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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War_battlefield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>American Civil War battlefield</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War_battlefield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boca_Chica_Beach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boca_Chica_Beach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Boca Chica Beach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boca_Chica_Beach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boca_Chica_Village" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boca_Chica_Village"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Boca Chica Village</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boca_Chica_Village-sublist" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boca_Chica_(Texas)&params=25_59_49_N_97_9_6_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°59′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">97°9′6″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.99694°N 97.15167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.99694; -97.15167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area on the Rio Grande River Delta</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Boca Chica</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Texas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A map of Texas showing the location of Boca Chica"><img alt="A map of Texas showing the location of Boca Chica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Relief_map_of_Texas.png/240px-Relief_map_of_Texas.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Relief_map_of_Texas.png/360px-Relief_map_of_Texas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Relief_map_of_Texas.png/480px-Relief_map_of_Texas.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="989" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:95.602%;left:71.156%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Boca Chica (Texas)"><img alt="A map of Texas showing the location of Boca Chica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="locality"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cameron_County,_Texas" title="Cameron County, Texas">Cameron County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, United States</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boca_Chica_(Texas)&params=25_59_49_N_97_9_6_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°59′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">97°9′6″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.99694°N 97.15167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.99694; -97.15167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Boca Chica</b> is an area on the eastern portion of a subdelta <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cameron_County,_Texas" title="Cameron County, Texas">Cameron County</a>, at the far south of the US State of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a>. It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Brownsville_Ship_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownsville Ship Channel">Brownsville Ship Channel</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> to the east. The area extends about 25 miles (40 km) east of the city of <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a>. The peninsula is served by <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_4" title="Texas State Highway 4">Texas State Highway 4</a>—also known as the <a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Boca Chica Highway">Boca Chica Highway</a>, or Boca Chica Boulevard within Brownsville city limits—which runs east–west, terminating at the Gulf and <a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Boca Chica Beach">Boca Chica Beach</a>. </p><p>The Boca Chica area has seen various developments over the course of its history. These include <a href="/wiki/Mexican_land_grants_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican land grants in Texas">Mexican land grants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican</a> and American <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palmito_Ranch" title="Battle of Palmito Ranch">a battlefield</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, a 1920s beach resort, and a state park (Boca Chica State Park);<sup id="cite_ref-fwb20130416_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fwb20130416-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> additionally, a small settlement named <a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_Village,_Texas" title="Boca Chica Village, Texas">Boca Chica Village</a> existed in the area from 1960 to 2020. In recent years, the area has become more widely known due to being the site of <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase</a>, a major facility of aerospace company <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> for the development, manufacturing and testing of its rockets.<sup id="cite_ref-nsf20190921_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20190921-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starbase is envisioned to one day serve as the primary launch and recovery facility for SpaceX's <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a> launch vehicle. </p><p>Boca Chica means "small mouth of the river" in Spanish, as the Rio Grande's flow is modest, and in droughts, the mouth of the river may disappear altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-classichikes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classichikes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_making_of_the_area_of_Boca_Chica">The making of the area of Boca Chica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boca_Chica_(Texas)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The making of the area of Boca Chica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transportation across Boca Chica has been an important part of the history of the area. A land transportation route existed across Boca Chica in the 19th century, starting at the Mexican port of <a href="/wiki/Brazos_Santiago" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazos Santiago">Brazos Santiago</a>, north of Boca Chica, and heading inland to the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande Valley (Texas)">Rio Grande Valley</a> area that would later become Brownsville. The shallow-water sail port at Brazos Santiago was used by sailing ships that used <a href="/wiki/Brazos_Santiago_Pass_(Texas)" title="Brazos Santiago Pass (Texas)">Brazos Santiago Pass</a> to enter the <a href="/wiki/South_Bay_(Texas)" title="South Bay (Texas)">South Bay</a> of <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Madre_(United_States)" title="Laguna Madre (United States)">Laguna Madre</a>—a shallow, <a href="/wiki/Hypersaline_lake" title="Hypersaline lake">hypersaline</a>, natural bay—from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf</a> to transit goods to the mainland north of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande River">Rio Grande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faa201304v1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch. 3">: ch. 3 </span></sup> Historical artifacts of human usage from those eras remained as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boca_Chica_(Texas)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> illustrating road use during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (circa 1846) and railroad use during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Two historical artifacts. Cypress pilings from a circa 1846 <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge#Early_modern_period" title="Pontoon bridge">floating bridge</a> and the "Palmetto Pilings" from a <i>circa</i>-1865 <a href="/wiki/Railroad_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad bridge">railroad bridge</a> were both yet extant in 2013. Both are located within 0.5 mi (0.80 km) of the beach near the eastern terminus of <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_4" title="Texas State Highway 4">Texas State Highway 4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faa201304v1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3–38">: 3–38 </span></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, much of the arable land on the subdelta <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> of Boca Chica was used for <a href="/wiki/Ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranching">ranching</a>. Historical ranches include Tulosa Ranch, Palmito Ranch, White's Ranch, and Cobb's Ranch.<sup id="cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faa201304v1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3–39">: 3–39 </span></sup> No historical <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> usage is known, and consultation with a number of tribes in 2013 identified no verbal record of native use of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faa201304v1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3–39">: 3–39 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1904, the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Brownsville_and_Mexico_Railway" title="St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway">St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway</a> was completed to Brownsville, which "opened the area to northern farmers who began to come to the area at the turn of the 20th century. They cleared the land, built irrigation systems and roads, and introduced large-scale <a href="/wiki/Truck_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Truck farm">truck farming</a> and citrus farming. The new farming endeavors began a new period of prosperity around Brownsville."<sup id="cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faa201304v1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The availability of cheap land in the area created a strong interest in land speculation. Special trains were dispatched to bring land speculators to the area and by the early 1920s as many as 200 people a day were coming to see the land. </p><p>One of the more notable land speculation ventures was the construction of the Del Mar Resort on Boca Chica Beach. Advertised as being on the same latitude as <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, the resort was built in the 1920s by Colonel Sam Robinson, who moved to the Rio Grande Valley in 1917. The resort had 20 daycabins available for rent, a bathhouse, and a ballroom. It was quite successful resort until 1933, when a <a href="/wiki/1933_Cuba%E2%80%93Brownsville_hurricane" title="1933 Cuba–Brownsville hurricane">hurricane</a> destroyed most of the buildings. The remaining buildings were turned into a base for the <a href="/wiki/US_Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="US Coast Guard">US Coast Guard</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the hurricane damage, the owners of the property were not able to reopen the resort after the end of the war. </p><p> The devastating 1933 hurricane spurred the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> to take part in the dredging and construction of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Brownsville" title="Port of Brownsville">Port of Brownsville</a>, a venture that the city had been trying to complete since 1928. The port was officially opened in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faa201304v1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During the years that the ship channel was under construction, a nationally known <a href="/wiki/Rocketplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocketplane">rocketplane</a> entrepreneur, <b>William Swan</b>, disappeared over Boca Chica as he attempted a rocket-powered human flight in 1933. As part of a <a href="/wiki/Skydiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Skydiving">skydiving</a> exhibition over the Del Mar Resort on Boca Chica, he jumped out of an airplane in "an attempted manned rocket backpack flight. He disappeared into the clouds and was never seen again."<sup id="cite_ref-wade2019_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swan had previously set records in 1931 with the first American rocket-powered aircraft flight over <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City, New Jersey</a>, and the "first air-launched rocketplane flight" in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-wade2019_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The completion of the port and the dredging of the <a href="/wiki/Brownsville_Ship_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownsville Ship Channel">Brownsville Ship Channel</a> created a new human-made northern boundary of the Boca Chica peninsula. It cut the peninsula off from any land transport routes except from Brownsville to the east, which was also the transportation <a href="/wiki/Railhead" title="Railhead">railhead</a> for Boca Chica to the rest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faa201304v1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Civil_War_battlefield">American Civil War battlefield</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boca_Chica_(Texas)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American Civil War battlefield"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palmito_Ranch" title="Battle of Palmito Ranch">Battle of Palmito Ranch</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palmito_Ranch" title="Battle of Palmito Ranch">Battle of Palmito Ranch</a> is considered by some as the final battle of the <a href="/wiki/Conclusion_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Conclusion of the American Civil War">conclusion of the American Civil War</a>. It was fought 12–13 May 1865, on the banks of the Rio Grande east of current Brownsville, Texas, and a few miles from the seaport of Los Brazos de Santiago. </p><p>Union and Confederate forces in southern Texas had been observing an unofficial truce since the beginning of 1865, but Union Colonel <a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._Barrett" title="Theodore H. Barrett">Theodore H. Barrett</a>, newly assigned to command an all-black unit, and never having been in combat, ordered an attack on a Confederate camp near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Brown" title="Fort Brown">Fort Brown</a> for unknown reasons. The Union attackers captured a few prisoners, but the following day, the attack was repulsed near Palmito Ranch by Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Salmon_Ford" title="John Salmon Ford">John Salmon Ford</a>, and the battle resulted in a Union defeat. Union forces were surprised by artillery, said to have been supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French Army</a> occupying the nearby Mexican town of <a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas" title="Matamoros, Tamaulipas">Matamoros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boca_Chica_Beach">Boca Chica Beach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boca_Chica_(Texas)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Boca Chica Beach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Boca Chica Beach</b> is part of the 10,680-acre (43.2 km<sup>2</sup>) Boca Chica tract of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rio_Grande_Valley_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge">Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge</a>. The tract is a former Texas state park located in the Boca Chica Subdelta separated from Mexico by the Rio Grande. The park was acquired by the state of Texas and opened in May 1994. The state park land is now managed by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US federal government</a> as part of the Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-fwb20130416_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fwb20130416-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The portion of the beach north of the current Texas State Highway 4—on what was historically <a href="/wiki/Brazos_Island" title="Brazos Island">Brazos Island</a>, but is now connected to the mainland—was known as Del Mar Beach prior to the second half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-wade2019_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This area was the location of the successful <b>Del Mar Resort</b> in the 1920s and early 1930s, which had 20 daycabins for rent along with a bathhouse and a ballroom.<sup id="cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faa201304v1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the resort buildings were destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_hurricanes_(1900%E2%80%931949)#1930s" title="List of Texas hurricanes (1900–1949)">1933 hurricane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nws20060831_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nws20060831-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the owners partially rebuilt and continued to operate during the 1930s, the remaining buildings were turned into a base for the <a href="/wiki/US_Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="US Coast Guard">US Coast Guard</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and hurricane damage, the owners did not reopen the resort after the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faa201304v1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An older map of Boca Chica<sup id="cite_ref-wade2019_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows the existence of a ship passage—<b>Boca Chica Pass</b>—from the Gulf into the South Bay of the Laguna Madre, several miles south of Brazos Santiago Pass, just north of the current SpaceX orbital launch site. This was from the time when Brazos Island, the duned area east of South Bay, was an island separated from the mainland. From 1846 to 1879, the King & Kennedy Steamboat service made calls at a landing in the South Bay. For sometime in the 1900s, a road bridge, called the <b>Boca Chica Pass Bridge</b>, went over the <a href="/wiki/Pass_(strait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass (strait)">pass</a> to connect the road from Brownsville to Brazos Island.<sup id="cite_ref-wade2019_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storm movement of sands and tidal flats, principally from the 1933 and 1967 hurricanes have closed off the pass and connected Brazos Island to the mainland, although water still exits the southeast end of South Bay and flows beside SH 4 into the Gulf under certain weather conditions, particularly extended days of southerly winds which <a href="/wiki/Infragravity_wave" title="Infragravity wave">build up the water level</a> at the south end of the bay at high tide allowing limited flows of bay water back to the Gulf via the highway cut through the dunes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boca_Chica_Village">Boca Chica Village</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boca_Chica_(Texas)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Boca Chica Village"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_Village,_Texas" title="Boca Chica Village, Texas">Boca Chica Village, Texas</a></div> <p>Boca Chica Village is the name of a small <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Unincorporated community">unincorporated community</a> as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boca_Chica_(Texas)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> located on Texas State Highway 4, about 22 mi (35 km) east of Brownsville. It was formed in 1967 under another name as a land development project, and a community of about 30 <a href="/wiki/Ranch-style_house" title="Ranch-style house">ranch-style houses</a> was built before the settlement was devastated by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Beulah" title="Hurricane Beulah">Hurricane Beulah</a> later that same year, which greatly affected the progress of the would-be town.<sup id="cite_ref-vs20140219_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vs20140219-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the village and surrounding area were chosen by SpaceX as the location for the construction of a spaceflight build-and-launch facility.<sup id="cite_ref-vs20140219_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vs20140219-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lat20190208_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat20190208-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the SpaceX build facility is located on land that was previously a part of Boca Chica Village, while the SpaceX test and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">orbital</a> launch facilities are located two miles further east, adjacent to Boca Chica Beach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SpaceX_Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boca_Chica_(Texas)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: SpaceX Starbase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</a></div> <p>In 2012, SpaceX named the Boca Chica area as a possible location for the construction of their future private commercial launch site. In August 2014, SpaceX announced that they had selected the area as the location for their <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_South_Texas_Launch_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX South Texas Launch Site">South Texas Launch Site</a>, and that their "control center" would actually be on land within the Boca Chica Village, while the launch complex would be located two miles to the east. Limited construction began that year,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faa201304v1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but more extensive construction activities did not begin until approximately 2018. By May 2018, the site was expected to be used exclusively for launches of the SpaceX second-generation fully-reusable launch vehicle (which was eventually named <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">SpaceX Starship</a> in late 2018), and the launch complex was no longer planned to become a third launch site for <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flight_test" title="Flight test">Flight testing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Starship_second_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship second stage">Starship second stage</a>, with the newly designed <a href="/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raptor (rocket engine family)">Raptor</a> rocket engine, began in 2019 and has continued into 2023. With the village only a few miles from the test site, in August 2019, Cameron County officials—following requirements set by the US <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory authority">regulatory authority</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">FAA</a>—began to request village residents to go outside their homes during any tests that involve loading of <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">propellant</a> fuel, due to perceived danger from shock-wave induced broken windows in the event of an explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-sn20190827_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20190827-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SpaceX made an initial orbital test flight of the entire <a href="/wiki/Two-stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-stage">two-stage</a> <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship system</a> in 2023. The <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_integrated_flight_test_1" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 1">first flight test</a> flew on April 20, 2023, and ended after approximately two minutes when the Super Heavy booster lost control of its engines, while still over the designated flight test corridor.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bergin20230503_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergin20230503-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_integrated_flight_test_2" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 2">second flight lifted off the pad</a> on November 18, 2023, and successfully achieved stage separation, though both the booster and ship were terminated later in the flight.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plans_for_a_new_city">Plans for a new city</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boca_Chica_(Texas)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plans for a new city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as August 2020, SpaceX indicated it was looking to build a resort in South Texas with the intent to turn "Boca Chica into a '21st century Spaceport<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2021, SpaceX CEO <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> more formally announced plans to incorporate a new city in the area of Boca Chica to be called "<b>Starbase, Texas</b>". Starbase would include the existing Boca Chica Village, the SpaceX test site and launch site, and more of the surrounding Boca Chica area.<sup id="cite_ref-forbes20210303_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes20210303-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-starbaseincorp_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starbaseincorp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starbase is expected to include the land in Boca Chica Village proper—where both the legacy residential community and the SpaceX build site are located—as well as the land where the SpaceX test site and launch site is located, and more since Starbase is to be a municipality "much larger than Boca Chica."<sup id="cite_ref-forbes20210303_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes20210303-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By April 2021, SpaceX was referring to the area as "Starbase" on their test flight webcasts, and Musk was openly encouraging people to move to "Starbase".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and projected that the population could grow by several thousand people in the next several years.<sup id="cite_ref-nypost20210330_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nypost20210330-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starbase had also become a common term for the area amongst SpaceX fans and followers.<sup id="cite_ref-sanews20210424_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanews20210424-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of April 2021, the company had not yet submitted the requisite paperwork to initiate the city formation process, and <i>The Dallas Morning News</i> reported that the "planning appears to be in the early stages".<sup id="cite_ref-dallasnews2021004006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dallasnews2021004006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (August 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In January 2024, Cameron County and Brownsville officials both passed resolutions requesting the federal government to officially recognise "Starbase" as a place name.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2024, Cameron County submitted a formal proposal to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">U.S. Board on Geographic Names</a>, which was publicly posted on their website in July 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at the May 2024 meeting of the Board's Domestic Names Committee, doubts were expressed over whether the proposed name violates the Board's policy against recognising names intended to promote a commercial enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 2024, the Board was awaiting feedback on the proposal from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> and the Texas Geographic Names Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boca_Chica_(Texas)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagdad,_Tamaulipas" title="Bagdad, Tamaulipas">Bagdad, Tamaulipas</a> — abandoned settlement across the border in Mexico</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boca_Chica_(Texas)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fwb20130416-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fwb20130416_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fwb20130416_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2013" class="citation news cs1">Francis, Robert (16 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortworthbusiness.com/transportation/space-port-wont-harm-wildlife-if-precautions-taken/">"Space port won't harm wildlife if precautions taken"</a>. <i>Fort Worth Business Press</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706181200/https://fortworthbusiness.com/transportation/space-port-wont-harm-wildlife-if-precautions-taken/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fort+Worth+Business+Press&rft.atitle=Space+port+won%27t+harm+wildlife+if+precautions+taken&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortworthbusiness.com%2Ftransportation%2Fspace-port-wont-harm-wildlife-if-precautions-taken%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoca+Chica+%28Texas%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsf20190921-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nsf20190921_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaylor2019" class="citation news cs1">Baylor, Michael (21 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/09/elon-musks-starship-presentation-12-months-progress/">"Elon Musk's upcoming Starship presentation to mark 12 months of rapid progress"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASASpaceFlight.com" class="mw-redirect" title="NASASpaceFlight.com">NASASpaceFlight.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621073626/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/09/elon-musks-starship-presentation-12-months-progress/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>. <q><i>at SpaceX's launch site in Boca Chica, there was not much more than a mound of dirt [in September 2018 but one year later] the mound of dirt has been transformed into an operational launch site – outfitted with the ground support equipment needed to support test flights of the methane-fueled Starship vehicles. ... SpaceX is now assembling the vehicles near their launch site</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk%27s+upcoming+Starship+presentation+to+mark+12+months+of+rapid+progress&rft.date=2019-09-21&rft.aulast=Baylor&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2019%2F09%2Felon-musks-starship-presentation-12-months-progress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoca+Chica+%28Texas%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-classichikes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-classichikes_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=No07ewY6NmIC&dq=boca+chica+beach&pg=PA117">100 Classic Hikes in Texas : Boca Chica Beach Hike</a>, 2009, Dan Klepper, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594854187" title="Special:BookSources/9781594854187">9781594854187</a>, pages 116–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faa201304v1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faa201304v1_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNield2014" class="citation report cs1">Nield, George C. (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/environmental/nepa_docs/review/launch/spacex_texas_launch_site_environmental_impact_statement/media/FEIS_SpaceX_Texas_Launch_Site_Vol_I.pdf">Draft Environmental Impact Statement: SpaceX Texas Launch Site</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">Office of Commercial Space Transportation</a>. pp. 3–32–3–34. <q>sources explicitly quoted from the FAA document include reference to Garza 2012b; Garza and Long 2012b; Hildebrand 1950; Garcia 2003</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Draft+Environmental+Impact+Statement%3A+SpaceX+Texas+Launch+Site&rft.pages=3-32-3-34&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration%2C+Office+of+Commercial+Space+Transportation&rft.date=2014-05&rft.aulast=Nield&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fabout%2Foffice_org%2Fheadquarters_offices%2Fast%2Fenvironmental%2Fnepa_docs%2Freview%2Flaunch%2Fspacex_texas_launch_site_environmental_impact_statement%2Fmedia%2FFEIS_SpaceX_Texas_Launch_Site_Vol_I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoca+Chica+%28Texas%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wade2019-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wade2019_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wade2019_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wade2019_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wade2019_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wade2019_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wade, Mark (23 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespacereview.com/article/3853/1">"The rocketeer who never was"</a>. <i>The Space Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Space+Review&rft.atitle=The+rocketeer+who+never+was&rft.date=2019-12-23&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespacereview.com%2Farticle%2F3853%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoca+Chica+%28Texas%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hunt2002-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hunt2002_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, Jeffrey William (2002). <i>The Last Battle of the Civil War: Palmetto Ranch</i>, p. 46. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gist&rft.atitle=Block+5+Phone+Presser&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgist.github.com%2Ftheinternetftw%2F5ba82bd5f4099934fa0556b9d09c123e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoca+Chica+%28Texas%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20190827-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sn20190827_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2019" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (27 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20211126081405/https://spacenews.com/spacexs-starhopper-completes-test-flight/">"SpaceX's Starhopper completes test flight"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a></i>. 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Texas" title="Template:Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Texas" title="Template talk:Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Texas-related_articles" title="Index of Texas-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Texas" title="Outline of Texas">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Texas" title="Architecture of Texas">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Texas" title="Climate of Texas">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Texas" title="Climate change in Texas">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Texas" title="Geography of Texas">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Texas" title="Government of Texas">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Texas" title="Healthcare in Texas">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Texas" title="Languages of Texas">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Texas" title="Law of Texas">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_literature" title="Texas literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Texas" title="Category:Mass media in Texas">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Texas" title="List of newspapers in Texas">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Texas" title="List of radio stations in Texas">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Texas" title="List of television stations in Texas">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Texas" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Texas">National Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas">National Register of Historic Places Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmarks" title="List of Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks">Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Texas" title="Sports in Texas">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_symbols" title="List of Texas state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Texas" title="List of people from Texas">Texans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Texas" title="Time in Texas">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Texas" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Texas">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Texas" title="Transportation in Texas">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Texas" title="Abortion in Texas">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Texas" title="Culture of Texas">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Texas" title="Crime in Texas">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Texas" title="Demographics of Texas">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Texas" title="Economy of Texas">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Texas" title="Education in Texas">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Texas" title="Gambling in Texas">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Texas" title="Gun laws in Texas">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Texas">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Texas">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Texas" title="Politics of Texas">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Texas" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark-La-Tex" title="Ark-La-Tex">Ark‑La‑Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_(Texas)" title="Big Bend (Texas)">Big Bend</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boca Chica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Blackland_Prairies" title="Texas Blackland Prairies">Blackland Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazos_Valley" title="Brazos Valley">Brazos Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Texas" title="Central Texas">Central Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Coastal_Bend" title="Texas Coastal Bend">Coastal Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concho_Valley" title="Concho Valley">Concho Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Timbers" title="Cross Timbers">Cross Timbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Plateau" title="Edwards Plateau">Edwards Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Triangle (Texas)">Golden Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">Hill Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Texas" title="Northeast Texas">Northeast Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Texas" title="North Texas">North Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Plains" title="Osage Plains">Osage Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_panhandle" title="Texas panhandle">Panhandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piney_Woods" title="Piney Woods">Piney Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Rio_Grande_Valley" title="Lower Rio Grande Valley">Rio Grande Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Texas" title="Southeast Texas">Southeast Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Plains" title="South Plains">South Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">South Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texoma" title="Texoma">Texoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Trans-Pecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_metropolitan_areas" title="List of Texas metropolitan areas">Metropolitan<br />areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>–<a href="/wiki/Round_Rock,_Texas" title="Round Rock, Texas">Round Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Austin" title="Greater Austin">Greater Austin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas">Beaumont</a>–<a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Texas" title="Port Arthur, Texas">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Harlingen,_Texas" title="Harlingen, Texas">Harlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bryan,_Texas" title="Bryan, Texas">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>–<a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a>–<a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">DFW</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>–<a href="/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="Sugar Land, Texas">Sugar Land</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killeen,_Texas" title="Killeen, Texas">Killeen</a>–<a href="/wiki/Temple,_Texas" title="Temple, Texas">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longview,_Texas" title="Longview, Texas">Longview</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilgore,_Texas" title="Kilgore, Texas">Kilgore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAllen,_Texas" title="McAllen, Texas">McAllen</a>–<a href="/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas" title="Edinburg, Texas">Edinburg</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mission,_Texas" title="Mission, Texas">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa,_Texas" title="Odessa, Texas">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas" title="San Angelo, Texas">San Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas" title="New Braunfels, Texas">New Braunfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman,_Texas" title="Sherman, Texas">Sherman</a>–<a href="/wiki/Denison,_Texas" title="Denison, Texas">Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texarkana,_Texas" title="Texarkana, Texas">Texarkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler,_Texas" title="Tyler, Texas">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Texas" title="Victoria, Texas">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Creek_(Texas)" title="Wagner Creek (Texas)">Wagner Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas" title="Wichita Falls, Texas">Wichita Falls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>See: <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">List of counties in Texas</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, 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