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#36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_press_release plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>reads like <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#PROMO" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">a press release</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#NEWS" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">a news article</a></b> and may be <b>largely based on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(events)#Routine_coverage" title="Wikipedia:Notability (events)">routine coverage</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2Blades&action=edit">improve this article</a> and add <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>2Blades</b> is an agricultural <a href="/wiki/Phytopathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytopathology">phytopathology</a> non-profit<sup id="cite_ref-GuideStar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuideStar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CauseIQ_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CauseIQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which performs research to improve durable <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">genetic resistance</a> in crops,<sup id="cite_ref-Seed-Today_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seed-Today-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-visit-to-CIMMYT-Spanish_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visit-to-CIMMYT-Spanish-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPIRA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPIRA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and funds other researchers to do the same. 2Blades was co-founded by Dr. Roger Freedman and Dr. Diana Horvath<sup id="cite_ref-Horvath-wordpress-author_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horvath-wordpress-author-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferry-2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferry-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding_source">Funding source</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Blades&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Funding source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2Blades is partly funded by the <a href="/wiki/Gatsby_Charitable_Foundation" title="Gatsby Charitable Foundation">Gatsby Charitable Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Seed-Today_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seed-Today-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FencePost_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FencePost-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does its research at <a href="/wiki/Sainsbury_Laboratory" title="Sainsbury Laboratory">The Sainsbury Laboratory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TSL_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSL-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNC-late-blight_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-late-blight-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among other locations <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNC-late-blight_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNC-late-blight-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One co-founder, Chairman Roger Freedman also works for Gatsby, which was founded by <a href="/wiki/David_Sainsbury,_Baron_Sainsbury_of_Turville" title="David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville">Lord David Sainsbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon-final-rep_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon-final-rep-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freedman had pitched an idea to Sainsbury's <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> company to begin investing in <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_plant" title="Genetically modified plant">plant genetic engineering</a> technologies, and although the board did so, they found someone else to lead it.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman-Horsch_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman-Horsch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freedman had wanted to run it, but was told that was not for him by Sainsbury.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman-Horsch_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman-Horsch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, soon thereafter Sainsbury set up another early investment company specifically for Freedman and a colleague, and a separate non-profit for Freedman to <a href="/wiki/Grant_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant money">grant money</a>, both for plant science.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman-Horsch_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman-Horsch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-profit was 2Blades.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman-Horsch_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman-Horsch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_activities">Research activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Blades&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2Blades routinely works in partnership with other <a href="/wiki/Crop_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop disease">crop disease</a> organizations like <a href="/wiki/CIMMYT" class="mw-redirect" title="CIMMYT">CIMMYT</a><sup id="cite_ref-visit-to-CIMMYT-Spanish_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visit-to-CIMMYT-Spanish-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/BGRI" class="mw-redirect" title="BGRI">BGRI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BGRI-funded-by_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGRI-funded-by-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundation also conducts research in partnerships with the industry, including with <a href="/wiki/Bayer_CropScience" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayer CropScience">Bayer CropScience</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bayer-2023-CropLife_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayer-2023-CropLife-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bayer-collab-ISAAA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayer-collab-ISAAA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bayer-Ann-Rep-2020_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayer-Ann-Rep-2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Monsanto-collab-Bloomberg_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monsanto-collab-Bloomberg-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organisation's End the Blight campaign has been joined by CIP (the <a href="/wiki/International_Potato_Center" title="International Potato Center">International Potato Center</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-End-the-blight_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-End-the-blight-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Chairman of Joseph P. Kennedy Enterprises <a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Kennedy" title="Christopher G. Kennedy">Christopher Kennedy</a>. This campaign is advancing research and delivering <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> specifically for <i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans" title="Phytophthora infestans">Phytophthora infestans</a></i> in Africa. Mr Kennedy is chairman of 2Blades African Potato Initiative which is funding the delivery of a <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(potato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (potato)">Victoria</a>-based cultivar to <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> markets.<sup id="cite_ref-End-the-Blight-Kennedy_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-End-the-Blight-Kennedy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> of research interest to the foundation include <i>P. infestans</i> on <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CIPotato-Ann-Rep-2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIPotato-Ann-Rep-2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rabanus-Wallace-et-al-2021_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabanus-Wallace-et-al-2021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Phakopsora_pachyrhizi" title="Phakopsora pachyrhizi">Phakopsora pachyrhizi</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bayer-2023-CropLife_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayer-2023-CropLife-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monsanto-collab-Bloomberg_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monsanto-collab-Bloomberg-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Puccinia_graminis_f._sp._tritici" class="mw-redirect" title="Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici"><i>Puccinia graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i></a> on <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Luo-et-al-2021_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luo-et-al-2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._cubense" title="Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense"><i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f.sp. <i>cubense</i></a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_(genus)" title="Musa (genus)">Musa</a></i> spp.<sup id="cite_ref-Global-Plant-Council-banana_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global-Plant-Council-banana-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Blades&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GuideStar-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GuideStar_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidestar.org/profile/56-2455310">"2Blades Foundation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GuideStar" class="mw-redirect" title="GuideStar">GuideStar</a> Profile</i>. 2021-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIMMYT&rft.atitle=2Blades+visita+el+CIMMYT&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cimmyt.org%2Fes%2Funcategorized%2F2blades-visita-el-cimmyt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2Blades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPIRA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPIRA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipira.berkeley.edu/two-blades-foundation">"Two Blades Foundation"</a>. <i>IPIRA</i>. 2010-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2Blades+Foundation&rft.atitle=Diana%2C+Author+at+2Blades+Foundation&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2blades.org%2Fauthor%2Fwpadmin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2Blades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferry-2017-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferry-2017_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerry2017" class="citation book cs1">Ferry, Georgina (2017). <i>A Better World is Possible: the Gatsby Charitable Foundation and Social Progress</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Global+Plant+Council&rft.atitle=Fighting+Fusarium+wilt+to+beat+the+bananapocalypse&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalplantcouncil.org%2Fbeat-the-bananapocalypse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2Blades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography_of_affiliated_personnel">Bibliography of affiliated personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Blades&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography of affiliated personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman1969" class="citation thesis cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Freedman" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Freedman">Freedman, Roger Prester</a> (23 October 1969). <i>Some features of the structure and function of the genetic elements of bacteriophages</i> (PhD). 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Jisc <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discover.libraryhub.jisc.ac.uk/search?ti=Some%20features%20of%20the%20structure%20and%20function%20of%20the%20genetic%20elements%20of%20bacteriophages&rn=1">text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discover.libraryhub.jisc.ac.uk/search?ti=Some%20features%20of%20the%20structure%20and%20function%20of%20the%20genetic%20elements%20of%20bacteriophages&rn=2">ill.</a> BL <a href="/wiki/EThOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EThOS">EThOS</a> ID <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.455951">uk.bl.ethos.455951</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorvath1991" class="citation thesis cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diana_Horvath_(phytopathologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Horvath (phytopathologist)">Horvath, Diana</a> (1991). <i>Investigation of the MerR and PcoR metalloregulatory proteins: Molecular mechanisms of mercury and copper signal transduction and transcriptional activation</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Investigation+of+the+MerR+and+PcoR+metalloregulatory+proteins%3A+Molecular+mechanisms+of+mercury+and+copper+signal+transduction+and+transcriptional+activation&rft.inst=Northwestern+University&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Horvath&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2Blades" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchornackMoscouWardHorvath2013" class="citation journal cs1">Schornack, Sebastian; Moscou, Matthew J.; Ward, Eric R.; <a href="/wiki/Diana_Horvath_(phytopathologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Horvath (phytopathologist)">Horvath, Diana M.</a> (2013-08-04). 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(2013-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3869199">"Pivoting the Plant Immune System from Dissection to Deployment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>341</b> (6147). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: 746–751. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...341..746D">2013Sci...341..746D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1236011">10.1126/science.1236011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3869199">3869199</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23950531">23950531</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206548210">206548210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Pivoting+the+Plant+Immune+System+from+Dissection+to+Deployment&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=6147&rft.pages=746-751&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3869199%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206548210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...341..746D&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1236011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23950531&rft.aulast=Dangl&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+L.&rft.au=Horvath%2C+Diana+M.&rft.au=Staskawicz%2C+Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3869199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2Blades" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Corrections and Clarifications". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>341</b> (6151). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: 1175. 2013-09-12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.341.6151.1175-a">10.1126/science.341.6151.1175-a</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Corrections+and+Clarifications&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=6151&rft.pages=1175&rft.date=2013-09-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.341.6151.1175-a&rft.issn=0036-8075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2Blades" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuoXieChakrabortyWang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Luo, Ming; Xie, Liqiong; Chakraborty, Soma; Wang, Aihua; Matny, Oadi; Jugovich, Michelle; Kolmer, James A.; Richardson, Terese; Bhatt, Dhara; Hoque, Mohammad; Patpour, Mehran; Sørensen, Chris; Ortiz, Diana; Dodds, Peter; Steuernagel, Burkhard; Wulff, Brande B. H.; Upadhyaya, Narayana M.; Mago, Rohit; Periyannan, Sambasivam; Lagudah, Evans; <a href="/wiki/Roger_Freedman" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Freedman">Freedman, Roger</a>; Lynne Reuber, T.; Steffenson, Brian J.; Ayliffe, Michael (2021-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03906159/file/A%20five%20transgenne%20cassette%20confers%20broad-spectrum%20resistance.pdf">"A five-transgene cassette confers broad-spectrum resistance to a fungal rust pathogen in wheat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Biotechnology" title="Nature Biotechnology">Nature Biotechnology</a></i>. <b>39</b> (5). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 561–566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41587-020-00770-x">10.1038/s41587-020-00770-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1087-0156">1087-0156</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33398152">33398152</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230508442">230508442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=A+five-transgene+cassette+confers+broad-spectrum+resistance+to+a+fungal+rust+pathogen+in+wheat&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=561-566&rft.date=2021-01-04&rft.issn=1087-0156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230508442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33398152&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41587-020-00770-x&rft.aulast=Luo&rft.aufirst=Ming&rft.au=Xie%2C+Liqiong&rft.au=Chakraborty%2C+Soma&rft.au=Wang%2C+Aihua&rft.au=Matny%2C+Oadi&rft.au=Jugovich%2C+Michelle&rft.au=Kolmer%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Terese&rft.au=Bhatt%2C+Dhara&rft.au=Hoque%2C+Mohammad&rft.au=Patpour%2C+Mehran&rft.au=S%C3%B8rensen%2C+Chris&rft.au=Ortiz%2C+Diana&rft.au=Dodds%2C+Peter&rft.au=Steuernagel%2C+Burkhard&rft.au=Wulff%2C+Brande+B.+H.&rft.au=Upadhyaya%2C+Narayana+M.&rft.au=Mago%2C+Rohit&rft.au=Periyannan%2C+Sambasivam&rft.au=Lagudah%2C+Evans&rft.au=Freedman%2C+Roger&rft.au=Lynne+Reuber%2C+T.&rft.au=Steffenson%2C+Brian+J.&rft.au=Ayliffe%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.inrae.fr%2Fhal-03906159%2Ffile%2FA%2520five%2520transgenne%2520cassette%2520confers%2520broad-spectrum%2520resistance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2Blades" class="Z3988"></span> PD <a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0620-5923">0000-0003-0620-5923</a> <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">GS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=N3w9QUUAAAAJ">N3w9QUUAAAAJ</a> <a href="/wiki/ResearcherID" title="ResearcherID">RID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researcherid.com/rid/D-1181-2009">D-1181-2009</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Portfolio+Bioengineering+Community&rft.atitle=A+five-transgene+cassette+confers+broad-spectrum+resistance+to+a+fungal+rust+pathogen+in+wheat&rft.date=2020-12-09&rft.aulast=Luo&rft.aufirst=Ming&rft.au=Xie%2C+Liqiong&rft.au=Chakraborty%2C+Soma&rft.au=Wang%2C+Aihua&rft.au=Matny%2C+Oadi&rft.au=Jugovich%2C+Michelle&rft.au=Kolmer%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Terese&rft.au=Bhatt%2C+Dhara&rft.au=Hoque%2C+Mohammad&rft.au=Patpour%2C+Mehran&rft.au=S%C3%B8rensen%2C+Chris&rft.au=Ortiz%2C+Diana&rft.au=Dodds%2C+Peter&rft.au=Steuernagel%2C+Burkhard&rft.au=Wulff%2C+Brande+B.+H.&rft.au=Upadhyaya%2C+Narayana+M.&rft.au=Mago%2C+Rohit&rft.au=Periyannan%2C+Sambasivam&rft.au=Lagudah%2C+Evans&rft.au=Freedman%2C+Roger&rft.au=Lynne+Reuber%2C+T.&rft.au=Steffenson%2C+Brian+J.&rft.au=Ayliffe%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioengineeringcommunity.nature.com%2Fposts%2Fa-five-transgene-cassette-confers-broad-spectrum-resistance-to-a-fungal-rust-pathogen-in-wheat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2Blades" class="Z3988"></span> PD <a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0620-5923">0000-0003-0620-5923</a> <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">GS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=N3w9QUUAAAAJ">N3w9QUUAAAAJ</a> <a href="/wiki/ResearcherID" title="ResearcherID">RID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researcherid.com/rid/D-1181-2009">D-1181-2009</a>. RF <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000134837464">0000000134837464</a>.</li> <li>Oadi N. Matny, Mehran Patpour, Ming Luo, Liqiong Xie, Soma Chakraborty, Aihua Wang, James A. Kolmer, Terese Richardson, Dhara Bhatt, Mohammad Hoque, Chris Sorenson, Burkhard Steuernagel, Brande B. H. Wulff, Narayana Upadhyaya, Rohit Mago, Sam Periyannan, Evans Lagudah, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Freedman" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Freedman">Roger Freedman</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000134837464">0000000134837464</a>), Lynne Reuber, Brian J. Steffenson, and Michael Ayliffe, A Wheat Multi-Transgene Cassette Provides Stem and Leaf Rust Resistance in the Field. In Plant and Animal Genome XXVIII Conference (January 11-15, 2020). PAG.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2Blades&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Official website: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2blades.org/">"2Blades Foundation Home"</a>. <i>2Blades Foundation</i>. 2021-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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