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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Techniques </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Techniques subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Search_and_optimization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_and_optimization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Search and optimization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_and_optimization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_space_search" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_space_search"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 State space search </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_space_search-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_search" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_search"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Local search </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_search-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Logic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Probabilistic_methods_for_uncertain_reasoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Probabilistic_methods_for_uncertain_reasoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Probabilistic_methods_for_uncertain_reasoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifiers_and_statistical_learning_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifiers_and_statistical_learning_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Classifiers and statistical learning methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifiers_and_statistical_learning_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_neural_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_neural_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Artificial neural networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_neural_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deep_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Deep learning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 GPT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_and_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_and_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Hardware and software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_and_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_and_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Health and medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mathematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generative_AI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generative_AI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Generative AI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generative_AI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Agents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_industry-specific_tasks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_industry-specific_tasks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Other industry-specific tasks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_industry-specific_tasks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ethics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Risks_and_harm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks_and_harm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Risks and harm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks_and_harm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Privacy_and_copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_and_copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Privacy and copyright </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy_and_copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominance_by_tech_giants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominance_by_tech_giants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Dominance by tech giants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominance_by_tech_giants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_needs_and_environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_needs_and_environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Power needs and environmental impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_needs_and_environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misinformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misinformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Misinformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misinformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algorithmic_bias_and_fairness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algorithmic_bias_and_fairness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 Algorithmic bias and fairness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algorithmic_bias_and_fairness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_transparency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_transparency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.6 Lack of transparency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_transparency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bad_actors_and_weaponized_AI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bad_actors_and_weaponized_AI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.7 Bad actors and weaponized AI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bad_actors_and_weaponized_AI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technological_unemployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_unemployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.8 Technological unemployment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technological_unemployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existential_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existential_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.9 Existential risk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existential_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_machines_and_alignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_machines_and_alignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ethical machines and alignment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_machines_and_alignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Open source </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frameworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frameworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Frameworks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frameworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Philosophy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philosophy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defining_artificial_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defining_artificial_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Defining artificial intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defining_artificial_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluating_approaches_to_AI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluating_approaches_to_AI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Evaluating approaches to AI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluating_approaches_to_AI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbolic_AI_and_its_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_AI_and_its_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Symbolic AI and its limits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_AI_and_its_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neat_vs._scruffy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neat_vs._scruffy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Neat vs. scruffy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neat_vs._scruffy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soft_vs._hard_computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_vs._hard_computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Soft vs. hard computing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_vs._hard_computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrow_vs._general_AI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrow_vs._general_AI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Narrow vs. general AI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrow_vs._general_AI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machine_consciousness,_sentience,_and_mind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine_consciousness,_sentience,_and_mind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Machine consciousness, sentience, and mind </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machine_consciousness,_sentience,_and_mind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consciousness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consciousness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Consciousness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consciousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computationalism_and_functionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computationalism_and_functionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Computationalism and functionalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computationalism_and_functionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AI_welfare_and_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AI_welfare_and_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 AI welfare and rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AI_welfare_and_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Future </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Future-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Future subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Superintelligence_and_the_singularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superintelligence_and_the_singularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Superintelligence and the singularity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superintelligence_and_the_singularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transhumanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transhumanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Transhumanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transhumanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decomputing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decomputing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Decomputing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decomputing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AI_textbooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AI_textbooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 AI textbooks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AI_textbooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_AI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_AI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 History of AI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_AI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Other sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Artificial intelligence</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 163 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-163" aria-hidden="true" > 163 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsmatige_intelligensie" title="Kunsmatige intelligensie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kunsmatige intelligensie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz" title="Künstliche Intelligenz – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Künstliche Intelligenz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%A0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%BD_%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B0%E1%89%A5_%E1%89%BD%E1%88%8E%E1%89%B3" title="ሰው ሠራሽ የማሰብ ችሎታ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰው ሠራሽ የማሰብ ችሎታ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="ذكاء اصطناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذكاء اصطناعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelichencia_artificial" title="Intelichencia artificial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Intelichencia artificial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արհեստական Բանականութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արհեստական Բանականութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelixencia_artificial" title="Intelixencia artificial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Intelixencia artificial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_japopyre_arandu" title="Ava japopyre arandu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ava japopyre arandu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCni_intellekt" title="Süni intellekt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Süni intellekt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B0%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="مصنوعی ذکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مصنوعی ذکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="কৃত্রিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃত্রিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEn-kang_t%C3%AC-l%C3%AAng" title="Jîn-kang tì-lêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jîn-kang tì-lêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Яһалма интеллект – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яһалма интеллект" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Штучны інтэлект – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Штучны інтэлект" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Штучны інтэлект – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Штучны інтэлект" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलिजेंस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलिजेंस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artipisyal_na_intelihensya" title="Artipisyal na intelihensya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Artipisyal na intelihensya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Изкуствен интелект – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изкуствен интелект" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinschtlicha_Intelligenz" title="Kinschtlicha Intelligenz – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kinschtlicha Intelligenz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="མི་བཟོས་རིག་ནུས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མི་བཟོས་རིག་ནུས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetna_inteligencija" title="Umjetna inteligencija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Umjetna inteligencija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naouegezh_artifisiel" title="Naouegezh artifisiel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Naouegezh artifisiel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Хэмэл оюун – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хэмэл оюун" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel%C2%B7lig%C3%A8ncia_artificial" title="Intel·ligència artificial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Intel·ligència artificial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BBe_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Юриллe интеллект – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юриллe интеллект" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelihensiya_artipisyal" title="Intelihensiya artipisyal – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Intelihensiya artipisyal" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%C4%9Bl%C3%A1_inteligence" title="Umělá inteligence – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Umělá inteligence" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deallusrwydd_artiffisial" title="Deallusrwydd artiffisial – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deallusrwydd artiffisial" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstig_intelligens" title="Kunstig intelligens – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kunstig intelligens" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="دكا صطيناعي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دكا صطيناعي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz" title="Künstliche Intelligenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Künstliche Intelligenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehisintellekt" title="Tehisintellekt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tehisintellekt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE_%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Τεχνητή νοημοσύνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τεχνητή νοημοσύνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial" title="Inteligencia artificial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inteligencia artificial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artefarita_intelekto" title="Artefarita intelekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Artefarita intelekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteligencia_artificial" title="Enteligencia artificial – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Enteligencia artificial" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adimen_artifizial" title="Adimen artifizial – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adimen artifizial" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="هوش مصنوعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوش مصنوعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Artificial intelligence" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle" title="Intelligence artificielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Intelligence artificielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligjence_artifici%C3%A2l" title="Inteligjence artificiâl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Inteligjence artificiâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intleacht_shaorga" title="Intleacht shaorga – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Intleacht shaorga" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-in%C3%A7hynaght" title="Far-inçhynaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Far-inçhynaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuigse_inntealta" title="Tuigse inntealta – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tuigse inntealta" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelixencia_artificial" title="Intelixencia artificial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Intelixencia artificial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="人工智能" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A8%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Kanyonde" title="Ũũgĩ wa Kanyonde – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ũũgĩ wa Kanyonde" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EB%8A%A5" title="인공지능 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인공지능" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkirar_Basira" title="Kirkirar Basira – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kirkirar Basira" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արհեստական բանականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արհեստական բանականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="कृत्रिम बुद्धि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कृत्रिम बुद्धि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetna_inteligencija" title="Umjetna inteligencija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Umjetna inteligencija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifical_inteligenteso" title="Artifical inteligenteso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Artifical inteligenteso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cg%E1%BB%A5g%E1%BB%A5_isi" title="Ọgụgụ isi – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọgụgụ isi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parbo_a_saririt" title="Parbo a saririt – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Parbo a saririt" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal_imitasi" title="Akal imitasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akal imitasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentia_artificial" title="Intelligentia artificial – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Intelligentia artificial" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligentie_artificial" title="Inteligentie artificial – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Inteligentie artificial" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHlakahlisombulu" title="UHlakahlisombulu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UHlakahlisombulu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gervigreind" title="Gervigreind – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gervigreind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza_artificiale" title="Intelligenza artificiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Intelligenza artificiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בינה מלאכותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בינה מלאכותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacerdhasan_gaw%C3%A9yan" title="Kacerdhasan gawéyan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kacerdhasan gawéyan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಕೃತಕ ಬುದ್ಧಿಮತ್ತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೃತಕ ಬುದ್ಧಿಮತ್ತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ხელოვნური ინტელექტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხელოვნური ინტელექტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84_AI" title="نقلی عقل AI – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نقلی عقل AI" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Жасанды интеллект – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жасанды интеллект" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akili_mnemba" title="Akili mnemba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Akili mnemba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent%C3%A8lijans_atifisy%C3%A8l" title="Entèlijans atifisyèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Entèlijans atifisyèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent%C3%A9lijans_artifisy%C3%A8l" title="Entélijans artifisyèl – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Entélijans artifisyèl" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Жасалма интеллект – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жасалма интеллект" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ປັນຍາປະດິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປັນຍາປະດິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellegentia_artificialis" title="Intellegentia artificialis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Intellegentia artificialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ksl%C4%ABgais_intelekts" title="Mākslīgais intelekts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mākslīgais intelekts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABnschtlech_Intelligenz" title="Kënschtlech Intelligenz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kënschtlech Intelligenz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirbtinis_intelektas" title="Dirbtinis intelektas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dirbtinis intelektas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligensa_artifi%C3%A7iale" title="Intelligensa artifiçiale – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Intelligensa artifiçiale" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3nsmaesige_intelligentie" title="Kónsmaesige intelligentie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kónsmaesige intelligentie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rutni_menli" title="rutni menli – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rutni menli" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza_artificiala" title="Intelligenza artificiala – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Intelligenza artificiala" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesters%C3%A9ges_intelligencia" title="Mesterséges intelligencia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mesterséges intelligencia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecerdasan_buatan" title="Kecerdasan buatan – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kecerdasan buatan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Вештачка интелигенција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вештачка интелигенција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haranitan-tsaina_voatr%27_olombelona" title="Haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E2%80%8D%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF" title="നി‍ർമ്മിത ബുദ്ധി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നി‍ർമ്മിത ബുദ്ധി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelli%C4%A1enza_artifi%C4%8Bjali" title="Intelliġenza artifiċjali – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Intelliġenza artifiċjali" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ხელუანური ინტელექტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ხელუანური ინტელექტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%89" title="ذكاء صناعى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ذكاء صناعى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecerdasan_buatan" title="Kecerdasan buatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kecerdasan buatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecerdasan_buatan" title="Kecerdasan buatan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kecerdasan buatan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Хиймэл оюун – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хиймэл оюун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%89%E1%80%AC%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="ဉာဏ်ရည်တု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဉာဏ်ရည်တု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstmatige_intelligentie" title="Kunstmatige intelligentie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kunstmatige intelligentie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keunstklookte" title="Keunstklookte – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Keunstklookte" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कृत्रिम बौद्धिकता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कृत्रिम बौद्धिकता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आर्टिफिसियल इन्टेलिजेन्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आर्टिफिसियल इन्टेलिजेन्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD" title="人工知能 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人工知能" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstelk_Inteligens" title="Konstelk Inteligens – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Konstelk Inteligens" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstig_intelligens" title="Kunstig intelligens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kunstig intelligens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstig_intelligens" title="Kunstig intelligens – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kunstig intelligens" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellig%C3%A9ncia_artificiala" title="Intelligéncia artificiala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Intelligéncia artificiala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8" title="ଆର୍ଟିଫିସିଆଲ ଇଣ୍ଟେଲିଜେନ୍ସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆର୍ଟିଫିସିଆଲ ଇଣ୍ଟେଲିଜେନ୍ସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%CA%BCiy_intellekt" title="Sunʼiy intellekt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sunʼiy intellekt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80_(_AI)" title="ਬਣਾਵਟੀ ਬੁੱਧੀ ( AI) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਣਾਵਟੀ ਬੁੱਧੀ ( AI)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بنائی گئی ذہانت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنائی گئی ذہانت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A_%DA%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مصنوعي ځيرکتیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مصنوعي ځيرکتیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatifishal_intelijens" title="Aatifishal intelijens – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aatifishal intelijens" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F" title="បញ្ញាសិប្បនិម្មិត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បញ្ញាសិប្បនិម្មិត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Int%C3%A9rligince_artificielle" title="Intérligince artificielle – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Intérligince artificielle" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligensa_Artifissial" title="Inteligensa Artifissial – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Inteligensa Artifissial" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnstlike_Intelligenz" title="Künstlike Intelligenz – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Künstlike Intelligenz" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuczna_inteligencja" title="Sztuczna inteligencja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuczna inteligencja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial" title="Inteligência artificial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inteligência artificial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasalma_intellekt" title="Jasalma intellekt – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jasalma intellekt" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suniy_zek%C3%A2" title="Suniy zekâ – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Suniy zekâ" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificiel" title="Intelligence artificiel – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Intelligence artificiel" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" title="Artificial Intelligence – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Artificial Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligen%C8%9B%C4%83_artificial%C4%83" title="Inteligență artificială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inteligență artificială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpasqa_yuyay" title="Wallpasqa yuyay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wallpasqa yuyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D2%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Умела інтеліґенція – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Умела інтеліґенція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Искусственный интеллект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Искусственный интеллект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A5%D0%BE%D2%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Оҥоһуу интеллект – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Оҥоһуу интеллект" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifeecial_intelligence" title="Artifeecial intelligence – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Artifeecial intelligence" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligjenca_artificiale" title="Inteligjenca artificiale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Inteligjenca artificiale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="කෘත්‍රීම බුද්ධිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කෘත්‍රීම බුද්ධිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Artificial intelligence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%BF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B0%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ھٿرادو ذھانت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھٿرادو ذھانت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umel%C3%A1_inteligencia" title="Umelá inteligencia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Umelá inteligencia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umetna_inteligenca" title="Umetna inteligenca – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Umetna inteligenca" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoryjo:Sztuczno_inteligencyjo" title="Kategoryjo:Sztuczno inteligencyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kategoryjo:Sztuczno inteligencyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ژیریی دەستکرد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژیریی دەستکرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Вештачка интелигенција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вештачка интелигенција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vje%C5%A1ta%C4%8Dka_inteligencija" title="Vještačka inteligencija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vještačka inteligencija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teko%C3%A4ly" title="Tekoäly – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tekoäly" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificiell_intelligens" title="Artificiell intelligens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Artificiell intelligens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artipisyal_na_katalinuhan" title="Artipisyal na katalinuhan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Artipisyal na katalinuhan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intelligence of machines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"AI" redirects here. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artificial intelligence (AI)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dall-e_3_(jan_%2724)_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/100px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/150px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/200px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Goals">Major goals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_game_playing" title="General game playing">General game playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Approaches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence" title="Symbolic artificial intelligence">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm" title="Evolutionary algorithm">Evolutionary algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_intelligent_system" title="Hybrid intelligent system">Hybrid intelligent systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_systems_integration" title="Artificial intelligence systems integration">Systems integration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics" title="Machine learning in bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_earth_sciences" title="Machine learning in earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence#Finance" title="Applications of artificial intelligence"> Finance </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative AI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_audio" title="Generative audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_government" title="Artificial intelligence in government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_mental_health" title="Artificial intelligence in mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_industry" title="Artificial intelligence in industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race"> Military </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_physics" title="Machine learning in physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" title="List of artificial intelligence projects">Projects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_control_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="AI control problem">Control problem</a>/<a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">Takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_winter" title="AI winter">AI winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_intelligence" title="Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_intelligence" title="Template talk:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_intelligence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> exhibited by <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machines</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer systems</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Field_of_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Field of research">field of research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> that develops and studies methods and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> that enable machines to <a href="/wiki/Machine_perception" title="Machine perception">perceive their environment</a> and use <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">learning</a> and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20211–4-1">[1]</a> Such machines may be called AIs. High-profile <a href="/wiki/Applications_of_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Applications of AI">applications of AI</a> include advanced <a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">web search engines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a>); <a href="/wiki/Recommendation_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommendation systems">recommendation systems</a> (used by <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>); <a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">virtual assistants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Google_Assistant" title="Google Assistant">Google Assistant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Alexa" title="Amazon Alexa">Alexa</a>); <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous vehicles">autonomous vehicles</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo">Waymo</a>); <a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">generative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computational_creativity" title="Computational creativity">creative</a> tools (e.g., <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> and <a href="/wiki/AI_art" class="mw-redirect" title="AI art">AI art</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">superhuman</a> play and analysis in <a href="/wiki/Strategy_game" title="Strategy game">strategy games</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a>). However, many AI applications are not perceived as AI: "A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general applications, often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough and common enough it's <a href="/wiki/AI_effect" title="AI effect">not labeled AI anymore</a>."<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Various subfields of AI research are centered around particular goals and the use of particular tools. The traditional goals of AI research include <a href="/wiki/Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">reasoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">knowledge representation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>, perception, and support for <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Problems_of_AI-4">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">General intelligence</a>—the ability to complete any task performed by a human on an at least equal level—is among the field's long-term goals.<a href="#cite_note-Artificial_general_intelligence-5">[4]</a> To reach these goals, AI researchers have adapted and integrated a wide range of techniques, including <a href="/wiki/State_space_search" title="State space search">search</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">mathematical optimization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formal_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal logic">formal logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural networks</a>, and methods based on <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">operations research</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tools_of_AI-6">[b]</a> AI also draws upon <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>, and other fields.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956,<a href="#cite_note-Dartmouth_workshop-8">[6]</a> and the field went through multiple cycles of optimism throughout <a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">its history</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Succ1-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fund01-10">[8]</a> followed by periods of disappointment and loss of funding, known as <a href="/wiki/AI_winter" title="AI winter">AI winters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-First_AI_Winter-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Second_AI_Winter-12">[10]</a> Funding and interest vastly increased after 2012 when <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a> outperformed previous AI techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Deep_learning_revolution-13">[11]</a> This growth accelerated further after 2017 with the <a href="/wiki/Transformer_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer architecture">transformer architecture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews2023-14">[12]</a> and by the early 2020s many billions of dollars were being invested in AI and the field experienced rapid ongoing <a href="/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">progress</a> in what has become known as the <a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a>. The emergence of advanced generative AI in the midst of the AI boom and its ability to create and modify content exposed several unintended consequences and harms in the present and raised concerns about the <a href="/wiki/AI_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="AI risk">risks of AI</a> and <a href="/wiki/AI_aftermath_scenarios" title="AI aftermath scenarios">its long-term effects</a> in the future, prompting discussions about <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Regulation of artificial intelligence">regulatory policies</a> to ensure the <a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">safety and benefits of the technology</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals">Goals</h2></div> The general problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has been broken into subproblems. These consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers expect an intelligent system to display. The traits described below have received the most attention and cover the scope of AI research.<a href="#cite_note-Problems_of_AI-4">[a]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasoning_and_problem-solving">Reasoning and problem-solving</h3></div> Early researchers developed algorithms that imitated step-by-step reasoning that humans use when they solve puzzles or make logical <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deductions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> By the late 1980s and 1990s, methods were developed for dealing with <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">uncertain</a> or incomplete information, employing concepts from <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Many of these algorithms are insufficient for solving large reasoning problems because they experience a "combinatorial explosion": They become exponentially slower as the problems grow.<a href="#cite_note-Intractability_and_efficiency_and_the_combinatorial_explosion-17">[15]</a> Even humans rarely use the step-by-step deduction that early AI research could model. They solve most of their problems using fast, intuitive judgments.<a href="#cite_note-Psychological_evidence_of_the_prevalence_of_sub-18">[16]</a> Accurate and efficient reasoning is an unsolved problem. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge_representation">Knowledge representation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Formal_Ontology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/General_Formal_Ontology.svg/260px-General_Formal_Ontology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/General_Formal_Ontology.svg/390px-General_Formal_Ontology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/General_Formal_Ontology.svg/520px-General_Formal_Ontology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>An ontology represents knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">Knowledge representation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_engineering" title="Knowledge engineering">knowledge engineering</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> allow AI programs to answer questions intelligently and make deductions about real-world facts. Formal knowledge representations are used in content-based indexing and retrieval,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmoliarZhang1994-20">[18]</a> scene interpretation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumannMöller2008-21">[19]</a> clinical decision support,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupermanReichleyBailey2006-22">[20]</a> knowledge discovery (mining "interesting" and actionable inferences from large <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2005-23">[21]</a> and other areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertiniDel_BimboTorniai2006-24">[22]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">knowledge base</a> is a body of knowledge represented in a form that can be used by a program. An <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">ontology</a> is the set of objects, relations, concepts, and properties used by a particular domain of knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021272-25">[23]</a> Knowledge bases need to represent things such as objects, properties, categories, and relations between objects;<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> situations, events, states, and time;<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> causes and effects;<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> knowledge about knowledge (what we know about what other people know);<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Default_reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Default reasoning">default reasoning</a> (things that humans assume are true until they are told differently and will remain true even when other facts are changing);<a href="#cite_note-Default_reasoning-30">[28]</a> and many other aspects and domains of knowledge. Among the most difficult problems in knowledge representation are the breadth of commonsense knowledge (the set of atomic facts that the average person knows is enormous);<a href="#cite_note-Breadth_of_commonsense_knowledge-31">[29]</a> and the sub-symbolic form of most commonsense knowledge (much of what people know is not represented as "facts" or "statements" that they could express verbally).<a href="#cite_note-Psychological_evidence_of_the_prevalence_of_sub-18">[16]</a> There is also the difficulty of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_acquisition" title="Knowledge acquisition">knowledge acquisition</a>, the problem of obtaining knowledge for AI applications.<a href="#cite_note-34">[c]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning_and_decision-making">Planning and decision-making</h3></div> An "agent" is anything that perceives and takes actions in the world. A <a href="/wiki/Rational_agent" title="Rational agent">rational agent</a> has goals or preferences and takes actions to make them happen.<a href="#cite_note-35">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021528-36">[32]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Automated_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated planning">automated planning</a>, the agent has a specific goal.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Automated_decision-making" title="Automated decision-making">automated decision-making</a>, the agent has preferences—there are some situations it would prefer to be in, and some situations it is trying to avoid. The decision-making agent assigns a number to each situation (called the "<a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a>") that measures how much the agent prefers it. For each possible action, it can calculate the "<a href="/wiki/Expected_utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Expected utility">expected utility</a>": the <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> of all possible outcomes of the action, weighted by the probability that the outcome will occur. It can then choose the action with the maximum expected utility.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling#classical_planning" title="Automated planning and scheduling">classical planning</a>, the agent knows exactly what the effect of any action will be.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> In most real-world problems, however, the agent may not be certain about the situation they are in (it is "unknown" or "unobservable") and it may not know for certain what will happen after each possible action (it is not "deterministic"). It must choose an action by making a probabilistic guess and then reassess the situation to see if the action worked.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> In some problems, the agent's preferences may be uncertain, especially if there are other agents or humans involved. These can be learned (e.g., with <a href="/wiki/Inverse_reinforcement_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverse reinforcement learning">inverse reinforcement learning</a>), or the agent can seek information to improve its preferences.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Information_value_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Information value theory">Information value theory</a> can be used to weigh the value of exploratory or experimental actions.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> The space of possible future actions and situations is typically <a href="/wiki/Intractably" class="mw-redirect" title="Intractably">intractably</a> large, so the agents must take actions and evaluate situations while being uncertain of what the outcome will be. A <a href="/wiki/Markov_decision_process" title="Markov decision process">Markov decision process</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">transition model</a> that describes the probability that a particular action will change the state in a particular way and a <a href="/wiki/Reward_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Reward function">reward function</a> that supplies the utility of each state and the cost of each action. A <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning#Policy" title="Reinforcement learning">policy</a> associates a decision with each possible state. The policy could be calculated (e.g., by <a href="/wiki/Policy_iteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy iteration">iteration</a>), be <a href="/wiki/Heuristic" title="Heuristic">heuristic</a>, or it can be learned.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a> describes the rational behavior of multiple interacting agents and is used in AI programs that make decisions that involve other agents.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Learning">Learning</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a> is the study of programs that can improve their performance on a given task automatically.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> It has been a part of AI from the beginning.<a href="#cite_note-48">[e]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Supervised_and_unsupervised_learning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Supervised_and_unsupervised_learning.png/310px-Supervised_and_unsupervised_learning.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Supervised_and_unsupervised_learning.png/465px-Supervised_and_unsupervised_learning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Supervised_and_unsupervised_learning.png/620px-Supervised_and_unsupervised_learning.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> There are several kinds of machine learning. <a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a> analyzes a stream of data and finds patterns and makes predictions without any other guidance.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a> requires labeling the training data with the expected answers, and comes in two main varieties: <a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">classification</a> (where the program must learn to predict what category the input belongs in) and <a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a> (where the program must deduce a numeric function based on numeric input).<a href="#cite_note-Supervised_learning-50">[45]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a>, the agent is rewarded for good responses and punished for bad ones. The agent learns to choose responses that are classified as "good".<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transfer_learning" title="Transfer learning">Transfer learning</a> is when the knowledge gained from one problem is applied to a new problem.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a> is a type of machine learning that runs inputs through biologically inspired <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural networks">artificial neural networks</a> for all of these types of learning.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">Computational learning theory</a> can assess learners by <a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">computational complexity</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Sample_complexity" title="Sample complexity">sample complexity</a> (how much data is required), or by other notions of <a href="/wiki/Optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization">optimization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_language_processing">Natural language processing</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a> (NLP)<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> allows programs to read, write and communicate in human languages such as <a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a>. Specific problems include <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">speech synthesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">information extraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Question_answering" title="Question answering">question answering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> Early work, based on <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">generative grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">semantic networks</a>, had difficulty with <a href="/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">word-sense disambiguation</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[f]</a> unless restricted to small domains called "<a href="/wiki/Blocks_world" title="Blocks world">micro-worlds</a>" (due to the common sense knowledge problem<a href="#cite_note-Breadth_of_commonsense_knowledge-31">[29]</a>). <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Masterman" title="Margaret Masterman">Margaret Masterman</a> believed that it was meaning and not grammar that was the key to understanding languages, and that <a href="/wiki/Thesauri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesauri">thesauri</a> and not dictionaries should be the basis of computational language structure. Modern deep learning techniques for NLP include <a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">word embedding</a> (representing words, typically as <a href="/wiki/Vector_space" title="Vector space">vectors</a> encoding their meaning),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021856–858-58">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">transformers</a> (a deep learning architecture using an <a href="/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning)" title="Attention (machine learning)">attention</a> mechanism),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson2022-59">[53]</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">generative pre-trained transformer</a> (or "GPT") language models began to generate coherent text,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincent2019-61">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021875–878-62">[56]</a> and by 2023, these models were able to get human-level scores on the <a href="/wiki/Bar_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar exam">bar exam</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> test, <a href="/wiki/GRE" class="mw-redirect" title="GRE">GRE</a> test, and many other real-world applications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushwick2023-63">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perception">Perception</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Machine_perception" title="Machine perception">Machine perception</a> is the ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras, microphones, wireless signals, active <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a>, sonar, radar, and <a href="/wiki/Tactile_sensor" title="Tactile sensor">tactile sensors</a>) to deduce aspects of the world. <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a> is the ability to analyze visual input.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> The field includes <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021849–850-65">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Image_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Image classification">image classification</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021895–899-66">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Object recognition">object recognition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021899–901-67">[61]</a><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">object tracking</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChallaMorelandMušickiEvans2011-68">[62]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotic_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic perception">robotic perception</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021931–938-69">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_intelligence">Social intelligence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kismet-IMG_6007-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kismet-IMG_6007-gradient.jpg/220px-Kismet-IMG_6007-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kismet-IMG_6007-gradient.jpg/330px-Kismet-IMG_6007-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kismet-IMG_6007-gradient.jpg/440px-Kismet-IMG_6007-gradient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="3667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kismet_(robot)" title="Kismet (robot)">Kismet</a>, a robot head which was made in the 1990s; it is a machine that can recognize and simulate emotions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMIT_AIL2014-70">[64]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">Affective computing</a> is a field that comprises systems that recognize, interpret, process, or simulate human <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">feeling, emotion, and mood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> For example, some <a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">virtual assistants</a> are programmed to speak conversationally or even to banter humorously; it makes them appear more sensitive to the emotional dynamics of human interaction, or to otherwise facilitate <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a>. However, this tends to give naïve users an unrealistic conception of the intelligence of existing computer agents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell2018-72">[66]</a> Moderate successes related to affective computing include textual <a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">sentiment analysis</a> and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Multimodal_sentiment_analysis" title="Multimodal sentiment analysis">multimodal sentiment analysis</a>, wherein AI classifies the effects displayed by a videotaped subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoriaCambriaBajpaiHussain2017-73">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_intelligence">General intelligence</h3></div> A machine with <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a> should be able to solve a wide variety of problems with breadth and versatility similar to <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">human intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Artificial_general_intelligence-5">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2></div> AI research uses a wide variety of techniques to accomplish the goals above.<a href="#cite_note-Tools_of_AI-6">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Search_and_optimization">Search and optimization</h3></div> AI can solve many problems by intelligently searching through many possible solutions.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> There are two very different kinds of search used in AI: <a href="/wiki/State_space_search" title="State space search">state space search</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_search_(optimization)" title="Local search (optimization)">local search</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_space_search">State space search</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/State_space_search" title="State space search">State space search</a> searches through a tree of possible states to try to find a goal state.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">planning</a> algorithms search through trees of goals and subgoals, attempting to find a path to a target goal, a process called <a href="/wiki/Means-ends_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Means-ends analysis">means-ends analysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021sect._11.2-76">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brute_force_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Brute force search">Simple exhaustive searches</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> are rarely sufficient for most real-world problems: the <a href="/wiki/Search_algorithm" title="Search algorithm">search space</a> (the number of places to search) quickly grows to <a href="/wiki/Astronomically_large" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomically large">astronomical numbers</a>. The result is a search that is <a href="/wiki/Computation_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Computation time">too slow</a> or never completes.<a href="#cite_note-Intractability_and_efficiency_and_the_combinatorial_explosion-17">[15]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Heuristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Heuristics">Heuristics</a>" or "rules of thumb" can help prioritize choices that are more likely to reach a goal.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Adversarial search">Adversarial search</a> is used for <a href="/wiki/Game_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Game AI">game-playing</a> programs, such as chess or Go. It searches through a <a href="/wiki/Game_tree" title="Game tree">tree</a> of possible moves and countermoves, looking for a winning position.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Local_search">Local search</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gradient_descent.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gradient_descent.gif/220px-Gradient_descent.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gradient_descent.gif/330px-Gradient_descent.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gradient_descent.gif 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Gradient_descent" title="Gradient descent">gradient descent</a> for 3 different starting points; two parameters (represented by the plan coordinates) are adjusted in order to minimize the <a href="/wiki/Loss_function" title="Loss function">loss function</a> (the height)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Local_search_(optimization)" title="Local search (optimization)">Local search</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">mathematical optimization</a> to find a solution to a problem. It begins with some form of guess and refines it incrementally.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gradient_descent" title="Gradient descent">Gradient descent</a> is a type of local search that optimizes a set of numerical parameters by incrementally adjusting them to minimize a <a href="/wiki/Loss_function" title="Loss function">loss function</a>. Variants of gradient descent are commonly used to train <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">neural networks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">backpropagation</a> algorithm. Another type of local search is <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">evolutionary computation</a>, which aims to iteratively improve a set of candidate solutions by "mutating" and "recombining" them, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial selection">selecting</a> only the fittest to survive each generation.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> Distributed search processes can coordinate via <a href="/wiki/Swarm_intelligence" title="Swarm intelligence">swarm intelligence</a> algorithms. Two popular swarm algorithms used in search are <a href="/wiki/Particle_swarm_optimization" title="Particle swarm optimization">particle swarm optimization</a> (inspired by bird <a href="/wiki/Flocking" title="Flocking">flocking</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant colony optimization">ant colony optimization</a> (inspired by <a href="/wiki/Ant_trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant trail">ant trails</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkleMiddendorf2013-83">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logic">Logic</h3></div> Formal <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> is used for <a href="/wiki/Automatic_reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic reasoning">reasoning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">knowledge representation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> Formal logic comes in two main forms: <a href="/wiki/Propositional_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional logic">propositional logic</a> (which operates on statements that are true or false and uses <a href="/wiki/Logical_connective" title="Logical connective">logical connectives</a> such as "and", "or", "not" and "implies")<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predicate_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicate logic">predicate logic</a> (which also operates on objects, predicates and relations and uses <a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(logic)" title="Quantifier (logic)">quantifiers</a> such as "Every X is a Y" and "There are some Xs that are Ys").<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">Deductive reasoning</a> in logic is the process of <a href="/wiki/Logical_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical proof">proving</a> a new statement (<a href="/wiki/Logical_consequence" title="Logical consequence">conclusion</a>) from other statements that are given and assumed to be true (the <a href="/wiki/Premise" title="Premise">premises</a>).<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> Proofs can be structured as proof <a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">trees</a>, in which nodes are labelled by sentences, and children nodes are connected to parent nodes by <a href="/wiki/Inference_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Inference rule">inference rules</a>. Given a problem and a set of premises, problem-solving reduces to searching for a proof tree whose root node is labelled by a solution of the problem and whose <a href="/wiki/Leaf_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf nodes">leaf nodes</a> are labelled by premises or <a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">axioms</a>. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Horn_clause" title="Horn clause">Horn clauses</a>, problem-solving search can be performed by reasoning <a href="/wiki/Forward_chaining" title="Forward chaining">forwards</a> from the premises or <a href="/wiki/Backward_chaining" title="Backward chaining">backwards</a> from the problem.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> In the more general case of the clausal form of <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">first-order logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(logic)" title="Resolution (logic)">resolution</a> is a single, axiom-free rule of inference, in which a problem is solved by proving a contradiction from premises that include the negation of the problem to be solved.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> Inference in both Horn clause logic and first-order logic is <a href="/wiki/Undecidable_problem" title="Undecidable problem">undecidable</a>, and therefore <a href="/wiki/Intractable_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Intractable problem">intractable</a>. However, backward reasoning with Horn clauses, which underpins computation in the <a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic programming</a> language <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Turing_complete" class="mw-redirect" title="Turing complete">Turing complete</a>. Moreover, its efficiency is competitive with computation in other <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_programming" title="Symbolic programming">symbolic programming</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_logic" title="Fuzzy logic">Fuzzy logic</a> assigns a "degree of truth" between 0 and 1. It can therefore handle propositions that are vague and partially true.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-monotonic_logic" title="Non-monotonic logic">Non-monotonic logics</a>, including logic programming with <a href="/wiki/Negation_as_failure" title="Negation as failure">negation as failure</a>, are designed to handle <a href="/wiki/Default_reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Default reasoning">default reasoning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Default_reasoning-30">[28]</a> Other specialized versions of logic have been developed to describe many complex domains. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Probabilistic_methods_for_uncertain_reasoning">Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SimpleBayesNet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/SimpleBayesNet.svg/370px-SimpleBayesNet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/SimpleBayesNet.svg/555px-SimpleBayesNet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/SimpleBayesNet.svg/740px-SimpleBayesNet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>A simple <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian network</a>, with the associated <a href="/wiki/Conditional_probability_table" title="Conditional probability table">conditional probability tables</a></figcaption></figure> Many problems in AI (including in reasoning, planning, learning, perception, and robotics) require the agent to operate with incomplete or uncertain information. AI researchers have devised a number of tools to solve these problems using methods from <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> theory and economics.<a href="#cite_note-Stoch-92">[86]</a> Precise mathematical tools have been developed that analyze how an agent can make choices and plan, using <a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">decision theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decision_analysis" title="Decision analysis">decision analysis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_value_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Information value theory">information value theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> These tools include models such as <a href="/wiki/Markov_decision_process" title="Markov decision process">Markov decision processes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> dynamic <a href="/wiki/Decision_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision network">decision networks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Stochastic_temporal_models-96">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">mechanism design</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian networks</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> are a tool that can be used for <a href="/wiki/Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">reasoning</a> (using the <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_inference" title="Bayesian inference">Bayesian inference</a> algorithm),<a href="#cite_note-100">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">learning</a> (using the <a href="/wiki/Expectation%E2%80%93maximization_algorithm" title="Expectation–maximization algorithm">expectation–maximization algorithm</a>),<a href="#cite_note-103">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">planning</a> (using <a href="/wiki/Decision_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision network">decision networks</a>)<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_perception" title="Machine perception">perception</a> (using <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Bayesian_network" title="Dynamic Bayesian network">dynamic Bayesian networks</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Stochastic_temporal_models-96">[90]</a> Probabilistic algorithms can also be used for filtering, prediction, smoothing, and finding explanations for streams of data, thus helping perception systems analyze processes that occur over time (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model" title="Hidden Markov model">hidden Markov models</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kalman_filter" title="Kalman filter">Kalman filters</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Stochastic_temporal_models-96">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EM_Clustering_of_Old_Faithful_data.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/EM_Clustering_of_Old_Faithful_data.gif/260px-EM_Clustering_of_Old_Faithful_data.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/EM_Clustering_of_Old_Faithful_data.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Expectation%E2%80%93maximization_algorithm" title="Expectation–maximization algorithm">Expectation–maximization</a> <a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">clustering</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_Faithful" title="Old Faithful">Old Faithful</a> eruption data starts from a random guess but then successfully converges on an accurate clustering of the two physically distinct modes of eruption.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classifiers_and_statistical_learning_methods">Classifiers and statistical learning methods</h3></div> The simplest AI applications can be divided into two types: classifiers (e.g., "if shiny then diamond"), on one hand, and controllers (e.g., "if diamond then pick up"), on the other hand. <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classifier (mathematics)">Classifiers</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a> are functions that use <a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a> to determine the closest match. They can be fine-tuned based on chosen examples using <a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">supervised learning</a>. Each pattern (also called an "<a href="/wiki/Random_variate" title="Random variate">observation</a>") is labeled with a certain predefined class. All the observations combined with their class labels are known as a <a href="/wiki/Data_set" title="Data set">data set</a>. When a new observation is received, that observation is classified based on previous experience.<a href="#cite_note-Supervised_learning-50">[45]</a> There are many kinds of classifiers in use.<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Decision_tree" title="Decision tree">decision tree</a> is the simplest and most widely used symbolic machine learning algorithm.<a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/K-nearest_neighbor" class="mw-redirect" title="K-nearest neighbor">K-nearest neighbor</a> algorithm was the most widely used analogical AI until the mid-1990s, and <a href="/wiki/Kernel_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel methods">Kernel methods</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Support_vector_machine" title="Support vector machine">support vector machine</a> (SVM) displaced k-nearest neighbor in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifier" title="Naive Bayes classifier">naive Bayes classifier</a> is reportedly the "most widely used learner"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomingos2015152-110">[102]</a> at Google, due in part to its scalability.<a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Neural networks</a> are also used as classifiers.<a href="#cite_note-Neural_networks-112">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_neural_networks">Artificial neural networks</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artificial_neural_network.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Artificial_neural_network.svg/220px-Artificial_neural_network.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Artificial_neural_network.svg/330px-Artificial_neural_network.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Artificial_neural_network.svg/440px-Artificial_neural_network.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A neural network is an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a>.</figcaption></figure> An artificial neural network is based on a collection of nodes also known as <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neurons">artificial neurons</a>, which loosely model the <a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a> in a biological brain. It is trained to recognise patterns; once trained, it can recognise those patterns in fresh data. There is an input, at least one hidden layer of nodes and an output. Each node applies a function and once the <a href="/wiki/Weighting" title="Weighting">weight</a> crosses its specified threshold, the data is transmitted to the next layer. A network is typically called a deep neural network if it has at least 2 hidden layers.<a href="#cite_note-Neural_networks-112">[104]</a> Learning algorithms for neural networks use <a href="/wiki/Local_search_(optimization)" title="Local search (optimization)">local search</a> to choose the weights that will get the right output for each input during training. The most common training technique is the <a href="/wiki/Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">backpropagation</a> algorithm.<a href="#cite_note-113">[105]</a> Neural networks learn to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs and <a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">find patterns</a> in data. In theory, a neural network can learn any function.<a href="#cite_note-114">[106]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Feedforward_neural_network" title="Feedforward neural network">feedforward neural networks</a> the signal passes in only one direction.<a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural networks</a> feed the output signal back into the input, which allows short-term memories of previous input events. <a href="/wiki/Long_short_term_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Long short term memory">Long short term memory</a> is the most successful network architecture for recurrent networks.<a href="#cite_note-116">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Perceptron" title="Perceptron">Perceptrons</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> use only a single layer of neurons; deep learning<a href="#cite_note-Deep_learning-118">[110]</a> uses multiple layers. <a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural networks</a> strengthen the connection between neurons that are "close" to each other—this is especially important in <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>, where a local set of neurons must <a href="/wiki/Edge_detection" title="Edge detection">identify an "edge"</a> before the network can identify an object.<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_learning">Deep learning</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AI_hierarchy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AI_hierarchy.svg/170px-AI_hierarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AI_hierarchy.svg/255px-AI_hierarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AI_hierarchy.svg/340px-AI_hierarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a><a href="#cite_note-Deep_learning-118">[110]</a> uses several layers of neurons between the network's inputs and outputs. The multiple layers can progressively extract higher-level features from the raw input. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>, lower layers may identify edges, while higher layers may identify the concepts relevant to a human such as digits, letters, or faces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDengYu2014199–200-120">[112]</a> Deep learning has profoundly improved the performance of programs in many important subfields of artificial intelligence, including <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Image classification">image classification</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiresanMeierSchmidhuber2012-121">[113]</a> and others. The reason that deep learning performs so well in so many applications is not known as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021751-122">[114]</a> The sudden success of deep learning in 2012–2015 did not occur because of some new discovery or theoretical breakthrough (deep neural networks and backpropagation had been described by many people, as far back as the 1950s)<a href="#cite_note-129">[i]</a> but because of two factors: the incredible increase in computer power (including the hundred-fold increase in speed by switching to <a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPUs</a>) and the availability of vast amounts of training data, especially the giant <a href="/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research" title="List of datasets for machine-learning research">curated datasets</a> used for benchmark testing, such as <a href="/wiki/ImageNet" title="ImageNet">ImageNet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[j]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPT">GPT</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformers</a> (GPT) are <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language models</a> (LLMs) that generate text based on the semantic relationships between words in sentences. Text-based GPT models are pretrained on a large <a href="/wiki/Corpus_of_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus of text">corpus of text</a> that can be from the Internet. The pretraining consists of predicting the next <a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">token</a> (a token being usually a word, subword, or punctuation). Throughout this pretraining, GPT models accumulate knowledge about the world and can then generate human-like text by repeatedly predicting the next token. Typically, a subsequent training phase makes the model more truthful, useful, and harmless, usually with a technique called <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">reinforcement learning from human feedback</a> (RLHF). Current GPT models are prone to generating falsehoods called "<a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">hallucinations</a>", although this can be reduced with RLHF and quality data. They are used in <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbots</a>, which allow people to ask a question or request a task in simple text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023-132">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[123]</a> Current models and services include <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">Gemini</a> (formerly Bard), <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" title="Grok (chatbot)">Grok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropic#Claude" title="Anthropic">Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Copilot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LLaMA" class="mw-redirect" title="LLaMA">LLaMA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multimodal_learning" title="Multimodal learning">Multimodal</a> GPT models can process different types of data (<a href="/wiki/Modality_(human%E2%80%93computer_interaction)" title="Modality (human–computer interaction)">modalities</a>) such as images, videos, sound, and text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarmouyet2023-135">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware_and_software">Hardware and software</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Programming_languages_for_artificial_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming languages for artificial intelligence">Programming languages for artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardware_for_artificial_intelligence" title="Hardware for artificial intelligence">Hardware for artificial intelligence</a></div> In the late 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing units</a> (GPUs) that were increasingly designed with AI-specific enhancements and used with specialized <a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a> software had replaced previously used <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> (CPUs) as the dominant means for large-scale (commercial and academic) <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> models' training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobielus2019-136">[126]</a> Specialized <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a> were used in early AI research,<a href="#cite_note-137">[127]</a> but <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose programming languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> have become predominant.<a href="#cite_note-138">[128]</a> The transistor density in <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> has been observed to roughly double every 18 months—a trend known as <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a>, named after the <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a>, who first identified it. Improvements in <a href="/wiki/GPUs" class="mw-redirect" title="GPUs">GPUs</a> have been even faster,<a href="#cite_note-139">[129]</a> a trend sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Huang%27s_law" title="Huang's law">Huang's law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[130]</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> co-founder and CEO <a href="/wiki/Jensen_Huang" title="Jensen Huang">Jensen Huang</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications of artificial intelligence</a></div>AI and machine learning technology is used in most of the essential applications of the 2020s, including: <a href="/wiki/Search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engines">search engines</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a>), <a href="/wiki/Targeted_advertising" title="Targeted advertising">targeting online advertisements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recommendation_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommendation systems">recommendation systems</a> (offered by <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>), driving <a href="/wiki/Internet_traffic" title="Internet traffic">internet traffic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Marketing and artificial intelligence">targeted advertising</a> (<a href="/wiki/AdSense" class="mw-redirect" title="AdSense">AdSense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>), <a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">virtual assistants</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Alexa" title="Amazon Alexa">Alexa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous vehicles">autonomous vehicles</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_system" title="Advanced driver-assistance system">ADAS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-driving cars">self-driving cars</a>), <a href="/wiki/Automatic_language_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic language translation">automatic language translation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Translator" title="Microsoft Translator">Microsoft Translator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Face_ID" title="Face ID">Face ID</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/DeepFace" title="DeepFace">DeepFace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s <a href="/wiki/FaceNet" title="FaceNet">FaceNet</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Image_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Image labeling">image labeling</a> (used by <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, Apple's <a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a> and <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>). The deployment of AI may be overseen by a <a href="/wiki/Chief_automation_officer" title="Chief automation officer">Chief automation officer</a> (CAO). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_medicine">Health and medicine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Artificial intelligence in healthcare</a></div> The application of AI in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical research</a> has the potential to increase patient care and quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-141">[131]</a> Through the lens of the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a>, medical professionals are ethically compelled to use AI, if applications can more accurately diagnose and treat patients.<a href="#cite_note-142">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[133]</a> For medical research, AI is an important tool for processing and integrating <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a>. This is particularly important for <a href="/wiki/Organoid" title="Organoid">organoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">tissue engineering</a> development which use <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a> imaging as a key technique in fabrication.<a href="#cite_note-Bax-2023-144">[134]</a> It has been suggested that AI can overcome discrepancies in funding allocated to different fields of research.<a href="#cite_note-Bax-2023-144">[134]</a> New AI tools can deepen the understanding of biomedically relevant pathways. For example, <a href="/wiki/AlphaFold_2" class="mw-redirect" title="AlphaFold 2">AlphaFold 2</a> (2021) demonstrated the ability to approximate, in hours rather than months, the 3D <a href="/wiki/Protein_structure" title="Protein structure">structure of a protein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[135]</a> In 2023, it was reported that AI-guided drug discovery helped find a class of antibiotics capable of killing two different types of drug-resistant bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-146">[136]</a> In 2024, researchers used machine learning to accelerate the search for <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> drug treatments. Their aim was to identify compounds that block the clumping, or aggregation, of <a href="/wiki/Alpha-synuclein" title="Alpha-synuclein">alpha-synuclein</a> (the protein that characterises Parkinson's disease). They were able to speed up the initial screening process ten-fold and reduce the cost by a thousand-fold.<a href="#cite_note-147">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Game_artificial_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Game artificial intelligence">Game artificial intelligence</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Game_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Game AI">Game playing</a> programs have been used since the 1950s to demonstrate and test AI's most advanced techniques.<a href="#cite_note-149">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/IBM_Deep_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Deep Blue">Deep Blue</a> became the first computer chess-playing system to beat a reigning world chess champion, <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a>, on 11 May 1997.<a href="#cite_note-150">[140]</a> In 2011, in a <a href="/wiki/Jeopardy!" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a> <a href="/wiki/Quiz_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz show">quiz show</a> exhibition match, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Question_answering_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Question answering system">question answering system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watson_(artificial_intelligence_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watson (artificial intelligence software)">Watson</a>, defeated the two greatest Jeopardy! champions, <a href="/wiki/Brad_Rutter" title="Brad Rutter">Brad Rutter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Jennings" title="Ken Jennings">Ken Jennings</a>, by a significant margin.<a href="#cite_note-151">[141]</a> In March 2016, <a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a> won 4 out of 5 games of <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a> in a match with Go champion <a href="/wiki/Lee_Sedol" title="Lee Sedol">Lee Sedol</a>, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Computer_Go" title="Computer Go">computer Go</a>-playing system to beat a professional Go player without <a href="/wiki/Go_handicaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Go handicaps">handicaps</a>. Then, in 2017, it <a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Ke_Jie" title="AlphaGo versus Ke Jie">defeated Ke Jie</a>, who was the best Go player in the world.<a href="#cite_note-152">[142]</a> Other programs handle <a href="/wiki/Imperfect_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperfect information">imperfect-information</a> games, such as the <a href="/wiki/Poker" title="Poker">poker</a>-playing program <a href="/wiki/Pluribus_(poker_bot)" title="Pluribus (poker bot)">Pluribus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a> developed increasingly generalistic <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a> models, such as with <a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a>, which could be trained to play chess, Go, or <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a> games.<a href="#cite_note-154">[144]</a> In 2019, DeepMind's AlphaStar achieved grandmaster level in <a href="/wiki/StarCraft_II" title="StarCraft II">StarCraft II</a>, a particularly challenging real-time strategy game that involves incomplete knowledge of what happens on the map.<a href="#cite_note-155">[145]</a> In 2021, an AI agent competed in a PlayStation <a href="/wiki/Gran_Turismo_(series)" title="Gran Turismo (series)">Gran Turismo</a> competition, winning against four of the world's best Gran Turismo drivers using deep reinforcement learning.<a href="#cite_note-156">[146]</a> In 2024, Google DeepMind introduced SIMA, a type of AI capable of autonomously playing nine previously unseen <a href="/wiki/Open-world" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-world">open-world</a> video games by observing screen output, as well as executing short, specific tasks in response to natural language instructions.<a href="#cite_note-157">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3></div> Large language models, such as <a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">Gemini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">LLaMa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Mistral</a>, are increasingly used in mathematics. These probabilistic models are versatile, but can also produce wrong answers in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">hallucinations</a>. They sometimes need a large database of mathematical problems to learn from, but also methods such as <a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">supervised</a> <a href="/wiki/Fine-tuning_(deep_learning)" title="Fine-tuning (deep learning)">fine-tuning</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[148]</a> or trained <a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">classifiers</a> with human-annotated data to improve answers for new problems and learn from corrections.<a href="#cite_note-159">[149]</a> A February 2024 study showed that the performance of some language models for reasoning capabilities in solving math problems not included in their training data was low, even for problems with only minor deviations from trained data.<a href="#cite_note-160">[150]</a> One technique to improve their performance involves training the models to produce correct <a href="/wiki/Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">reasoning</a> steps, rather than just the correct result.<a href="#cite_note-161">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba Group</a> developed a version of its <a href="/wiki/Qwen" title="Qwen">Qwen</a> models called Qwen2-Math, that achieved state-of-the-art performance on several mathematical benchmarks, including 84% accuracy on the MATH dataset of competition mathematics problems.<a href="#cite_note-VentureBeat_8_August_2024-162">[152]</a> In January 2025, Microsoft proposed the technique rStar-Math that leverages <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_tree_search" title="Monte Carlo tree search">Monte Carlo tree search</a> and step-by-step reasoning, enabling a relatively small language model like Qwen-7B to solve 53% of the <a href="/wiki/American_Invitational_Mathematics_Examination" title="American Invitational Mathematics Examination">AIME</a> 2024 and 90% of the MATH benchmark problems.<a href="#cite_note-163">[153]</a> Alternatively, dedicated models for mathematical problem solving with higher precision for the outcome including proof of theorems have been developed such as AlphaTensor, <a href="/wiki/AlphaGeometry" title="AlphaGeometry">AlphaGeometry</a> and AlphaProof all from <a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[154]</a> Llemma from <a href="/wiki/EleutherAI" title="EleutherAI">EleutherAI</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[155]</a> or Julius.<a href="#cite_note-166">[156]</a> When natural language is used to describe mathematical problems, converters can transform such prompts into a formal language such as <a href="/wiki/Lean_(proof_assistant)" title="Lean (proof assistant)">Lean</a> to define mathematical tasks. Some models have been developed to solve challenging problems and reach good results in benchmark tests, others to serve as educational tools in mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-167">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Topological_deep_learning" title="Topological deep learning">Topological deep learning</a> integrates various <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topological</a> approaches. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3></div> Finance is one of the fastest growing sectors where applied AI tools are being deployed: from retail online banking to investment advice and insurance, where automated "robot advisers" have been in use for some years.<a href="#cite_note-168">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Pensions_%26_Investments_Forum" title="World Pensions & Investments Forum">World Pensions</a> experts like Nicolas Firzli insist it may be too early to see the emergence of highly innovative AI-informed financial products and services: "the deployment of AI tools will simply further automatise things: destroying tens of thousands of jobs in banking, financial planning, and pension advice in the process, but I'm not sure it will unleash a new wave of [e.g., sophisticated] pension innovation."<a href="#cite_note-169">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Military applications of artificial intelligence">Military applications of artificial intelligence</a></div> Various countries are deploying AI military applications.<a href="#cite_note-CRS-2019-170">[160]</a> The main applications enhance <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">command and control</a>, communications, sensors, integration and interoperability.<a href="#cite_note-Slyusar-2019-171">[161]</a> Research is targeting intelligence collection and analysis, logistics, cyber operations, information operations, and semiautonomous and <a href="/wiki/Vehicular_automation" title="Vehicular automation">autonomous vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRS-2019-170">[160]</a> AI technologies enable coordination of sensors and effectors, threat detection and identification, marking of enemy positions, <a href="/wiki/Target_acquisition" title="Target acquisition">target acquisition</a>, coordination and deconfliction of distributed <a href="/wiki/Forward_observers_in_the_U.S._military" title="Forward observers in the U.S. military">Joint Fires</a> between networked combat vehicles involving manned and unmanned teams.<a href="#cite_note-Slyusar-2019-171">[161]</a> AI has been used in military operations in Iraq, Syria, Israel and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-CRS-2019-170">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies-2023-173">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generative_AI">Generative AI</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_in_watercolour.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vincent_van_Gogh_in_watercolour.png/220px-Vincent_van_Gogh_in_watercolour.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vincent_van_Gogh_in_watercolour.png/330px-Vincent_van_Gogh_in_watercolour.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vincent_van_Gogh_in_watercolour.png/440px-Vincent_van_Gogh_in_watercolour.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> in watercolour created by generative AI software</figcaption></figure><div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative artificial intelligence</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generative_artificial_intelligence&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative artificial intelligence</a> (generative AI, GenAI,<a href="#cite_note-175">[165]</a> or GAI) is a subset of artificial intelligence that uses generative models to produce text, images, videos, or other forms of data.<a href="#cite_note-176">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[168]</a> These models <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">learn</a> the underlying patterns and structures of their <a href="/wiki/Training_data_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Training data set">training data</a> and use them to produce new data<a href="#cite_note-Generative_artificial_intelligence_:0-179">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[170]</a> based on the input, which often comes in the form of natural language <a href="/wiki/Prompt_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prompt (natural language)">prompts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Generative_artificial_intelligence_nytimes-181">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Generative_artificial_intelligence_bloomberg-182">[172]</a> Improvements in <a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">transformer</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep</a> <a href="/wiki/Neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural networks">neural networks</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language models</a> (LLMs), enabled an <a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a> of generative AI systems in the 2020s. These include <a href="/wiki/Chatbots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatbots">chatbots</a> such as <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Copilot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">Gemini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LLaMA" class="mw-redirect" title="LLaMA">LLaMA</a>; <a href="/wiki/Text-to-image" class="mw-redirect" title="Text-to-image">text-to-image</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">artificial intelligence image generation</a> systems such as <a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">text-to-video</a> AI generators such as <a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Generative_artificial_intelligence_nytimes-gpt4-183">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Generative_artificial_intelligence_:4-186">[176]</a> Companies such as <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> as well as numerous smaller firms have developed generative AI models.<a href="#cite_note-Generative_artificial_intelligence_nytimes-181">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Generative_artificial_intelligence_economist1-187">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[178]</a> Generative AI has uses across a wide range of industries, including software development, healthcare, finance, entertainment, customer service,<a href="#cite_note-189">[179]</a> sales and marketing,<a href="#cite_note-Generative_artificial_intelligence_economist2-190">[180]</a> art, writing,<a href="#cite_note-191">[181]</a> fashion,<a href="#cite_note-Generative_artificial_intelligence_mckinsey-192">[182]</a> and product design.<a href="#cite_note-193">[183]</a> However, concerns have been raised about the potential misuse of generative AI such as <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">cybercrime</a>, the use of <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">deepfakes</a> to deceive or manipulate people, and <a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">the mass replacement of human jobs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[185]</a> Intellectual property law concerns also exist around generative models that are trained on and emulate copyrighted works of art.<a href="#cite_note-196">[186]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agents">Agents</h3></div> Artificial intelligent (AI) agents are software entities designed to perceive their environment, make decisions, and take actions autonomously to achieve specific goals. These agents can interact with users, their environment, or other agents. AI agents are used in various applications, including <a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">virtual assistants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chatbots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatbots">chatbots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous vehicles">autonomous vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">game-playing systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_robotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial robotics">industrial robotics</a>. AI agents operate within the constraints of their programming, available computational resources, and hardware limitations. This means they are restricted to performing tasks within their defined scope and have finite memory and processing capabilities. In real-world applications, AI agents often face time constraints for decision-making and action execution. Many AI agents incorporate learning algorithms, enabling them to improve their performance over time through experience or training. Using machine learning, AI agents can adapt to new situations and optimise their behaviour for their designated tasks.<a href="#cite_note-197">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h3></div> Applications of AI in this domain include AI-enabled menstruation and fertility trackers that analyze user data to offer prediction,<a href="#cite_note-200">[190]</a> AI-integrated sex toys (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Teledildonics" title="Teledildonics">teledildonics</a>),<a href="#cite_note-201">[191]</a> AI-generated sexual education content,<a href="#cite_note-202">[192]</a> and AI agents that simulate sexual and romantic partners (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Replika" title="Replika">Replika</a>).<a href="#cite_note-203">[193]</a> AI is also used for the production of non-consensual <a href="/wiki/Deepfake_pornography" title="Deepfake pornography">deepfake pornography</a>, raising significant ethical and legal concerns.<a href="#cite_note-204">[194]</a> AI technologies have also been used to attempt to identify <a href="/wiki/Online_gender-based_violence" title="Online gender-based violence">online gender-based violence</a> and online <a href="/wiki/Sexual_grooming" title="Sexual grooming">sexual grooming</a> of minors.<a href="#cite_note-205">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_industry-specific_tasks">Other industry-specific tasks</h3></div> There are also thousands of successful AI applications used to solve specific problems for specific industries or institutions. In a 2017 survey, one in five companies reported having incorporated "AI" in some offerings or processes.<a href="#cite_note-207">[197]</a> A few examples are <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a>, medical diagnosis, military logistics, applications that predict the result of judicial decisions, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, or supply chain management. AI applications for evacuation and <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disaster</a> management are growing. AI has been used to investigate if and how people evacuated in large scale and small scale evacuations using historical data from GPS, videos or social media. Further, AI can provide real time information on the real time evacuation conditions.<a href="#cite_note-208">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[200]</a> In agriculture, AI has helped farmers identify areas that need irrigation, fertilization, pesticide treatments or increasing yield. Agronomists use AI to conduct research and development. AI has been used to predict the ripening time for crops such as tomatoes, monitor soil moisture, operate agricultural robots, conduct <a href="/wiki/Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">predictive analytics</a>, classify livestock pig call emotions, automate greenhouses, detect diseases and pests, and save water. Artificial intelligence is used in astronomy to analyze increasing amounts of available data and applications, mainly for "classification, regression, clustering, forecasting, generation, discovery, and the development of new scientific insights." For example, it is used for discovering exoplanets, forecasting solar activity, and distinguishing between signals and instrumental effects in gravitational wave astronomy. Additionally, it could be used for activities in space, such as space exploration, including the analysis of data from space missions, real-time science decisions of spacecraft, space debris avoidance, and more autonomous operation. During the <a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election" title="2024 Indian general election">2024 Indian elections</a>, US$50 million was spent on authorized AI-generated content, notably by creating <a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">deepfakes</a> of allied (including sometimes deceased) politicians to better engage with voters, and by translating speeches to various local languages.<a href="#cite_note-211">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics">Ethics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics of artificial intelligence</a></div> AI has potential benefits and potential risks.<a href="#cite_note-212">[202]</a> AI may be able to advance science and find solutions for serious problems: <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> of <a href="/wiki/DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a> hopes to "solve intelligence, and then use that to solve everything else".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonite2016-213">[203]</a> However, as the use of AI has become widespread, several unintended consequences and risks have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021987-214">[204]</a> In-production systems can sometimes not factor ethics and bias into their AI training processes, especially when the AI algorithms are inherently unexplainable in deep learning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaskowski2023-215">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risks_and_harm">Risks and harm</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Privacy_and_copyright">Privacy and copyright</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">Information privacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright" title="Artificial intelligence and copyright">Artificial intelligence and copyright</a></div> Machine learning algorithms require large amounts of data. The techniques used to acquire this data have raised concerns about <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>. AI-powered devices and services, such as virtual assistants and IoT products, continuously collect personal information, raising concerns about intrusive data gathering and unauthorized access by third parties. The loss of privacy is further exacerbated by AI's ability to process and combine vast amounts of data, potentially leading to a surveillance society where individual activities are constantly monitored and analyzed without adequate safeguards or transparency. Sensitive user data collected may include online activity records, geolocation data, video, or audio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGAO2022-216">[206]</a> For example, in order to build <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> algorithms, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> has recorded millions of private conversations and allowed <a href="/wiki/Temporary_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary worker">temporary workers</a> to listen to and transcribe some of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValinsky2019-217">[207]</a> Opinions about this widespread surveillance range from those who see it as a <a href="/wiki/Necessary_evil" title="Necessary evil">necessary evil</a> to those for whom it is clearly <a href="/wiki/Unethical" class="mw-redirect" title="Unethical">unethical</a> and a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021991-218">[208]</a> AI developers argue that this is the only way to deliver valuable applications and have developed several techniques that attempt to preserve privacy while still obtaining the data, such as <a href="/wiki/Data_aggregation" title="Data aggregation">data aggregation</a>, <a href="/wiki/De-identification" title="De-identification">de-identification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Differential_privacy" title="Differential privacy">differential privacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021991–992-219">[209]</a> Since 2016, some privacy experts, such as <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Dwork" title="Cynthia Dwork">Cynthia Dwork</a>, have begun to view privacy in terms of <a href="/wiki/Fairness_(machine_learning)" title="Fairness (machine learning)">fairness</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Christian" title="Brian Christian">Brian Christian</a> wrote that experts have pivoted "from the question of 'what they know' to the question of 'what they're doing with it'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian202063-220">[210]</a> Generative AI is often trained on unlicensed copyrighted works, including in domains such as images or computer code; the output is then used under the rationale of "<a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>". Experts disagree about how well and under what circumstances this rationale will hold up in courts of law; relevant factors may include "the purpose and character of the use of the copyrighted work" and "the effect upon the potential market for the copyrighted work".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincent2022-221">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[212]</a> Website owners who do not wish to have their content scraped can indicate it in a "<a href="/wiki/Robots.txt" title="Robots.txt">robots.txt</a>" file.<a href="#cite_note-223">[213]</a> In 2023, leading authors (including <a href="/wiki/John_Grisham" title="John Grisham">John Grisham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen" title="Jonathan Franzen">Jonathan Franzen</a>) sued AI companies for using their work to train generative AI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisner2023-224">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlterHarris2023-225">[215]</a> Another discussed approach is to envision a separate <a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a> system of protection for creations generated by AI to ensure fair attribution and compensation for human authors.<a href="#cite_note-226">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dominance_by_tech_giants">Dominance by tech giants</h4></div> The commercial AI scene is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Big_Tech" title="Big Tech">Big Tech</a> companies such as <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[219]</a> Some of these players already own the vast majority of existing <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud infrastructure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> power from <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a>, allowing them to entrench further in the marketplace.<a href="#cite_note-230">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_needs_and_environmental_impacts">Power needs and environmental impacts</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Environmental impacts of artificial intelligence">Environmental impacts of artificial intelligence</a></div> In January 2024, the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA) released Electricity 2024, Analysis and Forecast to 2026, forecasting electric power use.<a href="#cite_note-232">[222]</a> This is the first IEA report to make projections for data centers and power consumption for artificial intelligence and cryptocurrency. The report states that power demand for these uses might double by 2026, with additional electric power usage equal to electricity used by the whole Japanese nation.<a href="#cite_note-233">[223]</a> Prodigious power consumption by AI is responsible for the growth of fossil fuels use, and might delay closings of obsolete, carbon-emitting coal energy facilities. There is a feverish rise in the construction of data centers throughout the US, making large technology firms (e.g., Microsoft, Meta, Google, Amazon) into voracious consumers of electric power. Projected electric consumption is so immense that there is concern that it will be fulfilled no matter the source. A ChatGPT search involves the use of 10 times the electrical energy as a Google search. The large firms are in haste to find power sources – from nuclear energy to geothermal to fusion. The tech firms argue that – in the long view – AI will be eventually kinder to the environment, but they need the energy now. AI makes the power grid more efficient and "intelligent", will assist in the growth of nuclear power, and track overall carbon emissions, according to technology firms.<a href="#cite_note-234">[224]</a> A 2024 <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a> Research Paper, AI Data Centers and the Coming US Power Demand Surge, found "US power demand (is) likely to experience growth not seen in a generation...." and forecasts that, by 2030, US data centers will consume 8% of US power, as opposed to 3% in 2022, presaging growth for the electrical power generation industry by a variety of means.<a href="#cite_note-235">[225]</a> Data centers' need for more and more electrical power is such that they might max out the electrical grid. The Big Tech companies counter that AI can be used to maximize the utilization of the grid by all.<a href="#cite_note-236">[226]</a> In 2024, the Wall Street Journal reported that big AI companies have begun negotiations with the US nuclear power providers to provide electricity to the data centers. In March 2024 Amazon purchased a Pennsylvania nuclear-powered data center for $650 Million (US).<a href="#cite_note-237">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Jen-Hsun_Huang" class="mw-redirect" title="Jen-Hsun Huang">Jen-Hsun Huang</a> said nuclear power is a good option for the data centers.<a href="#cite_note-238">[228]</a> In September 2024, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> announced an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Constellation_Energy" title="Constellation Energy">Constellation Energy</a> to re-open the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Mile Island">Three Mile Island</a> nuclear power plant to provide Microsoft with 100% of all electric power produced by the plant for 20 years. Reopening the plant, which suffered a partial nuclear meltdown of its Unit 2 reactor in 1979, will require Constellation to get through strict regulatory processes which will include extensive safety scrutiny from the US <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a>. If approved (this will be the first ever US re-commissioning of a nuclear plant), over 835 megawatts of power – enough for 800,000 homes – of energy will be produced. The cost for re-opening and upgrading is estimated at $1.6 billion (US) and is dependent on tax breaks for nuclear power contained in the 2022 US <a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[229]</a> The US government and the state of Michigan are investing almost $2 billion (US) to reopen the <a href="/wiki/Palisades_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Palisades Nuclear Generating Station">Palisades Nuclear</a> reactor on Lake Michigan. Closed since 2022, the plant is planned to be reopened in October 2025. The Three Mile Island facility will be renamed the Crane Clean Energy Center after Chris Crane, a nuclear proponent and former CEO of <a href="/wiki/Exelon" title="Exelon">Exelon</a> who was responsible for Exelon spinoff of Constellation.<a href="#cite_note-240">[230]</a> After the last approval in September 2023, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> suspended the approval of data centers north of <a href="/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan" title="Taoyuan, Taiwan">Taoyuan</a> with a capacity of more than 5 MW in 2024, due to power supply shortages.<a href="#cite_note-DatacenterDynamics-241">[231]</a> Taiwan aims to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">phase out nuclear power</a> by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-DatacenterDynamics-241">[231]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> imposed a ban on the opening of data centers in 2019 due to electric power, but in 2022, lifted this ban.<a href="#cite_note-DatacenterDynamics-241">[231]</a> Although most nuclear plants in Japan have been shut down after the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_accident" title="Fukushima nuclear accident">Fukushima nuclear accident</a>, according to an October 2024 Bloomberg article in Japanese, cloud gaming services company Ubitus, in which Nvidia has a stake, is looking for land in Japan near nuclear power plant for a new data center for generative AI.<a href="#cite_note-bloombergjp-242">[232]</a> Ubitus CEO Wesley Kuo said nuclear power plants are the most efficient, cheap and stable power for AI.<a href="#cite_note-bloombergjp-242">[232]</a> On 1 November 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</a> (FERC) rejected an application submitted by <a href="/wiki/Talen_Energy" title="Talen Energy">Talen Energy</a> for approval to supply some electricity from the nuclear power station <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_Steam_Electric_Station" title="Susquehanna Steam Electric Station">Susquehanna</a> to Amazon's data center.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg20241104-243">[233]</a> According to the Commission Chairman <a href="/wiki/Willie_L._Phillips" title="Willie L. Phillips">Willie L. Phillips</a>, it is a burden on the electricity grid as well as a significant cost shifting concern to households and other business sectors.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg20241104-243">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Misinformation">Misinformation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/YouTube#Moderation_and_offensive_content" title="YouTube">YouTube § Moderation and offensive content</a></div> <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and others use <a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">recommender systems</a> to guide users to more content. These AI programs were given the goal of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">maximizing</a> user engagement (that is, the only goal was to keep people watching). The AI learned that users tended to choose <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>, and extreme <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">partisan</a> content, and, to keep them watching, the AI recommended more of it. Users also tended to watch more content on the same subject, so the AI led people into <a href="/wiki/Filter_bubbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter bubbles">filter bubbles</a> where they received multiple versions of the same misinformation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicas2018-244">[234]</a> This convinced many users that the misinformation was true, and ultimately undermined trust in institutions, the media and the government.<a href="#cite_note-245">[235]</a> The AI program had correctly learned to maximize its goal, but the result was harmful to society. After the U.S. election in 2016, major technology companies took steps to mitigate the problem [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Generative_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative AI">generative AI</a> began to create images, audio, video and text that are indistinguishable from real photographs, recordings, films, or human writing. It is possible for bad actors to use this technology to create massive amounts of misinformation or propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2023-246">[236]</a> AI pioneer <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a> expressed concern about AI enabling "authoritarian leaders to manipulate their electorates" on a large scale, among other risks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorHern2023-247">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Algorithmic_bias_and_fairness">Algorithmic bias and fairness</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairness_(machine_learning)" title="Fairness (machine learning)">Fairness (machine learning)</a></div> Machine learning applications will be <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">biased</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[k]</a> if they learn from biased data.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose2023-250">[239]</a> The developers may not be aware that the bias exists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECNA2019-251">[240]</a> Bias can be introduced by the way <a href="/wiki/Training_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Training data">training data</a> is selected and by the way a model is deployed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoffrey200817-252">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose2023-250">[239]</a> If a biased algorithm is used to make decisions that can seriously <a href="/wiki/Harm" title="Harm">harm</a> people (as it can in <a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_rating" title="Credit rating">finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">recruitment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">housing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Policing" class="mw-redirect" title="Policing">policing</a>) then the algorithm may cause <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[242]</a> The field of <a href="/wiki/Fairness_(machine_learning)" title="Fairness (machine learning)">fairness</a> studies how to prevent harms from algorithmic biases. On June 28, 2015, <a href="/wiki/Google_Photos" title="Google Photos">Google Photos</a>'s new image labeling feature mistakenly identified Jacky Alcine and a friend as "gorillas" because they were black. The system was trained on a dataset that contained very few images of black people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian202025-254">[243]</a> a problem called "sample size disparity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021995-255">[244]</a> Google "fixed" this problem by preventing the system from labelling anything as a "gorilla". Eight years later, in 2023, Google Photos still could not identify a gorilla, and neither could similar products from Apple, Facebook, Microsoft and Amazon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrantHill2023-256">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/COMPAS_(software)" title="COMPAS (software)">COMPAS</a> is a commercial program widely used by <a href="/wiki/U.S._court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. court">U.S. courts</a> to assess the likelihood of a <a href="/wiki/Defendant" title="Defendant">defendant</a> becoming a <a href="/wiki/Recidivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Recidivist">recidivist</a>. In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Angwin" title="Julia Angwin">Julia Angwin</a> at <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a> discovered that COMPAS exhibited racial bias, despite the fact that the program was not told the races of the defendants. Although the error rate for both whites and blacks was calibrated equal at exactly 61%, the errors for each race were different—the system consistently overestimated the chance that a black person would re-offend and would underestimate the chance that a white person would not re-offend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonAngwin2016-257">[246]</a> In 2017, several researchers<a href="#cite_note-259">[l]</a> showed that it was mathematically impossible for COMPAS to accommodate all possible measures of fairness when the base rates of re-offense were different for whites and blacks in the data.<a href="#cite_note-260">[248]</a> A program can make biased decisions even if the data does not explicitly mention a problematic feature (such as "race" or "gender"). The feature will correlate with other features (like "address", "shopping history" or "first name"), and the program will make the same decisions based on these features as it would on "race" or "gender".<a href="#cite_note-261">[249]</a> Moritz Hardt said "the most robust fact in this research area is that fairness through blindness doesn't work."<a href="#cite_note-262">[250]</a> Criticism of COMPAS highlighted that machine learning models are designed to make "predictions" that are only valid if we assume that the future will resemble the past. If they are trained on data that includes the results of racist decisions in the past, machine learning models must predict that racist decisions will be made in the future. If an application then uses these predictions as recommendations, some of these "recommendations" will likely be racist.<a href="#cite_note-263">[251]</a> Thus, machine learning is not well suited to help make decisions in areas where there is hope that the future will be better than the past. It is descriptive rather than prescriptive.<a href="#cite_note-265">[m]</a> Bias and unfairness may go undetected because the developers are overwhelmingly white and male: among AI engineers, about 4% are black and 20% are women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021995-255">[244]</a> There are various conflicting definitions and mathematical models of fairness. These notions depend on ethical assumptions, and are influenced by beliefs about society. One broad category is <a href="/wiki/Distributive_justice" title="Distributive justice">distributive fairness</a>, which focuses on the outcomes, often identifying groups and seeking to compensate for statistical disparities. Representational fairness tries to ensure that AI systems do not reinforce negative <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> or render certain groups invisible. Procedural fairness focuses on the decision process rather than the outcome. The most relevant notions of fairness may depend on the context, notably the type of AI application and the stakeholders. The subjectivity in the notions of bias and fairness makes it difficult for companies to operationalize them. Having access to sensitive attributes such as race or gender is also considered by many AI ethicists to be necessary in order to compensate for biases, but it may conflict with <a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">anti-discrimination laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Samuel-2022-248">[238]</a> At its 2022 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Conference_on_Fairness,_Accountability,_and_Transparency" title="ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency">Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency</a> (ACM FAccT 2022), the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>, in Seoul, South Korea, presented and published findings that recommend that until AI and robotics systems are demonstrated to be free of bias mistakes, they are unsafe, and the use of self-learning neural networks trained on vast, unregulated sources of flawed internet data should be curtailed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Depending on what is meant by "free of bias", it may be impossible in practice to demonstrate it. Additionally, the study evaluates the priors (initial assumptions) of the robots, rather than their decision-making in scenarios where there is a correct choice. For example, it may not be sexist to have the prior that most doctors are males (it's actually an accurate statistical prior in the world we currently live in, so the bias may arguably be to not have this prior). If forced to choose which one is the doctor based solely on gender, a rational person seeking to maximize the number of correct answers would choose the man 100% of the time. The real issue arises when such priors lead to significant discrimination. (July 2024)">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Artificial_intelligence#Dubious" title="Talk:Artificial intelligence">discuss</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDockrill2022-266">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lack_of_transparency">Lack of transparency</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Explainable_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Explainable AI">Explainable AI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_transparency" title="Algorithmic transparency">Algorithmic transparency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_explanation" title="Right to explanation">Right to explanation</a></div> Many AI systems are so complex that their designers cannot explain how they reach their decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESample2017-267">[254]</a> Particularly with <a href="/wiki/Deep_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep neural networks">deep neural networks</a>, in which there are a large amount of non-<a href="/wiki/Linear" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear">linear</a> relationships between inputs and outputs. But some popular explainability techniques exist.<a href="#cite_note-268">[255]</a> It is impossible to be certain that a program is operating correctly if no one knows how exactly it works. There have been many cases where a machine learning program passed rigorous tests, but nevertheless learned something different than what the programmers intended. For example, a system that could identify skin diseases better than medical professionals was found to actually have a strong tendency to classify images with a <a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">ruler</a> as "cancerous", because pictures of malignancies typically include a ruler to show the scale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2020110-269">[256]</a> Another machine learning system designed to help effectively allocate medical resources was found to classify patients with asthma as being at "low risk" of dying from pneumonia. Having asthma is actually a severe risk factor, but since the patients having asthma would usually get much more medical care, they were relatively unlikely to die according to the training data. The correlation between asthma and low risk of dying from pneumonia was real, but misleading.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian202088–91-270">[257]</a> People who have been harmed by an algorithm's decision have a right to an explanation.<a href="#cite_note-271">[258]</a> Doctors, for example, are expected to clearly and completely explain to their colleagues the reasoning behind any decision they make. Early drafts of the European Union's <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a> in 2016 included an explicit statement that this right exists.<a href="#cite_note-272">[n]</a> Industry experts noted that this is an unsolved problem with no solution in sight. Regulators argued that nevertheless the harm is real: if the problem has no solution, the tools should not be used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian202091-273">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Explainable_Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Explainable Artificial Intelligence">XAI</a> ("Explainable Artificial Intelligence") program in 2014 to try to solve these problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian202083-274">[260]</a> Several approaches aim to address the transparency problem. SHAP enables to visualise the contribution of each feature to the output.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerma2021-275">[261]</a> LIME can locally approximate a model's outputs with a simpler, interpretable model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman2020-276">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multitask_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Multitask learning">Multitask learning</a> provides a large number of outputs in addition to the target classification. These other outputs can help developers deduce what the network has learned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2020105–108-277">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deconvolution" title="Deconvolution">Deconvolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/DeepDream" title="DeepDream">DeepDream</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Generative_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative AI">generative</a> methods can allow developers to see what different layers of a deep network for computer vision have learned, and produce output that can suggest what the network is learning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2020108–112-278">[264]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">generative pre-trained transformers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a> developed a technique based on <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary learning">dictionary learning</a> that associates patterns of neuron activations with human-understandable concepts.<a href="#cite_note-279">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bad_actors_and_weaponized_AI">Bad actors and weaponized AI</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lethal_autonomous_weapon" title="Lethal autonomous weapon">Lethal autonomous weapon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race">Artificial intelligence arms race</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></div> Artificial intelligence provides a number of tools that are useful to <a href="/wiki/Bad_actor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad actor">bad actors</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian governments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminals">criminals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rogue_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue states">rogue states</a>. A lethal autonomous weapon is a machine that locates, selects and engages human targets without human supervision.<a href="#cite_note-281">[o]</a> Widely available AI tools can be used by bad actors to develop inexpensive autonomous weapons and, if produced at scale, they are potentially <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021987–990-282">[267]</a> Even when used in conventional warfare, they currently cannot reliably choose targets and could potentially <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">kill an innocent person</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021987–990-282">[267]</a> In 2014, 30 nations (including China) supported a ban on autonomous weapons under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Certain_Conventional_Weapons" title="Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons">Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons</a>, however the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and others disagreed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021988-283">[268]</a> By 2015, over fifty countries were reported to be researching battlefield robots.<a href="#cite_note-284">[269]</a> AI tools make it easier for <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian governments</a> to efficiently control their citizens in several ways. <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">Face</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speaker_recognition" title="Speaker recognition">voice recognition</a> allow widespread <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a>, operating this data, can <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(machine_learning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classifier (machine learning)">classify</a> potential enemies of the state and prevent them from hiding. <a href="/wiki/Recommendation_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommendation systems">Recommendation systems</a> can precisely target <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a> for maximum effect. <a href="/wiki/Deepfakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepfakes">Deepfakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generative_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative AI">generative AI</a> aid in producing misinformation. Advanced AI can make authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">centralized decision making</a> more competitive than liberal and decentralized systems such as <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">markets</a>. It lowers the cost and difficulty of <a href="/wiki/Digital_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital warfare">digital warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">advanced spyware</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarari2018-285">[270]</a> All these technologies have been available since 2020 or earlier—AI <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition systems</a> are already being used for <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> in China.<a href="#cite_note-286">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[272]</a> There many other ways that AI is expected to help bad actors, some of which can not be foreseen. For example, machine-learning AI is able to design tens of thousands of toxic molecules in a matter of hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrbinaLentzosInvernizziEkins2022-288">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technological_unemployment">Technological unemployment</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Workplace_impact_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Workplace impact of artificial intelligence">Workplace impact of artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></div> Economists have frequently highlighted the risks of redundancies from AI, and speculated about unemployment if there is no adequate social policy for full employment.<a href="#cite_note-E-289">[274]</a> In the past, technology has tended to increase rather than reduce total employment, but economists acknowledge that "we're in uncharted territory" with AI.<a href="#cite_note-290">[275]</a> A survey of economists showed disagreement about whether the increasing use of robots and AI will cause a substantial increase in long-term <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, but they generally agree that it could be a net benefit if <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> gains are <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistributed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIGM_Chicago2017-291">[276]</a> Risk estimates vary; for example, in the 2010s, Michael Osborne and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Benedikt_Frey" title="Carl Benedikt Frey">Carl Benedikt Frey</a> estimated 47% of U.S. jobs are at "high risk" of potential automation, while an OECD report classified only 9% of U.S. jobs as "high risk".<a href="#cite_note-293">[p]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[278]</a> The methodology of speculating about future employment levels has been criticised as lacking evidential foundation, and for implying that technology, rather than social policy, creates unemployment, as opposed to redundancies.<a href="#cite_note-E-289">[274]</a> In April 2023, it was reported that 70% of the jobs for Chinese video game illustrators had been eliminated by generative artificial intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-295">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[280]</a> Unlike previous waves of automation, many middle-class jobs may be eliminated by artificial intelligence; <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> stated in 2015 that "the worry that AI could do to white-collar jobs what steam power did to blue-collar ones during the Industrial Revolution" is "worth taking seriously".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgenstern2015-297">[281]</a> Jobs at extreme risk range from <a href="/wiki/Paralegal" title="Paralegal">paralegals</a> to fast food cooks, while job demand is likely to increase for care-related professions ranging from personal healthcare to the clergy.<a href="#cite_note-298">[282]</a> From the early days of the development of artificial intelligence, there have been arguments, for example, those put forward by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a>, about whether tasks that can be done by computers actually should be done by them, given the difference between computers and humans, and between quantitative calculation and qualitative, value-based judgement.<a href="#cite_note-299">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Existential_risk">Existential risk</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Existential risk from artificial intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></div> It has been argued AI will become so powerful that humanity may irreversibly lose control of it. This could, as physicist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> stated, "<a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">spell the end of the human race</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECellan-Jones2014-300">[284]</a> This scenario has been common in science fiction, when a computer or robot suddenly develops a human-like "self-awareness" (or "sentience" or "consciousness") and becomes a malevolent character.<a href="#cite_note-302">[q]</a> These sci-fi scenarios are misleading in several ways. First, AI does not require human-like <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentience</a> to be an existential risk. Modern AI programs are given specific goals and use learning and intelligence to achieve them. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> argued that if one gives almost any goal to a sufficiently powerful AI, it may choose to destroy humanity to achieve it (he used the example of a <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_convergence#Paperclip_maximizer" title="Instrumental convergence">paperclip factory manager</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBostrom2014-303">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart Russell</a> gives the example of household robot that tries to find a way to kill its owner to prevent it from being unplugged, reasoning that "you can't fetch the coffee if you're dead."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2019-304">[287]</a> In order to be safe for humanity, a <a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">superintelligence</a> would have to be genuinely <a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">aligned</a> with humanity's morality and values so that it is "fundamentally on our side".<a href="#cite_note-305">[288]</a> Second, <a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Yuval Noah Harari</a> argues that AI does not require a robot body or physical control to pose an existential risk. The essential parts of civilization are not physical. Things like <a href="/wiki/Ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideologies">ideologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> are built on <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>; they exist because there are stories that billions of people believe. The current prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a> suggests that an AI could use language to convince people to believe anything, even to take actions that are destructive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarari2023-306">[289]</a> The opinions amongst experts and industry insiders are mixed, with sizable fractions both concerned and unconcerned by risk from eventual superintelligent AI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüllerBostrom2014-307">[290]</a> Personalities such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-308">[291]</a> as well as AI pioneers such as <a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a>, have expressed concerns about existential risk from AI. In May 2023, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a> announced his resignation from Google in order to be able to "freely speak out about the risks of AI" without "considering how this impacts Google".<a href="#cite_note-309">[292]</a> He notably mentioned risks of an <a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a>,<a href="#cite_note-310">[293]</a> and stressed that in order to avoid the worst outcomes, establishing safety guidelines will require cooperation among those competing in use of AI.<a href="#cite_note-311">[294]</a> In 2023, many leading AI experts endorsed <a href="/wiki/Statement_on_AI_risk_of_extinction" title="Statement on AI risk of extinction">the joint statement</a> that "Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValance2023-312">[295]</a> Some other researchers were more optimistic. AI pioneer <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Jürgen Schmidhuber</a> did not sign the joint statement, emphasising that in 95% of all cases, AI research is about making "human lives longer and healthier and easier."<a href="#cite_note-313">[296]</a> While the tools that are now being used to improve lives can also be used by bad actors, "they can also be used against the bad actors."<a href="#cite_note-314">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a> also argued that "it's a mistake to fall for the doomsday hype on AI—and that regulators who do will only benefit vested interests."<a href="#cite_note-316">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a> "scoffs at his peers' dystopian scenarios of supercharged misinformation and even, eventually, human extinction."<a href="#cite_note-317">[300]</a> In the early 2010s, experts argued that the risks are too distant in the future to warrant research or that humans will be valuable from the perspective of a superintelligent machine.<a href="#cite_note-318">[301]</a> However, after 2016, the study of current and future risks and possible solutions became a serious area of research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian202067,_73-319">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethical_machines_and_alignment">Ethical machines and alignment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_moral_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial moral agents">Artificial moral agents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_Compatible" title="Human Compatible">Human Compatible</a></div> Friendly AI are machines that have been designed from the beginning to minimize risks and to make choices that benefit humans. <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a>, who coined the term, argues that developing friendly AI should be a higher research priority: it may require a large investment and it must be completed before AI becomes an existential risk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkowsky2008-320">[303]</a> Machines with intelligence have the potential to use their intelligence to make ethical decisions. The field of machine ethics provides machines with ethical principles and procedures for resolving ethical dilemmas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonAnderson2011-321">[304]</a> The field of machine ethics is also called computational morality,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonAnderson2011-321">[304]</a> and was founded at an <a href="/wiki/AAAI" class="mw-redirect" title="AAAI">AAAI</a> symposium in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAAI2014-322">[305]</a> Other approaches include <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Wallach" title="Wendell Wallach">Wendell Wallach</a>'s "artificial moral agents"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallach2010-323">[306]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart J. Russell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Human_Compatible#Russell's_three_principles" title="Human Compatible">three principles</a> for developing provably beneficial machines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2019173-324">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_source">Open source</h3></div> Active organizations in the AI open-source community include <a href="/wiki/Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a>,<a href="#cite_note-325">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>,<a href="#cite_note-326">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/EleutherAI" title="EleutherAI">EleutherAI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[310]</a> Various AI models, such as <a href="/wiki/LLaMA" class="mw-redirect" title="LLaMA">Llama 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Mistral</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a>, have been made open-weight,<a href="#cite_note-328">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[312]</a> meaning that their architecture and trained parameters (the "weights") are publicly available. Open-weight models can be freely <a href="/wiki/Fine-tuning_(deep_learning)" title="Fine-tuning (deep learning)">fine-tuned</a>, which allows companies to specialize them with their own data and for their own use-case.<a href="#cite_note-330">[313]</a> Open-weight models are useful for research and innovation but can also be misused. Since they can be fine-tuned, any built-in security measure, such as objecting to harmful requests, can be trained away until it becomes ineffective. Some researchers warn that future AI models may develop dangerous capabilities (such as the potential to drastically facilitate <a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">bioterrorism</a>) and that once released on the Internet, they cannot be deleted everywhere if needed. They recommend pre-release audits and cost-benefit analyses.<a href="#cite_note-331">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frameworks">Frameworks</h3></div> Artificial Intelligence projects can have their ethical permissibility tested while designing, developing, and implementing an AI system. An AI framework such as the Care and Act Framework containing the SUM values—developed by the <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing_Institute" title="Alan Turing Institute">Alan Turing Institute</a> tests projects in four main areas:<a href="#cite_note-332">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[316]</a> <ul><li>Respect the dignity of individual people</li> <li>Connect with other people sincerely, openly, and inclusively</li> <li>Care for the wellbeing of everyone</li> <li>Protect social values, justice, and the public interest</li></ul> Other developments in ethical frameworks include those decided upon during the <a href="/wiki/Asilomar_Conference_on_Beneficial_AI" title="Asilomar Conference on Beneficial AI">Asilomar Conference</a>, the Montreal Declaration for Responsible AI, and the IEEE's Ethics of Autonomous Systems initiative, among others;<a href="#cite_note-334">[317]</a> however, these principles do not go without their criticisms, especially regards to the people chosen contributes to these frameworks.<a href="#cite_note-335">[318]</a> Promotion of the wellbeing of the people and communities that these technologies affect requires consideration of the social and ethical implications at all stages of AI system design, development and implementation, and collaboration between job roles such as data scientists, product managers, data engineers, domain experts, and delivery managers.<a href="#cite_note-336">[319]</a> The <a href="/wiki/AI_Safety_Institute_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="AI Safety Institute (United Kingdom)">UK AI Safety Institute</a> released in 2024 a testing toolset called 'Inspect' for AI safety evaluations available under a MIT open-source licence which is freely available on GitHub and can be improved with third-party packages. It can be used to evaluate AI models in a range of areas including core knowledge, ability to reason, and autonomous capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-337">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation">Regulation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Regulation of artificial intelligence">Regulation of artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_algorithms" title="Regulation of algorithms">Regulation of algorithms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vice_President_Harris_at_the_group_photo_of_the_2023_AI_Safety_Summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="AI Safety Summit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vice_President_Harris_at_the_group_photo_of_the_2023_AI_Safety_Summit.jpg/260px-Vice_President_Harris_at_the_group_photo_of_the_2023_AI_Safety_Summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vice_President_Harris_at_the_group_photo_of_the_2023_AI_Safety_Summit.jpg/390px-Vice_President_Harris_at_the_group_photo_of_the_2023_AI_Safety_Summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vice_President_Harris_at_the_group_photo_of_the_2023_AI_Safety_Summit.jpg/520px-Vice_President_Harris_at_the_group_photo_of_the_2023_AI_Safety_Summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1369" /></a><figcaption>The first global <a href="/wiki/AI_Safety_Summit" title="AI Safety Summit">AI Safety Summit</a> was held in 2023 with a declaration calling for international cooperation.</figcaption></figure> The regulation of artificial intelligence is the development of public sector policies and laws for promoting and regulating AI; it is therefore related to the broader regulation of algorithms.<a href="#cite_note-338">[321]</a> The regulatory and policy landscape for AI is an emerging issue in jurisdictions globally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw_Library_of_Congress_(U.S.)._Global_Legal_Research_Directorate2019-339">[322]</a> According to AI Index at <a href="/wiki/Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford">Stanford</a>, the annual number of AI-related laws passed in the 127 survey countries jumped from one passed in 2016 to 37 passed in 2022 alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincent2023-340">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford_University2023-341">[324]</a> Between 2016 and 2020, more than 30 countries adopted dedicated strategies for AI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO2021-342">[325]</a> Most EU member states had released national AI strategies, as had Canada, China, India, Japan, Mauritius, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, U.S., and Vietnam. Others were in the process of elaborating their own AI strategy, including Bangladesh, Malaysia and Tunisia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO2021-342">[325]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Global_Partnership_on_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence">Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence</a> was launched in June 2020, stating a need for AI to be developed in accordance with human rights and democratic values, to ensure public confidence and trust in the technology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO2021-342">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Huttenlocher" title="Daniel Huttenlocher">Daniel Huttenlocher</a> published a joint statement in November 2021 calling for a government commission to regulate AI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissinger2021-343">[326]</a> In 2023, OpenAI leaders published recommendations for the governance of superintelligence, which they believe may happen in less than 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltmanBrockmanSutskever2023-344">[327]</a> In 2023, the United Nations also launched an advisory body to provide recommendations on AI governance; the body comprises technology company executives, governments officials and academics.<a href="#cite_note-345">[328]</a> In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> created the first international legally binding treaty on AI, called the "<a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_on_Artificial_Intelligence_and_Human_Rights,_Democracy_and_the_Rule_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law">Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law</a>". It was adopted by the European Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and other signatories.<a href="#cite_note-346">[329]</a> In a 2022 <a href="/wiki/Ipsos" title="Ipsos">Ipsos</a> survey, attitudes towards AI varied greatly by country; 78% of Chinese citizens, but only 35% of Americans, agreed that "products and services using AI have more benefits than drawbacks".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincent2023-340">[323]</a> A 2023 <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>/Ipsos poll found that 61% of Americans agree, and 22% disagree, that AI poses risks to humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2023-347">[330]</a> In a 2023 <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> poll, 35% of Americans thought it "very important", and an additional 41% thought it "somewhat important", for the federal government to regulate AI, versus 13% responding "not very important" and 8% responding "not at all important".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasperowicz2023-348">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox_News2023-349">[332]</a> In November 2023, the first global <a href="/wiki/AI_Safety_Summit" title="AI Safety Summit">AI Safety Summit</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> in the UK to discuss the near and far term risks of AI and the possibility of mandatory and voluntary regulatory frameworks.<a href="#cite_note-350">[333]</a> 28 countries including the United States, China, and the European Union issued a declaration at the start of the summit, calling for international co-operation to manage the challenges and risks of artificial intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-351">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[335]</a> In May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/AI_Seoul_Summit" title="AI Seoul Summit">AI Seoul Summit</a>, 16 global AI tech companies agreed to safety commitments on the development of AI.<a href="#cite_note-353">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History of artificial intelligence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">Timeline of artificial intelligence</a>.</div> The study of mechanical or "formal" reasoning began with philosophers and mathematicians in antiquity. The study of logic led directly to <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">theory of computation</a>, which suggested that a machine, by shuffling symbols as simple as "0" and "1", could simulate any conceivable form of mathematical reasoning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20219-355">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarendon_Press-2004-356">[339]</a> This, along with concurrent discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">neurobiology</a>, led researchers to consider the possibility of building an "electronic brain".<a href="#cite_note-358">[r]</a> They developed several areas of research that would become part of AI,<a href="#cite_note-359">[341]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Warren_McCullouch" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren McCullouch">McCullouch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Pitts</a> design for "artificial neurons" in 1943,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202117-123">[115]</a> and Turing's influential 1950 paper '<a href="/wiki/Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence" title="Computing Machinery and Intelligence">Computing Machinery and Intelligence</a>', which introduced the <a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a> and showed that "machine intelligence" was plausible.<a href="#cite_note-Turing-360">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarendon_Press-2004-356">[339]</a> The field of AI research was founded at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop" title="Dartmouth workshop">a workshop</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-362">[s]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dartmouth_workshop-8">[6]</a> The attendees became the leaders of AI research in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-364">[t]</a> They and their students produced programs that the press described as "astonishing":<a href="#cite_note-366">[u]</a> computers were learning <a href="/wiki/Checkers" title="Checkers">checkers</a> strategies, solving word problems in algebra, proving <a href="/wiki/Theorem" title="Theorem">logical theorems</a> and speaking English.<a href="#cite_note-367">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-Succ1-9">[7]</a> Artificial intelligence laboratories were set up at a number of British and U.S. universities in the latter 1950s and early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Clarendon_Press-2004-356">[339]</a> Researchers in the 1960s and the 1970s were convinced that their methods would eventually succeed in creating a machine with <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">general intelligence</a> and considered this the goal of their field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewquist199486–86-368">[346]</a> In 1965 <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert Simon</a> predicted, "machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do".<a href="#cite_note-369">[347]</a> In 1967 <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a> agreed, writing that "within a generation ... the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved".<a href="#cite_note-370">[348]</a> They had, however, underestimated the difficulty of the problem.<a href="#cite_note-372">[w]</a> In 1974, both the U.S. and British governments cut off exploratory research in response to the <a href="/wiki/Lighthill_report" title="Lighthill report">criticism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Lighthill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Lighthill">Sir James Lighthill</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELighthill1973-373">[350]</a> and ongoing pressure from the U.S. Congress to <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansfield Amendment">fund more productive projects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENRC1999212–213-374">[351]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Minsky</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Papert" class="mw-redirect" title="Papert">Papert</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/Perceptron" title="Perceptron">Perceptrons</a> was understood as proving that <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural networks">artificial neural networks</a> would never be useful for solving real-world tasks, thus discrediting the approach altogether.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202122-375">[352]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/AI_winter" title="AI winter">AI winter</a>", a period when obtaining funding for AI projects was difficult, followed.<a href="#cite_note-First_AI_Winter-11">[9]</a> In the early 1980s, AI research was revived by the commercial success of <a href="/wiki/Expert_system" title="Expert system">expert systems</a>,<a href="#cite_note-376">[353]</a> a form of AI program that simulated the knowledge and analytical skills of human experts. By 1985, the market for AI had reached over a billion dollars. At the same time, Japan's <a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth generation computer">fifth generation computer</a> project inspired the U.S. and British governments to restore funding for <a href="/wiki/Academic_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic research">academic research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fund01-10">[8]</a> However, beginning with the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisp Machine">Lisp Machine</a> market in 1987, AI once again fell into disrepute, and a second, longer-lasting winter began.<a href="#cite_note-Second_AI_Winter-12">[10]</a> Up to this point, most of AI's funding had gone to projects that used high-level <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic AI">symbols</a> to represent <a href="/wiki/Mental_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental objects">mental objects</a> like plans, goals, beliefs, and known facts. In the 1980s, some researchers began to doubt that this approach would be able to imitate all the processes of human cognition, especially <a href="/wiki/Machine_perception" title="Machine perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">pattern recognition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202124-377">[354]</a> and began to look into "sub-symbolic" approaches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson19987-378">[355]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a> rejected "representation" in general and focussed directly on engineering machines that move and survive.<a href="#cite_note-383">[x]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judea_Pearl" title="Judea Pearl">Judea Pearl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lofti_Zadeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lofti Zadeh">Lofti Zadeh</a>, and others developed methods that handled incomplete and uncertain information by making reasonable guesses rather than precise logic.<a href="#cite_note-Stoch-92">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202125-384">[360]</a> But the most important development was the revival of "<a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">connectionism</a>", including neural network research, by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-385">[361]</a> In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a> successfully showed that <a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Convolutional neural networks">convolutional neural networks</a> can recognize handwritten digits, the first of many successful applications of neural networks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202126-386">[362]</a> AI gradually restored its reputation in the late 1990s and early 21st century by exploiting formal mathematical methods and by finding specific solutions to specific problems. This "<a href="/wiki/Narrow_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow AI">narrow</a>" and "formal" focus allowed researchers to produce verifiable results and collaborate with other fields (such as <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">mathematics</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Formal_and_narrow_methods_adopted_in_the_1990s-387">[363]</a> By 2000, solutions developed by AI researchers were being widely used, although in the 1990s they were rarely described as "artificial intelligence" (a tendency known as the <a href="/wiki/AI_effect" title="AI effect">AI effect</a>).<a href="#cite_note-388">[364]</a> However, several academic researchers became concerned that AI was no longer pursuing its original goal of creating versatile, fully intelligent machines. Beginning around 2002, they founded the subfield of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a> (or "AGI"), which had several well-funded institutions by the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-Artificial_general_intelligence-5">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a> began to dominate industry benchmarks in 2012 and was adopted throughout the field.<a href="#cite_note-Deep_learning_revolution-13">[11]</a> For many specific tasks, other methods were abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-390">[y]</a> Deep learning's success was based on both hardware improvements (<a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">faster computers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-391">[366]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing units</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2015b-392">[367]</a>) and access to <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">large amounts of data</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[368]</a> (including curated datasets,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2015b-392">[367]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/ImageNet" title="ImageNet">ImageNet</a>). Deep learning's success led to an enormous increase in interest and funding in AI.<a href="#cite_note-394">[z]</a> The amount of machine learning research (measured by total publications) increased by 50% in the years 2015–2019.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO2021-342">[325]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20250202_%22AI%22_(search_term)_on_Google_Trends.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20250202_%22AI%22_%28search_term%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/220px-20250202_%22AI%22_%28search_term%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20250202_%22AI%22_%28search_term%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/330px-20250202_%22AI%22_%28search_term%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20250202_%22AI%22_%28search_term%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/440px-20250202_%22AI%22_%28search_term%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The number of Google searches for the term "AI" began to increase in about 2022.</figcaption></figure> In 2016, issues of <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_fairness" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithmic fairness">fairness</a> and the misuse of technology were catapulted into center stage at machine learning conferences, publications vastly increased, funding became available, and many researchers re-focussed their careers on these issues. The <a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">alignment problem</a> became a serious field of academic study.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian202067,_73-319">[302]</a> In the late 2010s and early 2020s, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">AGI</a> companies began to deliver programs that created enormous interest. In 2015, <a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a>, beat the world champion <a href="/wiki/Go_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Go player">Go player</a>. The program taught only the game's rules and developed a strategy by itself. <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language model</a> that was released in 2020 by <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> and is capable of generating high-quality human-like text.<a href="#cite_note-395">[369]</a> <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>, launched on November 30, 2022, became the fastest-growing consumer software application in history, gaining over 100 million users in two months.<a href="#cite_note-396">[370]</a> It marked what is widely regarded as AI's breakout year, bringing it into the public consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-397">[371]</a> These programs, and others, inspired an aggressive <a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a>, where large companies began investing billions of dollars in AI research. According to AI Impacts, about $50 billion annually was invested in "AI" around 2022 in the U.S. alone and about 20% of the new U.S. Computer Science PhD graduates have specialized in "AI".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiFeliciantonio2023-398">[372]</a> About 800,000 "AI"-related U.S. job openings existed in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoswami2023-399">[373]</a> According to PitchBook research, 22% of newly funded <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startups</a> in 2024 claimed to be AI companies.<a href="#cite_note-400">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></div> Philosophical debates have historically sought to determine the nature of intelligence and how to make intelligent machines.<a href="#cite_note-401">[375]</a> Another major focus has been whether machines can be conscious, and the associated ethical implications.<a href="#cite_note-Jarow-2024-402">[376]</a> Many other topics in philosophy are relevant to AI, such as <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[377]</a> Rapid advancements have intensified public discussions on the philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of AI">ethics of AI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jarow-2024-402">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defining_artificial_intelligence">Defining artificial intelligence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop" title="Dartmouth workshop">Dartmouth workshop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> wrote in 1950 "I propose to consider the question 'can machines think'?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuring19501-404">[378]</a> He advised changing the question from whether a machine "thinks", to "whether or not it is possible for machinery to show intelligent behaviour".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuring19501-404">[378]</a> He devised the Turing test, which measures the ability of a machine to simulate human conversation.<a href="#cite_note-Turing-360">[342]</a> Since we can only observe the behavior of the machine, it does not matter if it is "actually" thinking or literally has a "mind". Turing notes that <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">we can not determine these things about other people</a> but "it is usual to have a polite convention that everyone thinks."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuring1950Under_"The_Argument_from_Consciousness"-405">[379]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weakness_of_Turing_test_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Weakness_of_Turing_test_1.svg/220px-Weakness_of_Turing_test_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Weakness_of_Turing_test_1.svg/330px-Weakness_of_Turing_test_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Weakness_of_Turing_test_1.svg/440px-Weakness_of_Turing_test_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>The Turing test can provide some evidence of intelligence, but it penalizes non-human intelligent behavior.<a href="#cite_note-406">[380]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norvig" class="mw-redirect" title="Norvig">Norvig</a> agree with Turing that intelligence must be defined in terms of external behavior, not internal structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20211–4-1">[1]</a> However, they are critical that the test requires the machine to imitate humans. "<a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">Aeronautical engineering</a> texts", they wrote, "do not define the goal of their field as making 'machines that fly so exactly like <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeons</a> that they can fool other pigeons.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20213-407">[381]</a> AI founder <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a> agreed, writing that "Artificial intelligence is not, by definition, simulation of human intelligence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaker2006-408">[382]</a> McCarthy defines intelligence as "the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy1999-409">[383]</a> Another AI founder, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a>, similarly describes it as "the ability to solve hard problems".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinsky1986-410">[384]</a> The leading AI textbook defines it as the study of agents that perceive their environment and take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20211–4-1">[1]</a> These definitions view intelligence in terms of well-defined problems with well-defined solutions, where both the difficulty of the problem and the performance of the program are direct measures of the "intelligence" of the machine—and no other philosophical discussion is required, or may not even be possible. Another definition has been adopted by Google,<a href="#cite_note-411">[385]</a> a major practitioner in the field of AI. This definition stipulates the ability of systems to synthesize information as the manifestation of intelligence, similar to the way it is defined in biological intelligence. Some authors have suggested in practice, that the definition of AI is vague and difficult to define, with contention as to whether classical algorithms should be categorised as AI,<a href="#cite_note-412">[386]</a> with many companies during the early 2020s AI boom using the term as a marketing <a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">buzzword</a>, often even if they did "not actually use AI in a material way".<a href="#cite_note-413">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaluating_approaches_to_AI">Evaluating approaches to AI</h3></div> No established unifying theory or <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> has guided AI research for most of its history.<a href="#cite_note-415">[aa]</a> The unprecedented success of statistical machine learning in the 2010s eclipsed all other approaches (so much so that some sources, especially in the business world, use the term "artificial intelligence" to mean "machine learning with neural networks"). This approach is mostly <a href="/wiki/Sub-symbolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-symbolic">sub-symbolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soft_computing" title="Soft computing">soft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">narrow</a>. Critics argue that these questions may have to be revisited by future generations of AI researchers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Symbolic_AI_and_its_limits">Symbolic AI and its limits</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic AI">Symbolic AI</a> (or "<a href="/wiki/GOFAI" title="GOFAI">GOFAI</a>")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaugeland1985112–117-416">[389]</a> simulated the high-level conscious reasoning that people use when they solve puzzles, express legal reasoning and do mathematics. They were highly successful at "intelligent" tasks such as algebra or IQ tests. In the 1960s, Newell and Simon proposed the <a href="/wiki/Physical_symbol_systems_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical symbol systems hypothesis">physical symbol systems hypothesis</a>: "A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action."<a href="#cite_note-417">[390]</a> However, the symbolic approach failed on many tasks that humans solve easily, such as learning, recognizing an object or commonsense reasoning. <a href="/wiki/Moravec%27s_paradox" title="Moravec's paradox">Moravec's paradox</a> is the discovery that high-level "intelligent" tasks were easy for AI, but low level "instinctive" tasks were extremely difficult.<a href="#cite_note-418">[391]</a> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus" title="Hubert Dreyfus">Hubert Dreyfus</a> had <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus%27_critique_of_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus' critique of AI">argued</a> since the 1960s that human expertise depends on unconscious instinct rather than conscious symbol manipulation, and on having a "feel" for the situation, rather than explicit symbolic knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-419">[392]</a> Although his arguments had been ridiculed and ignored when they were first presented, eventually, AI research came to agree with him.<a href="#cite_note-421">[ab]</a><a href="#cite_note-Psychological_evidence_of_the_prevalence_of_sub-18">[16]</a> The issue is not resolved: <a href="/wiki/Sub-symbolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-symbolic">sub-symbolic</a> reasoning can make many of the same inscrutable mistakes that human intuition does, such as <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">algorithmic bias</a>. Critics such as <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> argue continuing research into symbolic AI will still be necessary to attain general intelligence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley2011-422">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2012-423">[395]</a> in part because sub-symbolic AI is a move away from <a href="/wiki/Explainable_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Explainable AI">explainable AI</a>: it can be difficult or impossible to understand why a modern statistical AI program made a particular decision. The emerging field of <a href="/wiki/Neuro-symbolic_AI" title="Neuro-symbolic AI">neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence</a> attempts to bridge the two approaches. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neat_vs._scruffy">Neat vs. scruffy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neats_and_scruffies" title="Neats and scruffies">Neats and scruffies</a></div> "Neats" hope that intelligent behavior is described using simple, elegant principles (such as <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization">optimization</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">neural networks</a>). "Scruffies" expect that it necessarily requires solving a large number of unrelated problems. Neats defend their programs with theoretical rigor, scruffies rely mainly on incremental testing to see if they work. This issue was actively discussed in the 1970s and 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-424">[396]</a> but eventually was seen as irrelevant. Modern AI has elements of both. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soft_vs._hard_computing">Soft vs. hard computing</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soft_computing" title="Soft computing">Soft computing</a></div> Finding a provably correct or optimal solution is <a href="/wiki/Intractability_(complexity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intractability (complexity)">intractable</a> for many important problems.<a href="#cite_note-Intractability_and_efficiency_and_the_combinatorial_explosion-17">[15]</a> Soft computing is a set of techniques, including <a href="/wiki/Genetic_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic algorithms">genetic algorithms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_logic" title="Fuzzy logic">fuzzy logic</a> and neural networks, that are tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth and approximation. Soft computing was introduced in the late 1980s and most successful AI programs in the 21st century are examples of soft computing with neural networks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Narrow_vs._general_AI">Narrow vs. general AI</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Weak_artificial_intelligence" title="Weak artificial intelligence">Weak artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></div> AI researchers are divided as to whether to pursue the goals of artificial general intelligence and <a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">superintelligence</a> directly or to solve as many specific problems as possible (narrow AI) in hopes these solutions will lead indirectly to the field's long-term goals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennachinGoertzel2007-425">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2016-426">[398]</a> General intelligence is difficult to define and difficult to measure, and modern AI has had more verifiable successes by focusing on specific problems with specific solutions. The sub-field of artificial general intelligence studies this area exclusively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machine_consciousness,_sentience,_and_mind">Machine consciousness, sentience, and mind</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a> does not know whether a machine can have a <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">mental states</a>, in the same sense that human beings do. This issue considers the internal experiences of the machine, rather than its external behavior. Mainstream AI research considers this issue irrelevant because it does not affect the goals of the field: to build machines that can solve problems using intelligence. <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norvig" class="mw-redirect" title="Norvig">Norvig</a> add that "[t]he additional project of making a machine conscious in exactly the way humans are is not one that we are equipped to take on."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021986-427">[399]</a> However, the question has become central to the philosophy of mind. It is also typically the central question at issue in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">artificial intelligence in fiction</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consciousness">Consciousness</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">Theory of mind</a></div> <a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> identified two problems in understanding the mind, which he named the "hard" and "easy" problems of consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers1995-428">[400]</a> The easy problem is understanding how the brain processes signals, makes plans and controls behavior. The hard problem is explaining how this feels or why it should feel like anything at all, assuming we are right in thinking that it truly does feel like something (Dennett's consciousness illusionism says this is an illusion). While human <a href="/wiki/Information_processing_(psychology)" title="Information processing (psychology)">information processing</a> is easy to explain, human <a href="/wiki/Subjective_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjective experience">subjective experience</a> is difficult to explain. For example, it is easy to imagine a color-blind person who has learned to identify which objects in their field of view are red, but it is not clear what would be required for the person to know what red looks like.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennett1991-429">[401]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Computationalism_and_functionalism">Computationalism and functionalism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computational theory of mind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism (philosophy of mind)</a></div> Computationalism is the position in the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a> that the human mind is an information processing system and that thinking is a form of computing. Computationalism argues that the relationship between mind and body is similar or identical to the relationship between software and hardware and thus may be a solution to the <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind–body problem</a>. This philosophical position was inspired by the work of AI researchers and cognitive scientists in the 1960s and was originally proposed by philosophers <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Jerry Fodor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorst2005-430">[402]</a> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a> characterized this position as "<a href="/wiki/Strong_AI_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong AI hypothesis">strong AI</a>": "The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense human beings have minds."<a href="#cite_note-Searle's_strong_AI-434">[ac]</a> Searle challenges this claim with his <a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a> argument, which attempts to show that even a computer capable of perfectly simulating human behavior would not have a mind.<a href="#cite_note-435">[406]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AI_welfare_and_rights">AI welfare and rights</h4></div> It is difficult or impossible to reliably evaluate whether an advanced <a href="/wiki/Sentient_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentient AI">AI is sentient</a> (has the ability to feel), and if so, to what degree.<a href="#cite_note-436">[407]</a> But if there is a significant chance that a given machine can feel and suffer, then it may be entitled to certain rights or welfare protection measures, similarly to animals.<a href="#cite_note-Thomson-2022-437">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kateman-2023-438">[409]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sapience" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapience">Sapience</a> (a set of capacities related to high intelligence, such as discernment or <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a>) may provide another moral basis for AI rights.<a href="#cite_note-Thomson-2022-437">[408]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robot_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Robot rights">Robot rights</a> are also sometimes proposed as a practical way to integrate autonomous agents into society.<a href="#cite_note-439">[410]</a> In 2017, the European Union considered granting "electronic personhood" to some of the most capable AI systems. Similarly to the legal status of companies, it would have conferred rights but also responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-440">[411]</a> Critics argued in 2018 that granting rights to AI systems would downplay the importance of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, and that legislation should focus on user needs rather than speculative futuristic scenarios. They also noted that robots lacked the autonomy to take part to society on their own.<a href="#cite_note-441">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[413]</a> Progress in AI increased interest in the topic. Proponents of AI welfare and rights often argue that AI sentience, if it emerges, would be particularly easy to deny. They warn that this may be a <a href="/wiki/Moral_blindness" title="Moral blindness">moral blind spot</a> analogous to <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Factory_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming">factory farming</a>, which could lead to <a href="/wiki/Suffering_risks" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffering risks">large-scale suffering</a> if sentient AI is created and carelessly exploited.<a href="#cite_note-Kateman-2023-438">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-2022-437">[408]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superintelligence_and_the_singularity">Superintelligence and the singularity</h3></div> A <a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">superintelligence</a> is a hypothetical agent that would possess intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human mind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2016-426">[398]</a> If research into <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a> produced sufficiently intelligent software, it might be able to <a href="/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">reprogram and improve itself</a>. The improved software would be even better at improving itself, leading to what <a href="/wiki/I._J._Good" title="I. J. Good">I. J. Good</a> called an "<a href="/wiki/Intelligence_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence explosion">intelligence explosion</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a> called a "<a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">singularity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-443">[414]</a> However, technologies cannot improve exponentially indefinitely, and typically follow an <a href="/wiki/S-shaped_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="S-shaped curve">S-shaped curve</a>, slowing when they reach the physical limits of what the technology can do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20211005-444">[415]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></div> Robot designer <a href="/wiki/Hans_Moravec" title="Hans Moravec">Hans Moravec</a>, cyberneticist <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a> and inventor <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a> have predicted that humans and machines may merge in the future into <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cyborgs</a> that are more capable and powerful than either. This idea, called transhumanism, has roots in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ettinger" title="Robert Ettinger">Robert Ettinger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-445">[416]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Fredkin" title="Edward Fredkin">Edward Fredkin</a> argues that "artificial intelligence is the next step in evolution", an idea first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(novelist)" title="Samuel Butler (novelist)">Samuel Butler</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Darwin_among_the_Machines" title="Darwin among the Machines">Darwin among the Machines</a>" as far back as 1863, and expanded upon by <a href="/wiki/George_Dyson_(science_historian)" title="George Dyson (science historian)">George Dyson</a> in his 1998 book <a href="/wiki/Darwin_Among_the_Machines#Evolution_of_Global_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwin Among the Machines">Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-446">[417]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decomputing">Decomputing</h3></div> Arguments for decomputing have been raised by <a href="/wiki/Dan_McQuillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan McQuillan">Dan McQuillan</a> (Resisting AI: An Anti-fascist Approach to Artificial Intelligence, 2022), meaning an opposition to the sweeping application and expansion of artificial intelligence. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">degrowth</a> the approach criticizes AI as an outgrowth of the systemic issues and capitalist world we live in. Arguing that a different future is possible, in which distance between people is reduced and not increased to AI intermediaries.<a href="#cite_note-v935-447">[418]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence in fiction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capek_play.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Capek_play.jpg/260px-Capek_play.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Capek_play.jpg/390px-Capek_play.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Capek_play.jpg/520px-Capek_play.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>The word "robot" itself was coined by <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a> in his 1921 play <a href="/wiki/R.U.R." title="R.U.R.">R.U.R.</a>, the title standing for "Rossum's Universal Robots".</figcaption></figure> Thought-capable artificial beings have appeared as storytelling devices since antiquity,<a href="#cite_note-AI_in_myth-448">[419]</a> and have been a persistent theme in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCorduck2004340–400-449">[420]</a> A common <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">trope</a> in these works began with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a>, where a human creation becomes a threat to its masters. This includes such works as <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(novel)" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)">Arthur C. Clarke's</a> and <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey" title="2001: A Space Odyssey">Stanley Kubrick's</a> 2001: A Space Odyssey (both 1968), with <a href="/wiki/HAL_9000" title="HAL 9000">HAL 9000</a>, the murderous computer in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery One">Discovery One</a> spaceship, as well as <a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">The Terminator</a> (1984) and <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a> (1999). In contrast, the rare loyal robots such as Gort from <a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a> (1951) and Bishop from <a href="/wiki/Aliens_(film)" title="Aliens (film)">Aliens</a> (1986) are less prominent in popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtazzo2001-450">[421]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics" title="Three Laws of Robotics">Three Laws of Robotics</a> in many stories, most notably with the "<a href="/wiki/Multivac" title="Multivac">Multivac</a>" super-intelligent computer. Asimov's laws are often brought up during lay discussions of machine ethics;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2008-451">[422]</a> while almost all artificial intelligence researchers are familiar with Asimov's laws through popular culture, they generally consider the laws useless for many reasons, one of which is their ambiguity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley2007-452">[423]</a> Several works use AI to force us to confront the fundamental question of what makes us human, showing us artificial beings that have <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">the ability to feel</a>, and thus to suffer. This appears in <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a>'s <a href="/wiki/R.U.R." title="R.U.R.">R.U.R.</a>, the films <a href="/wiki/A.I._Artificial_Intelligence" title="A.I. Artificial Intelligence">A.I. Artificial Intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ex_Machina_(film)" title="Ex Machina (film)">Ex Machina</a>, as well as the novel <a href="/wiki/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F" title="Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?">Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>. Dick considers the idea that our understanding of human subjectivity is altered by technology created with artificial intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvan1997-453">[424]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_elections" title="Artificial intelligence and elections">Artificial intelligence and elections</a> – Use and impact of AI on political elections</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_content_detection" title="Artificial intelligence content detection">Artificial intelligence content detection</a> – Software to detect AI-generated content</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_selection_algorithm" title="Behavior selection algorithm">Behavior selection algorithm</a> – Algorithm that selects actions for intelligent agents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_automation" title="Business process automation">Business process automation</a> – Automation of business processes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-based_reasoning" title="Case-based reasoning">Case-based reasoning</a> – Process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_intelligence" title="Computational intelligence">Computational intelligence</a> – Ability of a computer to learn a specific task from data or experimental observation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_immortality" title="Digital immortality">Digital immortality</a> – Hypothetical concept of storing a personality in digital form</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_algorithm" title="Emergent algorithm">Emergent algorithm</a> – Algorithm exhibiting emergent behavior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_gendering_of_AI_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Female gendering of AI technologies">Female gendering of AI technologies</a> – Gender biases in digital technologyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary of artificial intelligence</a> – List of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of artificial intelligence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_amplification" title="Intelligence amplification">Intelligence amplification</a> – Use of information technology to augment human intelligence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a> – Software agent which acts autonomously</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">Mind uploading</a> – Hypothetical process of digitally emulating a brain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organoid_intelligence" title="Organoid intelligence">Organoid intelligence</a> – Use of brain cells and brain organoids for intelligent computing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_process_automation" title="Robotic process automation">Robotic process automation</a> – Form of business process automation technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetware_computer" title="Wetware computer">Wetware computer</a> – Computer composed of organic material</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Problems_of_AI-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Problems_of_AI_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Problems_of_AI_4-1">b</a> This list of intelligent traits is based on the topics covered by the major AI textbooks, including: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tools_of_AI-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tools_of_AI_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tools_of_AI_6-1">b</a> This list of tools is based on the topics covered by the major AI textbooks, including: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> It is among the reasons that <a href="/wiki/Expert_system" title="Expert system">expert systems</a> proved to be inefficient for capturing knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewquist1994296-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrevier1993204–208-33">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> "Rational agent" is general term used in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and theoretical artificial intelligence. It can refer to anything that directs its behavior to accomplish goals, such as a person, an animal, a corporation, a nation, or in the case of AI, a computer program. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> discussed the centrality of learning as early as 1950, in his classic paper "<a href="/wiki/Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence" title="Computing Machinery and Intelligence">Computing Machinery and Intelligence</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuring1950-46">[42]</a> In 1956, at the original Dartmouth AI summer conference, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Solomonoff" title="Ray Solomonoff">Ray Solomonoff</a> wrote a report on unsupervised probabilistic machine learning: "An Inductive Inference Machine".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomonoff1956-47">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/AI_winter#Machine_translation_and_the_ALPAC_report_of_1966" title="AI winter">AI winter § Machine translation and the ALPAC report of 1966</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Compared with symbolic logic, formal Bayesian inference is computationally expensive. For inference to be tractable, most observations must be <a href="/wiki/Conditionally_independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditionally independent">conditionally independent</a> of one another. <a href="/wiki/AdSense" class="mw-redirect" title="AdSense">AdSense</a> uses a Bayesian network with over 300 million edges to learn which ads to serve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomingos2015chpt._6-99">[93]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Expectation–maximization, one of the most popular algorithms in machine learning, allows clustering in the presence of unknown <a href="/wiki/Latent_variables" class="mw-redirect" title="Latent variables">latent variables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomingos2015210-102">[95]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Some form of deep neural networks (without a specific learning algorithm) were described by: <a href="/wiki/Warren_S._McCulloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren S. McCulloch">Warren S. McCulloch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a> (1943)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202117-123">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> (1948);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785-124">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinbuch" title="Karl Steinbuch">Karl Steinbuch</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_David_Joseph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger David Joseph (page does not exist)">Roger David Joseph</a> (1961).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._5-125">[117]</a> Deep or recurrent networks that learned (or used gradient descent) were developed by: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rosenblatt" title="Frank Rosenblatt">Frank Rosenblatt</a>(1957);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785-124">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Selfridge" title="Oliver Selfridge">Oliver Selfridge</a> (1959);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._5-125">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ivakhnenko" title="Alexey Ivakhnenko">Alexey Ivakhnenko</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentin_Lapa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentin Lapa (page does not exist)">Valentin Lapa</a> (1965);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._6-126">[118]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaoru_Nakano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaoru Nakano (page does not exist)">Kaoru Nakano</a> (1971);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._7-127">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shun-Ichi_Amari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shun-Ichi Amari">Shun-Ichi Amari</a> (1972);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._7-127">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Hopfield" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Hopfield">John Joseph Hopfield</a> (1982).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._7-127">[119]</a> Precursors to backpropagation were developed by: <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Kelley" title="Henry J. Kelley">Henry J. Kelley</a> (1960);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785-124">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Bryson" title="Arthur E. Bryson">Arthur E. Bryson</a> (1962);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785-124">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Dreyfus" title="Stuart Dreyfus">Stuart Dreyfus</a> (1962);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785-124">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Bryson" title="Arthur E. Bryson">Arthur E. Bryson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yu-Chi_Ho" title="Yu-Chi Ho">Yu-Chi Ho</a> (1969);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785-124">[116]</a> Backpropagation was independently developed by: <a href="/wiki/Seppo_Linnainmaa" title="Seppo Linnainmaa">Seppo Linnainmaa</a> (1970);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._8-128">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Werbos" title="Paul Werbos">Paul Werbos</a> (1974).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785-124">[116]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a> said, of his work on neural networks in the 1990s, "our labeled datasets were thousands of times too small. [And] our computers were millions of times too slow."<a href="#cite_note-130">[121]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> In statistics, a <a href="/wiki/Bias_(statistics)" title="Bias (statistics)">bias</a> is a systematic error or deviation from the correct value. But in the context of <a href="/wiki/Fairness_(machine_learning)" title="Fairness (machine learning)">fairness</a>, it refers to a tendency in favor or against a certain group or individual characteristic, usually in a way that is considered unfair or harmful. A statistically unbiased AI system that produces disparate outcomes for different demographic groups may thus be viewed as biased in the ethical sense.<a href="#cite_note-Samuel-2022-248">[238]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kleinberg" title="Jon Kleinberg">Jon Kleinberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>), Sendhil Mullainathan (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>), Cynthia Chouldechova (<a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Mellon">Carnegie Mellon</a>) and Sam Corbett-Davis (<a href="/wiki/Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford">Stanford</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian202067–70-258">[247]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Moritz Hardt (a director at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Intelligent_Systems" title="Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems">Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems</a>) argues that machine learning "is fundamentally the wrong tool for a lot of domains, where you're trying to design interventions and mechanisms that change the world."<a href="#cite_note-264">[252]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> When the law was passed in 2018, it still contained a form of this provision. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> This is the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' definition, and includes things like <a href="/wiki/Land_mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Land mines">land mines</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021989-280">[266]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> See table 4; 9% is both the OECD average and the U.S. average.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArntzGregoryZierahn201633-292">[277]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> Sometimes called a "<a href="/wiki/Robopocalypse" title="Robopocalypse">robopocalypse</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20211001-301">[285]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> "Electronic brain" was the term used by the press around this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20219-355">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[340]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> Daniel Crevier wrote, "the conference is generally recognized as the official birthdate of the new science."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrevier199347–49-361">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norvig" class="mw-redirect" title="Norvig">Norvig</a> called the conference "the inception of artificial intelligence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202117-123">[115]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norvig" class="mw-redirect" title="Norvig">Norvig</a> wrote "for the next 20 years the field would be dominated by these people and their students."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig200317-363">[344]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norvig" class="mw-redirect" title="Norvig">Norvig</a> wrote, "it was astonishing whenever a computer did anything kind of smartish".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig200318-365">[345]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> The programs described are <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Samuel_(computer_scientist)" title="Arthur Samuel (computer scientist)">Arthur Samuel</a>'s checkers program for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_701" title="IBM 701">IBM 701</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bobrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Bobrow">Daniel Bobrow</a>'s <a href="/wiki/STUDENT" title="STUDENT">STUDENT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Newell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Logic_Theorist" title="Logic Theorist">Logic Theorist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terry_Winograd" title="Terry Winograd">Terry Winograd</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SHRDLU" title="SHRDLU">SHRDLU</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norvig" class="mw-redirect" title="Norvig">Norvig</a> write: "in almost all cases, these early systems failed on more difficult problems"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202121-371">[349]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Embodied_mind" class="mw-redirect" title="Embodied mind">Embodied</a> approaches to AI<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCorduck2004454–462-379">[356]</a> were championed by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Moravec" title="Hans Moravec">Hans Moravec</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoravec1988-380">[357]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990-381">[358]</a> and went by many names: <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_AI" title="Nouvelle AI">Nouvelle AI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990-381">[358]</a> <a href="/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental robotics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-382">[359]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> Matteo Wong wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>: "Whereas for decades, computer-science fields such as natural-language processing, computer vision, and robotics used extremely different methods, now they all use a programming method called "deep learning". As a result, their code and approaches have become more similar, and their models are easier to integrate into one another."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2023-389">[365]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> Jack Clark wrote in <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>: "After a half-decade of quiet breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, 2015 has been a landmark year. Computers are smarter and learning faster than ever", and noted that the number of software projects that use machine learning at <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> increased from a "sporadic usage" in 2012 to more than 2,700 projects in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2015b-392">[367]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nils_Nilsson_(researcher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nils Nilsson (researcher)">Nils Nilsson</a> wrote in 1983: "Simply put, there is wide disagreement in the field about what AI is all about."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson198310-414">[388]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> Daniel Crevier wrote that "time has proven the accuracy and perceptiveness of some of Dreyfus's comments. Had he formulated them less aggressively, constructive actions they suggested might have been taken much earlier."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrevier1993125-420">[393]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Searle's_strong_AI-434"><a href="#cite_ref-Searle's_strong_AI_434-0">^</a> Searle presented this definition of "Strong AI" in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle1999-431">[403]</a> Searle's original formulation was "The appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle19801-432">[404]</a> Strong AI is defined similarly by <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norvig" class="mw-redirect" title="Norvig">Norvig</a>: "Stong AI – the assertion that machines that do so are actually thinking (as opposed to simulating thinking)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20219817-433">[405]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20211–4-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20211–4_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20211–4_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20211–4_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, pp. 1–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/">AI set to exceed human brain power</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219001624/http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/">Archived</a> 2008-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN.com (July 26, 2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKaplanHaenlein2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Andreas; Haenlein, Michael (2019). "Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence". Business Horizons. 62: 15–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2018.08.004">10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-6813">0007-6813</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158433736">158433736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Horizons&rft.atitle=Siri%2C+Siri%2C+in+my+hand%3A+Who%27s+the+fairest+in+the+land%3F+On+the+interpretations%2C+illustrations%2C+and+implications+of+artificial+intelligence&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158433736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0007-6813&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2018.08.004&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Haenlein%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Artificial_general_intelligence-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Artificial_general_intelligence_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Artificial_general_intelligence_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Artificial_general_intelligence_5-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 32–33, 1020–1021) Proposal for the modern version: <a href="#CITEREFPennachinGoertzel2007">Pennachin & Goertzel (2007)</a> Warnings of overspecialization in AI from leading researchers: <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1995">Nilsson (1995)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy2007">McCarthy (2007)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFBealWinston2009">Beal & Winston (2009)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, §1.2). </li> <li id="cite_note-Dartmouth_workshop-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dartmouth_workshop_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dartmouth_workshop_8-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop" title="Dartmouth workshop">Dartmouth workshop</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, p. 18), <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>, pp. 111–136), <a href="#CITEREFNRC1999">NRC (1999</a>, pp. 200–201) The proposal: <a href="#CITEREFMcCarthyMinskyRochesterShannon1955">McCarthy et al. (1955)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Succ1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Succ1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Succ1_9-1">b</a> Successful programs of the 1960s: <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>, pp. 243–252), <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>, pp. 52–107), <a href="#CITEREFMoravec1988">Moravec (1988</a>, p. 9), <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 19–21) </li> <li id="cite_note-Fund01-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fund01_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fund01_10-1">b</a> Funding initiatives in the early 1980s: <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Generation_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Generation Project">Fifth Generation Project</a> (Japan), <a href="/wiki/Alvey" title="Alvey">Alvey</a> (UK), <a href="/wiki/Microelectronics_and_Computer_Technology_Corporation" title="Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation">Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation</a> (US), <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Computing_Initiative" title="Strategic Computing Initiative">Strategic Computing Initiative</a> (US): <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>, pp. 426–441), <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>, pp. 161–162, 197–203, 211, 240), <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, p. 23), <a href="#CITEREFNRC1999">NRC (1999</a>, pp. 210–211), <a href="#CITEREFNewquist1994">Newquist (1994</a>, pp. 235–248) </li> <li id="cite_note-First_AI_Winter-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-First_AI_Winter_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_AI_Winter_11-1">b</a> First <a href="/wiki/AI_Winter" class="mw-redirect" title="AI Winter">AI Winter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lighthill_report" title="Lighthill report">Lighthill report</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansfield Amendment">Mansfield Amendment</a>: <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>, pp. 115–117), <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 21–22), <a href="#CITEREFNRC1999">NRC (1999</a>, pp. 212–213), <a href="#CITEREFHowe1994">Howe (1994)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFNewquist1994">Newquist (1994</a>, pp. 189–201) </li> <li id="cite_note-Second_AI_Winter-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Second_AI_Winter_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Second_AI_Winter_12-1">b</a> Second <a href="/wiki/AI_Winter" class="mw-redirect" title="AI Winter">AI Winter</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, p. 24), <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>, pp. 430–435), <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>, pp. 209–210), <a href="#CITEREFNRC1999">NRC (1999</a>, pp. 214–216), <a href="#CITEREFNewquist1994">Newquist (1994</a>, pp. 301–318) </li> <li id="cite_note-Deep_learning_revolution-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deep_learning_revolution_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deep_learning_revolution_13-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a> revolution, <a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a>: <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2022">Goldman (2022)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, p. 26), <a href="#CITEREFMcKinsey2018">McKinsey (2018)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToews2023-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToews2023_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToews2023">Toews (2023)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Problem-solving, puzzle solving, game playing, and deduction: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 3–5), <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 6) (<a href="/wiki/Constraint_satisfaction" title="Constraint satisfaction">constraint satisfaction</a>), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, chpt. 2, 3, 7, 9), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, chpt. 3, 4, 6, 8), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 7–12) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Uncertain reasoning: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 12–18), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 345–395), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 333–381), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 7–12) </li> <li id="cite_note-Intractability_and_efficiency_and_the_combinatorial_explosion-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intractability_and_efficiency_and_the_combinatorial_explosion_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intractability_and_efficiency_and_the_combinatorial_explosion_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intractability_and_efficiency_and_the_combinatorial_explosion_17-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Intractably" class="mw-redirect" title="Intractably">Intractability and efficiency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_explosion" title="Combinatorial explosion">combinatorial explosion</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, p. 21) </li> <li id="cite_note-Psychological_evidence_of_the_prevalence_of_sub-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Psychological_evidence_of_the_prevalence_of_sub_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psychological_evidence_of_the_prevalence_of_sub_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psychological_evidence_of_the_prevalence_of_sub_18-2">c</a> Psychological evidence of the prevalence of sub-symbolic reasoning and knowledge: <a href="#CITEREFKahneman2011">Kahneman (2011)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFDreyfusDreyfus1986">Dreyfus & Dreyfus (1986)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFWasonShapiro1966">Wason & Shapiro (1966)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKahnemanSlovicTversky1982">Kahneman, Slovic & Tversky (1982)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">Knowledge representation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_engineering" title="Knowledge engineering">knowledge engineering</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 10), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 23–46, 69–81, 169–233, 235–277, 281–298, 319–345), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 227–243), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 17.1–17.4, 18) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmoliarZhang1994-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmoliarZhang1994_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmoliarZhang1994">Smoliar & Zhang (1994)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumannMöller2008-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumannMöller2008_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeumannMöller2008">Neumann & Möller (2008)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupermanReichleyBailey2006-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupermanReichleyBailey2006_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKupermanReichleyBailey2006">Kuperman, Reichley & Bailey (2006)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2005-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2005_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGarry2005">McGarry (2005)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertiniDel_BimboTorniai2006-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertiniDel_BimboTorniai2006_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertiniDel_BimboTorniai2006">Bertini, Del Bimbo & Torniai (2006)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021272-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021272_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, pp. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Representing categories and relations: <a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Description_logic" title="Description logic">description logics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Frame_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Frame (artificial intelligence)">frames</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scripts_(artificial_intelligence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripts (artificial intelligence)">scripts</a>): <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, §10.2 & 10.5), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 174–177), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 248–258), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 18.3) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Representing events and time:<a href="/wiki/Situation_calculus" title="Situation calculus">Situation calculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Event_calculus" title="Event calculus">event calculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluent_calculus" title="Fluent calculus">fluent calculus</a> (including solving the <a href="/wiki/Frame_problem" title="Frame problem">frame problem</a>): <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, §10.3), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 281–298), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 18.2) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Causality#Causal_calculus" title="Causality">Causal calculus</a>: <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 335–337) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Representing knowledge about knowledge: Belief calculus, <a href="/wiki/Modal_logic" title="Modal logic">modal logics</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, §10.4), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 275–277) </li> <li id="cite_note-Default_reasoning-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Default_reasoning_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Default_reasoning_30-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Default_reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Default reasoning">Default reasoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frame_problem" title="Frame problem">Frame problem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Default_logic" title="Default logic">default logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-monotonic_logic" title="Non-monotonic logic">non-monotonic logics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(logic)" title="Circumscription (logic)">circumscription</a>, <a href="/wiki/Closed_world_assumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed world assumption">closed world assumption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">abduction</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, §10.6), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 248–256, 323–335), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 335–363), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, ~18.3.3) (Poole et al. places abduction under "default reasoning". Luger et al. places this under "uncertain reasoning"). </li> <li id="cite_note-Breadth_of_commonsense_knowledge-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Breadth_of_commonsense_knowledge_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breadth_of_commonsense_knowledge_31-1">b</a> Breadth of commonsense knowledge: <a href="#CITEREFLenatGuha1989">Lenat & Guha (1989</a>, Introduction), <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>, pp. 113–114), <a href="#CITEREFMoravec1988">Moravec (1988</a>, p. 13), <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 241, 385, 982) (<a href="/wiki/Qualification_problem" title="Qualification problem">qualification problem</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewquist1994296-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewquist1994296_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewquist1994">Newquist (1994)</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrevier1993204–208-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrevier1993204–208_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993)</a>, pp. 204–208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021528-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021528_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, p. 528. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Automated_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated planning">Automated planning</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 11). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Automated_decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated decision making">Automated decision making</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 16–18). </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling#classical_planning" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Classical planning</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, Section 11.2). </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Sensorless or "conformant" planning, contingent planning, replanning (a.k.a online planning): <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, Section 11.5). </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Uncertain preferences: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, Section 16.7) <a href="/wiki/Inverse_reinforcement_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverse reinforcement learning">Inverse reinforcement learning</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, Section 22.6) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Information_value_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Information value theory">Information value theory</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, Section 16.6). </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Markov_decision_process" title="Markov decision process">Markov decision process</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 17). </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a> and multi-agent decision theory: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 18). </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Learning</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 19–22), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 397–438), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 385–542), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 3.3, 10.3, 17.5, 20) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuring1950-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuring1950_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuring1950">Turing (1950)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomonoff1956-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomonoff1956_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSolomonoff1956">Solomonoff (1956)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 653) (definition), <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 738–740) (<a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">cluster analysis</a>), <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 846–860) (<a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">word embedding</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Supervised_learning-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Supervised_learning_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supervised_learning_50-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, §19.2) (Definition), <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, Chpt. 19–20) (Techniques) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 22), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 442–449) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Transfer_learning" title="Transfer learning">Transfer learning</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 281), <a href="#CITEREFThe_Economist2016">The Economist (2016)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence">"Artificial Intelligence (AI): What Is AI and How Does It Work? | Built In"</a>. builtin.com. Retrieved 30 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=builtin.com&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence+%28AI%29%3A+What+Is+AI+and+How+Does+It+Work%3F+%7C+Built+In&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuiltin.com%2Fartificial-intelligence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">Computational learning theory</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 672–674), <a href="#CITEREFJordanMitchell2015">Jordan & Mitchell (2015)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a> (NLP): <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 23–24), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 91–104), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 591–632) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Subproblems of <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">NLP</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 849–850) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021856–858-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021856–858_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, pp. 856–858. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson2022-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson2022_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickson2022">Dickson (2022)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Modern statistical and deep learning approaches to <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">NLP</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 24), <a href="#CITEREFCambriaWhite2014">Cambria & White (2014)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincent2019-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVincent2019_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVincent2019">Vincent (2019)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021875–878-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021875–878_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, pp. 875–878. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushwick2023-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBushwick2023_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushwick2023">Bushwick (2023)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 25), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 6) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021849–850-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021849–850_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, pp. 849–850. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021895–899-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021895–899_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, pp. 895–899. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021899–901-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021899–901_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, pp. 899–901. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChallaMorelandMušickiEvans2011-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChallaMorelandMušickiEvans2011_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChallaMorelandMušickiEvans2011">Challa et al. (2011)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021931–938-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021931–938_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, pp. 931–938. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMIT_AIL2014-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMIT_AIL2014_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMIT_AIL2014">MIT AIL (2014)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">Affective computing</a>: <a href="#CITEREFThro1993">Thro (1993)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFEdelson1991">Edelson (1991)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFTaoTan2005">Tao & Tan (2005)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFScassellati2002">Scassellati (2002)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell2018-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell2018_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaddell2018">Waddell (2018)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoriaCambriaBajpaiHussain2017-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoriaCambriaBajpaiHussain2017_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoriaCambriaBajpaiHussain2017">Poria et al. (2017)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Search_algorithm" title="Search algorithm">Search algorithms</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpts. 3–5), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 113–163), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 79–164, 193–219), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpts. 7–12) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="/wiki/State_space_search" title="State space search">State space search</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 3) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021sect._11.2-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021sect._11.2_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, sect. 11.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Uninformed_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Uninformed search">Uninformed searches</a> (<a href="/wiki/Breadth_first_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Breadth first search">breadth first search</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depth-first_search" title="Depth-first search">depth-first search</a> and general <a href="/wiki/State_space_search" title="State space search">state space search</a>): <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 3.4), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 113–132), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 79–121), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 8) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Heuristic" title="Heuristic">Heuristic</a> or informed searches (e.g., greedy <a href="/wiki/Best-first_search" title="Best-first search">best first</a> and <a href="/wiki/A*_search_algorithm" title="A* search algorithm">A*</a>): <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 3.5), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 132–147), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworth2017">Poole & Mackworth (2017</a>, sect. 3.6), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 133–150) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Adversarial search">Adversarial search</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 5) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_search_(optimization)" title="Local search (optimization)">Local</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization">optimization</a>" search: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 4) </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh_Chauhan2020" class="citation web cs1">Singh Chauhan, Nagesh (18 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kdnuggets.com/optimization-algorithms-in-neural-networks">"Optimization Algorithms in Neural Networks"</a>. KDnuggets. Retrieved 13 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KDnuggets&rft.atitle=Optimization+Algorithms+in+Neural+Networks&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft.aulast=Singh+Chauhan&rft.aufirst=Nagesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kdnuggets.com%2Foptimization-algorithms-in-neural-networks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">Evolutionary computation</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 4.1.2) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkleMiddendorf2013-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerkleMiddendorf2013_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerkleMiddendorf2013">Merkle & Middendorf (2013)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpts. 6–9), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 35–77), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 13–16) </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Propositional_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional logic">Propositional logic</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 6), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 45–50), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 13) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">First-order logic</a> and features such as <a href="/wiki/Equality_(mathematics)" title="Equality (mathematics)">equality</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 7), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 268–275), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 50–62), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 15) </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Logical_inference" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical inference">Logical inference</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 10) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> logical deduction as search: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sects. 9.3, 9.4), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. ~46–52), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 62–73), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 4.2, 7.2) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(logic)" title="Resolution (logic)">Resolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unification_(computer_science)" title="Unification (computer science)">unification</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sections 7.5.2, 9.2, 9.5) </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrenPereiraPereira1977" class="citation journal cs1">Warren, D.H.; Pereira, L.M.; Pereira, F. (1977). "Prolog-the language and its implementation compared with Lisp". <a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGPLAN_Notices" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM SIGPLAN Notices">ACM SIGPLAN Notices</a>. 12 (8): 109–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F872734.806939">10.1145/872734.806939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGPLAN+Notices&rft.atitle=Prolog-the+language+and+its+implementation+compared+with+Lisp&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F872734.806939&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=D.H.&rft.au=Pereira%2C+L.M.&rft.au=Pereira%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Fuzzy logic: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 214, 255, 459), <a href="#CITEREFScientific_American1999">Scientific American (1999)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoch-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stoch_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoch_92-1">b</a> Stochastic methods for uncertain reasoning: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 12–18, 20), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 345–395), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 165–191, 333–381), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 19) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">decision theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decision_analysis" title="Decision analysis">decision analysis</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 16–18), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 381–394) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Information_value_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Information value theory">Information value theory</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 16.6) </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Markov_decision_process" title="Markov decision process">Markov decision processes</a> and dynamic <a href="/wiki/Decision_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision network">decision networks</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 17) </li> <li id="cite_note-Stochastic_temporal_models-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stochastic_temporal_models_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stochastic_temporal_models_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stochastic_temporal_models_96-2">c</a> Stochastic temporal models: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 14) <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model" title="Hidden Markov model">Hidden Markov model</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 14.3) <a href="/wiki/Kalman_filter" title="Kalman filter">Kalman filters</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 14.4) <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Bayesian_network" title="Dynamic Bayesian network">Dynamic Bayesian networks</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 14.5) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">mechanism design</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 18) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian networks</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sects. 12.5–12.6, 13.4–13.5, 14.3–14.5, 16.5, 20.2–20.3), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 361–381), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. ~182–190, ≈363–379), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 19.3–19.4) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomingos2015chpt._6-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDomingos2015chpt._6_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDomingos2015">Domingos (2015)</a>, chpt. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_inference" title="Bayesian inference">Bayesian inference</a> algorithm: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 13.3–13.5), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 361–381), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. ~363–379), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 19.4 & 7) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomingos2015210-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDomingos2015210_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDomingos2015">Domingos (2015)</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayesian learning">Bayesian learning</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Expectation%E2%80%93maximization_algorithm" title="Expectation–maximization algorithm">expectation–maximization algorithm</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 20), <a href="#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel (1998</a>, pp. 424–433), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 20), <a href="#CITEREFDomingos2015">Domingos (2015</a>, p. 210) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_decision_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayesian decision theory">Bayesian decision theory</a> and Bayesian <a href="/wiki/Decision_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision network">decision networks</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 16.5) </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Statistical learning methods and <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classifier (mathematics)">classifiers</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 20), </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiaramellaCiaramella2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ciaramella" title="Alberto Ciaramella">Ciaramella, Alberto</a>; Ciaramella, Marco (2024). Introduction to Artificial Intelligence: from data analysis to generative AI. Intellisemantic Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8947-8760-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8947-8760-3"><bdi>978-8-8947-8760-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Artificial+Intelligence%3A+from+data+analysis+to+generative+AI&rft.pub=Intellisemantic+Editions&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-8-8947-8760-3&rft.aulast=Ciaramella&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Ciaramella%2C+Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alternating_decision_tree" title="Alternating decision tree">Decision trees</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 19.3), <a href="#CITEREFDomingos2015">Domingos (2015</a>, p. 88) </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonparametric_statistics" title="Nonparametric statistics">Non-parameteric</a> learning models such as <a href="/wiki/K-nearest_neighbor" class="mw-redirect" title="K-nearest neighbor">K-nearest neighbor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Support_vector_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Support vector machines">support vector machines</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 19.7), <a href="#CITEREFDomingos2015">Domingos (2015</a>, p. 187) (k-nearest neighbor) <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFDomingos2015">Domingos (2015</a>, p. 88) (kernel methods)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomingos2015152-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDomingos2015152_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDomingos2015">Domingos (2015)</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifier" title="Naive Bayes classifier">Naive Bayes classifier</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 12.6), <a href="#CITEREFDomingos2015">Domingos (2015</a>, p. 152) </li> <li id="cite_note-Neural_networks-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neural_networks_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neural_networks_112-1">b</a> Neural networks: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 21), <a href="#CITEREFDomingos2015">Domingos (2015</a>, Chapter 4) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Gradient calculation in computational graphs, <a href="/wiki/Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">backpropagation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automatic_differentiation" title="Automatic differentiation">automatic differentiation</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 21.2), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 467–474), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 3.3) </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_approximation_theorem" title="Universal approximation theorem">Universal approximation theorem</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, p. 752) The theorem: <a href="#CITEREFCybenko1988">Cybenko (1988)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFHornikStinchcombeWhite1989">Hornik, Stinchcombe & White (1989)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Feedforward_neural_network" title="Feedforward neural network">Feedforward neural networks</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 21.1) </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural networks</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 21.6) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Perceptron" title="Perceptron">Perceptrons</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 21, 22, 683, 22) </li> <li id="cite_note-Deep_learning-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deep_learning_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deep_learning_118-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, chpt. 21), <a href="#CITEREFGoodfellowBengioCourville2016">Goodfellow, Bengio & Courville (2016)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFHinton_et_al.2016">Hinton et al. (2016)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFSchmidhuber2015">Schmidhuber (2015)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Convolutional neural networks">Convolutional neural networks</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, sect. 21.3) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDengYu2014199–200-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDengYu2014199–200_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDengYu2014">Deng & Yu (2014)</a>, pp. 199–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECiresanMeierSchmidhuber2012-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECiresanMeierSchmidhuber2012_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCiresanMeierSchmidhuber2012">Ciresan, Meier & Schmidhuber (2012)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021751-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021751_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, p. 751. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202117-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202117_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202117_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202117_123-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785_124-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785_124-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785_124-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785_124-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021785_124-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, p. 785. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._5-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._5_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._5_125-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidhuber2022">Schmidhuber (2022)</a>, sect. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._6-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._6_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidhuber2022">Schmidhuber (2022)</a>, sect. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._7-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._7_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._7_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._7_127-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidhuber2022">Schmidhuber (2022)</a>, sect. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._8-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidhuber2022sect._8_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidhuber2022">Schmidhuber (2022)</a>, sect. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFChristian2020">Christian (2020</a>, p. 22) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2023-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2023_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith (2023)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mit.edu/2023/explained-generative-ai-1109">"Explained: Generative AI"</a>. 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explained%3A+Generative+AI&rft.date=2023-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mit.edu%2F2023%2Fexplained-generative-ai-1109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitsloanedtech.mit.edu/ai/tools/writing">"AI Writing and Content Creation Tools"</a>. MIT Sloan Teaching & Learning Technologies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225232503/https://mitsloanedtech.mit.edu/ai/tools/writing/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AI+Writing+and+Content+Creation+Tools&rft.pub=MIT+Sloan+Teaching+%26+Learning+Technologies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitsloanedtech.mit.edu%2Fai%2Ftools%2Fwriting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarmouyet2023-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarmouyet2023_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarmouyet2023">Marmouyet (2023)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobielus2019-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobielus2019_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKobielus2019">Kobielus (2019)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomason2024" class="citation web cs1">Thomason, James (21 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/ai/mojo-rising-the-resurgence-of-ai-first-programming-languages">"Mojo Rising: The resurgence of AI-first programming languages"</a>. VentureBeat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627143853/https://venturebeat.com/ai/mojo-rising-the-resurgence-of-ai-first-programming-languages/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft.atitle=Mojo+Rising%3A+The+resurgence+of+AI-first+programming+languages&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft.aulast=Thomason&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2Fai%2Fmojo-rising-the-resurgence-of-ai-first-programming-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWodecki2023" class="citation news cs1">Wodecki, Ben (5 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aibusiness.com/verticals/7-ai-programming-languages-you-need-to-know">"7 AI Programming Languages You Need to Know"</a>. AI Business. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725164443/https://aibusiness.com/verticals/7-ai-programming-languages-you-need-to-know">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AI+Business&rft.atitle=7+AI+Programming+Languages+You+Need+to+Know&rft.date=2023-05-05&rft.aulast=Wodecki&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faibusiness.com%2Fverticals%2F7-ai-programming-languages-you-need-to-know&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumb2024" class="citation web cs1">Plumb, Taryn (18 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/ai/why-jensen-huang-and-marc-benioff-see-gigantic-opportunity-for-agentic-ai/">"Why Jensen Huang and Marc Benioff see 'gigantic' opportunity for agentic AI"</a>. VentureBeat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241005165649/https://venturebeat.com/ai/why-jensen-huang-and-marc-benioff-see-gigantic-opportunity-for-agentic-ai/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2024. 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Retrieved 5 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%2C+Foundations+of+Computational+Agents&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009258227&rft.isbn=978-1-0092-5819-7&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Mackworth%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2F9781009258227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellNorvig2020" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Stuart; Norvig, Peter (2020). <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence:_A_Modern_Approach" title="Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach">Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach</a> (4th ed.). 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Retrieved 10 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McKinsey+Digital&rft.atitle=Why+agents+are+the+next+frontier+of+generative+AI&rft.date=2024-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Fcapabilities%2Fmckinsey-digital%2Four-insights%2Fwhy-agents-are-the-next-frontier-of-generative-ai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueiredoAnkrahPowellEpstein2024" class="citation journal cs1">Figueiredo, Mayara Costa; Ankrah, Elizabeth; Powell, Jacquelyn E.; Epstein, Daniel A.; Chen, Yunan (12 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3631414">"Powered by AI: Examining How AI Descriptions Influence Perceptions of Fertility Tracking Applications"</a>. 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Current Sexual Health Reports. 16 (3): 199–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11930-024-00392-3">10.1007/s11930-024-00392-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1548-3592">1548-3592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Sexual+Health+Reports&rft.atitle=Smart+Sex+Toys%3A+A+Narrative+Review+of+Recent+Research+on+Cultural%2C+Health+and+Safety+Considerations&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=2024-07-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11930-024-00392-3&rft.issn=1548-3592&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Pym%2C+Tinonee&rft.au=James%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Waling%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11930-024-00392-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcantonioAveryThrashLeone2024" class="citation journal cs1">Marcantonio, Tiffany L.; Avery, Gracie; Thrash, Anna; Leone, Ruschelle M. 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Retrieved 6 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+BNN&rft.atitle=%2750%E2%80%9350+chance%27+that+AI+outsmarts+humanity%2C+Geoffrey+Hinton+says&rft.date=2024-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnnbloomberg.ca%2F50-50-chance-that-ai-outsmarts-humanity-geoffrey-hinton-says-1.2085394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValance2023-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValance2023_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValance2023">Valance (2023)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2023" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Josh (7 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says">"Rise of artificial intelligence is inevitable but should not be feared, 'father of AI' says"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023061228/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rise+of+artificial+intelligence+is+inevitable+but+should+not+be+feared%2C+%27father+of+AI%27+says&rft.date=2023-05-07&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2023%2Fmay%2F07%2Frise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColton2023" class="citation news cs1">Colton, Emma (7 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/tech/father-ai-jurgen-schmidhuber-says-tech-fears-misplaced-cannot-stop">"'Father of AI' says tech fears misplaced: 'You cannot stop it'"</a>. Fox News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526162642/https://www.foxnews.com/tech/father-ai-jurgen-schmidhuber-says-tech-fears-misplaced-cannot-stop">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=%27Father+of+AI%27+says+tech+fears+misplaced%3A+%27You+cannot+stop+it%27&rft.date=2023-05-07&rft.aulast=Colton&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Ftech%2Ffather-ai-jurgen-schmidhuber-says-tech-fears-misplaced-cannot-stop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2023" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Hessie (23 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/hessiejones/2023/05/23/juergen-schmidhuber-renowned-father-of-modern-ai-says-his-lifes-work-wont-lead-to-dystopia">"Juergen Schmidhuber, Renowned 'Father Of Modern AI,' Says His Life's Work Won't Lead To Dystopia"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526163102/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hessiejones/2023/05/23/juergen-schmidhuber-renowned-father-of-modern-ai-says-his-lifes-work-wont-lead-to-dystopia/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Juergen+Schmidhuber%2C+Renowned+%27Father+Of+Modern+AI%2C%27+Says+His+Life%27s+Work+Won%27t+Lead+To+Dystopia&rft.date=2023-05-23&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Hessie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fhessiejones%2F2023%2F05%2F23%2Fjuergen-schmidhuber-renowned-father-of-modern-ai-says-his-lifes-work-wont-lead-to-dystopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMorrow2023" class="citation news cs1">McMorrow, Ryan (19 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/2dc07f9e-d2a9-4d98-b746-b051f9352be3">"Andrew Ng: 'Do we think the world is better off with more or less intelligence?'"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125014121/https://www.ft.com/content/2dc07f9e-d2a9-4d98-b746-b051f9352be3">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Andrew+Ng%3A+%27Do+we+think+the+world+is+better+off+with+more+or+less+intelligence%3F%27&rft.date=2023-12-19&rft.aulast=McMorrow&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F2dc07f9e-d2a9-4d98-b746-b051f9352be3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Levy, Steven (22 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-meta-yann-lecun-interview">"How Not to Be Stupid About AI, With Yann LeCun"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231228152443/https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-meta-yann-lecun-interview/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=How+Not+to+Be+Stupid+About+AI%2C+With+Yann+LeCun&rft.date=2023-12-22&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fartificial-intelligence-meta-yann-lecun-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> Arguments that AI is not an imminent risk: <a href="#CITEREFBrooks2014">Brooks (2014)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFGeist2015">Geist (2015)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFMadrigal2015">Madrigal (2015)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFLee2014">Lee (2014)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian202067,_73-319">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian202067,_73_319-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian202067,_73_319-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristian2020">Christian (2020)</a>, pp. 67, 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkowsky2008-320"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYudkowsky2008_320-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYudkowsky2008">Yudkowsky (2008)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonAnderson2011-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonAnderson2011_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonAnderson2011_321-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonAnderson2011">Anderson & Anderson (2011)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAAI2014-322"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAAAI2014_322-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAAAI2014">AAAI (2014)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallach2010-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallach2010_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWallach2010">Wallach (2010)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2019173-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2019173_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell2019">Russell (2019)</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartMelton" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Ashley; Melton, Monica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/hugging-face-open-source-ai-approach-2023-12">"Hugging Face CEO says he's focused on building a 'sustainable model' for the $4.5 billion open-source-AI startup"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240925013220/https://www.businessinsider.com/hugging-face-open-source-ai-approach-2023-12">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Hugging+Face+CEO+says+he%27s+focused+on+building+a+%27sustainable+model%27+for+the+%244.5+billion+open-source-AI+startup&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Melton%2C+Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fhugging-face-open-source-ai-approach-2023-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiggers2024" class="citation web cs1">Wiggers, Kyle (9 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2024/04/09/google-open-sources-tools-to-support-ai-model-development">"Google open sources tools to support AI model development"</a>. TechCrunch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240910112401/https://techcrunch.com/2024/04/09/google-open-sources-tools-to-support-ai-model-development/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Google+open+sources+tools+to+support+AI+model+development&rft.date=2024-04-09&rft.aulast=Wiggers&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2024%2F04%2F09%2Fgoogle-open-sources-tools-to-support-ai-model-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaven2023" class="citation web cs1">Heaven, Will Douglas (12 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/12/1072950/open-source-ai-google-openai-eleuther-meta">"The open-source AI boom is built on Big Tech's handouts. How long will it last?"</a>. MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 14 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=The+open-source+AI+boom+is+built+on+Big+Tech%27s+handouts.+How+long+will+it+last%3F&rft.date=2023-05-12&rft.aulast=Heaven&rft.aufirst=Will+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2023%2F05%2F12%2F1072950%2Fopen-source-ai-google-openai-eleuther-meta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodsky2023" class="citation news cs1">Brodsky, Sascha (19 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aibusiness.com/nlp/mistral-ai-s-new-language-model-aims-for-open-source-supremacy">"Mistral AI's New Language Model Aims for Open Source Supremacy"</a>. AI Business. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240905212607/https://aibusiness.com/nlp/mistral-ai-s-new-language-model-aims-for-open-source-supremacy">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AI+Business&rft.atitle=Mistral+AI%27s+New+Language+Model+Aims+for+Open+Source+Supremacy&rft.date=2023-12-19&rft.aulast=Brodsky&rft.aufirst=Sascha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faibusiness.com%2Fnlp%2Fmistral-ai-s-new-language-model-aims-for-open-source-supremacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2024" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Benj (22 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/02/stability-announces-stable-diffusion-3-a-next-gen-ai-image-generator">"Stability announces Stable Diffusion 3, a next-gen AI image generator"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241005170201/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/02/stability-announces-stable-diffusion-3-a-next-gen-ai-image-generator/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Stability+announces+Stable+Diffusion+3%2C+a+next-gen+AI+image+generator&rft.date=2024-02-22&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Benj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2024%2F02%2Fstability-announces-stable-diffusion-3-a-next-gen-ai-image-generator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2024" class="citation news cs1">Marshall, Matt (29 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/ai/how-enterprises-are-using-open-source-llms-16-examples">"How enterprises are using open source LLMs: 16 examples"</a>. VentureBeat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240926171131/https://venturebeat.com/ai/how-enterprises-are-using-open-source-llms-16-examples/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft.atitle=How+enterprises+are+using+open+source+LLMs%3A+16+examples&rft.date=2024-01-29&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2Fai%2Fhow-enterprises-are-using-open-source-llms-16-examples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper2024" class="citation web cs1">Piper, Kelsey (2 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2024/2/2/24058484/open-source-artificial-intelligence-ai-risk-meta-llama-2-chatgpt-openai-deepfake">"Should we make our most powerful AI models open source to all?"</a>. Vox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241005170204/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2024/2/2/24058484/open-source-artificial-intelligence-ai-risk-meta-llama-2-chatgpt-openai-deepfake">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Should+we+make+our+most+powerful+AI+models+open+source+to+all%3F&rft.date=2024-02-02&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Kelsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Ffuture-perfect%2F2024%2F2%2F2%2F24058484%2Fopen-source-artificial-intelligence-ai-risk-meta-llama-2-chatgpt-openai-deepfake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Turing_Institute2019" class="citation web cs1">Alan Turing Institute (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turing.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-06/understanding_artificial_intelligence_ethics_and_safety.pdf">"Understanding artificial intelligence ethics and safety"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240911131935/https://www.turing.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-06/understanding_artificial_intelligence_ethics_and_safety.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2024. 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Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1982-5079-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-1982-5079-7"><bdi>0-1982-5079-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Turing%3A+the+ideas+that+gave+birth+to+the+computer+age&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-1982-5079-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=electronic+brain&year_start=1930&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3">"Google books ngram"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241005170209/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=electronic+brain&year_start=1930&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+books+ngram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fcontent%3Delectronic%2Bbrain%26year_start%3D1930%26year_end%3D2019%26corpus%3Den-2019%26smoothing%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> AI's immediate precursors: <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>, pp. 51–107), <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>, pp. 27–32), <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 8–17), <a href="#CITEREFMoravec1988">Moravec (1988</a>, p. 3) </li> <li id="cite_note-Turing-360">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turing_360-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turing_360-1">b</a> Turing's original publication of the <a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a> in "<a href="/wiki/Computing_machinery_and_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Computing machinery and intelligence">Computing machinery and intelligence</a>": <a href="#CITEREFTuring1950">Turing (1950)</a> Historical influence and philosophical implications: <a href="#CITEREFHaugeland1985">Haugeland (1985</a>, pp. 6–9), <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>, p. 24), <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>, pp. 70–71), <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 2, 984) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrevier199347–49-361"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrevier199347–49_361-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993)</a>, pp. 47–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig200317-363"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig200317_363-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig (2003)</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig200318-365"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig200318_365-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003">Russell & Norvig (2003)</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewquist199486–86-368"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewquist199486–86_368-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewquist1994">Newquist (1994)</a>, pp. 86–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimon1965">Simon (1965</a>, p. 96) quoted in <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>, p. 109) </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinsky1967">Minsky (1967</a>, p. 2) quoted in <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>, p. 109) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202121-371"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202121_371-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELighthill1973-373"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELighthill1973_373-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLighthill1973">Lighthill (1973)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENRC1999212–213-374"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENRC1999212–213_374-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNRC1999">NRC 1999</a>, pp. 212–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202122-375"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202122_375-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Expert_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Expert systems">Expert systems</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 23, 292), <a href="#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004">Luger & Stubblefield (2004</a>, pp. 227–331), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998</a>, chpt. 17.4), <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>, pp. 327–335, 434–435), <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>, pp. 145–162, 197–203), <a href="#CITEREFNewquist1994">Newquist (1994</a>, pp. 155–183) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202124-377"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig202124_377-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson19987-378"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilsson19987_378-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1998">Nilsson (1998)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCorduck2004454–462-379"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCorduck2004454–462_379-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004)</a>, pp. 454–462. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoravec1988-380"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoravec1988_380-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoravec1988">Moravec (1988)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990-381">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990_381-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990_381-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooks1990">Brooks (1990)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental robotics</a>: <a href="#CITEREFWengMcClellandPentlandSporns2001">Weng et al. 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Retrieved 3 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jmc.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=The+Philosophy+of+AI+and+the+AI+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjmc.stanford.edu%2Farticles%2Faiphil2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuring19501-404">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuring19501_404-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuring19501_404-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuring1950">Turing (1950)</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuring1950Under_"The_Argument_from_Consciousness"-405"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuring1950Under_"The_Argument_from_Consciousness"_405-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuring1950">Turing (1950)</a>, Under "The Argument from Consciousness". </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk-GianniniGoldstein2023" class="citation web cs1">Kirk-Giannini, Cameron Domenico; Goldstein, Simon (16 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/ai-is-closer-than-ever-to-passing-the-turing-test-for-intelligence-what-happens-when-it-does-214721">"AI is closer than ever to passing the Turing test for 'intelligence'. What happens when it does?"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240925040612/https://theconversation.com/ai-is-closer-than-ever-to-passing-the-turing-test-for-intelligence-what-happens-when-it-does-214721">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=AI+is+closer+than+ever+to+passing+the+Turing+test+for+%27intelligence%27.+What+happens+when+it+does%3F&rft.date=2023-10-16&rft.aulast=Kirk-Giannini&rft.aufirst=Cameron+Domenico&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fai-is-closer-than-ever-to-passing-the-turing-test-for-intelligence-what-happens-when-it-does-214721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20213-407"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20213_407-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaker2006-408"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaker2006_408-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaker2006">Maker (2006)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy1999-409"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy1999_409-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1999">McCarthy (1999)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinsky1986-410"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinsky1986_410-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinsky1986">Minsky (1986)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cloud.google.com/learn/what-is-artificial-intelligence">"What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud Platform</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731114802/https://cloud.google.com/learn/what-is-artificial-intelligence">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Cloud+Platform&rft.atitle=What+Is+Artificial+Intelligence+%28AI%29%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloud.google.com%2Flearn%2Fwhat-is-artificial-intelligence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2022/10/one-of-the-biggest-problems-in-regulating-ai-is-agreeing-on-a-definition?lang=en">"One of the Biggest Problems in Regulating AI Is Agreeing on a Definition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>. Retrieved 31 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=One+of+the+Biggest+Problems+in+Regulating+AI+Is+Agreeing+on+a+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fposts%2F2022%2F10%2Fone-of-the-biggest-problems-in-regulating-ai-is-agreeing-on-a-definition%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrum.com/opinion/2023/03/30/ai-or-bs-how-tell-if-marketing-tool-really-uses-artificial-intelligence">"AI or BS? How to tell if a marketing tool really uses artificial intelligence"</a>. The Drum. Retrieved 31 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Drum&rft.atitle=AI+or+BS%3F+How+to+tell+if+a+marketing+tool+really+uses+artificial+intelligence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrum.com%2Fopinion%2F2023%2F03%2F30%2Fai-or-bs-how-tell-if-marketing-tool-really-uses-artificial-intelligence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson198310-414"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilsson198310_414-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1983">Nilsson (1983)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaugeland1985112–117-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaugeland1985112–117_416-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaugeland1985">Haugeland (1985)</a>, pp. 112–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> Physical symbol system hypothesis: <a href="#CITEREFNewellSimon1976">Newell & Simon (1976</a>, p. 116) Historical significance: <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>, p. 153), <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, p. 19) </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Moravec%27s_paradox" title="Moravec's paradox">Moravec's paradox</a>: <a href="#CITEREFMoravec1988">Moravec (1988</a>, pp. 15–16), <a href="#CITEREFMinsky1986">Minsky (1986</a>, p. 29), <a href="#CITEREFPinker2007">Pinker (2007</a>, pp. 190–191) </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus%27_critique_of_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus' critique of AI">Dreyfus' critique of AI</a>: <a href="#CITEREFDreyfus1972">Dreyfus (1972)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFDreyfusDreyfus1986">Dreyfus & Dreyfus (1986)</a> Historical significance and philosophical implications: <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>, pp. 120–132), <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>, pp. 211–239), <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 981–982), <a href="#CITEREFFearn2007">Fearn (2007</a>, chpt. 3) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrevier1993125-420"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrevier1993125_420-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993)</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley2011-422"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangley2011_422-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangley2011">Langley (2011)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2012-423"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2012_423-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatz2012">Katz (2012)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Neats_vs._scruffies" class="mw-redirect" title="Neats vs. scruffies">Neats vs. scruffies</a>, the historic debate: <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>, pp. 421–424, 486–489), <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>, p. 168), <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1983">Nilsson (1983</a>, pp. 10–11), <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, p. 24) A classic example of the "scruffy" approach to intelligence: <a href="#CITEREFMinsky1986">Minsky (1986)</a> A modern example of neat AI and its aspirations in the 21st century: <a href="#CITEREFDomingos2015">Domingos (2015)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennachinGoertzel2007-425"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennachinGoertzel2007_425-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPennachinGoertzel2007">Pennachin & Goertzel (2007)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2016-426">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2016_426-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2016_426-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2016">Roberts (2016)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021986-427"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2021986_427-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, p. 986. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers1995-428"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalmers1995_428-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChalmers1995">Chalmers (1995)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennett1991-429"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennett1991_429-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDennett1991">Dennett (1991)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorst2005-430"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorst2005_430-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorst2005">Horst (2005)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle1999-431"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESearle1999_431-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSearle1999">Searle (1999)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle19801-432"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESearle19801_432-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSearle1980">Searle (1980)</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20219817-433"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20219817_433-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, p. 9817. </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> Searle's <a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a> argument: <a href="#CITEREFSearle1980">Searle (1980)</a>. Searle's original presentation of the thought experiment., <a href="#CITEREFSearle1999">Searle (1999)</a>. Discussion: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 985), <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>, pp. 443–445), <a href="#CITEREFCrevier1993">Crevier (1993</a>, pp. 269–271) </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeith2022" class="citation web cs1">Leith, Sam (7 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/nick-bostrom-how-can-we-be-certain-a-machine-isnt-conscious">"Nick Bostrom: How can we be certain a machine isn't conscious?"</a>. The Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240926155639/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/nick-bostrom-how-can-we-be-certain-a-machine-isnt-conscious/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Nick+Bostrom%3A+How+can+we+be+certain+a+machine+isn%27t+conscious%3F&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft.aulast=Leith&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fnick-bostrom-how-can-we-be-certain-a-machine-isnt-conscious&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson-2022-437">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson-2022_437-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson-2022_437-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson-2022_437-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2022" class="citation web cs1">Thomson, Jonny (31 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigthink.com/thinking/why-dont-robots-have-rights">"Why don't robots have rights?"</a>. Big Think. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913055336/https://bigthink.com/thinking/why-dont-robots-have-rights/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Big+Think&rft.atitle=Why+don%27t+robots+have+rights%3F&rft.date=2022-10-31&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Jonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigthink.com%2Fthinking%2Fwhy-dont-robots-have-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kateman-2023-438">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kateman-2023_438-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kateman-2023_438-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKateman2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Kateman, Brian (24 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6296234/ai-should-be-terrified-of-humans">"AI Should Be Terrified of Humans"</a>. Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240925041601/https://time.com/6296234/ai-should-be-terrified-of-humans/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=AI+Should+Be+Terrified+of+Humans&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft.aulast=Kateman&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6296234%2Fai-should-be-terrified-of-humans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Wong, Jeff (10 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90920769/what-leaders-need-to-know-about-robot-rights">"What leaders need to know about robot rights"</a>. Fast Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=What+leaders+need+to+know+about+robot+rights&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F90920769%2Fwhat-leaders-need-to-know-about-robot-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHern2017" class="citation news cs1">Hern, Alex (12 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jan/12/give-robots-personhood-status-eu-committee-argues">"Give robots 'personhood' status, EU committee argues"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241005171222/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jan/12/give-robots-personhood-status-eu-committee-argues">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Give+robots+%27personhood%27+status%2C+EU+committee+argues&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Hern&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2017%2Fjan%2F12%2Fgive-robots-personhood-status-eu-committee-argues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDovey2018" class="citation web cs1">Dovey, Dana (14 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/robots-human-rights-electronic-persons-humans-versus-machines-886075">"Experts Don't Think Robots Should Have Rights"</a>. Newsweek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241005171333/https://www.newsweek.com/robots-human-rights-electronic-persons-humans-versus-machines-886075">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Experts+Don%27t+Think+Robots+Should+Have+Rights&rft.date=2018-04-14&rft.aulast=Dovey&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Frobots-human-rights-electronic-persons-humans-versus-machines-886075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuddy2018" class="citation web cs1">Cuddy, Alice (13 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2018/04/13/robot-rights-violate-human-rights-experts-warn-eu">"Robot rights violate human rights, experts warn EU"</a>. euronews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240919022327/https://www.euronews.com/2018/04/13/robot-rights-violate-human-rights-experts-warn-eu">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=Robot+rights+violate+human+rights%2C+experts+warn+EU&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft.aulast=Cuddy&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2018%2F04%2F13%2Frobot-rights-violate-human-rights-experts-warn-eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence explosion">Intelligence explosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a>: <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, pp. 1004–1005), <a href="#CITEREFOmohundro2008">Omohundro (2008)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKurzweil2005">Kurzweil (2005)</a> <a href="/wiki/I._J._Good" title="I. J. Good">I. J. Good</a>'s "intelligence explosion": <a href="#CITEREFGood1965">Good (1965)</a> <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a>'s "singularity": <a href="#CITEREFVinge1993">Vinge (1993)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20211005-444"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20211005_444-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021)</a>, p. 1005. </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a>: <a href="#CITEREFMoravec1988">Moravec (1988)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKurzweil2005">Kurzweil (2005)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFRussellNorvig2021">Russell & Norvig (2021</a>, p. 1005) </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> AI as evolution: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Fredkin" title="Edward Fredkin">Edward Fredkin</a> is quoted in <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>, p. 401), <a href="#CITEREFButler1863">Butler (1863)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFDyson1998">Dyson (1998)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-v935-447"><a href="#cite_ref-v935_447-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQuillan2025" class="citation web cs1">McQuillan, Dan (14 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerweekly.com/opinion/Labours-AI-Action-Plan-a-gift-to-the-far-right">"a gift to the far right"</a>. ComputerWeekly.com. Retrieved 22 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ComputerWeekly.com&rft.atitle=a+gift+to+the+far+right&rft.date=2025-01-14&rft.aulast=McQuillan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerweekly.com%2Fopinion%2FLabours-AI-Action-Plan-a-gift-to-the-far-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AI_in_myth-448"><a href="#cite_ref-AI_in_myth_448-0">^</a> AI in myth: <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004</a>, pp. 4–5) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCorduck2004340–400-449"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCorduck2004340–400_449-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCorduck2004">McCorduck (2004)</a>, pp. 340–400. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtazzo2001-450"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButtazzo2001_450-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButtazzo2001">Buttazzo (2001)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2008-451"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2008_451-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2008">Anderson (2008)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley2007-452"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley2007_452-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCauley2007">McCauley (2007)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalvan1997-453"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalvan1997_453-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalvan1997">Galvan (1997)</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AI_textbooks">AI textbooks</h3></div> The two most widely used textbooks in 2023 (see the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.opensyllabus.org/result/field?id=Computer+Science">Open Syllabus</a>): <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellNorvig2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell, Stuart J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Norvig" title="Peter Norvig">Norvig, Peter</a> (2021). <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence:_A_Modern_Approach" title="Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach">Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach</a> (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1346-1099-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1346-1099-3"><bdi>978-0-1346-1099-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/20190474">20190474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+A+Modern+Approach&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F20190474&rft.isbn=978-0-1346-1099-3&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Stuart+J.&rft.au=Norvig%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Rich" title="Elaine Rich">Rich, Elaine</a>; Knight, Kevin; Nair, Shivashankar B (2010). Artificial Intelligence (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0700-8770-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0700-8770-5"><bdi>978-0-0700-8770-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw+Hill+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-0700-8770-5&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft.au=Knight%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Nair%2C+Shivashankar+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> The four most widely used AI textbooks in 2008: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Luger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Luger (page does not exist)">Luger, George</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Stubblefield" class="mw-redirect" title="William Stubblefield">Stubblefield, William</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000luge">Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving</a> (5th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-4780-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-4780-7"><bdi>978-0-8053-4780-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726220613/https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000luge">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+Structures+and+Strategies+for+Complex+Problem+Solving&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-4780-7&rft.aulast=Luger&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Stubblefield%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartificialintell0000luge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilsson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nils_Nilsson_(researcher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nils Nilsson (researcher)">Nilsson, Nils</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000nils">Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis</a>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5586-0467-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5586-0467-4"><bdi>978-1-5586-0467-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131654/https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000nils">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+A+New+Synthesis&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-5586-0467-4&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=Nils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartificialintell0000nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellNorvig2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell, Stuart J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Norvig" title="Peter Norvig">Norvig, Peter</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/">Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach</a> (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-790395-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-790395-2"><bdi>0-13-790395-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+A+Modern+Approach&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-13-790395-2&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Stuart+J.&rft.au=Norvig%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faima.cs.berkeley.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Poole_(researcher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Poole (researcher) (page does not exist)">Poole, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Mackworth" title="Alan Mackworth">Mackworth, Alan</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Randy_Goebel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randy Goebel (page does not exist)">Goebel, Randy</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computationalint00pool">Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1951-0270-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1951-0270-3"><bdi>978-0-1951-0270-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131436/https://archive.org/details/computationalint00pool">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computational+Intelligence%3A+A+Logical+Approach&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-1951-0270-3&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Mackworth%2C+Alan&rft.au=Goebel%2C+Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputationalint00pool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> Later edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPooleMackworth2017" class="citation book cs1">Poole, David; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Mackworth" title="Alan Mackworth">Mackworth, Alan</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artint.info/index.html">Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1071-9539-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1071-9539-4"><bdi>978-1-1071-9539-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013855/http://artint.info/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+Foundations+of+Computational+Agents&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-1071-9539-4&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Mackworth%2C+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartint.info%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Other textbooks: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ertel, Wolfgang (2017). Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (2nd ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3195-8486-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3195-8486-7"><bdi>978-3-3195-8486-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-3195-8486-7&rft.aulast=Ertel&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ciaramella" title="Alberto Ciaramella">Ciaramella, Alberto</a>; Ciaramella, Marco (2024). Introduction to Artificial Intelligence: from data analysis to generative AI (1st ed.). Intellisemantic Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8947-8760-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8947-8760-3"><bdi>978-8-8947-8760-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Artificial+Intelligence%3A+from+data+analysis+to+generative+AI&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Intellisemantic+Editions&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-8-8947-8760-3&rft.aulast=Ciaramella&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Ciaramella%2C+Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_AI">History of AI</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrevier1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Crevier" title="Daniel Crevier">Crevier, Daniel</a> (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02997-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02997-3"><bdi>0-465-02997-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AI%3A+The+Tumultuous+Search+for+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=BasicBooks&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-465-02997-3&rft.aulast=Crevier&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCorduck2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Pamela_McCorduck" title="Pamela McCorduck">McCorduck, Pamela</a> (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5688-1205-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-5688-1205-1"><bdi>1-5688-1205-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machines+Who+Think&rft.place=Natick%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=A.+K.+Peters&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-5688-1205-1&rft.aulast=McCorduck&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewquist1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/HP_Newquist" title="HP Newquist">Newquist, H. P.</a> (1994). The Brain Makers: Genius, Ego, And Greed In The Quest For Machines That Think. New York: Macmillan/SAMS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6723-0412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6723-0412-5"><bdi>978-0-6723-0412-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brain+Makers%3A+Genius%2C+Ego%2C+And+Greed+In+The+Quest+For+Machines+That+Think&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan%2FSAMS&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-6723-0412-5&rft.aulast=Newquist&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmonSawyer1990" class="citation book cs1">Harmon, Paul; Sawyer, Brian (1990). Creating Expert Systems for Business and Industry. New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471614963" title="Special:BookSources/0471614963"><bdi>0471614963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Expert+Systems+for+Business+and+Industry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0471614963&rft.aulast=Harmon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suli.pppl.gov/2023/course/Rea-PPPL-SULI2023.pdf">AI & ML in Fusion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1npCTrJ8XJn20ZGDA_DfMpANuQZFMzKPh/view?usp=drive_link">AI & ML in Fusion, video lecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702164332/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1npCTrJ8XJn20ZGDA_DfMpANuQZFMzKPh/view?usp=drive_link">Archived</a> 2 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlterHarris2023" class="citation cs2">Alter, Alexandra; Harris, Elizabeth A. 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CNA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112104421/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-challenge-11097374">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNA&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+Bad+news.+Artificial+intelligence+is+biased&rft.date=2019-01-12&rft.au=CNA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fcommentary%2Fartificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-challenge-11097374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCybenko1988" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Cybenko" title="George Cybenko">Cybenko, G.</a> (1988). 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Foundations and Trends in Signal Processing. 7 (3–4): 197–387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1561%2F2000000039">10.1561/2000000039</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314152112/http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/209355/DeepLearning-NowPublishing-Vol7-SIG-039.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+and+Trends+in+Signal+Processing&rft.atitle=Deep+Learning%3A+Methods+and+Applications&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E387&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1561%2F2000000039&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Yu%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.microsoft.com%2Fpubs%2F209355%2FDeepLearning-NowPublishing-Vol7-SIG-039.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennett1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Dennett, Daniel</a> (1991). <a href="/wiki/Consciousness_Explained" title="Consciousness Explained">Consciousness Explained</a>. The Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9037-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9037-9"><bdi>978-0-7139-9037-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consciousness+Explained&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9037-9&rft.aulast=Dennett&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiFeliciantonio2023" class="citation news cs1">DiFeliciantonio, Chase (3 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php">"AI has already changed the world. This report shows how"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230619015309/https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=AI+has+already+changed+the+world.+This+report+shows+how&rft.date=2023-04-03&rft.aulast=DiFeliciantonio&rft.aufirst=Chase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfchronicle.com%2Ftech%2Farticle%2Fai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson2022" class="citation news cs1">Dickson, Ben (2 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bdtechtalks.com/2022/05/02/what-is-the-transformer">"Machine learning: What is the transformer architecture?"</a>. TechTalks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231122142948/https://bdtechtalks.com/2022/05/02/what-is-the-transformer/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechTalks&rft.atitle=Machine+learning%3A+What+is+the+transformer+architecture%3F&rft.date=2022-05-02&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbdtechtalks.com%2F2022%2F05%2F02%2Fwhat-is-the-transformer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDockrill2022" class="citation cs2">Dockrill, Peter (27 June 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627225827/https://www.sciencealert.com/robots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows">"Robots With Flawed AI Make Sexist And Racist Decisions, Experiment Shows"</a>, Science Alert, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/robots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows">the original</a> on 27 June 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Alert&rft.atitle=Robots+With+Flawed+AI+Make+Sexist+And+Racist+Decisions%2C+Experiment+Shows&rft.date=2022-06-27&rft.aulast=Dockrill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencealert.com%2Frobots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomingos2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Domingos" title="Pedro Domingos">Domingos, Pedro</a> (2015). 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Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0290-8060-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0290-8060-3"><bdi>978-0-0290-8060-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131414/https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. 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Allan Lane Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0030-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0030-9"><bdi>978-0-7382-0030-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131443/https://archive.org/details/darwinamongmachi00dyso">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin+among+the+Machines&rft.pub=Allan+Lane+Science&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0030-9&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarwinamongmachi00dyso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelson1991" class="citation book cs1">Edelson, Edward (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nervoussystem0000edel">The Nervous System</a>. New York: Chelsea House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-0464-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-0464-7"><bdi>978-0-7910-0464-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131758/https://archive.org/details/nervoussystem0000edel">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616204119/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/06/will-robots-create-destroy-jobs">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2018. 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Retrieved 5 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annotated+History+of+Modern+AI+and+Deep+Learning&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Schmidhuber&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.idsia.ch%2F~juergen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearle1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle, John</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/7150/1/10.1.1.83.5248.pdf">"Minds, Brains and Programs"</a> (PDF). 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International Journal of Public Administration. 42 (7): 596–615. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01900692.2018.1498103">10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-0692">0190-0692</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158829602">158829602</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818131415/https://zenodo.org/record/3569435">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Public+Administration&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence+and+the+Public+Sector+%E2%80%93+Applications+and+Challenges&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E596-%3C%2Fspan%3E615&rft.date=2018-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158829602%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0190-0692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01900692.2018.1498103&rft.aulast=Wirtz&rft.aufirst=Bernd+W.&rft.au=Weyerer%2C+Jan+C.&rft.au=Geyer%2C+Carolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3569435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2023" class="citation cs2">Wong, Matteo (19 May 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/05/ai-advancements-multimodal-models/674113/">"ChatGPT Is Already Obsolete"</a>, The Atlantic, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022529/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/05/ai-advancements-multimodal-models/674113/">archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2024, retrieved 5 October 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=ChatGPT+Is+Already+Obsolete&rft.date=2023-05-19&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2023%2F05%2Fai-advancements-multimodal-models%2F674113%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYudkowsky2008" class="citation cs2">Yudkowsky, E (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intelligence.org/files/AIPosNegFactor.pdf">"Artificial Intelligence as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk"</a> (PDF), Global Catastrophic Risks, Oxford University Press, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008gcr..book..303Y">2008gcr..book..303Y</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019182403/http://intelligence.org/files/AIPosNegFactor.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2013, retrieved 24 September 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Catastrophic+Risks&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence+as+a+Positive+and+Negative+Factor+in+Global+Risk&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008gcr..book..303Y&rft.aulast=Yudkowsky&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintelligence.org%2Ffiles%2FAIPosNegFactor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">Autor, David H.</a>, "Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation" (2015) 29(3) Journal of Economic Perspectives 3.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinski2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Berlinski" title="David Berlinski">Berlinski, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adventofalgorith0000berl">The Advent of the Algorithm</a>. Harcourt Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1560-1391-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1560-1391-8"><bdi>978-0-1560-1391-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46890682">46890682</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726215744/https://archive.org/details/adventofalgorith0000berl">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Advent+of+the+Algorithm&rft.pub=Harcourt+Books&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46890682&rft.isbn=978-0-1560-1391-8&rft.aulast=Berlinski&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadventofalgorith0000berl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Boyle, James, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/5859/The-LineAI-and-the-Future-of-Personhood">The Line: AI and the Future of Personhood</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, 2024.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Cukier" title="Kenneth Cukier">Cukier, Kenneth</a>, "Ready for Robots? How to Think about the Future of AI", <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, vol. 98, no. 4 (July/August 2019), pp. 192–198. <a href="/wiki/George_Dyson_(science_historian)" title="George Dyson (science historian)">George Dyson</a>, historian of computing, writes (in what might be called "Dyson's Law") that "Any system simple enough to be understandable will not be complicated enough to behave intelligently, while any system complicated enough to behave intelligently will be too complicated to understand." (p. 197.) Computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Alex_Pentland" title="Alex Pentland">Alex Pentland</a> writes: "Current <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">AI machine-learning</a> <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> are, at their core, dead simple stupid. They work, but they work by brute force." (p. 198.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Woody_Evans" title="Woody Evans">Evans, Woody</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5209%2Frev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072">"Posthuman Rights: Dimensions of Transhuman Worlds"</a>. Teknokultura. 12 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5209%2Frev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072">10.5209/rev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147612763">147612763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teknokultura&rft.atitle=Posthuman+Rights%3A+Dimensions+of+Transhuman+Worlds&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5209%2Frev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147612763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Woody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5209%252Frev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2023" class="citation web cs1">Frank, Michael (22 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2023/09/us-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence-can-shape-the-21st-century-global-order">"US Leadership in Artificial Intelligence Can Shape the 21st Century Global Order"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)" title="The Diplomat (magazine)">The Diplomat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916014433/https://thediplomat.com/2023/09/us-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence-can-shape-the-21st-century-global-order/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2023. <q>Instead, the United States has developed a new area of dominance that the rest of the world views with a mixture of awe, envy, and resentment: artificial intelligence... From AI models and research to cloud computing and venture capital, U.S. companies, universities, and research labs – and their affiliates in allied countries – appear to have an enormous lead in both developing cutting-edge AI and commercializing it. The value of U.S. venture capital investments in AI start-ups exceeds that of the rest of the world combined.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=US+Leadership+in+Artificial+Intelligence+Can+Shape+the+21st+Century+Global+Order&rft.date=2023-09-22&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2023%2F09%2Fus-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence-can-shape-the-21st-century-global-order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gertner, Jon. (2023) "Wikipedia's Moment of Truth: Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process?" New York Times Magazine (July 18, 2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720125400/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html">Archived</a> 20 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleick,_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Gleick, James">Gleick, James</a>, "The Fate of Free Will" (review of Kevin J. Mitchell, Free Agents: How Evolution Gave Us Free Will, Princeton University Press, 2023, 333 pp.), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXXI, no. 1 (18 January 2024), pp. 27–28, 30. "<a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a> is what distinguishes us from machines. For biological creatures, <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">purpose</a> come from acting in the world and experiencing the consequences. Artificial intelligences – disembodied, strangers to blood, sweat, and tears – have no occasion for that." (p. 30.)</li> <li>Halpern, Sue, "The Coming Tech Autocracy" (review of <a href="/wiki/Verity_Harding" title="Verity Harding">Verity Harding</a>, AI Needs You: How We Can Change AI's Future and Save Our Own, Princeton University Press, 274 pp.; <a href="/wiki/Gary_Marcus" title="Gary Marcus">Gary Marcus</a>, Taming Silicon Valley: How We Can Ensure That AI Works for Us, MIT Press, 235 pp.; <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Rus" title="Daniela Rus">Daniela Rus</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Mone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Mone (page does not exist)">Gregory Mone</a>, The Mind's Mirror: Risk and Reward in the Age of AI, Norton, 280 pp.; <a href="/wiki/Madhumita_Murgia" title="Madhumita Murgia">Madhumita Murgia</a>, Code Dependent: Living in the Shadow of AI, Henry Holt, 311 pp.), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXXI, no. 17 (7 November 2024), pp. 44–46. "'We can't realistically expect that those who hope to get rich from AI are going to have the interests of the rest of us close at heart,' ... writes [Gary Marcus]. 'We can't count on <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governments</a> driven by <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance" title="Campaign finance">campaign finance</a> contributions [from tech companies] to push back.'... Marcus details the demands that citizens should make of their governments and the <a href="/wiki/Tech_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Tech company">tech companies</a>. They include <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">transparency</a> on how AI systems work; compensation for individuals if their data [are] used to train LLMs (<a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language model</a>)s and the right to consent to this use; and the ability to hold tech companies liable for the harms they cause by eliminating <a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a>, imposing cash penalties, and passing stricter <a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">product liability</a> laws... Marcus also suggests... that a new, AI-specific federal agency, akin to the <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">FTC</a>, might provide the most robust oversight.... [T]he <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham</a> law professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinmayi_Sharma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinmayi Sharma (page does not exist)">Chinmayi Sharma</a>... suggests... establish[ing] a professional licensing regime for engineers that would function in a similar way to <a href="/wiki/Medical_license" title="Medical license">medical licenses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malpractice" title="Malpractice">malpractice</a> suits, and the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocratic oath">Hippocratic oath</a> in medicine. 'What if, like doctors,' she asks..., 'AI engineers also vowed to <a href="/wiki/Primum_non_nocere" title="Primum non nocere">do no harm</a>?'" (p. 46.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2007" class="citation news cs1">Henderson, Mark (24 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/technology/article1966391.ece">"Human rights for robots? We're getting carried away"</a>. The Times Online. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531104850/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/technology/article1966391.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+Online&rft.atitle=Human+rights+for+robots%3F+We%27re+getting+carried+away&rft.date=2007-04-24&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Ftechnology%2Farticle1966391.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hughes-Castleberry, Kenna, "A Murder Mystery Puzzle: The literary puzzle <a href="/wiki/Cain%27s_Jawbone" title="Cain's Jawbone">Cain's Jawbone</a>, which has stumped humans for decades, reveals the limitations of natural-language-processing algorithms", <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, vol. 329, no. 4 (November 2023), pp. 81–82. "This murder mystery competition has revealed that although NLP (<a href="/wiki/Natural-language_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural-language processing">natural-language processing</a>) models are capable of incredible feats, their abilities are very much limited by the amount of <a href="/wiki/Context_(linguistics)" title="Context (linguistics)">context</a> they receive. This [...] could cause [difficulties] for researchers who hope to use them to do things such as analyze <a href="/wiki/Ancient_language" title="Ancient language">ancient languages</a>. In some cases, there are few historical records on long-gone <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> to serve as <a href="/wiki/Training_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Training data">training data</a> for such a purpose." (p. 82.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immerwahr,_Daniel" class="mw-redirect" title="Immerwahr, Daniel">Immerwahr, Daniel</a>, "Your Lying Eyes: People now use A.I. to generate fake videos indistinguishable from real ones. How much does it matter?", <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, 20 November 2023, pp. 54–59. "If by '<a href="/wiki/Deepfakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepfakes">deepfakes</a>' we mean realistic videos produced using artificial intelligence that actually deceive people, then they barely exist. The fakes aren't deep, and the deeps aren't fake. [...] A.I.-generated videos are not, in general, operating in our media as counterfeited evidence. Their role better resembles that of <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a>, especially smutty ones." (p. 59.)</li> <li>Johnston, John (2008) The Allure of Machinic Life: Cybernetics, Artificial Life, and the New AI, MIT Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJumperEvansPritzelGreen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jumper, John; Evans, Richard; Pritzel, Alexander; et al. (26 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8371605">"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold"</a>. Nature. 596 (7873): 583–589. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.596..583J">2021Natur.596..583J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03819-2">10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8371605">8371605</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34265844">34265844</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235959867">235959867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Highly+accurate+protein+structure+prediction+with+AlphaFold&rft.volume=596&rft.issue=7873&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E583-%3C%2Fspan%3E589&rft.date=2021-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8371605%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235959867%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.596..583J&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34265844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03819-2&rft.aulast=Jumper&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Evans%2C+Richard&rft.au=Pritzel%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Green%2C+Tim&rft.au=Figurnov%2C+Michael&rft.au=Ronneberger%2C+Olaf&rft.au=Tunyasuvunakool%2C+Kathryn&rft.au=Bates%2C+Russ&rft.au=%C5%BD%C3%ADdek%2C+Augustin&rft.au=Potapenko%2C+Anna&rft.au=Bridgland%2C+Alex&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Clemens&rft.au=Kohl%2C+Simon+A.+A.&rft.au=Ballard%2C+Andrew+J.&rft.au=Cowie%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Romera-Paredes%2C+Bernardino&rft.au=Nikolov%2C+Stanislav&rft.au=Jain%2C+Rishub&rft.au=Adler%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Back%2C+Trevor&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Stig&rft.au=Reiman%2C+David&rft.au=Clancy%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Zielinski%2C+Michal&rft.au=Steinegger%2C+Martin&rft.au=Pacholska%2C+Michalina&rft.au=Berghammer%2C+Tamas&rft.au=Bodenstein%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Silver%2C+David&rft.au=Vinyals%2C+Oriol&rft.au=Senior%2C+Andrew+W.&rft.au=Kavukcuoglu%2C+Koray&rft.au=Kohli%2C+Pushmeet&rft.au=Hassabis%2C+Demis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8371605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeCunBengioHinton2015" class="citation journal cs1">LeCun, Yann; Bengio, Yoshua; Hinton, Geoffrey (28 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14539">"Deep learning"</a>. Nature. 521 (7553): 436–444. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.521..436L">2015Natur.521..436L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14539">10.1038/nature14539</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017442">26017442</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3074096">3074096</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605235832/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14539">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Deep+learning&rft.volume=521&rft.issue=7553&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E436-%3C%2Fspan%3E444&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3074096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26017442&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.521..436L&rft.aulast=LeCun&rft.aufirst=Yann&rft.au=Bengio%2C+Yoshua&rft.au=Hinton%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature14539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Leffer, Lauren, "The Risks of Trusting AI: We must avoid humanizing machine-learning models used in scientific research", <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, vol. 330, no. 6 (June 2024), pp. 80–81.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Lepore" title="Jill Lepore">Lepore, Jill</a>, "The Chit-Chatbot: Is talking with a machine a conversation?", <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, 7 October 2024, pp. 12–16.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaschafilm2010" class="citation web cs1">Maschafilm (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plugandpray-film.de/en/content.html">"Content: Plug & Pray Film – Artificial Intelligence – Robots"</a>. plugandpray-film.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212040134/http://www.plugandpray-film.de/en/content.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plugandpray-film.de&rft.atitle=Content%3A+Plug+%26+Pray+Film+%E2%80%93+Artificial+Intelligence+%E2%80%93+Robots&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Maschafilm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plugandpray-film.de%2Fen%2Fcontent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus,_Gary" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus, Gary">Marcus, Gary</a>, "Artificial Confidence: Even the newest, buzziest systems of artificial general intelligence are stymmied by the same old problems", <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, vol. 327, no. 4 (October 2022), pp. 42–45.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2019" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Melanie (2019). Artificial intelligence: a guide for thinking humans. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3742-5783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3742-5783-5"><bdi>978-0-3742-5783-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+intelligence%3A+a+guide+for+thinking+humans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-3742-5783-5&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMnihKavukcuogluSilverRusu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mnih, Volodymyr; Kavukcuoglu, Koray; Silver, David; et al. 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Nature. 518 (7540): 529–533. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.518..529M">2015Natur.518..529M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14236">10.1038/nature14236</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25719670">25719670</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205242740">205242740</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230619055525/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14236">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Human-level+control+through+deep+reinforcement+learning&rft.volume=518&rft.issue=7540&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E529-%3C%2Fspan%3E533&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14236&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205242740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25719670&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.518..529M&rft.aulast=Mnih&rft.aufirst=Volodymyr&rft.au=Kavukcuoglu%2C+Koray&rft.au=Silver%2C+David&rft.au=Rusu%2C+Andrei+A.&rft.au=Veness%2C+Joel&rft.au=Bellemare%2C+Marc+G.&rft.au=Graves%2C+Alex&rft.au=Riedmiller%2C+Martin&rft.au=Fidjeland%2C+Andreas+K.&rft.au=Ostrovski%2C+Georg&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Stig&rft.au=Beattie%2C+Charles&rft.au=Sadik%2C+Amir&rft.au=Antonoglou%2C+Ioannis&rft.au=King%2C+Helen&rft.au=Kumaran%2C+Dharshan&rft.au=Wierstra%2C+Daan&rft.au=Legg%2C+Shane&rft.au=Hassabis%2C+Demis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature14236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> Introduced <a href="/wiki/Deep_Q-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Q-learning">DQN</a>, which produced human-level performance on some Atari games.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyal_Press" title="Eyal Press">Press, Eyal</a>, "In Front of Their Faces: Does facial-recognition technology lead police to ignore contradictory evidence?", <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, 20 November 2023, pp. 20–26.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6200005.stm">"Robots could demand legal rights"</a>. BBC News. 21 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015042628/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6200005.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Robots+could+demand+legal+rights&rft.date=2006-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F6200005.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Roivainen, Eka, "AI's IQ: <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> aced a [standard intelligence] test but showed that <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> cannot be measured by <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a> alone", <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, vol. 329, no. 1 (July/August 2023), p. 7. "Despite its high IQ, <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> fails at tasks that require real humanlike reasoning or an understanding of the physical and social world.... ChatGPT seemed unable to reason logically and tried to rely on its vast database of... facts derived from online texts."</li> <li>Scharre, Paul, "Killer Apps: The Real Dangers of an AI Arms Race", <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, vol. 98, no. 3 (May/June 2019), pp. 135–144. "Today's AI technologies are powerful but unreliable. Rules-based systems cannot deal with circumstances their programmers did not anticipate. Learning systems are limited by the data on which they were trained. AI failures have already led to tragedy. Advanced autopilot features in cars, although they perform well in some circumstances, have driven cars without warning into trucks, concrete barriers, and parked cars. In the wrong situation, AI systems go from supersmart to superdumb in an instant. When an enemy is trying to manipulate and hack an AI system, the risks are even greater." (p. 140.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulzBehnke2012" class="citation journal cs1">Schulz, Hannes; Behnke, Sven (1 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230690795">"Deep Learning"</a>. KI – Künstliche Intelligenz. 26 (4): 357–363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13218-012-0198-z">10.1007/s13218-012-0198-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1610-1987">1610-1987</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220523562">220523562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KI+%E2%80%93+K%C3%BCnstliche+Intelligenz&rft.atitle=Deep+Learning&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E363&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220523562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1610-1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13218-012-0198-z&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Hannes&rft.au=Behnke%2C+Sven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F230690795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerenkoMichael_Dohan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Serenko, Alexander; Michael Dohan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aserenko.com/papers/JOI_AI_Journal_Ranking_Serenko.pdf">"Comparing the expert survey and citation impact journal ranking methods: Example from the field of Artificial Intelligence"</a> (PDF). Journal of Informetrics. 5 (4): 629–649. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joi.2011.06.002">10.1016/j.joi.2011.06.002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212839/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/JOI_AI_Journal_Ranking_Serenko.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Informetrics&rft.atitle=Comparing+the+expert+survey+and+citation+impact+journal+ranking+methods%3A+Example+from+the+field+of+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E629-%3C%2Fspan%3E649&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.joi.2011.06.002&rft.aulast=Serenko&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Michael+Dohan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aserenko.com%2Fpapers%2FJOI_AI_Journal_Ranking_Serenko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverHuangMaddisonGuez2016" class="citation journal cs1">Silver, David; Huang, Aja; Maddison, Chris J.; et al. (28 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961">"Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search"</a>. Nature. 529 (7587): 484–489. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.529..484S">2016Natur.529..484S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16961">10.1038/nature16961</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26819042">26819042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:515925">515925</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618213059/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Mastering+the+game+of+Go+with+deep+neural+networks+and+tree+search&rft.volume=529&rft.issue=7587&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E484-%3C%2Fspan%3E489&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature16961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A515925%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26819042&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.529..484S&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Huang%2C+Aja&rft.au=Maddison%2C+Chris+J.&rft.au=Guez%2C+Arthur&rft.au=Sifre%2C+Laurent&rft.au=van+den+Driessche%2C+George&rft.au=Schrittwieser%2C+Julian&rft.au=Antonoglou%2C+Ioannis&rft.au=Panneershelvam%2C+Veda&rft.au=Lanctot%2C+Marc&rft.au=Dieleman%2C+Sander&rft.au=Grewe%2C+Dominik&rft.au=Nham%2C+John&rft.au=Kalchbrenner%2C+Nal&rft.au=Sutskever%2C+Ilya&rft.au=Lillicrap%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Leach%2C+Madeleine&rft.au=Kavukcuoglu%2C+Koray&rft.au=Graepel%2C+Thore&rft.au=Hassabis%2C+Demis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature16961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashish_Vaswani" title="Ashish Vaswani">Vaswani, Ashish</a>, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar et al. "<a href="/wiki/Attention_is_all_you_need" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention is all you need">Attention is all you need</a>." Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017). Seminal paper on <a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">transformers</a>.</li> <li>Vincent, James, "Horny Robot Baby Voice: James Vincent on AI chatbots", <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>, vol. 46, no. 19 (10 October 2024), pp. 29–32. "[AI chatbot] programs are made possible by new technologies but rely on the timelelss human tendency to <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphise" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphise">anthropomorphise</a>." (p. 29.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Commission2020" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf">White Paper: On Artificial Intelligence – A European approach to excellence and trust</a> (PDF). Brussels: European Commission. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220173419/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Paper%3A+On+Artificial+Intelligence+%E2%80%93+A+European+approach+to+excellence+and+trust&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finfo%2Fsites%2Finfo%2Ffiles%2Fcommission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q11660" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q11660">Artificial intelligence</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/art-inte">"Artificial Intelligence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fart-inte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_intelligence_(AI)776" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artificial intelligence (AI)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">timeline</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">Parameter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperparameter_(machine_learning)" title="Hyperparameter (machine learning)">Hyperparameter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_functions_for_classification" title="Loss functions for classification">Loss functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff" title="Bias–variance tradeoff">Bias–variance tradeoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_descent" title="Double descent">Double descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfitting" title="Overfitting">Overfitting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradient_descent" title="Gradient descent">Gradient descent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_gradient_descent" title="Stochastic gradient descent">SGD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Newton_method" title="Quasi-Newton method">Quasi-Newton method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_gradient_method" title="Conjugate gradient method">Conjugate gradient method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">Backpropagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning)" title="Attention (machine learning)">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(machine_learning)" title="Normalization (machine learning)">Normalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batch_normalization" title="Batch normalization">Batchnorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_function" title="Activation function">Activation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softmax_function" title="Softmax function">Softmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_function" title="Sigmoid function">Sigmoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectifier_(neural_networks)" title="Rectifier (neural networks)">Rectifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gating_mechanism" title="Gating mechanism">Gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_initialization" title="Weight initialization">Weight initialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)" title="Regularization (mathematics)">Regularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training,_validation,_and_test_data_sets" title="Training, validation, and test data sets">Datasets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_augmentation" title="Data augmentation">Augmentation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="State–action–reward–state–action">SARSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation_learning" title="Imitation learning">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_gradient_method" title="Policy gradient method">Policy gradient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_process" title="Diffusion process">Diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_diffusion_model" title="Latent diffusion model">Latent diffusion model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_model" title="Autoregressive model">Autoregression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_machine_learning" title="Adversarial machine learning">Adversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrieval-augmented_generation" title="Retrieval-augmented generation">RAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">RLHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering#In-context_learning" title="Prompt engineering">In-context learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Artificial neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">NMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio–visual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_image_synthesis" title="Human image synthesis">Human image synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">HWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning_speech_synthesis" title="Deep learning speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15.ai" title="15.ai">15.ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">Facial recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Text-to-image models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(text-to-image_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (text-to-image model)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Firefly" title="Adobe Firefly">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(text-to-image_model)" title="Flux (text-to-image model)">Flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Brain#Text-to-image_model" title="Google Brain">Imagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Text-to-video models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Machine_(text-to-video_model)" title="Dream Machine (text-to-video model)">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway_(company)#Gen-3_Alpha" title="Runway (company)">Gen-3 Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniMax_(company)#Hailuo_AI" title="MiniMax (company)">Hailuo AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kling_(text-to-video_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kling (text-to-video model)">Kling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind#Video_model" title="Google DeepMind">Veo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music generation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suno_AI" title="Suno AI">Suno AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udio" title="Udio">Udio</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seq2seq" title="Seq2seq">Seq2seq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GloVe" title="GloVe">GloVe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T5_(language_model)" title="T5 (language model)">T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchilla_(language_model)" title="Chinchilla (language model)">Chinchilla AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaLM" title="PaLM">PaLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">GPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-J" title="GPT-J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">chatbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" title="Grok (chatbot)">Grok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLOOM_(language_model)" title="BLOOM (language model)">BLOOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Debater" title="Project Debater">Project Debater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">IBM Watsonx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_PanGu" title="Huawei PanGu">PanGu-Σ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSeek" title="DeepSeek">DeepSeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwen" title="Qwen">Qwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decisional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_selection" title="Action selection">Action selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_control" title="Robot control">Robot control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren Sturgis McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester_(computer_scientist)" title="Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist)">Nathaniel Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Shaw" title="Cliff Shaw">Cliff Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Selfridge" title="Oliver Selfridge">Oliver Selfridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Rosenblatt" title="Frank Rosenblatt">Frank Rosenblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Widrow" title="Bernard Widrow">Bernard Widrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seppo_Linnainmaa" title="Seppo Linnainmaa">Seppo Linnainmaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Werbos" title="Paul Werbos">Paul Werbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Jürgen Schmidhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotfi_A._Zadeh" title="Lotfi A. Zadeh">Lotfi A. Zadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Grossberg" title="Stephen Grossberg">Stephen Grossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Graves_(computer_scientist)" title="Alex Graves (computer scientist)">Alex Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei-Fei_Li" title="Fei-Fei Li">Fei-Fei Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Krizhevsky" title="Alex Krizhevsky">Alex Krizhevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Silver_(computer_scientist)" title="David Silver (computer scientist)">David Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Goodfellow" title="Ian Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Karpathy" title="Andrej Karpathy">Andrej Karpathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Turing_machine" title="Neural Turing machine">Neural Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_neural_computer" title="Differentiable neural computer">Differentiable neural computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision transformer (ViT)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural network (RNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_short-term_memory" title="Long short-term memory">Long short-term memory (LSTM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit" title="Gated recurrent unit">Gated recurrent unit (GRU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_state_network" title="Echo state network">Echo state network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayer_perceptron" title="Multilayer perceptron">Multilayer perceptron (MLP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network (CNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_neural_network" title="Residual neural network">Residual neural network (RNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_network" title="Highway network">Highway network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Mamba (deep learning architecture)">Mamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder (VAE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network (GAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_neural_network" title="Graph neural network">Graph neural network (GNN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> Portals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Artificial_intelligence" title="Category:Artificial intelligence">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artificial_neural_networks" title="Category:Artificial neural networks">Artificial neural networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Machine_learning" title="Category:Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies" title="List of artificial intelligence companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" title="List of artificial intelligence projects">Projects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Artificial_intelligence110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Artificial_intelligence110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Artificial intelligence</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_McCarthy52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_McCarthy" title="Template:John McCarthy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_McCarthy" title="Template talk:John McCarthy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_McCarthy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John McCarthy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_McCarthy52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(logic)" title="Circumscription (logic)">Circumscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop" title="Dartmouth workshop">Dartmouth workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_problem" title="Frame problem">Frame problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">Garbage collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation" title="Short-circuit evaluation">McCarthy evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthy_Formalism" title="McCarthy Formalism">McCarthy Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthy_91_function" title="McCarthy 91 function">McCarthy 91 function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_calculus" title="Situation calculus">Situation calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_fountain" title="Space fountain">Space fountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_mind296" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template talk:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_mind296" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(philosopher)" title="Alexander Bain (philosopher)">Alexander Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Ned Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Burge" title="Tyler Burge">Tyler Burge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Clark" title="Andy Clark">Andy Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Fodor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cameron_Jackson" title="Frank Cameron Jackson">Frank Cameron Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis (philosopher)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_No%C3%AB" title="Alva Noë">Alva Noë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Yablo" title="Stephen Yablo">Stephen Yablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_mind" title="List of philosophers of mind">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_naturalism" title="Biological naturalism">Biological naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminative materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_materialism" title="Emergent materialism">Emergent materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">New mysterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasionalism" title="Occasionalism">Occasionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysical_parallelism" title="Psychophysical parallelism">Parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_physicalism" title="Type physicalism">Type physicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Representational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance dualism">Substance dualism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_closure_(philosophy)" title="Cognitive closure (philosophy)">Cognitive closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">Human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">Intentionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">Introspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_thought_hypothesis" title="Language of thought hypothesis">Language of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_event" title="Mental event">Mental event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">Mental image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_processes" title="Template:Mental processes">Mental process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">Mental property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" title="Pain (philosophy)">Pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositional_attitude" title="Propositional attitude">Propositional attitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">Tabula rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">Understanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">information</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">perception</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophy of mind">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Mind" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Mind">Task Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_science439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template talk:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_science439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">A priori and a posteriori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill%27s_Methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill's Methods">Mill's Methods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)">Commensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_(philosophy)" title="Construct (philosophy)">Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">Correlation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_function" title="Correlation function">function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_synthesis" title="Creative synthesis">Creative synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">Empirical evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Experiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_power" title="Explanatory power">Explanatory power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_contextualism" title="Functional contextualism">Functional contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">Hypothesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_hypothesis" title="Alternative hypothesis">alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_hypothesis" title="Null hypothesis">null</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignoramus_et_ignorabimus" title="Ignoramus et ignorabimus">Ignoramus et ignorabimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Inductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertheoretic_reduction" title="Intertheoretic reduction">Intertheoretic reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">Evidence-based practice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">Scientific law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_pluralism" title="Scientific pluralism">Scientific pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testability" title="Testability">Testability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">Theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_choice" title="Theory choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory-ladenness" title="Theory-ladenness">ladenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underdetermination" title="Underdetermination">Underdetermination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_and_attribute_(research)" title="Variable and attribute (research)">Variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable" title="Control variable">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables" title="Dependent and independent variables">dependent and independent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles" title="Index of philosophy of science articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_empiricism" title="Constructive empiricism">Constructive empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_realism" title="Constructive realism">Constructive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" title="Deductive-nomological model">Deductive-nomological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological anarchism">Epistemological anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">Evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model" title="Hypothetico-deductive model">Hypothetico-deductive model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductionism" title="Inductionism">Inductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-dependent_realism" title="Model-dependent realism">Model-dependent realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_view_of_theories" title="Received view of theories">Received view</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories" title="Semantic view of theories">Semantic view of theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_essentialism" title="Scientific essentialism">Scientific essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_formalism" title="Scientific formalism">Scientific formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Structuralism (philosophy of science)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy of...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry" title="Philosophy of chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Space and time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Social science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of economics">Economics‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_research" title="Descriptive research">Descriptive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exact_sciences" title="Exact sciences">Exact sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_science" title="Hard and soft science">Hard and soft science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-science" title="Non-science">Non-science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_science" title="Normative science">Normative science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">Rhetoric of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" title="Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Sociology of scientific knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_science" title="List of philosophers of science">Philosophers of science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Precursors10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Pierre Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband">Wilhelm Windelband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Laudan" title="Larry Laudan">Larry Laudan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_science" title="Category:Philosophy of science">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_computation153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_computation" title="Template:Evolutionary computation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_computation" title="Template talk:Evolutionary computation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_computation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary computation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_computation153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">Evolutionary computation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm" title="Evolutionary algorithm">Evolutionary algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_data_mining" title="Evolutionary data mining">Evolutionary data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_multimodal_optimization" title="Evolutionary multimodal optimization">Evolutionary multimodal optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-based_evolutionary_computation" title="Human-based evolutionary computation">Human-based evolutionary computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_evolutionary_computation" title="Interactive evolutionary computation">Interactive evolutionary computation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_evolutionary_algorithm" title="Cellular evolutionary algorithm">Cellular evolutionary algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMA-ES" title="CMA-ES">Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_algorithm" title="Cultural algorithm">Cultural algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_evolution" title="Differential evolution">Differential evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_programming" title="Evolutionary programming">Evolutionary programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_algorithm" title="Genetic algorithm">Genetic algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_programming" title="Genetic programming">Genetic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression_programming" title="Gene expression programming">Gene expression programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_strategy" title="Evolution strategy">Evolution strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evolution_strategy" title="Natural evolution strategy">Natural evolution strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroevolution" title="Neuroevolution">Neuroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_classifier_system" title="Learning classifier system">Learning classifier system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_intelligence" title="Swarm intelligence">Swarm intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant colony optimization">Ant colony optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bees_algorithm" title="Bees algorithm">Bees algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_search" title="Cuckoo search">Cuckoo search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_swarm_optimization" title="Particle swarm optimization">Particle swarm optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_Colony_Optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial Colony Optimization">Bacterial Colony Optimization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaheuristic" title="Metaheuristic">Metaheuristic methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_algorithm" title="Firefly algorithm">Firefly algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmony search">Harmony search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaussian_adaptation" title="Gaussian adaptation">Gaussian adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memetic_algorithm" title="Memetic algorithm">Memetic algorithm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_development" title="Artificial development">Artificial development</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">Artificial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_organism" title="Digital organism">Digital organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_function" title="Fitness function">Fitness function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_landscape" title="Fitness landscape">Fitness landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_approximation" title="Fitness approximation">Fitness approximation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_operators" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic operators">Genetic operators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_evolutionary_computation" title="Interactive evolutionary computation">Interactive evolutionary computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_free_lunch_in_search_and_optimization" title="No free lunch in search and optimization">No free lunch in search and optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_pool" title="Mating pool">Mating pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_convergence" title="Premature convergence">Premature convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_synthesis" title="Program synthesis">Program synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Journals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Computation_(journal)" title="Evolutionary Computation (journal)">Evolutionary Computation (journal)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science1028" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science1028" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computing">Quantum Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing">Differentiable computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_science" title="Category:Computer science">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science" title="Outline of computer science">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Glossaries_of_computers" title="Template:Glossaries of computers">Glossaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emerging_technologies167" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emerging_technologies" title="Template talk:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emerging_technologies167" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">Information and communications</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_intelligence" title="Ambient intelligence">Ambient intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">Machine vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_translation" title="Mobile translation">Mobile translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress in artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomtronics" title="Atomtronics">Atomtronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube_field-effect_transistor" title="Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor">Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybermethodology" title="Cybermethodology">Cybermethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc#Fourth-generation" title="Optical disc">Fourth-generation optical discs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_data_storage" title="Holographic data storage">Holographic data storage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li> <li>Memory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">CBRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">ECRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferroelectric_RAM" title="Ferroelectric RAM">FRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millipede_memory" title="Millipede memory">Millipede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoresistive_RAM" title="Magnetoresistive RAM">MRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano-RAM" title="Nano-RAM">NRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">PRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racetrack_memory" title="Racetrack memory">Racetrack memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistive_random-access_memory" title="Resistive random-access memory">RRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SONOS" title="SONOS">SONOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraRAM" title="UltraRAM">UltraRAM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_computing" title="Optical computing">Optical computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">RFID</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipless_RFID" title="Chipless RFID">Chipless RFID</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software-defined_radio" title="Software-defined radio">Software-defined radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collingridge_dilemma" title="Collingridge dilemma">Collingridge dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_technological_development" title="Differential technological development">Differential technological development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberethics" title="Cyberethics">Cyberethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethics" title="Neuroethics">Neuroethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Robot ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_engineering" title="Exploratory engineering">Exploratory engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proactionary_principle" title="Proactionary principle">Proactionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_forecasting" title="Technology forecasting">Technology forecasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">Accelerating change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future-oriented_technology_analysis" title="Future-oriented technology analysis">Future-oriented technology analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_scanning" title="Horizon scanning">Horizon scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_scouting" title="Technology scouting">Technology scouting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_in_science_fiction" title="Technology in science fiction">Technology in science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_readiness_level" title="Technology readiness level">Technology readiness level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_roadmap" title="Technology roadmap">Technology roadmap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robotics434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robotics" title="Template:Robotics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robotics" title="Template talk:Robotics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robotics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robotics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robotics434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_robotics_articles" title="Index of robotics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_robots" title="History of robots">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_robotics" title="Geography of robotics">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_Hall_of_Fame" title="Robot Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_robotics" title="Laws of robotics">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_competition" title="Robot competition">Competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence">AI competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/100px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/150px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/200px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3840" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobot" title="Aerobot">Aerobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">Anthropomorphic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoid" title="Gynoid">Gynoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claytronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Claytronics">Claytronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_robot" title="Companion robot">Companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">Automaton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articulated_robot" title="Articulated robot">Articulated</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">arm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_robotics" title="Educational robotics">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_robot" title="Entertainment robot">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_robot" title="Juggling robot">Juggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_robot" title="Medical robot">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_robot" title="Service robot">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability robot">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_restaurant" title="Automated restaurant">Food service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_retail" title="Automated retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEAM_robotics" title="BEAM robotics">BEAM robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_robotics" title="Soft robotics">Soft robotics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_robotics" title="Cloud robotics">Cloud robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_robot" title="Continuum robot">Continuum robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned vehicle">Unmanned vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">ground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_robot" title="Mobile robot">Mobile robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrobotics" title="Necrobotics">Necrobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">Telerobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fish">Robotic fish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Walking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climber_(BEAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climber (BEAM)">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_unicycle" title="Electric unicycle">Electric unicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fin">Robotic fins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic navigation">Navigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotic_mapping" title="Robotic mapping">mapping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Motion planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_odometry" title="Visual odometry">Visual odometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision-guided_robot_systems" title="Vision-guided robot systems">Vision-guided robot systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_kit" title="Robot kit">Kits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_simulator" title="Robotics simulator">Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_suite" title="Robotics suite">Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_software" title="Robot software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptable_robotics" title="Adaptable robotics">Adaptable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93robot_interaction" title="Human–robot interaction">Human–robot interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_paradigm" title="Robotic paradigm">Paradigms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptual_robotics" title="Perceptual robotics">Perceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situated_robotics" title="Situated robotics">Situated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_robot" title="Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_robotics_companies" title="List of robotics companies">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Robotics" title="Amazon Robotics">Amazon Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anybots" title="Anybots">Anybots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett_Technology" title="Barrett Technology">Barrett Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Dynamics" title="Boston Dynamics">Boston Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doosan_Robotics" title="Doosan Robotics">Doosan Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energid_Technologies" title="Energid Technologies">Energid Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FarmWise" title="FarmWise">FarmWise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANUC" title="FANUC">FANUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_AI" title="Figure AI">Figure AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster-Miller" title="Foster-Miller">Foster-Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_Automation" title="Harvest Automation">Harvest Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_Hyundai_Robotics" title="HD Hyundai Robotics">HD Hyundai Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeybee_Robotics" title="Honeybee Robotics">Honeybee Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Surgical" title="Intuitive Surgical">Intuitive Surgical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRobot" title="IRobot">IRobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KUKA" title="KUKA">KUKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Robotics" title="Rainbow Robotics">Rainbow Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Technologies" title="Starship Technologies">Starship Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbotic" title="Symbotic">Symbotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Robotics" title="Universal Robotics">Universal Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Robotics" title="Wolf Robotics">Wolf Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaskawa_Electric_Corporation" title="Yaskawa Electric Corporation">Yaskawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton" title="Powered exoskeleton">Powered exoskeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_robotics_safety" title="Workplace robotics safety">Workplace robotics safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_tech_vest" title="Robotic tech vest">Robotic tech vest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrainability" title="Terrainability">Terrainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Fictional robots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Robotics" title="Category:Robotics">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence285" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Template:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Template talk:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Existential risk from artificial intelligence">Existential risk</a> from <a class="mw-selflink selflink">artificial intelligence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">AGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">AI alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_capability_control" title="AI capability control">AI capability control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_accelerationism" title="Effective accelerationism">Effective accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Existential risk from artificial intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_convergence" title="Instrumental convergence">Instrumental convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence explosion">Intelligence explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longtermism" title="Longtermism">Longtermism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_of_astronomical_suffering" title="Risk of astronomical suffering">Suffering risks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">Superintelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alignment_Research_Center" title="Alignment Research Center">Alignment Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_AI_Safety" title="Center for AI Safety">Center for AI Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Applied_Rationality" title="Center for Applied Rationality">Center for Applied Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Human-Compatible_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence">Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EleutherAI" title="EleutherAI">EleutherAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity%2B" title="Humanity+">Humanity+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies" title="Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies">Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverhulme_Centre_for_the_Future_of_Intelligence" title="Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence">Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slate_Star_Codex" title="Slate Star Codex">Scott Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Christiano_(researcher)" title="Paul Christiano (researcher)">Paul Christiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Eric_Drexler" title="K. Eric Drexler">Eric Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Hendrycks" title="Dan Hendrycks">Dan Hendrycks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Legg" title="Shane Legg">Shane Legg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Omohundro" title="Steve Omohundro">Steve Omohundro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huw_Price" title="Huw Price">Huw Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart J. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaan_Tallinn" title="Jaan Tallinn">Jaan Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Max Tegmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Yampolskiy" title="Roman Yampolskiy">Roman Yampolskiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_AI_risk_of_extinction" title="Statement on AI risk of extinction">Statement on AI risk of extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Compatible" title="Human Compatible">Human Compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_letter_on_artificial_intelligence_(2015)" title="Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)">Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Final_Invention" title="Our Final Invention">Our Final Invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Precipice:_Existential_Risk_and_the_Future_of_Humanity" title="The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity">The Precipice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence:_Paths,_Dangers,_Strategies" title="Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies">Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_You_Trust_This_Computer%3F" title="Do You Trust This Computer?">Do You Trust This Computer?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Act" title="Artificial Intelligence Act">Artificial Intelligence Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" title="Category:Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subfields_of_and_cyberneticians_involved_in_cybernetics100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cybernetics" title="Template:Cybernetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cybernetics" title="Template talk:Cybernetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cybernetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cybernetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subfields_of_and_cyberneticians_involved_in_cybernetics100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subfields of and cyberneticians involved in <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocybernetics" title="Biocybernetics">Biological cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_cybernetics" title="Biomedical cybernetics">Biomedical cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Neurocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_theory" title="Catastrophe theory">Catastrophe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_theory" title="Conversation theory">Conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_cybernetics" title="Engineering cybernetics">Engineering cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cybernetics" title="Medical cybernetics">Medical cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics" title="Second-order cybernetics">Second-order cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersemiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersemiotics">Cybersemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Haken)" title="Synergetics (Haken)">Synergetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberneticist" title="Cyberneticist">Cyberneticians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lerner" title="Alexander Lerner">Alexander Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Lyapunov" title="Alexey Lyapunov">Alexey Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Radcliffe-Brown" title="Alfred Radcliffe-Brown">Alfred Radcliffe-Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_(systems_scientist)" title="Charles François (systems scientist)">Charles François</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Bell" title="Genevieve Bell">Genevieve Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Joslyn" title="Cliff Joslyn">Cliff Joslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Holst" title="Erich von Holst">Erich von Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Glasersfeld" title="Ernst von Glasersfeld">Ernst von Glasersfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Francis Heylighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Vester" title="Frederic Vester">Frederic Vester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Vickers" title="Geoffrey Vickers">Charles Geoffrey Vickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pask" title="Gordon Pask">Gordon Pask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Brown" title="Gordon S. Brown">Gordon S. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">I. A. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Aleksander" title="Igor Aleksander">Igor Aleksander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco">Jacque Fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Johann_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" title="Jakob Johann von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Jixuan_Hu" title="Jason Jixuan Hu">Jason Jixuan Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleyka_Abbaszadeh" title="Maleyka Abbaszadeh">Maleyka Abbaszadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Mazur" title="Marian Mazur">Marian Mazur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Katherine_Hayles" title="N. Katherine Hayles">N. Katherine Hayles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Bekhtereva" title="Natalia Bekhtereva">Natalia Bekhtereva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Grigorenko" title="Petro Grigorenko">Pyotr Grigorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville" title="Ranulph Glanville">Ranulph Glanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trappl" title="Robert Trappl">Robert Trappl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_P._Kurdyumov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei P. Kurdyumov">Sergei P. Kurdyumov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman" title="Stuart Kauffman">Stuart Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Umpleby" title="Stuart Umpleby">Stuart Umpleby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulla_Mitzdorf" title="Ulla Mitzdorf">Ulla Mitzdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Turchin" title="Valentin Turchin">Valentin Turchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentino_Braitenberg" title="Valentino Braitenberg">Valentin Braitenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby" title="W. Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bradford_Cannon" title="Walter Bradford Cannon">Walter Bradford Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering45" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering" title="Template:Glossaries of science and engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering" title="Template talk:Glossaries of science and engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glossaries of science and engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Glossaries of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture" title="Glossary of agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_architecture" title="Glossary of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy" title="Glossary of astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_calculus" title="Glossary of calculus">Calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cell_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemistry_terms" title="Glossary of chemistry terms">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research" title="Glossary of clinical research">Clinical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms" title="Glossary of computer hardware terms">Computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_developmental_biology" title="Glossary of developmental biology">Developmental and reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ecology" title="Glossary of ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li> <li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_A%E2%80%93L" title="Glossary of engineering: A–L">A–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_M%E2%80%93Z" title="Glossary of engineering: M–Z">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_entomology_terms" title="Glossary of entomology terms">Entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_environmental_science" title="Glossary of environmental science">Environmental science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_genetics_and_evolutionary_biology" title="Glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology">Genetics and evolutionary biology</a></li> <li>Cellular and molecular biology <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ichthyology" title="Glossary of ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_machine_vision" title="Glossary of machine vision">Machine vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics" title="Glossary of areas of mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine" title="Glossary of medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mycology" title="Glossary of mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nanotechnology" title="Glossary of nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms" title="Glossary of bird terms">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_physics" title="Glossary of physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics" title="Glossary of probability and statistics">Probability and statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry" title="Glossary of psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_quantum_computing" title="Glossary of quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_scientific_naming" title="Glossary of scientific naming">Scientific naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_virology" title="Glossary of virology">Virology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-858cd45b6-m8k9p","wgBackendResponseTime":148,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.150","walltime":"5.613","ppvisitednodes":{"value":45979,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1185450,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":130228,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":59,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1303803,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4824.124 1 -total"," 34.01% 1640.561 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.77% 664.402 175 Template:Sfnp"," 12.27% 591.803 69 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.45% 552.214 104 Template:Cite_web"," 8.01% 386.588 73 Template:Cite_news"," 7.24% 349.100 305 Template:Harvtxt"," 6.36% 306.750 51 Template:Cite_book"," 4.69% 226.150 15 Template:Annotated_link"," 3.16% 152.288 26 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[\"CITEREFBertiniDel_BimboTorniai2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBostrom2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBostrom2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrodsky2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownSandholm2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckleyMozur2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuiten2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgess\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurukEkmekciArda2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBushwick2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButtazzo2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByford2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCNA2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvert2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCambriaWhite2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCellan-Jones2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChallaMorelandMušickiEvans2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalmers1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiaramellaCiaramella2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiresanMeierSchmidhuber2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2015b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColton2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCongressional_Research_Service2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopeland2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuddy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCybenko1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavenport\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavenportKalakota2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesMcKernanSabbagh2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDengYu2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennett1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiFeliciantonio2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDockrill2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomingos2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDovey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyfus1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyfusDreyfus1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdelson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Commission2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFearn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFigueiredoAnkrahPowellEpstein2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloridiCowls2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFordColvin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox_News2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranzen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranzen2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreyOsborne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFung2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGAO2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalvan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeist2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbs2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoffrey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomaaAdelzadehGwynneSpencer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGood1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodfellowBengioCourville2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodmanFlaxman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorichanaz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoswami2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrantHill2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrantLardner1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraylingBall2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalper2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalperO\u0026#039;Donovan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansonBolthouse2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarari2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarari2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarmonSawyer1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaugeland1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeaven2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHern2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiller2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHinton_et_al.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorneAndrzejewskaAlamBrotzakis2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornikStinchcombeWhite1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorst2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIGM_Chicago2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIphofenKritikos2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIraqi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarow2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordanMitchell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJumperEvansPritzel2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJumperEvansPritzelGreen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahneman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahnemanSlovicTversky1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamilaJasrotia2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplanHaenlein2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasperowicz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKateman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKendall2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk-GianniniGoldstein2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKissinger2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKobielus2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKupermanReichleyBailey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurzweil2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsonAngwin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaskowski2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw_Library_of_Congress_(U.S.)._Global_Legal_Research_Directorate2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeCunBengioHinton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenatGuha1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLighthill1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLightmanKosarajuBurdaEdwards2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipartito2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohr2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLungarellaMettaPfeiferSandini2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyakhovaLyakhov2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMIT_AIL2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadrigal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahdawi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMania2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcantonioAveryThrashLeone2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkoff2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarmouyet2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarti2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaschafilm2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthyMinskyRochesterShannon1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCauley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFarland2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGarry2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGaughey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinsey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMorrow2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcQuillan2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerkleMiddendorf2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilmo2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMims2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinsky1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinsky1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMnihKavukcuogluSilverRusu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMochizukiOda2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoravec1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgenstern2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüllerBostrom2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNRC1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaureen_S_Malik_and_Will_Wade2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeumannMöller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewellSimon1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewquist1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilsson1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilsson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilsson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiva_Yadav2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmohundro2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOudeyer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennachinGoertzel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiper2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPittis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlumb2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPooleMackworth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPooleMackworth2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoriaCambriaBajpaiHussain2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowerPymJamesWaling2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainieKeeterPerrin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRansbothamKironGerbertReeves2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawlinson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaziKimAlsoubaiStringhini2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisner2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobitzski2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRopek2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussellNorvig2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussellNorvig2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSainato2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSample2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSample2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScassellati2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidhuber2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidhuber2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulzBehnke2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScientific_American1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSearle1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSearle1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerenkoMichael_Dohan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverHuangMaddisonGuez2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonite2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghNambiar2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh_Chauhan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlyusar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmoliarZhang1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomonoff1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrivastava2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanford_University2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewartMelton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunZhaoLovreglioKuligowski2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaoTan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarnoff2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorHern2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Economist2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomason2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThro1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToews2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrbinaLentzosInvernizziEkins2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVOA_News2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValance2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValinsky2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerma2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinge1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaddell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallach2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarrenPereiraPereira1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasonShapiro1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWengMcClellandPentlandSporns2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggers2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkins2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWirtzWeyererGeyer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWodecki2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurmanBarrettKawamoto2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYudkowsky2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhaoLovreglioNilsson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhou2023\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 15,\n [\"Artificial intelligence\"] = 1,\n [\"Artificial intelligence (AI)\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 23,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite arXiv\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 67,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 66,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 93,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Computer science\"] = 1,\n [\"Crevier 1993\"] = 1,\n [\"Cybernetics\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 31,\n [\"Emerging technologies\"] = 1,\n [\"Evolutionary computation\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Existential risk from artificial intelligence\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Glossaries of science and engineering\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 11,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 305,\n [\"IEP\"] = 1,\n [\"John McCarthy\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 22,\n [\"McCorduck 2004\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophy of mind\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophy of science\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Robotics\"] = 1,\n [\"Russell Norvig 2003\"] = 1,\n [\"Scholia\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 175,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Turing 1950\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","16.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","420","12.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","9.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","280","8.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","200","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","160","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","4.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","3.4"],["[others]","840","24.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-858cd45b6-rtm7v","timestamp":"20250218212125","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Artificial intelligence","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artificial_intelligence","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11660","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11660","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-08T16:55:49Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T20:48:24Z","headline":"field of computer science that develops and studies intelligent machines"}</script> </body> </html>