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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ingredients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingredients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ingredients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ingredients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supports_for_oil_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supports_for_oil_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Supports for oil painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supports_for_oil_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Modern_and_Contemporary_Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Modern_and_Contemporary_Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence on Modern and Contemporary Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Modern_and_Contemporary_Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_famous_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_famous_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Examples of famous works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_famous_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oil painting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96lmalerei" title="Ölmalerei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ölmalerei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="رسم زيتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسم زيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_al_oleu" title="Pintura al oleu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pintura al oleu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1_boya_r%C9%99ssaml%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yağlı boya rəssamlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yağlı boya rəssamlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%99" title="তেলরঙ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তেলরঙ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BB-o%C4%93" title="Iû-oē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iû-oē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81" title="Алейны жывапіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алейны жывапіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81" title="Алейны жывапіс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алейны жывапіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Маслена живопис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маслена живопис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoulliverezh" title="Eoulliverezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eoulliverezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_a_l%27oli" title="Pintura a l'oli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pintura a l'oli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olejomalba" title="Olejomalba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Olejomalba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliemaleri" title="Oliemaleri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oliemaleri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96lmalerei" title="Ölmalerei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ölmalerei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95limaal" title="Õlimaal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õlimaal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ελαιογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελαιογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%82" title="Оярт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Оярт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_al_%C3%B3leo" title="Pintura al óleo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pintura al óleo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleo-pentrado" title="Oleo-pentrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oleo-pentrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olio-pintura" title="Olio-pintura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Olio-pintura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%86" title="نقاشی رنگ روغن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقاشی رنگ روغن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peinture_%C3%A0_l%27huile" title="Peinture à l'huile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peinture à l'huile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9int%C3%A9ireacht_ola" title="Péintéireacht ola – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Péintéireacht ola" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_%C3%B3_%C3%B3leo" title="Pintura ó óleo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pintura ó óleo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Даьтта басарца сурт диллар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Даьтта басарца сурт диллар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%99%94" title="유화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="तैलचित्रण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तैलचित्रण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukisan_minyak" title="Lukisan minyak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lukisan minyak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittura_a_olio" title="Pittura a olio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pittura a olio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="צבע שמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבע שמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukisan_lenga" title="Lukisan lenga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lukisan lenga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಎಣ್ಣೆ ಚಿತ್ರಕಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಣ್ಣೆ ಚಿತ್ರಕಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ზეთით ფერწერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზეთით ფერწერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Майлуу живопись – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Майлуу живопись" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictura_olearia" title="Pictura olearia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pictura olearia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%BC%C4%BCas_glezniec%C4%ABba" title="Eļļas glezniecība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eļļas glezniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliejin%C4%97_tapyba" title="Aliejinė tapyba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aliejinė tapyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitura_a_oli" title="Pitura a oli – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pitura a oli" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olajfestm%C3%A9ny" title="Olajfestmény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olajfestmény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Маслено сликарство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маслено сликарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2" title="എണ്ണച്ചായ ചിത്രകല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എണ്ണച്ചായ ചിത്രകല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="तैलरंगचित्रण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तैलरंगचित्रण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukisan_minyak" title="Lukisan minyak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lukisan minyak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olieschilderij" title="Olieschilderij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Olieschilderij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="तेलचित्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तेलचित्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E5%BD%A9" title="油彩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="油彩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljemaling" title="Oljemaling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oljemaling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljem%C3%A5leri" title="Oljemåleri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oljemåleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_a_l%27%C3%B2li" title="Pintura a l'òli – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pintura a l'òli" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malarstwo_olejne" title="Malarstwo olejne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Malarstwo olejne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_a_%C3%B3leo" title="Pintura a óleo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pintura a óleo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictur%C4%83_%C3%AEn_ulei" title="Pictură în ulei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pictură în ulei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Масляная живопись – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Масляная живопись" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulje-Moaler%C3%A4i" title="Oulje-Moaleräi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Oulje-Moaleräi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljno_slikarstvo" title="Oljno slikarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oljno slikarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نیگاری ڕۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیگاری ڕۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Уљано сликарство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уљано сликарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulje_(slikarstvo)" title="Ulje (slikarstvo) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ulje (slikarstvo)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จิตรกรรมสีน้ำมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จิตรกรรมสีน้ำมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1boya" title="Yağlıboya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yağlıboya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Олійний живопис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Олійний живопис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%86" title="نقاشی رنگ روغن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نقاشی رنگ روغن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranh_s%C6%A1n_d%E1%BA%A7u" title="Tranh sơn dầu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tranh sơn dầu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of painting with pigments that are bound with a medium of drying oil</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Oil on canvas" redirects here. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Oil_on_Canvas" title="Oil on Canvas"><i>Oil on Canvas</i></a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oil_painting" title="Special:EditPage/Oil painting">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Oil+painting%22">"Oil painting"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Oil+painting%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Oil+painting%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Oil+painting%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Oil+painting%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Oil+painting%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/220px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/330px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/440px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7479" data-file-height="11146" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i> was created by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> using oil paints during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance period">Renaissance period</a> in the 15th century.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Oil painting</b> is a painting method involving the procedure of <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pigments" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigments">pigments</a> with a medium of <a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">drying oil</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">binder</a>. It has been the most common technique for artistic painting on <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood panel">wood panel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oil_on_copper" title="Oil on copper">copper</a> for several centuries, spreading from Europe to the rest of the world. The advantages of oil for painting images include "greater flexibility, richer and denser color, the use of layers, and a wider range from light to dark".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the process is slower, especially when one layer of paint needs to be allowed to dry before another is applied. </p><p>The oldest known oil paintings were created by <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> artists in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and date back to the 7th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">Oil paint</a> was used by Europeans for painting statues and woodwork from at least the 12th century, but its common use for painted images began with <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a> in Northern Europe, and by the height of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced the use of <a href="/wiki/Egg_tempera" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg tempera">egg tempera</a> paints for <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel paintings</a> in most of Europe, though not for Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> or wall paintings, where tempera and <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>, respectively, remained the usual choice. </p><p>Commonly used drying oils include <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Poppy seed oil">poppy seed oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">walnut oil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">safflower oil</a>. The choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">paint</a>, such as the amount of yellowing or drying time. The paint could be thinned with <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a>. Certain differences, depending on the oil, are also visible in the <a href="/wiki/Paint_sheen" title="Paint sheen">sheen</a> of the paints. An artist might use several different oils in the same painting depending on specific <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> and effects desired. The paints themselves also develop a particular <a href="/wiki/Consistency_-_thickness,_viscosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistency - thickness, viscosity">consistency</a> depending on the medium. The oil may be boiled with a <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>, such as pine resin or <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, to create a <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a> to provide protection and texture. The paint itself can be molded into different <a href="/wiki/Texture_(visual_arts)" title="Texture (visual arts)">textures</a> depending on its <a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">plasticity</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oil_painting" title="Special:EditPage/Oil painting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22oil+painting+techniques%22">"oil painting techniques"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22oil+painting+techniques%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22oil+painting+techniques%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22oil+painting+techniques%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22oil+painting+techniques%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22oil+painting+techniques%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palette_knives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Palette_knives.jpg/220px-Palette_knives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Palette_knives.jpg/330px-Palette_knives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Palette_knives.jpg/440px-Palette_knives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="2492" /></a><figcaption>Thin blade used for the application or removal of paint. Can also be used to create a mixture of various pigments.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with the artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinned paint. <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">Oil paint</a> is usually mixed with linseed oil, artist grade <a href="/wiki/Mineral_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral spirits">mineral spirits</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> to make the paint thinner, faster or slower drying. (Because the solvents thin the oil in the paint, they can also be used to clean paint brushes.) A basic rule of oil paint application is '<a href="/wiki/Fat_over_lean" title="Fat over lean">fat over lean</a>', meaning that each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to allow proper drying. If each additional layer contains less oil, the final painting will crack and peel. The consistency on the canvas depends on the layering of the oil paint. This rule does not ensure permanence; it is the quality and type of oil that leads to a strong and stable paint film. </p><p>Other media can be used with the oil, including cold wax, resins, and varnishes. These additional media can aid the painter in adjusting the translucency of the paint, the sheen of the paint, the density or 'body' of the paint, and the ability of the paint to hold or conceal the brushstroke. These aspects of the paint are closely related to the expressive capacity of oil paint. </p><p>Traditionally, paint was most often transferred to the painting surface using <a href="/wiki/Paintbrush" title="Paintbrush">paintbrushes</a>, but there are other methods, including using <a href="/wiki/Palette_knife" title="Palette knife">palette knives</a> and rags. Palette knives can scrape off any paint from a canvas and can also be used for application. Oil paint remains wet longer than many other types of artists' materials, enabling the artist to change the color, texture, or form of the figure. At times, the painter might even remove an entire layer of paint and begin anew. This can be done with a rag and some <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a> for a time while the paint is wet, but after a while the hardened layer must be scraped off. Oil paint dries by <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>, and is usually dry to the touch within two weeks (some colors dry within days). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhas_of_Bamiyan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan.jpg/220px-Buddhas_of_Bamiyan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan.jpg/330px-Buddhas_of_Bamiyan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan.jpg/440px-Buddhas_of_Bamiyan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A section of the earliest discovered oil paintings (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650 AD</span>) depicting Buddhist imagery in <a href="/wiki/Bamiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyan">Bamiyan</a>, Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_oil_Paintings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A detail of the earliest known oil paintings in the world (circa. 650 AD) located in Bamiyan, Afghanistan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Afghanistan_oil_Paintings.jpg/220px-Afghanistan_oil_Paintings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Afghanistan_oil_Paintings.jpg/330px-Afghanistan_oil_Paintings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Afghanistan_oil_Paintings.jpg/440px-Afghanistan_oil_Paintings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>A detail from the oldest oil paintings in the world (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650 AD</span>), a series of Buddhist murals created in Bamiyan, Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known surviving oil paintings are Buddhist murals created <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650 AD</span> in <a href="/wiki/Bamiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyan">Bamiyan</a>, Afghanistan. Bamiyan is a historic settlement along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and is famous for the Bamiyan Buddhas, a series of giant statues, behind which rooms and tunnels are carved from the rock. The murals are located in these rooms. The artworks display a wide range of pigments and ingredients and even include the use of a final varnish layer. The application technique and refined level of the paint media used in the murals and their survival into the present day suggest that oil paints had been used in Asia for some time before the 7th century. The technique used, of binding pigments in oil, was unknown in Europe for another 900 years or so. In Northern Europe, practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a> developed oil painting techniques which other Europeans adopted from around the late 15th century. From the Renaissance on, oil painting technology had almost completely replaced the earlier use of tempera paints in the majority of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most European <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> sources, in particular <a href="/wiki/Vasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasari">Vasari</a>, falsely credit northern European painters of the 15th century, and <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a> in particular, with the invention of oil paints.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Presbyter" title="Theophilus Presbyter">Theophilus Presbyter</a> (a pseudonymous author who is sometimes identified as <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Helmarshausen" title="Roger of Helmarshausen">Roger of Helmarshausen</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) gives instructions for oil-based painting in his treatise, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De diversis artibus</i></span> ('on various arts'), written about 1125.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this period, it was probably used for painting sculptures, carvings, and wood fittings, perhaps especially for outdoor use. Surfaces exposed to the weather or of items like shields—both those used in tournaments and those hung as decorations—were more durable when painted in oil-based media than when painted in traditional tempera paints. However, early Netherlandish paintings with artists like <a href="/wiki/Van_Eyck" title="Van Eyck">Van Eyck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Campin" title="Robert Campin">Robert Campin</a> in the early and mid-15th century were the first to make oil the usual painting medium and explore the use of layers and <a href="/wiki/Glaze_(painting_technique)" title="Glaze (painting technique)">glazes</a>, followed by the rest of Northern Europe, and then Italy. </p><p>Such works were painted on <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">wooden panels</a>, but towards the end of the 15th century <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a> began to be used as a <a href="/wiki/Support_(art)" title="Support (art)">support</a>, as it was cheaper, easier to transport, allowed larger works, and did not require complicated preliminary layers of <a href="/wiki/Gesso" title="Gesso">gesso</a> (a fine type of plaster). <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, where sail-canvas was easily available, was a leader in the move to canvas. Small <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_painting" title="Cabinet painting">cabinet paintings</a> were also made on metal, especially copper plates. These supports were more expensive but very firm, allowing intricately fine detail. Often printing plates from <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a> were reused for this purpose. The increasing use of oil spread through Italy from Northern Europe, starting in Venice in the late 15th century. By 1540, the previous method for painting on panel (tempera) had become all but extinct, although Italians continued to use chalk-based <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> for wall paintings, which was less successful and durable in damper northern climates. </p><p>Renaissance techniques used several thin almost transparent layers or <a href="/wiki/Glaze_(painting_technique)" title="Glaze (painting technique)">glazes</a>, usually each allowed to dry before the next was added, greatly increasing the time a painting took. The <a href="/wiki/Underpainting" title="Underpainting">underpainting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ground_(art)" title="Ground (art)">ground</a> beneath these was usually white (typically gesso coated with a primer), allowing light to reflect through the layers. But van Eyck, and Robert Campin a little later, used a <a href="/wiki/Wet-on-wet" title="Wet-on-wet">wet-on-wet</a> technique in places, painting a second layer soon after the first. Initially, the aim was, as with the established techniques of <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>, to produce a smooth surface when no attention was drawn to the brushstrokes or texture of the painted surface. Among the earliest <a href="/wiki/Impasto" title="Impasto">impasto</a> effects, using a raised or rough texture in the surface of the paint, are those from the later works of the Venetian painter <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Giovanni Bellini</a>, around 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This became much more common in the 16th century, as many painters began to draw attention to the process of their painting, by leaving individual brushstrokes obvious, and a rough painted surface. Another Venetian, <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, was a leader in this. In the 17th century some artists, including <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, began to use dark grounds. Until the mid-19th century, there was a division between artists who exploited "effects of handling" in their paintwork, and those who continued to aim at "an even, glassy surface from which all evidences of manipulation had been banished".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 19th century, artists or their apprentices ground pigments and mixed their paints for the range of <a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_media#Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artistic media">painting media</a>. This made portability difficult and kept most painting activities confined to the <a href="/wiki/Studio" title="Studio">studio</a>. This changed when tubes of oil paint became widely available following the American portrait painter <a href="/wiki/John_Goffe_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="John Goffe Rand">John Goffe Rand</a>'s invention of the squeezable or collapsible metal tube in 1841. Artists could mix colors quickly and easily, which enabled, for the first time, relatively convenient <a href="/wiki/Plein_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Plein air">plein air</a> painting (a common approach in French <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ingredients">Ingredients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ingredients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oil_painting" title="Special:EditPage/Oil painting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22oil+paint+ingredients%22+%22oil+paint+manufacture%22">"oil paint ingredients" "oil paint manufacture"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22oil+paint+ingredients%22+%22oil+paint+manufacture%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22oil+paint+ingredients%22+%22oil+paint+manufacture%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22oil+paint+ingredients%22+%22oil+paint+manufacture%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22oil+paint+ingredients%22+%22oil+paint+manufacture%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22oil+paint+ingredients%22+%22oil+paint+manufacture%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flax_seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A close-up of glistening, golden flax seeds." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flax_seeds.jpg/220px-Flax_seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flax_seeds.jpg/330px-Flax_seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flax_seeds.jpg/440px-Flax_seeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flax#Flax_seeds" title="Flax">Flax seed</a> is the source of <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a> itself comes from the <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> seed, a common <a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">fiber crop</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a>, a "support" for oil painting (see relevant section), also comes from the flax plant. <a href="/wiki/Safflower" title="Safflower">Safflower</a> oil or the <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a> or <a href="/wiki/Poppyseed_oil" title="Poppyseed oil">poppyseed oil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">Castor Oil</a> are sometimes used in formulating lighter colors like white because they "yellow" less on drying than linseed oil, but they have the slight drawback of drying more slowly and may not provide the strongest paint film. Linseed oil tends to dry yellow and can change the hue of the color. In some regions, this technique is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">drying oil</a> technique. </p><p>Recent advances in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> have produced modern <a href="/wiki/Water_miscible_oil_paint" title="Water miscible oil paint">water miscible oil paints</a> that can be used and cleaned up with water. Small alterations in the <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecular</a> structure of the oil create this water <a href="/wiki/Miscible" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscible">miscible</a> property. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supports_for_oil_painting">Supports for oil painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Supports for oil painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Splined_Canvas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A square canvas rests on top of another with its back showing a thick frame of wood." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Splined_Canvas.jpg/220px-Splined_Canvas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Splined_Canvas.jpg/330px-Splined_Canvas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Splined_Canvas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Splined_canvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Splined canvas">Splined canvas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest oil paintings were almost all <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel paintings</a> on wood, which had been <a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">seasoned</a> and prepared in a complicated and rather expensive process with the panel constructed from several pieces of wood, although such support tends to warp. Panels continued to be used well into the 17th century, including by <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>, who painted several large works on wood. The artists of the Italian regions moved towards <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a> in the early 16th century, led partly by a wish to paint larger images, which would have been too heavy as panels. Canvas for sails was made in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and so easily available and cheaper than wood. </p><p>Smaller paintings, with very fine detail, were easier to paint on a very firm surface, and wood panels or copper plates, often reused from <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a>, were often chosen for small <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_painting" title="Cabinet painting">cabinet paintings</a> even in the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Portrait_miniature" title="Portrait miniature">Portrait miniatures</a> normally used very firm supports, including <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, or stiff paper card. </p><p>Traditional artists' canvas is made from <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>, but less expensive <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> fabric has been used. The artist first prepares a wooden frame called a "stretcher" or "strainer". The difference between the two names is that <i>stretchers</i> are slightly adjustable, while <i>strainers</i> are rigid and lack adjustable corner notches. The canvas is then pulled across the wooden frame and tacked or stapled tightly to the back edge. Then the artist applies a "<a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">size</a>" to isolate the canvas from the acidic qualities of the paint. Traditionally, the canvas was coated with a layer of <a href="/wiki/Animal_glue" title="Animal glue">animal glue</a> (modern painters will use rabbit skin glue) as the size and primed with lead white paint, sometimes with added chalk. Panels were prepared with a <i>gesso</i>, a mixture of glue and chalk. </p><p>Modern acrylic "<a href="/wiki/Gesso" title="Gesso">gesso</a>" is made of <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a> with an acrylic binder. It is frequently used on canvas, whereas real gesso is not suitable for canvas. The artist might apply several layers of gesso, sanding each smooth after it has dried. Acrylic gesso is very difficult to sand. One manufacturer makes a "sandable" acrylic gesso, but it is intended for panels only and not canvas. It is possible to make the gesso a particular color, but most store-bought gesso is white. The gesso layer, depending on its thickness, will tend to draw the oil paint into the porous surface. Excessive or uneven gesso layers are sometimes visible on the surface of finished paintings as a change that's not from the paint. </p><p>Standard sizes for oil paintings were set in France in the 19th century. The standards were used by most artists, not only the French, as it was—and still is—supported by the main suppliers of artists' materials. Size 0 (<i>toile de 0</i>) to size 120 (<i>toile de 120</i>) is divided into separate "runs" for figures (<i>figure</i>), landscapes (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">paysage</i></span>), and marines (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">marine</i></span>) that more or less preserve the diagonal. Thus a <i>0 figure</i> corresponds in height with a <i>paysage 1</i> and a <i>marine 2</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although surfaces like <a href="/wiki/Linoleum" title="Linoleum">linoleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">wooden panel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pressed_wood" title="Pressed wood">pressed wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">cardboard</a> have been used, the most popular surface since the 16th century has been <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a>, although many artists used panel through the 17th century and beyond. The panel is more expensive, heavier, harder to transport, and prone to warp or split in poor conditions. For fine detail, however, the absolute solidity of a wooden panel has an advantage. </p><p>Some artists are now painting directly onto prepared Aluminium Composite Material (ACM) panels. Others combine the perceived benefits of canvas and panel by gluing canvas onto panels made from ACM, Masonite or other material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oil_painting" title="Special:EditPage/Oil painting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22oil+painting+techniques%22+%22oil+painting+tools%22">"oil painting techniques" "oil painting tools"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22oil+painting+techniques%22+%22oil+painting+tools%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22oil+painting+techniques%22+%22oil+painting+tools%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22oil+painting+techniques%22+%22oil+painting+tools%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22oil+painting+techniques%22+%22oil+painting+tools%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22oil+painting+techniques%22+%22oil+painting+tools%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_painting_palette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man's finger sticks through a hole in a large wooden palette. One of his hands is dipping a brush into the paint and the other holds numerous brushes in reserve." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Oil_painting_palette.jpg/220px-Oil_painting_palette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Oil_painting_palette.jpg/330px-Oil_painting_palette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Oil_painting_palette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>A traditional wood <a href="/wiki/Palette_(painting)" title="Palette (painting)">palette</a> used to hold and mix small amounts of paint while working</figcaption></figure> <p>Oil paint is made by mixing <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> of colors with an oil medium. Since the 19th century the different main colors are purchased in <a href="/wiki/Paint_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Paint tube">paint tubes</a> pre-prepared before painting begins, further shades of color are usually obtained by mixing small quantities as the painting process is underway. An <a href="/wiki/Artist%27s_palette" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist's palette">artist's palette</a>, traditionally a thin wood board held in the hand, is used for holding and mixing paints. Pigments may be any number of natural or synthetic substances with color, such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a> for yellow or cobalt salts for blue. Traditional pigments were based on minerals or plants, but many have proven unstable over long periods. Modern pigments often use synthetic chemicals. The pigment is mixed with oil, usually linseed, but other oils may be used. The various oils dry differently, which creates assorted effects. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brush</a> is most commonly employed by the artist to apply the paint, often over a sketched outline of their subject (which could be in another medium). Brushes are made from a variety of fibers to create different effects. For example, brushes made with hog bristles might be used for bolder strokes and impasto textures. Fitch hair and <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongoose</a> hair brushes are fine and smooth, and thus answer well for portraits and detail work. Even more expensive are red <a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">sable</a> brushes (<a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">weasel</a> hair). The finest quality brushes are called "<a href="/wiki/Kolinsky_sable-hair_brush" title="Kolinsky sable-hair brush">kolinsky sable</a>"; these brush fibers are taken from the tail of the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel</a>. This hair keeps a superfine point, has smooth handling, and good memory (it returns to its original point when lifted off the canvas), known to artists as a brush's "snap". Floppy fibers with no snap, such as <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrel</a> hair, are generally not used by oil painters. </p><p>In the past few decades, many synthetic brushes have been marketed. These are very durable and can be quite good, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cost_efficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost efficient">cost efficient</a>. </p><p>Brushes come in multiple sizes and are used for different purposes. The <i>type</i> of brush also makes a difference. For example, a "round" is a pointed brush used for detail work. "Flat" brushes are used to apply broad swaths of color. "Bright" is a flat brush with shorter brush hairs, used for "scrubbing in". "Filbert" is a flat brush with rounded corners. "Egbert" is a very long, and rare, filbert brush. The artist might also apply paint with a palette knife, which is a flat metal blade. A palette knife may also be used to remove paint from the canvas when necessary. A variety of unconventional tools, such as rags, sponges, and cotton swabs, may be used to apply or remove paint. Some artists even paint with their <a href="/wiki/Fingerpaint" title="Fingerpaint">fingers</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tubes_of_paint,_artist%27s_paint_PNG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tubes_of_paint%2C_artist%27s_paint_PNG.png/220px-Tubes_of_paint%2C_artist%27s_paint_PNG.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tubes_of_paint%2C_artist%27s_paint_PNG.png/330px-Tubes_of_paint%2C_artist%27s_paint_PNG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tubes_of_paint%2C_artist%27s_paint_PNG.png/440px-Tubes_of_paint%2C_artist%27s_paint_PNG.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Tubes of paint</figcaption></figure> <p>Old masters usually applied paint in thin layers known as "glazes" that allow light to penetrate completely through the layer, a method also simply called "indirect painting". This technique is what gives oil paintings their luminous characteristics. This method was first perfected through an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Egg_tempera" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg tempera">egg tempera</a> painting technique (egg yolks used as a binder, mixed with pigment), and was applied by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painter" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Netherlandish painter">Early Netherlandish painters</a> in Northern Europe with pigments usually ground in <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>. This approach has been called the "mixed technique" or "mixed method" in modern times. The first coat (the <a href="/wiki/Underpainting" title="Underpainting">underpainting</a>) is laid down, often painted with egg tempera or turpentine-thinned paint. This layer helps to "tone" the canvas and to cover the white of the gesso. Many artists use this layer to sketch out the composition. This first layer can be adjusted before proceeding further, an advantage over the "cartooning" method used in <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> technique. After this layer dries, the artist might then proceed by painting a "mosaic" of color swatches, working from darkest to lightest. The borders of the colors are blended when the "mosaic" is completed and then left to dry before applying details. </p><p>Artists in later periods, such as the <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionist</a> era (late 19th century), often expanded on this <a href="/wiki/Wet-on-wet" title="Wet-on-wet">wet-on-wet</a> method, blending the wet paint on the canvas without following the Renaissance-era approach of layering and glazing. This method is also called "<a href="/wiki/Alla_prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Alla prima">alla prima</a>". This method was created due to the advent of painting outdoors, instead of inside a studio, because while outside, an artist did not have the time to let each layer of paint dry before adding a new layer. Several contemporary artists use a combination of both techniques to add bold color (wet-on-wet) and obtain the depth of layers through glazing. </p><p>When the image is finished and has dried for up to a year, an artist often seals the work with a layer of varnish that is typically made from <a href="/wiki/Dammar_gum" title="Dammar gum">dammar gum</a> crystals dissolved in turpentine. Such varnishes can be removed without disturbing the oil painting itself, to enable cleaning and <a href="/wiki/Art_Conservation_and_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Conservation and Restoration">conservation</a>. Some contemporary artists decide not to varnish their work, preferring the surface unvarnished to avoid a glossy look. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Modern_and_Contemporary_Art">Influence on Modern and Contemporary Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence on Modern and Contemporary Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oil painters such as <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> revolutionized the medium in ways that profoundly shaped the evolution of modern art. Their groundbreaking innovations in technique, color, and form redefined traditional oil painting and set the stage for various art movements that followed. Their influence extends through Expressionism, Fauvism, Abstract Expressionism, and beyond, fundamentally altering how contemporary artists approach color, texture, and emotional expression. </p><p>Monet’s works, especially his later series like <a href="/wiki/Water_Lilies_(Monet_series)" title="Water Lilies (Monet series)">Water Lilies</a>, are considered a precursor to abstract art. His emphasis on capturing the transient effects of light and his near-abstraction of form in his late works, such as Water Lilies: The Clouds (1920), pushed the boundaries of traditional representational painting. Artists like <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Pollock" title="Jackson Pollock">Jackson Pollock</a> drew inspiration from Monet’s large-scale canvases and his focus on the physical process of painting, using techniques that emphasized the action of creating art over the final product.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vincent van Gogh's influence on modern art is equally significant, particularly through his emotive use of color and texture.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His impasto technique, where thick layers of paint create a tactile, almost sculptural quality, was groundbreaking at the time and had a lasting impact on 20th-century movements such as Expressionism and Fauvism.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His iconic works like <a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">Starry Night (1889)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunflowers_(van_Gogh_series)" title="Sunflowers (van Gogh series)">Sunflowers (1888)</a> showcase his emotional intensity, using exaggerated colors and dramatic compositions to convey psychological depth. Early 20th-century Expressionists, such as <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a>, were inspired by Van Gogh’s ability to express inner turmoil and existential angst through distorted forms and vibrant hues.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_famous_works">Examples of famous works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples of famous works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arnolfini Portrait, Jan van Eyck, 1434 (on panel)"><img alt="Arnolfini Portrait, Jan van Eyck, 1434 (on panel)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg/175px-Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg/263px-Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg/351px-Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4386" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Arnolfini_Portrait" title="Arnolfini Portrait">Arnolfini Portrait</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>, 1434 (on panel)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_donna_velata_v2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La donna velata, Raphael, 1516"><img alt="La donna velata, Raphael, 1516" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/La_donna_velata_v2.jpg/186px-La_donna_velata_v2.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/La_donna_velata_v2.jpg/280px-La_donna_velata_v2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/La_donna_velata_v2.jpg/373px-La_donna_velata_v2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2221" data-file-height="2859" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/La_velata" title="La velata">La donna velata</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, 1516</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tizian_085.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rape of Europa, Titian, 1562"><img alt="The Rape of Europa, Titian, 1562" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tizian_085.jpg/274px-Tizian_085.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tizian_085.jpg/411px-Tizian_085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tizian_085.jpg/548px-Tizian_085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2281" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Europa_(Titian)" title="The Rape of Europa (Titian)">The Rape of Europa</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, 1562</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_De_kruisoprichting.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Raising of the Cross, Peter Paul Rubens, 1610–11"><img alt="The Raising of the Cross, Peter Paul Rubens, 1610–11" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_De_kruisoprichting.JPG/178px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_De_kruisoprichting.JPG" decoding="async" width="119" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_De_kruisoprichting.JPG/268px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_De_kruisoprichting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_De_kruisoprichting.JPG/357px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_De_kruisoprichting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="1896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elevation_of_the_Cross_(Rubens)" title="The Elevation of the Cross (Rubens)">The Raising of the Cross</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, 1610–11</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, Rembrandt, 1632"><img alt="The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, Rembrandt, 1632" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg/319px-Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg/478px-Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg/637px-Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr._Nicolaes_Tulp" title="The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp">The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, 1632</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Innocent-x-velazquez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Innocent X, Diego Velázquez, c. 1650"><img alt="Innocent X, Diego Velázquez, c. 1650" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Innocent-x-velazquez.jpg/197px-Innocent-x-velazquez.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Innocent-x-velazquez.jpg/296px-Innocent-x-velazquez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Innocent-x-velazquez.jpg/395px-Innocent-x-velazquez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="547" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Innocent_X" title="Portrait of Innocent X">Innocent X</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1650</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Milkmaid, Johannes Vermeer, 1658–1660"><img alt="The Milkmaid, Johannes Vermeer, 1658–1660" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/214px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/321px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/428px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Milkmaid_(Vermeer)" title="The Milkmaid (Vermeer)">The Milkmaid</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a>, 1658–1660</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Largillierre_belle_Strasbourgeoise_mba_mb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Belle Strasbourgeoise, Nicolas de Largillière, 1703"><img alt="La Belle Strasbourgeoise, Nicolas de Largillière, 1703" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Largillierre_belle_Strasbourgeoise_mba_mb.jpg/183px-Largillierre_belle_Strasbourgeoise_mba_mb.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Largillierre_belle_Strasbourgeoise_mba_mb.jpg/274px-Largillierre_belle_Strasbourgeoise_mba_mb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Largillierre_belle_Strasbourgeoise_mba_mb.jpg/366px-Largillierre_belle_Strasbourgeoise_mba_mb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_Strasbourgeoise" title="La Belle Strasbourgeoise">La Belle Strasbourgeoise</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re" title="Nicolas de Largillière">Nicolas de Largillière</a>, 1703</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Toilet_of_Venus,_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Toilet of Venus, François Boucher, 1751"><img alt="The Toilet of Venus, François Boucher, 1751" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_Toilet_of_Venus%2C_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg/188px-The_Toilet_of_Venus%2C_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_Toilet_of_Venus%2C_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg/282px-The_Toilet_of_Venus%2C_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_Toilet_of_Venus%2C_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg/376px-The_Toilet_of_Venus%2C_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1955" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Toilet of Venus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a>, 1751</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Blue_Boy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Blue Boy, Thomas Gainsborough, 1770"><img alt="The Blue Boy, Thomas Gainsborough, 1770" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Blue_Boy.jpg/162px-The_Blue_Boy.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Blue_Boy.jpg/243px-The_Blue_Boy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Blue_Boy.jpg/325px-The_Blue_Boy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Boy" title="The Blue Boy">The Blue Boy</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a>, 1770</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Somosierra_by_Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Charge in the Somosierra Gorge, Piotr Michałowski, 1837"><img alt="Charge in the Somosierra Gorge, Piotr Michałowski, 1837" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Battle_of_Somosierra_by_Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski.PNG/160px-Battle_of_Somosierra_by_Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski.PNG" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Battle_of_Somosierra_by_Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski.PNG/240px-Battle_of_Somosierra_by_Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Battle_of_Somosierra_by_Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski.PNG/320px-Battle_of_Somosierra_by_Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski.PNG 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Charge in the Somosierra Gorge</i>, <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Piotr Michałowski</a>, 1837</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son, Claude Monet, 1875"><img alt="Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son, Claude Monet, 1875" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/193px-Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/290px-Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/386px-Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6001" data-file-height="7455" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_a_Parasol_%E2%80%93_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son" title="Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son">Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, 1875</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir,_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bal du moulin de la Galette, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1876"><img alt="Bal du moulin de la Galette, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1876" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg/322px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg/483px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg/644px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Bal_du_moulin_de_la_Galette" title="Bal du moulin de la Galette">Bal du moulin de la Galette</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a>, 1876</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Dr. Gachet, Vincent van Gogh, 1890"><img alt="Portrait of Dr. Gachet, Vincent van Gogh, 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet.jpg/195px-Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet.jpg/292px-Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet.jpg/390px-Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet" title="Portrait of Dr. Gachet">Portrait of Dr. Gachet</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, 1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_C%C3%A9zanne,_1892-95,_Les_joueurs_de_carte_(The_Card_Players),_60_x_73_cm,_oil_on_canvas,_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Card Players, Paul Cézanne, 1892"><img alt="The Card Players, Paul Cézanne, 1892" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne%2C_1892-95%2C_Les_joueurs_de_carte_%28The_Card_Players%29%2C_60_x_73_cm%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art%2C_London.jpg/293px-Paul_C%C3%A9zanne%2C_1892-95%2C_Les_joueurs_de_carte_%28The_Card_Players%29%2C_60_x_73_cm%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne%2C_1892-95%2C_Les_joueurs_de_carte_%28The_Card_Players%29%2C_60_x_73_cm%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art%2C_London.jpg/440px-Paul_C%C3%A9zanne%2C_1892-95%2C_Les_joueurs_de_carte_%28The_Card_Players%29%2C_60_x_73_cm%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne%2C_1892-95%2C_Les_joueurs_de_carte_%28The_Card_Players%29%2C_60_x_73_cm%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art%2C_London.jpg/586px-Paul_C%C3%A9zanne%2C_1892-95%2C_Les_joueurs_de_carte_%28The_Card_Players%29%2C_60_x_73_cm%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="2364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Card_Players" title="The Card Players">The Card Players</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>, 1892</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Le_Sidaner_Le_Grand_Canal,_Venise_(1906).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Le Grand Canal, Venice, Henri Le Sidaner, 1906"><img alt="Le Grand Canal, Venice, Henri Le Sidaner, 1906" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Henri_Le_Sidaner_Le_Grand_Canal%2C_Venise_%281906%29.jpg/290px-Henri_Le_Sidaner_Le_Grand_Canal%2C_Venise_%281906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Henri_Le_Sidaner_Le_Grand_Canal%2C_Venise_%281906%29.jpg/435px-Henri_Le_Sidaner_Le_Grand_Canal%2C_Venise_%281906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Henri_Le_Sidaner_Le_Grand_Canal%2C_Venise_%281906%29.jpg/581px-Henri_Le_Sidaner_Le_Grand_Canal%2C_Venise_%281906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Le Grand Canal</i>, <i>Venice</i>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Le_Sidaner" title="Henri Le Sidaner">Henri Le Sidaner</a>, 1906</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Pablo Picasso, 1907"><img alt="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Pablo Picasso, 1907" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon.jpg/232px-Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon.jpg/348px-Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon.jpg/463px-Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4661" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i>, Pablo Picasso, 1907</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kiss_-_Gustav_Klimt_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kiss (Der Kuß), Gustav Klimt, 1907/8"><img alt="The Kiss (Der Kuß), Gustav Klimt, 1907/8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/The_Kiss_-_Gustav_Klimt_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/239px-The_Kiss_-_Gustav_Klimt_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/The_Kiss_-_Gustav_Klimt_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/359px-The_Kiss_-_Gustav_Klimt_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/The_Kiss_-_Gustav_Klimt_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/478px-The_Kiss_-_Gustav_Klimt_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7376" data-file-height="7401" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(Klimt)" title="The Kiss (Klimt)">The Kiss (Der Kuß)</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a>, 1907/8</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 246px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 244px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vassily_Kandinsky,_1913_-_Composition_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Composition VII, Wassily Kandinsky, 1913"><img alt="Composition VII, Wassily Kandinsky, 1913" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1913_-_Composition_7.jpg/366px-Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1913_-_Composition_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1913_-_Composition_7.jpg/548px-Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1913_-_Composition_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1913_-_Composition_7.jpg/731px-Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1913_-_Composition_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="657" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Composition_VII" title="Composition VII">Composition VII</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>, 1913</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chagall_Bella.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bella with White Collar, Marc Chagall, 1917"><img alt="Bella with White Collar, Marc Chagall, 1917" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Chagall_Bella.jpg/117px-Chagall_Bella.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Chagall_Bella.jpg/176px-Chagall_Bella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Chagall_Bella.jpg/235px-Chagall_Bella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="1170" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Bella_with_White_Collar" title="Bella with White Collar">Bella with White Collar</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, 1917</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villem_Ormisson,_Tartu_vaade_(1937).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Motive from Tartu, Villem Ormisson, 1937"><img alt="Motive from Tartu, Villem Ormisson, 1937" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Villem_Ormisson%2C_Tartu_vaade_%281937%29.jpg/305px-Villem_Ormisson%2C_Tartu_vaade_%281937%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Villem_Ormisson%2C_Tartu_vaade_%281937%29.jpg/458px-Villem_Ormisson%2C_Tartu_vaade_%281937%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Villem_Ormisson%2C_Tartu_vaade_%281937%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Motive from Tartu</i>, <a href="/wiki/Villem_Ormisson" title="Villem Ormisson">Villem Ormisson</a>, 1937</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 293.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nighthawks, Edward Hopper, 1942"><img alt="Nighthawks, Edward Hopper, 1942" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg/440px-Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg/660px-Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg/880px-Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3274" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Nighthawks_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nighthawks (painting)">Nighthawks</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Edward Hopper</a>, 1942</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne (1970), p. 787</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world-archaeology.com/world/asia/afghanistan/worlds-oldest-use-of-oil-paint-found-in-afghanistan/">"World's oldest use of oil paint found in Afghanistan"</a>. <i>World Archaeology</i>. 6 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Beiträge zur Entwicklungs-, Handels- und Materialgeschichte". <i>Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung</i>. <b>1</b>: 7–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Kunsttechnologie+und+Konservierung&rft.atitle=Industriell+vorgrundierte+Malleinen.+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Entwicklungs-%2C+Handels-+und+Materialgeschichte&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=7-71&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Haaf&rft.aufirst=Beatrix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2024" class="citation web cs1">Meier, Allison (10 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/the-art-of-impressionism-a-reading-list/">"The Art of Impressionism: A Reading List"</a>. <i>JSTOR Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Impressionism%3A+A+Reading+List&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fthe-art-of-impressionism-a-reading-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowse2016" class="citation book cs1">Howse, Jennifer (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V7e2DwAAQBAJ&dq=Van+Gogh%E2%80%99s+impasto+technique&pg=PA15"><i>Vincent van Gogh</i></a>. Weigl Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4896-4628-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4896-4628-6"><bdi>978-1-4896-4628-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vincent+van+Gogh&rft.pub=Weigl+Publishers&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4896-4628-6&rft.aulast=Howse&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV7e2DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DVan%2BGogh%25E2%2580%2599s%2Bimpasto%2Btechnique%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinterowLoyrette1994" class="citation book cs1">Tinterow, Gary; Loyrette, Henri (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kLEpf5a49V0C"><i>Origins of Impressionism</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NY+Elizabeth&rft.atitle=How+Vincent+Van+Gogh+Changed+The+Art+World&rft.aulast=Gino+Yazdinian&rft.aufirst=Nouriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyelizabeth.com%2Fvincent-van-gogh%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPainting%2520using%2520colors%2520that%2520were%2520expressive%2520and%2520emotive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vincent-van-Gogh/Legacy">"Vincent van Gogh - Post-Impressionism, Artistic Legacy, Sunflowers | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 7 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Vincent+van+Gogh+-+Post-Impressionism%2C+Artistic+Legacy%2C+Sunflowers+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FVincent-van-Gogh%2FLegacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Borchert, Till-Holger (2008). <i>Van Eyck</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-5687-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-8228-5687-8">3-8228-5687-8</a>.</li> <li>Osborne, Harold, ed. (1970). <i>The Oxford Companion to Art</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/019866107X" title="Special:BookSources/019866107X">019866107X</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chieffo, Clifford T. (1976). <i>Contemporary Oil Painter's Handbook</i>. Prentice Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-131-70167-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-131-70167-0">978-0-131-70167-0</a>.</li> <li>Mayer, Ralph (1940). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Artist%27s_Handbook_of_Materials_and_Techniques" title="The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques">The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques</a></i>. Comprehensive reference book.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Art" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Introduction to Art">Introduction to Art</a> at Wikibooks</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oil_paintings" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oil paintings">Oil paintings</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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