ultra high frequency</a> AN/FPS-31 <a href="/wiki/Early_warning_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Early warning radar">early warning radar</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a> begins operation on Jug Handle Hill at <a href="/wiki/West_Bath,_Maine" title="West Bath, Maine">West Bath, Maine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October 11 – <a href="/wiki/Erwin_M%C3%BCller" class="mw-redirect" title="Erwin Müller">Erwin Müller</a> and Kanwar Bahadur are the first people to observe individual <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>, using Müller's <a href="/wiki/Field_ion_microscope" title="Field ion microscope">field ion microscope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>November 29 – The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_core" title="Nuclear reactor core">nuclear reactor core</a> of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I" title="Experimental Breeder Reactor I">Experimental Breeder Reactor I</a> near <a href="/wiki/Arco,_Idaho" title="Arco, Idaho">Arco, Idaho</a>, suffers a partial <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown" title="Nuclear meltdown">meltdown</a> during a coolant flow test.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Leith" title="Emmett Leith">Emmett Leith</a>'s work on <a href="/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">synthetic-aperture radar</a> leads to the development of <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">holography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HMGST55_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMGST55-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Existence of the <a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">antiproton</a> is experimentally confirmed by <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicists</a> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Owen Chamberlain</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Pasta" title="John Pasta">John Pasta</a>, Stanisław Ulam and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tsingou" title="Mary Tsingou">Mary Tsingou</a> numerically study a nonlinear spring model of heat conduction and discover solitary wave type behavior.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pais" title="Abraham Pais">Abraham Pais</a> investigate neutral <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">kaon</a> mixing.<sup id="cite_ref-HMGST55_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMGST55-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a> develops the design of a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Bubble_chamber" title="Bubble chamber">bubble chamber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a> begin operation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology_and_medicine">Physiology and medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Physiology and medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>April 12 – The <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Salk</a> <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a>, having passed large-scale trials earlier in the United States, receives full approval by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">Food and Drug Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 24 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_K._Beecher" title="Henry K. Beecher">Henry K. Beecher</a> publishes a paper indicating the powerful effect of <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebos</a> on patient outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Outbreak of "Royal Free disease" or "benign myalgic encephalomyelitis", strongly resembling what will later be known as <a href="/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic fatigue syndrome">chronic fatigue syndrome</a>, among staff at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Free_Hospital" title="Royal Free Hospital">Royal Free Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>G. I. M. Swyer first describes <a href="/wiki/XY_gonadal_dysgenesis" title="XY gonadal dysgenesis">XY gonadal dysgenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First reported <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_replacement" title="Mitral valve replacement">mitral valve replacement</a>, by Judson Chesterman of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> (England).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic%E2%80%93uremic_syndrome" title="Hemolytic–uremic syndrome">Hemolytic–uremic syndrome</a> is first described by Conrad Gasser.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January 5 – <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6msund_Bridge" title="Strömsund Bridge">Strömsund Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> completed, the first significant <a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable-stayed">cable-stayed</a> bridge of the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July 17 – The first atomic-generated electrical power is sold commercially, partially powering <a href="/wiki/Arco,_Idaho" title="Arco, Idaho">Arco, Idaho</a>, from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Reactor_Testing_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="National Reactor Testing Station">National Reactor Testing Station</a>; on July 18, <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a>, receives power from a prototype nuclear submarine reactor at <a href="/wiki/Knolls_Atomic_Power_Laboratory" title="Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory">Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HMGST55_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMGST55-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August 24 – The first accurate <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clock</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Caesium_standard" title="Caesium standard">caesium standard</a> based on a certain transition of the <a href="/wiki/Caesium-133" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium-133">caesium-133</a> atom, is built by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Essen" title="Louis Essen">Louis Essen</a> with J. V. L. Parry at the <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SYbY55_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SYbY55-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 12 – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cockerell" title="Christopher Cockerell">Christopher Cockerell</a> is granted a United Kingdom patent for his design of <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical engineer">electrical engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/George_de_Mestral" title="George de Mestral">George de Mestral</a> is granted a patent for the <a href="/wiki/Velcro" title="Velcro">Velcro</a> fabric hook-and-loop fastener.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tappan_(brand)" title="Tappan (brand)">Tappan</a> introduce the first domestic <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave oven</a>, in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-HMGST55_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMGST55-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> electrical engineer <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Polley" title="Eugene Polley">Eugene Polley</a> invents the <a href="/wiki/Zenith_Electronics" title="Zenith Electronics">Zenith</a> Flash-Matic, the first wireless television <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zoology">Zoology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Zoology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>French zoologist <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Heuvelmans" title="Bernard Heuvelmans">Bernard Heuvelmans</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Track_of_Unknown_Animals" title="On the Track of Unknown Animals">On the Track of Unknown Animals</a></i> (<i>Sur la piste des bêtes ignorées</i>), pioneering the <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> field of <a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">cryptozoology</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>July 9 – <a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a> issued in London by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> with the signatures of the late <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> and other prominent scientists drawing the attention of world political leaders to the dangers posed by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Garfield" title="Eugene Garfield">Eugene Garfield</a> proposes the concept of <a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">citation indexing</a> for scientific literature.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a> – <a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Willis Eugene Lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Polykarp Kusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Medicine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Axel_Hugo_Theodor_Theorell" class="mw-redirect" title="Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell">Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> of London) – <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_Medal" title="Wollaston Medal">Wollaston Medal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a>) – <a href="/wiki/A._E._Trueman" title="A. E. Trueman">A. E. Trueman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_and_Bill_Gates_(522695099).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Steve_Jobs_and_Bill_Gates_%28522695099%29.jpg/350px-Steve_Jobs_and_Bill_Gates_%28522695099%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Steve_Jobs_and_Bill_Gates_%28522695099%29.jpg/525px-Steve_Jobs_and_Bill_Gates_%28522695099%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Steve_Jobs_and_Bill_Gates_%28522695099%29.jpg/700px-Steve_Jobs_and_Bill_Gates_%28522695099%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3076" data-file-height="2194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>January 1 – <a href="/wiki/Simon_Schaffer" title="Simon Schaffer">Simon Schaffer</a>, English historian of science.</li> <li>January 6 – <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Horwitz" title="Susan B. Horwitz">Susan B. Horwitz</a> (died <a href="/wiki/2014_in_science" title="2014 in science">2014</a>), American computer scientist and academic.</li> <li>January 17 – <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a>, Hungarian-born biochemist, winner of the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>January 24 – <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sokal" title="Alan Sokal">Alan Sokal</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical physicist">mathematical physicist</a> and proponent of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_objectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific objectivity">scientific objectivity</a>.</li> <li>February 3 – <a href="/wiki/Sue_Ion" title="Sue Ion">Sue Ion</a>, born Susan Burrows, English <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear scientist">nuclear scientist</a>.</li> <li>February 24 – <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (died <a href="/wiki/2011_in_science" title="2011 in science">2011</a>), American computing entrepreneur.</li> <li>April 11 – <a href="/wiki/Piers_Sellers" title="Piers Sellers">Piers Sellers</a> (died <a href="/wiki/2016_in_science" title="2016 in science">2016</a>), English-born astronaut and climate scientist.</li> <li>April 20 – <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a>, Swedish <a href="/wiki/Extended_evolutionary_synthesis" title="Extended evolutionary synthesis">evolutionary geneticist</a>, winner of the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</li> <li>April 30 – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Muguet" title="Francis Muguet">Francis Muguet</a> (died <a href="/wiki/2009_in_science" title="2009 in science">2009</a>), French <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> and advocate of <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> to information.</li> <li>May 30 – <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_McGlade" title="Jacqueline McGlade">Jacqueline McGlade</a>, British-born marine biologist and pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_informatics" title="Environmental informatics">environmental informatics</a>.</li> <li>June 8 – <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, English creator of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June 11 – <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Steel" title="Duncan Steel">Duncan Steel</a>, English/Australasian <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">space scientist</a>.</li> <li>October 2 – <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Rothwell" title="Nancy Rothwell">Nancy Rothwell</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">physiologist</a>.</li> <li>October 28 – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, American software designer and entrepreneur.</li> <li>November 4 – <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a>, American physiologist, winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</li> <li>December 22 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a>, German-born <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a>, winner of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_%C3%81lvarez-Gaum%C3%A9" title="Luis Álvarez-Gaumé">Luis Álvarez-Gaumé</a>, Spanish theoretical physicist.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>February 2 – <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a> (born <a href="/wiki/1877_in_science" title="1877 in science">1877</a>), Canadian-American <a href="/wiki/Bacteriologist" title="Bacteriologist">bacteriologist</a>.</li> <li>March 11 – Sir <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> (born <a href="/wiki/1881_in_science" title="1881 in science">1881</a>), British bacteriologist, winner of the 1945 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</li> <li>March 15 – <a href="/wiki/Michele_Besso" title="Michele Besso">Michele Besso</a> (born <a href="/wiki/1873_in_science" title="1873 in science">1873</a>), Swiss engineer, confidant of Einstein.</li> <li>April 10 – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a> (born 1881), French-born <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">paleontologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>.</li> <li>April 17 – <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Pernkopf" title="Eduard Pernkopf">Eduard Pernkopf</a> (born <a href="/wiki/1888_in_science" title="1888 in science">1888</a>), Austrian <a href="/wiki/Anatomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomist">anatomist</a>.</li> <li>April 18 – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (born <a href="/wiki/1879_in_science" title="1879 in science">1879</a>), German-born theoretical physicist, winner of the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>.</li> <li>June 12 – <a href="/wiki/Redcliffe_N._Salaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Redcliffe N. Salaman">Redcliffe N. Salaman</a> (born <a href="/wiki/1874_in_science" title="1874 in science">1874</a>), English <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a>.</li> <li>July 21 – <a href="/wiki/John_Brian_Christopherson" title="John Brian Christopherson">J. B. Christopherson</a> (born <a href="/wiki/1868_in_science" title="1868 in science">1868</a>), English <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>.</li> <li>August 11 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Wood" title="Robert W. Wood">Robert W. Wood</a> (born 1868), American optical <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>.</li> <li>August 12 – <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a> (born <a href="/wiki/1887_in_science" title="1887 in science">1887</a>), American winner of the 1946 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>.</li> <li>November 25 – Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tansley" title="Arthur Tansley">Arthur Tansley</a> (born <a href="/wiki/1871_in_science" title="1871 in science">1871</a>), English botanist and <a href="/wiki/Ecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologist">ecologist</a>.</li> <li>December 13 – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Egas_Moniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Egas Moniz">Antonio Egas Moniz</a> (born 1874), Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Neurologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologist">neurologist</a>, winner of the 1949 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_science&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoyleSchwarzschild1955" class="citation journal cs1">Hoyle, F.; Schwarzschild, M. (1955). "On the Evolution of Type II Stars". <i>The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</i>. <b>2</b>: 1–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955ApJS....2....1H">1955ApJS....2....1H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F190015">10.1086/190015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=On+the+Evolution+of+Type+II+Stars&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=1-40&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F190015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1955ApJS....2....1H&rft.aulast=Hoyle&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Schwarzschild%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1955+in+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurbidge1999" class="citation journal cs1">Burbidge, E. Margaret (1999). "Hoyle & Schwarzschild's Analysis of the Evolution of Population II Stars". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>525C</b>: 639. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...525C.639B">1999ApJ...525C.639B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Hoyle+%26+Schwarzschild%27s+Analysis+of+the+Evolution+of+Population+II+Stars&rft.volume=525C&rft.pages=639&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ApJ...525C.639B&rft.aulast=Burbidge&rft.aufirst=E.+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1955+in+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkeFranklin1955" class="citation journal cs1">Burke, B. F.; Franklin, K. L. (1955). 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(1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814181522/http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html">"The ENIAC Story"</a>. Ftp.arl.mil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html">the original</a> on 2011-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milestones+in+Computer+Science+and+Information+Technology&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1573565219&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Edwin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJTYPKxug49IC%26q%3DUlrich%2BSteinhilper%2Bword%2Bprocessor%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1955+in+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1956" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, C. (1956). 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