CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Oliver North - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e15427d7-a54b-4d68-891e-03425d115327","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Oliver_North","wgTitle":"Oliver North","wgCurRevisionId":1254870652,"wgRevisionId":1254870652,"wgArticleId":22507,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["IMDb title ID different from Wikidata","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use mdy dates from April 2023","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","People appearing on C-SPAN","1943 births","20th-century American male writers","21st-century American male writers", "American broadcast news analysts","American columnists","American conservative talk radio hosts","American foreign policy writers","American male non-fiction writers","American military writers","American political commentators","American talk radio hosts","Candidates in the 1994 United States elections","Fox News people","Iran–Contra affair","Living people","Military personnel from Texas","People from Columbia County, New York","People from Loudoun County, Virginia","People from McLean, Virginia","Presidents of the National Rifle Association","Reagan administration personnel","American recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)","Recipients of the Silver Star","United States Marine Corps officers","United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War","United States National Security Council staffers","United States Naval Academy alumni","Virginia Republicans","Writers from San Antonio"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Oliver_North","wgRelevantArticleId":22507,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q431223","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture", "bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Oliver_North_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/1200px-Oliver_North_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1775"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Oliver_North_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/800px-Oliver_North_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1183"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Oliver_North_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/640px-Oliver_North_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="947"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Oliver North - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Oliver_North rootpage-Oliver_North skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Oliver+North" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Oliver+North" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Oliver+North" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Oliver+North" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Marine_Corps_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Marine_Corps_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>U.S. Marine Corps career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._Marine_Corps_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle U.S. Marine Corps career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._Marine_Corps_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Post-Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Security_Council_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Security_Council_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>National Security Council staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Security_Council_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran–Contra_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran–Contra_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Iran–Contra affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran–Contra_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Freedom_Alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_Alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Freedom Alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_Alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Rifle_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Rifle_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>National Rifle Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Rifle_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Media and books</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_and_books-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media and books subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media_and_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film,_television,_radio,_and_videogames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film,_television,_radio,_and_videogames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Film, television, radio, and videogames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film,_television,_radio,_and_videogames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonfiction_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonfiction_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Nonfiction books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonfiction_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Fiction books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oliver North</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="أوليفر نورث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوليفر نورث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="الیور نورث – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الیور نورث" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="الیور نورث – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیور نورث" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%84_%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="올리버 노스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="올리버 노스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%27" title="אוליבר נורת' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוליבר נורת'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="اوليفر نورث – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوليفر نورث" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="オリバー・ノース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オリバー・ノース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Норт, Оливер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Норт, Оливер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oliver North" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF" title="奧利弗·諾斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奧利弗·諾斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q431223#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Oliver_North" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_North&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_North&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_North&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_North&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Oliver_North" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Oliver_North" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_North&oldid=1254870652" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_North&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Oliver_North&id=1254870652&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOliver_North"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOliver_North"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Oliver_North&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_North&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Oliver_North" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q431223" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American political commentator (born 1943)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the American military figure. For the British engineer, see <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Danson_North" title="Oliver Danson North">Oliver Danson North</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Colonel North" redirects here. For the 19th-century English magnate, see <a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_North" title="John Thomas North">John Thomas North</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Oliver North</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_North_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Oliver_North_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/220px-Oliver_North_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Oliver_North_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/330px-Oliver_North_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Oliver_North_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/440px-Oliver_North_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="2503" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">North in 2017, wearing his <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a> medal ribbon</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 2018 – April 29, 2019</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Brownell" title="Pete Brownell">Pete Brownell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_D._Meadows" title="Carolyn D. Meadows">Carolyn D. Meadows</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Oliver Laurence North</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1943-10-07</span>) </span>October 7, 1943<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 81)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, Texas, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Betsy Stuart</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1967)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_College_at_Brockport,_State_University_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="The College at Brockport, State University of New York">State University of New York, Brockport</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5940" data-file-height="4680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1968–1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard.svg/25px-US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard.svg/38px-US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard.svg/50px-US_Marine_O5_shoulderboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="92" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant colonel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_3rd_Marines" title="1st Battalion, 3rd Marines">1st Battalion, 3rd Marines</a> (Vietnam)<br /><a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_8th_Marines" title="3rd Battalion, 8th Marines">3rd Battalion, 8th Marines</a><br /><a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Marine Division (United States)">2nd Marine Division</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Camp_Gonsalves" title="Camp Gonsalves">Northern Training Area</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a> with <a href="/wiki/%22V%22_device" title=""V" device">valor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Action_Ribbon" title="Combat Action Ribbon">Combat Action Ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Service_Badge" title="Presidential Service Badge">Presidential Service Badge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oliver Laurence North</b> (born October 7, 1943) is an American political commentator, television host, military historian, author, and retired <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a>. </p><p>A veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, North was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> staff member during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a>, a political scandal of the late 1980s. It involved the illegal sale of weapons to the <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a> regime of the Islamic Republic of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to encourage the release of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_hostage_crisis" title="Lebanon hostage crisis">American hostages then held in Lebanon</a>. North formulated the second part of the plan, which was to divert proceeds from the arms sales to <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism#The_Contras" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">support</a> the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contra rebel groups</a> in Nicaragua, official funding for which had been specifically prohibited under the <a href="/wiki/Boland_Amendment" title="Boland Amendment">Boland Amendment</a>. North was granted <a href="/wiki/Witness_immunity" title="Witness immunity">limited immunity from prosecution</a> in exchange for testifying before Congress about the scheme. He was initially convicted on three felony charges, but the convictions were vacated and reversed and all charges against him dismissed in 1991, on the grounds of immunity. </p><p>North unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate seat held by <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Chuck Robb</a> from Virginia in <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1994 United States Senate election in Virginia">1994</a>. In a three-way race, North narrowly lost to Robb by a margin of 2.73%. He then hosted a talk show on <a href="/wiki/Radio_America_(United_States)" title="Radio America (United States)">Radio America</a> from 1995 to 2003, and hosted <i><a href="/wiki/War_Stories_with_Oliver_North" title="War Stories with Oliver North">War Stories with Oliver North</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> from 2001 to 2016. In May 2018, North was elected as president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a>. On April 27, 2019, he resigned amidst a dispute with the organization's chief executive <a href="/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" title="Wayne LaPierre">Wayne LaPierre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_D._Meadows" title="Carolyn D. Meadows">Carolyn D. Meadows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <p>North was born in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, Texas, on October 7, 1943, the son of Ann Theresa (née Clancy) and Oliver Clay North, a U.S. Army major.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He grew up in <a href="/wiki/Philmont,_New_York" title="Philmont, New York">Philmont, New York</a>, and graduated from <a href="/wiki/Taconic_Hills_Central_School_District" title="Taconic Hills Central School District">Ockawamick Central High School</a> in 1961. He attended the <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Brockport" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York at Brockport">State University of New York at Brockport</a> for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While at Brockport, North spent a summer at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/Platoon_Leaders_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Platoon Leaders Class">Platoon Leaders Class</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico" title="Marine Corps Base Quantico">Marine Corps Base Quantico</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and gained an appointment to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> in 1963. He received his commission as <a href="/wiki/US_Second_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="US Second Lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in 1968, having missed a year due to serious back and leg injuries from an <a href="/wiki/Auto_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto accident">auto accident</a> in which a classmate was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-chicagotribune.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicagotribune.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of North's classmates at the academy was future <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">secretary of the Navy</a> and U.S. senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Jim Webb</a>, whom he beat in a middleweight championship <a href="/wiki/Amateur_boxing" title="Amateur boxing">boxing</a> match at Annapolis.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (North had shown films of this match to Marine Medical Corps officials to prove that he had fully recovered from his serious accident and could endure the rigors of midshipman training.<sup id="cite_ref-chicagotribune.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicagotribune.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Their graduating class included <a href="/wiki/Dennis_C._Blair" title="Dennis C. Blair">Dennis C. Blair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mullen" title="Michael Mullen">Michael Mullen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_L._Johnson" title="Jay L. Johnson">Jay L. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bolden" title="Charles Bolden">Charles Bolden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hagee" title="Michael Hagee">Michael Hagee</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Marine_Corps_career">U.S. Marine Corps career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3></div> <p>North served as a <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a> commander during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, where during his <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a> service, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medal</a> with <a href="/wiki/Combat_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat V">Combat V</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> medals.<sup id="cite_ref-Cushman_Jr_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cushman_Jr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his being awarded the Silver Star, North was a platoon commander leading his Marines in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Virginia_Ridge" title="Operation Virginia Ridge">Operation Virginia Ridge</a>. North led a counter-assault against the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a>, as his platoon took on heavy machine gun fire and rocket propelled grenades. Throughout the battle, North displayed "courage, dynamic leadership and unwavering devotion to duty in the face of grave personal danger".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Vietnam">Post-Vietnam</h3></div> <p>In 1970, North returned to <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> to testify as a character witness at the trial of Lance Corporal Randall Herrod, a U.S. Marine formerly under his command who, along with four others, had been charged with the murder of sixteen Vietnamese civilians in the village of <a href="/wiki/Son_Thang_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Son Thang massacre">Son Thang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North claims Herrod had previously saved his life.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herrod and one other Marine were acquitted.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North's post-Vietnam career included: instructor at the <a href="/wiki/The_Basic_School" title="The Basic School">Marine Basic School</a> from 1969 to 1974; director of the <a href="/wiki/Camp_Gonsalves" title="Camp Gonsalves">Northern Training Area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa, Japan</a> (1973–1974); plans and policy analyst with the manpower division at <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_Marine_Corps" title="Headquarters Marine Corps">Headquarters Marine Corps</a> from 1975 to 1978; and operations officer (S3) for <a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_8th_Marines" title="3rd Battalion, 8th Marines">3rd Battalion, 8th Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division" title="2nd Marine Division">2nd Marine Division</a> at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Lejeune" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Lejeune">Camp Lejeune</a> (1978–80).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College#College_of_Naval_Command_and_Staff" title="Naval War College">College of Naval Command and Staff</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Navy_War_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy War College">Navy War College</a> in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Security_Council_staff">National Security Council staff</h3></div> <p>In 1981, North began his assignment to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> staff in Washington, D.C., where he served as a lobbyist from 1981 to 1983; and deputy director for political–military affairs<sup id="cite_ref-Time_Magazine:_Washington's_Cowboys_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_Magazine:_Washington's_Cowboys-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1983 until his reassignment in 1986. In 1983, North was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his tenure at the National Security Council, North managed a number of missions. This included leading the hunt for those responsible for the <a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombing">1983 Beirut barracks bombing</a> that killed 299 American and French military personnel, an effort that saw North arrange a mid-air interception of an <a href="/wiki/EgyptAir" class="mw-redirect" title="EgyptAir">EgyptAir</a> jet carrying those responsible for the <a href="/wiki/MS_Achille_Lauro" title="MS Achille Lauro">Achille Lauro</a> hijacking. While at the National Security Council, he also helped plan the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">invasion of Grenada</a> and the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Operation_El_Dorado_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation El Dorado Canyon">bombing of Libya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_Magazine:_Washington's_Cowboys_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_Magazine:_Washington's_Cowboys-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his Iran-Contra trial, North spent his last two years on active duty assigned to <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_Marine_Corps" title="Headquarters Marine Corps">Headquarters Marine Corps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>. He submitted his request to retire from the Marine Corps effective May 1, 1988, following his indictment for <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_against_the_United_States" title="Conspiracy against the United States">conspiring to defraud the United States</a> by channeling the profits from US arms sales to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his trial and felony convictions, all convictions were reversed on appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_awards">Military awards</h2></div> <p>North received the following military awards and decorations:<sup id="cite_ref-Cushman_Jr_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cushman_Jr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Parachutist.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/USA_Parachutist.png/150px-USA_Parachutist.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/USA_Parachutist.png/225px-USA_Parachutist.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/USA_Parachutist.png/300px-USA_Parachutist.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="246" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22V%22_device,_gold.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Valor device"><img alt="V" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%22V%22_device%2C_gold.svg/22px-%22V%22_device%2C_gold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%22V%22_device%2C_gold.svg/33px-%22V%22_device%2C_gold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%22V%22_device%2C_gold.svg/44px-%22V%22_device%2C_gold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/106px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/159px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/212px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span><span style="position:relative; top: -0px; left: -64px; display: inline-block; width: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Award_star_(gold).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Award_star_%28gold%29.png/24px-Award_star_%28gold%29.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Award_star_%28gold%29.png/36px-Award_star_%28gold%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Award_star_%28gold%29.png/48px-Award_star_%28gold%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1934" data-file-height="1843" /></a></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span><span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -94px; display: inline-block; width: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22V%22_device,_brass.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%22V%22_device%2C_brass.svg/22px-%22V%22_device%2C_brass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%22V%22_device%2C_brass.svg/33px-%22V%22_device%2C_brass.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%22V%22_device%2C_brass.svg/44px-%22V%22_device%2C_brass.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span style="position:relative; top: -0px; left: -64px; display: inline-block; width: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Award_star_(gold).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Award_star_%28gold%29.png/24px-Award_star_%28gold%29.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Award_star_%28gold%29.png/36px-Award_star_%28gold%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Award_star_%28gold%29.png/48px-Award_star_%28gold%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1934" data-file-height="1843" /></a></span></span><span style="position:relative; top: -0px; left: -34px; display: inline-block; width: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Award_star_(gold).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Award_star_%28gold%29.png/24px-Award_star_%28gold%29.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Award_star_%28gold%29.png/36px-Award_star_%28gold%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Award_star_%28gold%29.png/48px-Award_star_%28gold%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1934" data-file-height="1843" /></a></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span><span style="position:relative; top: -0px; left: -64px; display: inline-block; width: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Award_star_(gold).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Award_star_%28gold%29.png/24px-Award_star_%28gold%29.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Award_star_%28gold%29.png/36px-Award_star_%28gold%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Award_star_%28gold%29.png/48px-Award_star_%28gold%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1934" data-file-height="1843" /></a></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Combat_Action_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Combat_Action_Ribbon.svg/106px-Combat_Action_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Combat_Action_Ribbon.svg/159px-Combat_Action_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Combat_Action_Ribbon.svg/212px-Combat_Action_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg/106px-U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg/159px-U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg/212px-U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/18px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/27px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/36px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg/106px-Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg/159px-Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg/212px-Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver-service-star-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver service star"><img alt="Silver star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/18px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/27px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/36px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td colspan="2"><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/18px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/27px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/36px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg/106px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg/159px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg/212px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg/106px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg/159px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg/212px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Award-star-silver-3d.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver award star"><img alt="Silver star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Award-star-silver-3d.png/22px-Award-star-silver-3d.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Award-star-silver-3d.png/33px-Award-star-silver-3d.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Award-star-silver-3d.png/44px-Award-star-silver-3d.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="126" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_gallantry_cross-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vietnam_gallantry_cross-3d.svg/106px-Vietnam_gallantry_cross-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vietnam_gallantry_cross-3d.svg/159px-Vietnam_gallantry_cross-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vietnam_gallantry_cross-3d.svg/212px-Vietnam_gallantry_cross-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_gallantry_cross_unit_award-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vietnam_gallantry_cross_unit_award-3d.svg/106px-Vietnam_gallantry_cross_unit_award-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vietnam_gallantry_cross_unit_award-3d.svg/159px-Vietnam_gallantry_cross_unit_award-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vietnam_gallantry_cross_unit_award-3d.svg/212px-Vietnam_gallantry_cross_unit_award-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon,_with_60-_clasp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg/106px-Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg/159px-Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg/212px-Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC_Rifle_Expert_badge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/USMC_Rifle_Expert_badge.png/125px-USMC_Rifle_Expert_badge.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/USMC_Rifle_Expert_badge.png/188px-USMC_Rifle_Expert_badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/USMC_Rifle_Expert_badge.png/250px-USMC_Rifle_Expert_badge.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="437" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC_Pistol_Expert_badge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USMC_Pistol_Expert_badge.png/130px-USMC_Pistol_Expert_badge.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USMC_Pistol_Expert_badge.png/195px-USMC_Pistol_Expert_badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USMC_Pistol_Expert_badge.png/260px-USMC_Pistol_Expert_badge.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="351" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png/170px-US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png/255px-US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png/340px-US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td>Basic <a href="/wiki/Parachutist_Badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Parachutist Badge">Parachutist Badge</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_Star_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Star Medal">Silver Star Medal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medal</a> with <a href="/wiki/%22V%22_device" title=""V" device">Combat V device</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple Heart Medal">Purple Heart Medal</a> with one <a href="/wiki/5/16_inch_star" title="5/16 inch star"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>" Gold Star</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal" title="Defense Meritorious Service Medal">Defense Meritorious Service Medal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal">Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal</a> with Combat "V' device and two <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>" Gold Stars </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Achievement_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal">Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal</a> with one <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>" Gold Star </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combat_Action_Ribbon" title="Combat Action Ribbon">Combat Action Ribbon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation" title="Navy Unit Commendation">Navy Unit Commendation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation">Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation</a> with one <a href="/wiki/Service_star" title="Service star"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>" bronze star</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal" title="National Defense Service Medal">National Defense Service Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Service_Medal" title="Vietnam Service Medal">Vietnam Service Medal</a> with one <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>" silver star </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Service Deployment Ribbon">Sea Service Deployment Ribbon</a> with one <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>" bronze star </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Overseas_Service_Ribbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon">Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Gallantry_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross">Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross</a> with silver star </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Gallantry_Cross_Unit_Citation" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation">Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation</a> with palm and frame </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Campaign_Medal" title="Vietnam Campaign Medal">Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal</a> with 1960–device </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marksmanship_Badge_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marksmanship Badge (United States)">Marine Corps Expert Rifle Badge</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marksmanship_Badge_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marksmanship Badge (United States)">Marine Corps Expert Pistol Badge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Service_Badge" title="Presidential Service Badge">Presidential Service Badge</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iran–Contra_affair"><span id="Iran.E2.80.93Contra_affair"></span>Iran–Contra affair</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua v. United States</a></div> <p>North came into the public spotlight as a result of his participation in the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a>, a political scandal during the Reagan administration, in which he claimed partial responsibility for the sale of weapons through intermediaries to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, with the profits being channeled to the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> in Nicaragua. It was alleged that he was responsible for the establishment of a covert network which subsequently funneled those funds to the Contras. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Boland_Amendment" title="Boland Amendment">Boland Amendment</a> (to the House Appropriations Bill of 1982 and following years),<sup id="cite_ref-Webb_1999_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webb_1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which prohibited the appropriation of U.S. funds by intelligence agencies for the support of the Contras. </p><p>North solicited $10 million from the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a> to skirt U.S. prohibitions on funding the Contras. However, he gave the wrong number of the Swiss bank account intended to launder the money, and it went instead to a Swiss businessman. A Senate committee investigating the transaction tracked it down so it could be returned to Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an August 23, 1986, e-mail to <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Poindexter" title="John Poindexter">John Poindexter</a>, North described a meeting with a representative of Panamanian General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a>: "You will recall that over the years Manuel Noriega in Panama and I have developed a fairly good relationship," North writes before explaining Noriega's proposal. If U.S. officials can "help clean up his image" and lift the ban on arms sales to the Panamanian Defense Force, Noriega will "'take care of' the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> leadership for us."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North told Poindexter that General Noriega could assist with sabotage against the ruling party of Nicaragua, the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a>. North supposedly suggested that Noriega be paid $1 million in cash from <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">Project Democracy</a> funds raised from the sale of U.S. arms to Iran for the Panamanian leader's help in destroying Nicaraguan economic installations.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1986, as the sale of weapons was made public, North was dismissed by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. In an interview with <i><a href="/wiki/Cigar_Aficionado" title="Cigar Aficionado">Cigar Aficionado</a></i> magazine, North said that on February 11, 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> detected an attack on North's family<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the Peoples Committee for Libyan Students, with an order to kill North. Although government officials later expressed skepticism of this claim,<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo1988Jul22_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo1988Jul22-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and no charges for this alleged plot were brought,<sup id="cite_ref-Time1988Aug01_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time1988Aug01-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his family was moved to <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Lejeune" title="Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune">Camp Lejeune</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and lived with federal agents until North retired from the Marine Corps the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1987, North was summoned to testify before televised hearings of a joint congressional committee that was formed to investigate the Iran–Contra scandal. During the hearings, North admitted that he had misled Congress,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for which, along with other actions, he was later charged. He defended his actions by stating that he believed in the goal of aiding the Contras, whom he saw as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_fighter" title="Freedom fighter">freedom fighters</a> against the Sandinistas and said that he viewed the Iran–Contra scheme as a "neat idea."<sup id="cite_ref-perfect_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perfect-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North admitted shredding government documents related to these activities at <a href="/wiki/William_Casey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Casey">William Casey</a>'s suggestion when the Iran–Contra scandal became public. He also testified that <a href="/wiki/Robert_McFarlane_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert McFarlane (American politician)">Robert McFarlane</a> had asked him to alter official records to delete references to direct assistance to the Contras and that he had helped.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_North_mug_shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Oliver_North_mug_shot.jpg/170px-Oliver_North_mug_shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Oliver_North_mug_shot.jpg/255px-Oliver_North_mug_shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Oliver_North_mug_shot.jpg/340px-Oliver_North_mug_shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>North's mugshot,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taken on the day of his arrest</figcaption></figure><p>North was indicted in March 1988 on 16 felony counts.<sup id="cite_ref-northindictment_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-northindictment-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His trial opened in February 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-northtrialopen1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-northtrialopen1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-northtrialopen2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-northtrialopen2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on May 4, 1989, he was initially convicted of three: accepting an illegal gratuity, aiding and abetting in the obstruction of a congressional inquiry, and ordering the destruction of documents through his secretary, <a href="/wiki/Fawn_Hall" title="Fawn Hall">Fawn Hall</a>. He was sentenced by U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Gesell" title="Gerhard Gesell">Gerhard Gesell</a> on July 5, 1989, to a three-year suspended prison term, two years probation, $150,000 in fines, and 1,200 hours of community service.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North performed some of his community service within <a href="/wiki/Potomac_Gardens" title="Potomac Gardens">Potomac Gardens</a>, a public housing project in southeast Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the help of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North appealed his conviction to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a>. On July 20, 1990, the D.C. Circuit vacated North's convictions on the ground that witnesses in his trial might have been impermissibly affected by his immunized congressional testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The individual members of the prosecution team had isolated themselves from news reports and discussion of North's testimony, and while the defense could show no specific instance in which North's congressional testimony was used in his trial, the Court of Appeals ruled that the trial judge had made an insufficient examination of the issue. Consequently, North's convictions were reversed. After further hearings on the immunity issue, Judge Gesell dismissed all charges against North on September 16, 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1994 United States Senate election in Virginia">1994 election</a>, North unsuccessfully ran for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> candidate in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Republican senator <a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">John Warner</a> of Virginia endorsed <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Coleman" title="Marshall Coleman">Marshall Coleman</a>, a Republican who ran as an independent, instead of North. North lost, garnering 43 percent of votes, while incumbent <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robb" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Robb">Charles Robb</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a son-in-law of President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, won reelection with 46 percent. Coleman received 11 percent. North's candidacy was documented in the 1996 film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Perfect_Candidate" title="A Perfect Candidate">A Perfect Candidate</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-perfect_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perfect-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_North_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Oliver_North_2.jpg/220px-Oliver_North_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Oliver_North_2.jpg/330px-Oliver_North_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Oliver_North_2.jpg/440px-Oliver_North_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Oliver North in 2005, pictured with <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Township,_Franklin_County,_Ohio" title="Clinton Township, Franklin County, Ohio">Clinton Township</a>, Franklin County, Ohio Assistant Fire Chief John Harris and Lieutenant Douglas Brown, at a public speaking event</figcaption></figure> <p>In his failed bid to unseat Robb, North raised $20.3 million in a single year through nationwide direct-mail solicitations, telemarketing, fundraising events, and contributions from major donors. About $16 million of that amount was from direct mail alone. This was the biggest accumulation of direct-mail funds for a statewide campaign to that date, and it made North the top direct-mail political fundraiser in the country in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_Alliance">Freedom Alliance</h3></div> <p>In 1990, North founded the Freedom Alliance, a <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> foundation "to advance the American heritage of freedom by honoring and encouraging military service, defending the sovereignty of the United States, and promoting a strong national defense." The foundation's primary activities include providing support for wounded combat soldiers and providing scholarships for the children of service members killed in action.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 2003, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Sean Hannity</a> has raised over $10 million for the Freedom Alliance Scholarship Fund through Freedom Concerts and donations from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sean_Hannity_Show" title="The Sean Hannity Show">The Sean Hannity Show</a></i> and its listeners. The charity has been criticized by conservative blogger <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Schlussel" title="Debbie Schlussel">Debbie Schlussel</a> for distributing too little of its funds for charitable purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hannity, North, and other charity spokespersons say that all of the "net" proceeds from the Freedom Concerts are donated to the fund.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Rifle_Association">National Rifle Association</h3></div> <p>On May 7, 2018, the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a> (NRA) announced that North would become the organization's next president within the following weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-USATODAY-NRA_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USATODAY-NRA-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He succeeded Pete Brownell, the incumbent. North is a board member in the NRA and appeared at NRA national conventions in 2007<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North began his term as president in September 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2019, in the midst of a wide-ranging dispute involving the NRA's chief executive <a href="/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" title="Wayne LaPierre">Wayne LaPierre</a>, the NRA's advertising agency <a href="/wiki/Ackerman_McQueen" title="Ackerman McQueen">Ackerman McQueen</a>, and the NRA's law firm Brewer Attorneys & Counselors,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20190426_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20190426-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North announced that he would not serve a second term as president,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnbc20190427_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc20190427-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ostensibly against his wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 24, 2019, North asked LaPierre to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20190426_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20190426-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt20190427_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20190427-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 16, 2019, North and NRA first vice president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Childress" title="Richard Childress">Richard Childress</a> wrote to the chairman of the NRA audit committee and the NRA's secretary and general counsel calling for an independent audit of the billing from the NRA's law firm, Brewer Attorneys & Counselors.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj20190511_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj20190511-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-db20190511_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-db20190511-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an April 24, 2019 letter to the executive committee of the NRA board, North said that he was forming a committee to investigate alleged financial improprieties, allegations which he said threatened the NRA's <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">non-profit status</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj20190511_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj20190511-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an April 25, 2019 letter to the NRA board, LaPierre said that North was threatening to release damaging information about him.<sup id="cite_ref-cnbc20190427_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc20190427-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 27, 2019, in a letter read on his behalf at the NRA's annual convention in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, Indiana, North announced he would not serve a second term.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20190427_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20190427-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North's term ended on April 29, 2019, when he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_D._Meadows" title="Carolyn D. Meadows">Carolyn D. Meadows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 3, 2019, Senators <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a> of Oregon, <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse</a> of Rhode Island, and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Bob Menendez</a> of New Jersey, members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a>, wrote to North, LaPierre, and the NRA's advertising agency <a href="/wiki/Ackerman_McQueen" title="Ackerman McQueen">Ackerman McQueen</a> requesting copies of the letters to the NRA board by North and LaPierre, seeking documents related to the allegations, and directing records preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newsweek20190503_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweek20190503-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_and_books">Media and books</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OliverNorthBookSigning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/OliverNorthBookSigning.jpg/220px-OliverNorthBookSigning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/OliverNorthBookSigning.jpg/330px-OliverNorthBookSigning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/OliverNorthBookSigning.jpg/440px-OliverNorthBookSigning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>North in April 2002, autographing one of his books for a U.S. Marine Staff Sergeant</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film,_television,_radio,_and_videogames"><span id="Film.2C_television.2C_radio.2C_and_videogames"></span>Film, television, radio, and videogames</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_North_at_Holloman_Air_Force_Base_(4462410923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oliver_North_at_Holloman_Air_Force_Base_%284462410923%29.jpg/220px-Oliver_North_at_Holloman_Air_Force_Base_%284462410923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oliver_North_at_Holloman_Air_Force_Base_%284462410923%29.jpg/330px-Oliver_North_at_Holloman_Air_Force_Base_%284462410923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oliver_North_at_Holloman_Air_Force_Base_%284462410923%29.jpg/440px-Oliver_North_at_Holloman_Air_Force_Base_%284462410923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>North filming a scene of <i>War Stories with Oliver North</i> at <a href="/wiki/Holloman_Air_Force_Base" title="Holloman Air Force Base">Holloman Air Force Base</a>, New Mexico, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>North became increasingly known for his media career and appearances. In 1991, he appeared on the first season of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerry_Springer_Show" title="The Jerry Springer Show">The Jerry Springer Show</a></i>. From 1995 to 2003, North was host of his own <a href="/wiki/Radio_syndication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio syndication">nationally syndicated</a> <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a> show on <a href="/wiki/Radio_America_(United_States)" title="Radio America (United States)">Radio America</a>, which was known as the <i>Oliver North Radio Show</i> or <i>Common Sense Radio With Oliver North</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as co-host of <i><a href="/wiki/Equal_Time_(TV_program)" title="Equal Time (TV program)">Equal Time</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> from 1999 to 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North was the host of the television show <i><a href="/wiki/War_Stories_with_Oliver_North" title="War Stories with Oliver North">War Stories with Oliver North</a></i> from 2001 to 2016 and is a regular commentator on <i><a href="/wiki/Hannity" title="Hannity">Hannity</a></i>, both on the <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North appeared as himself on many television shows, including the sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/Wings_(NBC_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wings (NBC TV series)">Wings</a></i> in 1991, and three episodes of the TV military drama <i><a href="/wiki/JAG_(TV_series)" title="JAG (TV series)">JAG</a></i> in 1995, 1996, and 2002 as "Ollie", a close friend of the deceased father of <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Needham" title="Tracey Needham">Tracey Needham</a>'s character <a href="/wiki/Meg_Austin_(JAG)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meg Austin (JAG)">Meg Austin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also appeared as himself in several film documentaries. </p><p>In addition, he regularly speaks at both public and private events. North appears in an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Auction_Kings" title="Auction Kings">Auction Kings</a></i> to have his Marine Corps sword returned after it was lost and presumably stolen in 1980. North was credited as a military consultant in the 2012 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops_II" title="Call of Duty: Black Ops II">Call of Duty: Black Ops II</a></i> and voiced himself in a <a href="/wiki/Cutscene" title="Cutscene">cutscene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Season 4, Episode 15 <a href="/wiki/American_Dad!_(season_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Dad! (season 4)">"Stanny Slickers II: The Legend of Ollie's Gold"</a> of the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/American_Dad!" title="American Dad!">American Dad!</a></i> Stan Smith searches under his house for Oliver North's hidden gold. In 2014, he received story credit for an <a href="/wiki/Martial_Eagle_(The_Americans)" title="Martial Eagle (The Americans)">episode</a> of the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Americans" title="The Americans">The Americans</a></i> where the Soviet spy protagonists infiltrate a Contra training base in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1995 episode of the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Sliders_(TV_series)" title="Sliders (TV series)">Sliders</a></i>, North is <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> on a parallel Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonfiction_books">Nonfiction books</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Under_Fire_(North_book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Under Fire (North book) (page does not exist)">Under Fire: An American Story</a></i>, co-author William Novak, Zondervan, 1991, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060183349" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060183349">978-0060183349</a></li> <li><i>One More Mission: Oliver North Returns to Vietnam</i>, co-author David Roth, Zondervan, January 1, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310404903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0310404903">978-0310404903</a></li> <li><i>War Stories: Operation Iraqi Freedom</i>, Regnery History, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0895260635" title="Special:BookSources/978-0895260635">978-0895260635</a></li> <li><i>True Freedom: The Liberating Power of Prayer</i>, Multnomah Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590523636" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590523636">978-1590523636</a></li> <li><i>A Greater Freedom: Stories of Faith from Operation Iraqi Freedom</i>, B&H Books, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805431537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805431537">978-0805431537</a></li> <li><i>War Stories II: Heroism in the Pacific</i>, Regnery History, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0895261090" title="Special:BookSources/978-0895261090">978-0895261090</a></li> <li><i>War Stories III: The Heroes Who Defeated Hitler</i>, Regnery History, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0895260147" title="Special:BookSources/978-0895260147">978-0895260147</a></li> <li><i>American Heroes: In the Fight Against Radical Islam</i>, Broadman & Holman Publishing, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805447118" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805447118">978-0805447118</a></li> <li><i>American Heroes: In Special Operations</i>, Fidelis Books, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805447125" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805447125">978-0805447125</a></li> <li><i>American Heroes: On the Homefront</i>, Threshold Editions, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476714325" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476714325">978-1476714325</a></li> <li><i>Veterans' Lament: Is This the America Our Heroes Fought For?</i>, co-author David Goetsch, Fidelis Books, 2020, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1642935011" title="Special:BookSources/978-1642935011">978-1642935011</a></li> <li><i>American Gulags: Marxist Tyranny in Higher Education and What to do About It.</i>, co-authors David Goetsch and Archie Jones, Fidelis Books, 2023, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1956454062" title="Special:BookSources/978-1956454062">978-1956454062</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction_books">Fiction books</h3></div> <ul><li><i>Mission Compromised</i>, co -author Joe Musser, Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805425505" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805425505">978-0805425505</a></li> <li><i>The Jericho Sanction</i>, co-author Joe Musser, Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805425512" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805425512">978-0805425512</a></li> <li><i>The Assassins</i>, co-author Joe Musser, Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805425529" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805425529">978-0805425529</a></li> <li><i>Heroes Proved</i>, Threshold Editions, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476706313" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476706313">978-1476706313</a></li> <li><i>Counterfeit Lies</i>, co-author Bob Hamer, Threshold Editions, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476714356" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476714356">978-1476714356</a></li> <li><i>The Rifleman</i>, Fidelis Books, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1642933147" title="Special:BookSources/978-1642933147">978-1642933147</a></li> <li><i>The Giant Awakes</i>, co-author Bob Hamer, Fidelis Books, 2022, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1956454048" title="Special:BookSources/978-1956454048">978-1956454048</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <p>In 1967, North married Betsy Stuart; they have four children.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although raised in the Roman Catholic faith of his mother, North has long attended Protestant or evangelical services with his wife and children.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norths live in <a href="/wiki/McLean,_Virginia" title="McLean, Virginia">McLean, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">politico.com: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2019/04/27/nra-oliver-north-1291369"><i>NRA announces North's resignation on-stage as 'crisis' hits gun lobby</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherfinski" class="citation news cs1">Sherfinski, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/apr/29/carolyn-meadows-replace-oliver-north-new-nra-presi/">"Carolyn Meadows to replace Oliver North as new NRA president"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Carolyn+Meadows+to+replace+Oliver+North+as+new+NRA+president&rft.aulast=Sherfinski&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2Fapr%2F29%2Fcarolyn-meadows-replace-oliver-north-new-nra-presi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthNovak1991" class="citation book cs1">North, Oliver; Novak, William (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3nfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Under fire: an American story – Oliver North, William Novak</i></a>. HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060183349" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060183349"><bdi>978-0060183349</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+fire%3A+an+American+story+%E2%80%93+Oliver+North%2C+William+Novak&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0060183349&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Novak%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3nfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715032528/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/oct/20/news/mn-24264/2">"Obituaries"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. October 20, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/1999/oct/20/news/mn-24264/2">the original</a> on July 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Obituaries&rft.date=1999-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F1999%2Foct%2F20%2Fnews%2Fmn-24264%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olivernorth.com">"Oliver North site"</a>. Oliver North<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oliver+North+site&rft.pub=Oliver+North&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olivernorth.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chicagotribune.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chicagotribune.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chicagotribune.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-03-08-8701190095-story.html">"The Puzzle of Oliver North"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. March 8, 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Puzzle+of+Oliver+North&rft.date=1987-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1987-03-08-8701190095-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722115007/http://www.realclearsports.com/lists/top_10_most_athletic_democrats/">"Top 10 Most Athletic Democrats – #10 Jim Webb"</a>. <i>RealClearSports.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearsports.com/lists/top_10_most_athletic_democrats">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RealClearSports.com&rft.atitle=Top+10+Most+Athletic+Democrats+%E2%80%93+%2310+Jim+Webb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearsports.com%2Flists%2Ftop_10_most_athletic_democrats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cushman_Jr-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cushman_Jr_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cushman_Jr_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushman1987" class="citation news cs1">Cushman, John H. Jr. (July 7, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/07/us/washington-talk-5-young-lawyers-who-would-be-heros-marine-who-wears-hero-s.html">"Washington Talk; 5 Young Lawyers Who Would Be Heroes ... And A Marine Who Wears a Hero's Ribbons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Washington+Talk%3B+5+Young+Lawyers+Who+Would+Be+Heroes+...+And+A+Marine+Who+Wears+a+Hero%27s+Ribbons&rft.date=1987-07-07&rft.aulast=Cushman&rft.aufirst=John+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F07%2F07%2Fus%2Fwashington-talk-5-young-lawyers-who-would-be-heros-marine-who-wears-hero-s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veterantributes.org/TributeDetail.php?recordID=245">"Veteran Tributes"</a>. <i>Veterantributes.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veterantributes.org&rft.atitle=Veteran+Tributes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fveterantributes.org%2FTributeDetail.php%3FrecordID%3D245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Did Military Justice Fail or Prevail?" <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke University Law">Duke University Law</a> Center on Law, Ethics, and National Security reprinted from <i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Law_Review" title="Michigan Law Review">Michigan Law Review</a></i>, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.people.com/archive/the-man-who-did-too-much-vol-28-no-2/amp/?client=safari">"The Man Who Did Too Much – Vol. 28 No. 2"</a>. July 13, 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Did+Too+Much+%E2%80%93+Vol.+28+No.+2&rft.date=1987-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com%2Farchive%2Fthe-man-who-did-too-much-vol-28-no-2%2Famp%2F%3Fclient%3Dsafari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201234753/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=166+Mil.+L.+Rev.+234&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=56c7b04d4ca7b929ff4579e032a9d519">"Book Review: Son Thang: An American War Crime 1"</a>. <i>litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=166+Mil.+L.+Rev.+234&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=56c7b04d4ca7b929ff4579e032a9d519">the original</a> on February 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Son+Thang%3A+An+American+War+Crime+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flitigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com%2Fwebcd%2Fapp%3Faction%3DDocumentDisplay%26crawlid%3D1%26doctype%3Dcite%26docid%3D166%2BMil.%2BL.%2BRev.%2B234%26srctype%3Dsmi%26srcid%3D3B15%26key%3D56c7b04d4ca7b929ff4579e032a9d519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGareffaEvory1988" class="citation book cs1">Gareffa, Peter M.; Evory, Ann (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWJmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Newsmakers</i></a>. Farmington Hills, MI: <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale Publishing</a>. pp. 266–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810322035" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810322035"><bdi>978-0810322035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newsmakers&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.pages=266-267&rft.pub=Gale+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0810322035&rft.aulast=Gareffa&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rft.au=Evory%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWJmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerstenzang1986" class="citation news cs1">Gerstenzang, James (November 26, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-11-26-mn-15628-story.html">"The Crisis in the White House: The Key Players; Lt. Col. Oliver L. North, A Passion for the Fight Against Communism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Los Angeles, CA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Crisis+in+the+White+House%3A+The+Key+Players%3B+Lt.+Col.+Oliver+L.+North%2C+A+Passion+for+the+Fight+Against+Communism&rft.date=1986-11-26&rft.aulast=Gerstenzang&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1986-11-26-mn-15628-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_Magazine:_Washington's_Cowboys-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Magazine:_Washington's_Cowboys_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Magazine:_Washington's_Cowboys_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwaldBeckwithHalevy1986" class="citation news cs1">Greenwald, John; Beckwith, David; Halevy, David (November 17, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408194549/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962859,00.html">"Washington's Cowboys"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962859,00.html">the original</a> on April 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Washington%27s+Cowboys&rft.date=1986-11-17&rft.aulast=Greenwald&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Beckwith%2C+David&rft.au=Halevy%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C962859%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070806185617/http://www.bpcbakbusconf.com/2002-north.htm">"Oliver North profile"</a>. <i>Speaker Line-Up 2002</i>. The Bakersfield Business Conference. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpcbakbusconf.com/2002-north.htm">the original</a> on August 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Speaker+Line-Up+2002&rft.atitle=Oliver+North+profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpcbakbusconf.com%2F2002-north.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/19/world/north-quits-marines-suggesting-subpoenas-for-highest-officials.html">"North Quits Marines"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. March 19, 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=North+Quits+Marines&rft.date=1988-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F03%2F19%2Fworld%2Fnorth-quits-marines-suggesting-subpoenas-for-highest-officials.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonThompson1991" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Haynes; Thompson, Tracy (September 17, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/09/17/north-charges-dismissed-at-request-of-prosecutor/d6b5b3dc-d164-40f2-a579-c23521f66686/">"North Charges Dismissed at Request of Prosecutor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=North+Charges+Dismissed+at+Request+of+Prosecutor&rft.date=1991-09-17&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Haynes&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1991%2F09%2F17%2Fnorth-charges-dismissed-at-request-of-prosecutor%2Fd6b5b3dc-d164-40f2-a579-c23521f66686%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=23749">Profile</a>, valor.militarytimes.com; accessed January 31, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/oliver-north-9425102">Profile</a>, biography.com; accessed January 31, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legion.org/pressrelease/224404/american-legion-honors-oliver-north-national-pr-award">Oliver North honored by American Legion</a>, legion.org; accessed January 31, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb_1999-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webb_1999_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1999" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Gary (1999). <a href="/wiki/Dark_Alliance_(book)" title="Dark Alliance (book)"><i>Dark Alliance</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Seven_Stories_Press" title="Seven Stories Press">Seven Stories Press</a>. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1888363937" title="Special:BookSources/978-1888363937"><bdi>978-1888363937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Alliance&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1888363937&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1987" class="citation news cs1">Butterfield, Fox (May 13, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/13/world/north-s-10-million-mistake-sultan-s-gift-lost-in-a-mixup.html">"North's $10 million Mistake: Sultan's gift lost in a mixup"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=North%27s+%2410+million+Mistake%3A+Sultan%27s+gift+lost+in+a+mixup&rft.date=1987-05-13&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F05%2F13%2Fworld%2Fnorth-s-10-million-mistake-sultan-s-gift-lost-in-a-mixup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockburnSt._Clair1998" class="citation book cs1">Cockburn, Alexander; St. Clair, Jeffrey (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s5qIj_h_PtkC&pg=PA287"><i>Whiteout: the CIA, drugs, and the press</i></a>. Verso. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1859841392" title="Special:BookSources/1859841392"><bdi>1859841392</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whiteout%3A+the+CIA%2C+drugs%2C+and+the+press&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1859841392&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=St.+Clair%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds5qIj_h_PtkC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth_American_Congress_on_Latin_America1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Congress_on_Latin_America" title="North American Congress on Latin America">North American Congress on Latin America</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RowpAQAAIAAJ"><i>NACLA report on the Americas</i></a>. Vol. 27. California: NACLA. p. 31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NACLA+report+on+the+Americas&rft.place=California&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=NACLA&rft.date=1993&rft.au=North+American+Congress+on+Latin+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRowpAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB113/index.htm">"The Oliver North File"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Oliver+North+File&rft.pub=National+Security+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB113%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714135814/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/webfeatures/show/id/An-Exclusive-Interview-with-Oliver-North_8794/print/Y">"An Exclusive Interview with Oliver North"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cigaraficionado.com/webfeatures/show/id/An-Exclusive-Interview-with-Oliver-North_8794/print/Y">the original</a> on July 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Exclusive+Interview+with+Oliver+North&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cigaraficionado.com%2Fwebfeatures%2Fshow%2Fid%2FAn-Exclusive-Interview-with-Oliver-North_8794%2Fprint%2FY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo1988Jul22-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo1988Jul22_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyEvans1988" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Caryle; Evans, Sandra (July 22, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/07/22/dc-travel-agent-denies-he-had-role-in-alleged-plot-to-kill-col-north/ddd62521-44e0-486a-9917-442b76617a85/">"D.C. Travel Agent Denies He Had Role in Alleged Plot to Kill Col. North"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=D.C.+Travel+Agent+Denies+He+Had+Role+in+Alleged+Plot+to+Kill+Col.+North&rft.date=1988-07-22&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Caryle&rft.au=Evans%2C+Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1988%2F07%2F22%2Fdc-travel-agent-denies-he-had-role-in-alleged-plot-to-kill-col-north%2Fddd62521-44e0-486a-9917-442b76617a85%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time1988Aug01-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time1988Aug01_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,968036,00.html">"The Libyan Travel Bureau: Oliver North was its target – but then maybe not"</a>. <i>Time Magazine</i>. Vol. 132, no. 5. August 1, 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Libyan+Travel+Bureau%3A+Oliver+North+was+its+target+%E2%80%93+but+then+maybe+not&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1988-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C968036%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth" class="citation interview cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North, Oliver</a>. "<a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hewitt_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Hewitt Show">Hugh Hewitt Show</a>" (Interview). Interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hewitt" title="Hugh Hewitt">Hugh Hewitt</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hugh+Hewitt+Show&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenon1988" class="citation news cs1">Shenon, Philip (July 21, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/21/us/eight-men-are-charged-with-pro-libya-actions.html">"Eight Men Are Charged With Pro-Libya Actions"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eight+Men+Are+Charged+With+Pro-Libya+Actions&rft.date=1988-07-21&rft.aulast=Shenon&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F07%2F21%2Fus%2Feight-men-are-charged-with-pro-libya-actions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2018" class="citation news cs1">Rosenberg, Eli (May 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/08/the-nras-new-president-oliver-north-is-notorious-for-his-role-in-an-illicit-arms-deal/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Olliemania': The stage-worthy scandal that starred Oliver North as a congressional witness"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Olliemania%27%3A+The+stage-worthy+scandal+that+starred+Oliver+North+as+a+congressional+witness&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fretropolis%2Fwp%2F2018%2F05%2F08%2Fthe-nras-new-president-oliver-north-is-notorious-for-his-role-in-an-illicit-arms-deal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perfect-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perfect_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perfect_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0117320/"><i>A Perfect Candidate</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a>. Retrieved June 23, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/irancontra/contra3.htm">"Hostile Witnesses"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. August 19, 1998. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hostile+Witnesses&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1998-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Flongterm%2Firancontra%2Fcontra3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://levin-center.org/what-is-oversight/portraits/the-iran-contra-affair/">"The Iran-Contra Affair • Levin Center"</a>. <i>Levin Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Levin+Center&rft.atitle=The+Iran-Contra+Affair+%E2%80%A2+Levin+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flevin-center.org%2Fwhat-is-oversight%2Fportraits%2Fthe-iran-contra-affair%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-northindictment-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-northindictment_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenon1988" class="citation news cs1">Shenon, Philip (March 17, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/17/world/north-poindexter-and-2-others-indicted-on-iran-contra-fraud-and-theft-charges.html">"North, Poindexter and 2 Others Indicted on Iran–Contra Fraud and Theft Charges"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> (National ed.). p. A00001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=North%2C+Poindexter+and+2+Others+Indicted+on+Iran%E2%80%93Contra+Fraud+and+Theft+Charges&rft.pages=A00001&rft.date=1988-03-17&rft.aulast=Shenon&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F03%2F17%2Fworld%2Fnorth-poindexter-and-2-others-indicted-on-iran-contra-fraud-and-theft-charges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-northtrialopen1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-northtrialopen1_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaker1989" class="citation news cs1">Saker, Anne (February 21, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/02/21/Oliver-Norths-time-for-judgment-arrived-Tuesday-with-the/1405604040400/">"Oliver North's 'time for judgment' arrived Tuesday with the..."</a> <i>UPI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Oliver+North%27s+%27time+for+judgment%27+arrived+Tuesday+with+the...&rft.date=1989-02-21&rft.aulast=Saker&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1989%2F02%2F21%2FOliver-Norths-time-for-judgment-arrived-Tuesday-with-the%2F1405604040400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-northtrialopen2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-northtrialopen2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1989" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, David (February 22, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/22/us/north-trial-opens-after-long-delay.html">"North Trial Opens After Long Delay"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=North+Trial+Opens+After+Long+Delay&rft.date=1989-02-22&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F02%2F22%2Fus%2Fnorth-trial-opens-after-long-delay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/5/newsid_2772000/2772471.stm">"1989: Irangate colonel avoids prison"</a>. <i>BBC On This Day</i>. July 5, 1989<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+On+This+Day&rft.atitle=1989%3A+Irangate+colonel+avoids+prison&rft.date=1989-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjuly%2F5%2Fnewsid_2772000%2F2772471.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford" class="citation web cs1">Crawford, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213120401/http://craigcrawford.com/2011/10/30/one-avenues-2-faces-white-house-crack-house/">"One Avenue, Two Faces: White House, Crack House"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://craigcrawford.com/2011/10/30/one-avenues-2-faces-white-house-crack-house/">the original</a> on December 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Avenue%2C+Two+Faces%3A+White+House%2C+Crack+House&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcraigcrawford.com%2F2011%2F10%2F30%2Fone-avenues-2-faces-white-house-crack-house%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenon1988" class="citation news cs1">Shenon, Philip (July 21, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/21/us/civil-liberties-union-asks-court-to-quash-iran-contra-indictment.html">"Civil Liberties Union Asks Court To Quash Iran-Contra Indictment"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Civil+Liberties+Union+Asks+Court+To+Quash+Iran-Contra+Indictment&rft.date=1988-07-21&rft.aulast=Shenon&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F07%2F21%2Fus%2Fcivil-liberties-union-asks-court-to-quash-iran-contra-indictment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm">"Walsh Iran/Contra Report – Chapter 2 United States v. Oliver L. North"</a>. <i>Fas.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fas.org&rft.atitle=Walsh+Iran%2FContra+Report+%E2%80%93+Chapter+2+United+States+v.+Oliver+L.+North&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Foffdocs%2Fwalsh%2Fchap_02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm">"Walsh Iran/Contra Report – Chapter 2 United States v. Oliver L. North"</a>. <i>Fas.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fas.org&rft.atitle=Walsh+Iran%2FContra+Report+%E2%80%93+Chapter+2+United+States+v.+Oliver+L.+North&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Foffdocs%2Fwalsh%2Fchap_02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span>.<br />Quote: "In two days of remand hearings, [Robert C.] McFarlane testified that his trial testimony was 'colored' by, and that he was deeply affected by, North's immunized congressional testimony. Independent Counsel then consented to dismiss the remaining counts of the indictment.... Order, North (D.D.C. Sept. 16, 1991) (dismissing Counts Six, Nine, and Ten of Indictment, with prejudice)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1994/94Stat.htm#46">"Statistics Of The Congressional Election Of November 8, 1994"</a>. <i>Clerk.house.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clerk.house.gov&rft.atitle=Statistics+Of+The+Congressional+Election+Of+November+8%2C+1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1994%2F94Stat.htm%2346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508054754/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17195256.html">"Ollie, Inc.: how Oliver North raised over $20 million in a losing U.S. Senate race"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17195256.html">the original</a> on May 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ollie%2C+Inc.%3A+how+Oliver+North+raised+over+%2420+million+in+a+losing+U.S.+Senate+race&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-17195256.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807101422/https://freedomalliance.org/about">"About Freedom Alliance"</a>. Freedom Alliance. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomalliance.org/about">the original</a> on August 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Freedom+Alliance&rft.pub=Freedom+Alliance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomalliance.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2010" class="citation news cs1">Watts, James D. Jr. (August 19, 2010). "A concert with an attitude: Sean Hannity's benefit show isn't without controversy". <i>McClatchy – Tribune Business News</i>. Washington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McClatchy+%E2%80%93+Tribune+Business+News&rft.atitle=A+concert+with+an+attitude%3A+Sean+Hannity%27s+benefit+show+isn%27t+without+controversy&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=James+D.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110044848/https://freedomconcerts.com/">"Cloud Solution Providers, Cloud Based Service Marketplace, Cloud Service Broker - AppDirect"</a>. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cloud+Solution+Providers%2C+Cloud+Based+Service+Marketplace%2C+Cloud+Service+Broker+-+AppDirect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomconcerts.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USATODAY-NRA-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USATODAY-NRA_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShesgreen2018" class="citation news cs1">Shesgreen, Deirdre (May 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2018/05/07/oliver-north-poised-next-national-rifle-association-president/587072002/">"Oliver North poised to become next National Rifle Association president"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Oliver+North+poised+to+become+next+National+Rifle+Association+president&rft.date=2018-05-07&rft.aulast=Shesgreen&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fonpolitics%2F2018%2F05%2F07%2Foliver-north-poised-next-national-rifle-association-president%2F587072002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112156/https://home.nra.org/lt-colonel-oliver-north-poised-to-become-nra-president/">"Lt. Colonel Oliver North Poised to Become NRA President"</a>. <i>NRA.org</i>. National Rifle Association of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.nra.org/lt-colonel-oliver-north-poised-to-become-nra-president/">the original</a> on May 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NRA.org&rft.atitle=Lt.+Colonel+Oliver+North+Poised+to+Become+NRA+President&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.nra.org%2Flt-colonel-oliver-north-poised-to-become-nra-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070814000103/http://www.showmenews.com/2007/Apr/20070413News013.asp">"Bolton, Oliver North among speakers at NRA conferences"</a>. <i>Showmenews.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.showmenews.com/2007/Apr/20070413News013.asp">the original</a> on August 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Showmenews.com&rft.atitle=Bolton%2C+Oliver+North+among+speakers+at+NRA+conferences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.showmenews.com%2F2007%2FApr%2F20070413News013.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nraila.org/articles/20080417/nra-s-annual-meetings-exhibits-2008">"NRA's Annual Meetings & Exhibits 2008: A Celebration of American Values"</a>. <i>NRA Institute for Legislative Action</i>. April 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NRA+Institute+for+Legislative+Action&rft.atitle=NRA%27s+Annual+Meetings+%26+Exhibits+2008%3A+A+Celebration+of+American+Values&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nraila.org%2Farticles%2F20080417%2Fnra-s-annual-meetings-exhibits-2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMak2019" class="citation news cs1">Mak, Tim (April 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/04/27/717808885/oliver-north-says-he-will-not-seek-a-2nd-term-as-nra-president">"Oliver North Says He Will Not Seek A 2nd Term As NRA President"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Oliver+North+Says+He+Will+Not+Seek+A+2nd+Term+As+NRA+President&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft.aulast=Mak&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F04%2F27%2F717808885%2Foliver-north-says-he-will-not-seek-a-2nd-term-as-nra-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt20190426-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt20190426_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt20190426_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim2019" class="citation news cs1">Hakim, Danny (April 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/26/business/nra-wayne-lapierre-oliver-north.html">"Insurgents Seek to Oust Wayne LaPierre in N.R.A. Power Struggle"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Insurgents+Seek+to+Oust+Wayne+LaPierre+in+N.R.A.+Power+Struggle&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F26%2Fbusiness%2Fnra-wayne-lapierre-oliver-north.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakimMele2019" class="citation news cs1">Hakim, Danny; Mele, Christopher (April 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/27/us/oliver-north-nra.html">"Oliver North Says He Will Not Serve Another Term as N.R.A. President"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Oliver+North+Says+He+Will+Not+Serve+Another+Term+as+N.R.A.+President&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.au=Mele%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F27%2Fus%2Foliver-north-nra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnbc20190427-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnbc20190427_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnbc20190427_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/27/oliver-north-will-not-serve-second-term-as-nra-president-amid-bitter-infighting-at-gun-rights-group.html">"Oliver North will not serve second term as NRA president amid bitter infighting at gun rights group"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. April 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oliver+North+will+not+serve+second+term+as+NRA+president+amid+bitter+infighting+at+gun+rights+group&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F04%2F27%2Foliver-north-will-not-serve-second-term-as-nra-president-amid-bitter-infighting-at-gun-rights-group.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaremont2019" class="citation news cs1">Maremont, Mark (April 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/oliver-north-out-as-nra-president-11556376506">"Oliver North Won't Return as NRA President"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Oliver+North+Won%27t+Return+as+NRA+President&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Maremont&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Foliver-north-out-as-nra-president-11556376506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt20190427-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt20190427_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt20190427_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim2019" class="citation news cs1">Hakim, Danny (April 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/27/us/oliver-north-nra.html">"N.R.A. President to Step Down as New York Attorney General Investigates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=N.R.A.+President+to+Step+Down+as+New+York+Attorney+General+Investigates&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F27%2Fus%2Foliver-north-nra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj20190511-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsj20190511_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj20190511_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaremont2019" class="citation news cs1">Maremont, Mark (May 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/leaked-letters-reveal-details-of-nra-chiefs-alleged-spending-11557597601">"Leaked Letters Reveal Details of NRA Chief's Alleged Spending"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Leaked+Letters+Reveal+Details+of+NRA+Chief%27s+Alleged+Spending&rft.date=2019-05-11&rft.aulast=Maremont&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fleaked-letters-reveal-details-of-nra-chiefs-alleged-spending-11557597601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-db20190511-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-db20190511_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodruff2019" class="citation news cs1">Woodruff, Betsy (May 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/leaked-documents-nra-racked-up-dollar24-million-in-legal-bills-3">"Leaked Documents: NRA Racked Up $24 Million in Legal Bills"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Leaked+Documents%3A+NRA+Racked+Up+%2424+Million+in+Legal+Bills&rft.date=2019-05-11&rft.aulast=Woodruff&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fleaked-documents-nra-racked-up-dollar24-million-in-legal-bills-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim2019" class="citation news cs1">Hakim, Danny (April 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/29/us/nra-wayne-lapierre-oliver-north.html">"Wayne LaPierre Prevails in Fierce Battle for the N.R.A."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wayne+LaPierre+Prevails+in+Fierce+Battle+for+the+N.R.A.&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F29%2Fus%2Fnra-wayne-lapierre-oliver-north.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZezima2019" class="citation news cs1">Zezima, Katie (May 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/senate-democrats-ask-nra-execs-pr-firm-for-documents-related-to-alleged-self-dealing/2019/05/02/870db132-6d0c-11e9-8f44-e8d8bb1df986_story.html">"Senate Democrats ask NRA execs, PR firm for documents related to alleged self-dealing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Senate+Democrats+ask+NRA+execs%2C+PR+firm+for+documents+related+to+alleged+self-dealing&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft.aulast=Zezima&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fsenate-democrats-ask-nra-execs-pr-firm-for-documents-related-to-alleged-self-dealing%2F2019%2F05%2F02%2F870db132-6d0c-11e9-8f44-e8d8bb1df986_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsweek20190503-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newsweek20190503_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouchberry2019" class="citation news cs1">Touchberry, Ramsey (May 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/senate-democrats-nra-nonproft-probe-investigation-oliver-north-1414504">"Senate Democrats Probe NRA After Ex-President Oliver North Alleged Financial Wrongdoing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Senate+Democrats+Probe+NRA+After+Ex-President+Oliver+North+Alleged+Financial+Wrongdoing&rft.date=2019-05-03&rft.aulast=Touchberry&rft.aufirst=Ramsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fsenate-democrats-nra-nonproft-probe-investigation-oliver-north-1414504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObejas1997" class="citation news cs1">Obejas, Achy (November 26, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-11-26-9711260039-story.html">"His Radio Show Doesn't Air Here Yet, But America's Favorite Loose Cannon Is Getting Plenty of … Northern Exposure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=His+Radio+Show+Doesn%27t+Air+Here+Yet%2C+But+America%27s+Favorite+Loose+Cannon+Is+Getting+Plenty+of+%E2%80%A6+Northern+Exposure&rft.date=1997-11-26&rft.aulast=Obejas&rft.aufirst=Achy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1997-11-26-9711260039-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Moraes1999" class="citation news cs1">de Moraes, Lisa (January 28, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1999/01/28/msnbcs-new-right-angle-north-and-mclaughlin/69df34e5-8402-4c93-a6ce-06a9e506d01b/">"MSNBC's New Right Angle: North and McLaughlin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=MSNBC%27s+New+Right+Angle%3A+North+and+McLaughlin&rft.date=1999-01-28&rft.aulast=de+Moraes&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1999%2F01%2F28%2Fmsnbcs-new-right-angle-north-and-mclaughlin%2F69df34e5-8402-4c93-a6ce-06a9e506d01b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/war-stories/index.html">"War Stories | Oliver North"</a>. Fox News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+Stories+%7C+Oliver+North&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fon-air%2Fwar-stories%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0636048/">Oliver North</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotilo2012" class="citation news cs1">Totilo, Stephen (May 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/call-of-duty-creators-say-oliver-north-helped-make-thei-5913092">"Call of Duty Creators Say Oliver North Helped Make Their Game More Authentic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kotaku" title="Kotaku">Kotaku</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Gizmodo_Media_Group" title="Gizmodo Media Group">Gizmodo Media Group</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=Call+of+Duty+Creators+Say+Oliver+North+Helped+Make+Their+Game+More+Authentic&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.aulast=Totilo&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Fcall-of-duty-creators-say-oliver-north-helped-make-thei-5913092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItzkoff2014" class="citation news cs1">Itzkoff, Dave (April 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/16/arts/television/oliver-north-now-in-the-service-of-tvs-kgb.html">"Oliver North, Now in the Service of TV's K.G.B."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Oliver+North%2C+Now+in+the+Service+of+TV%27s+K.G.B.&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft.aulast=Itzkoff&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F16%2Farts%2Ftelevision%2Foliver-north-now-in-the-service-of-tvs-kgb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tv.apple.com/us/episode/summer-of-love/umc.cmc.4ysui0kkb15t25inj276idql9">Sliders - Summer of Love</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h3696.html">"Oliver North profile"</a>. <i>U-s-history.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U-s-history.com&rft.atitle=Oliver+North+profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.u-s-history.com%2Fpages%2Fh3696.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v10/n19/robert-fisk/robert-fisk-writes-about-oliver-norths-contributions-to-the-ordeal-of-the-middle-east">"London Review of Books: Robert Fisk writes about Oliver North's contributions to the ordeal of the Middle East"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>. October 27, 1988. pp. 5–6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=London+Review+of+Books%3A+Robert+Fisk+writes+about+Oliver+North%27s+contributions+to+the+ordeal+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=5-6&rft.date=1988-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv10%2Fn19%2Frobert-fisk%2Frobert-fisk-writes-about-oliver-norths-contributions-to-the-ordeal-of-the-middle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/marine-lt-col-oliver-north-leaves-his-home-early-12-18-in-news-photo/517788768">Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North Speaking to Reporters from Limousine Pictures | Getty Images</a> Retrieved May 8, 2018.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Bradlee_Jr.1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_C._Bradlee#Early_life_and_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin C. Bradlee">Ben Bradlee Jr.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gutsgloryrisefal00brad"><i>Guts and Glory: The Rise and Fall of Oliver North</i></a>. Donald I. Fine, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1556110537" title="Special:BookSources/1556110537"><bdi>1556110537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guts+and+Glory%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Oliver+North&rft.pub=Donald+I.+Fine%2C+Inc&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1556110537&rft.au=Ben+Bradlee+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgutsgloryrisefal00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1987" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Peter (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/defiantpatriot00pete"><i>Defiant Patriot: the Life and Exploits of Lt. Colonel Oliver L. North</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312910916" title="Special:BookSources/0312910916"><bdi>0312910916</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16774532">16774532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defiant+Patriot%3A+the+Life+and+Exploits+of+Lt.+Colonel+Oliver+L.+North&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16774532&rft.isbn=0312910916&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdefiantpatriot00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB2/index.html">"The Contras, Cocaine, and U.S. Covert Operations"</a>. <i>Nsarchive.gwu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Contras%2C+Cocaine%2C+and+U.S.+Covert+Operations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB2%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Oliver North</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oliver_North" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Oliver North">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Oliver_North" class="extiw" title="q:Oliver North">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431223" class="extiw" title="d:Q431223">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olivernorth.com/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431223#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0636048/">Oliver North</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> list of Oliver North's television appearances</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedomalliance.org">Freedom Alliance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creators.com/opinion/oliver-north.html">Oliver North Features</a> at <a href="/wiki/Creators_Syndicate" title="Creators Syndicate">Creators Syndicate</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB113">"The Oliver North File"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Security_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Security Archive">The National Security Archive</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Oliver+North+File&rft.pub=The+National+Security+Archive%2FGeorge+Washington+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+North" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/v-on22.php">C-SPAN Sen. Inouye Remarks to Oliver North on Military Ethics and Iran-Contra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/olivernorthfrancontrahearing.htm">Transcript, Audio, Video of North's Opening Statement During the Iran Contra Hearings</a> from AmericanRhetoric.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?2006">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Maurice Dawkins</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 1</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Virginia, 1994">1994</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(American_politician)" title="George Allen (American politician)">George Allen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Non-profit organization positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_D._Meadows" title="Carolyn D. Meadows">Carolyn D. Meadows</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a> </b><br />2018–2019 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_D._Meadows" title="Carolyn D. Meadows">Carolyn D. Meadows</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Rifle_Association_of_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Rifle_Association" title="Template:National Rifle Association"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Rifle_Association" title="Template talk:National Rifle Association"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Rifle_Association" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Rifle Association"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Rifle_Association_of_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Rifle_Association" title="List of presidents of the National Rifle Association">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a> (1871–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Conant_Church" title="William Conant Church">William Conant Church</a> (1872–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shaler" title="Alexander Shaler">Alexander Shaler</a> (1875–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (1883–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wood_Wingate" title="George Wood Wingate">George Wood Wingate</a> (1886–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Libbey" title="William Libbey">William Libbey</a> (1916–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_W._Brookhart" title="Smith W. Brookhart">Smith W. Brookhart</a> (1921–25; 1925–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Warren" title="Francis E. Warren">Francis E. Warren</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Patrick J. Hurley</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Crowell" title="Benedict Crowell">Benedict Crowell</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Frederick" title="Karl Frederick">Karl Frederick</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_W._T._Waller_Jr." title="Littleton W. T. Waller Jr.">Littleton W. T. Waller Jr.</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Swanson" title="Emmett Swanson">Emmett Swanson</a> (1948–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_A._Edson" title="Merritt A. Edson">Merritt A. Edson</a> (1949–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_C._Mumma" title="Morton C. Mumma">Morton C. Mumma</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlon_Carter" title="Harlon Carter">Harlon Carter</a> (1965–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_M._Mustin" title="Lloyd M. Mustin">Lloyd M. Mustin</a> (1977–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wallace_Pollock" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Wallace Pollock">Howard Wallace Pollock</a> (1983–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Foss" title="Joe Foss">Joe Foss</a> (1988–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Corbin" title="Robert K. Corbin">Robert K. Corbin</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Hammer" title="Marion Hammer">Marion Hammer</a> (1995–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Froman" title="Sandra Froman">Sandra Froman</a> (2005–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Keene" title="David Keene">David Keene</a> (2011–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Porter_II" title="James W. Porter II">James W. Porter II</a> (2013–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Brownell" title="Pete Brownell">Pete Brownell</a> (2017–18)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oliver North</a> (2018–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_D._Meadows" title="Carolyn D. Meadows">Carolyn D. Meadows</a> (2018; 2019–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Cotton" title="Charles L. Cotton">Charles L. Cotton</a> (since 2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CEOs and Executive Vice Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Reckord" title="Milton Reckord">Milton Reckord</a> (1926–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._B._Lister" title="C. B. Lister">C. B. Lister</a> (1949–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_A._Edson" title="Merritt A. Edson">Merritt A. Edson</a> (1951–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Lavinius_Parks" title="Floyd Lavinius Parks">Floyd Lavinius Parks</a> (1956–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Orth" title="Franklin Orth">Franklin Orth</a> (1959–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Rich" title="Maxwell Rich">Maxwell Rich</a> (1970–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlon_Carter" title="Harlon Carter">Harlon Carter</a> (1977–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Ray_Arnett" title="G. Ray Arnett">G. Ray Arnett</a> (1985–86)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Cassidy" title="J. Warren Cassidy">J. Warren Cassidy</a> (1986–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" title="Wayne LaPierre">Wayne LaPierre</a> (1991–2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NRA_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="NRA Foundation">NRA Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Perry" title="Camp Perry">Camp Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Eagle" title="Eddie Eagle">Eddie Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Legislative_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Legislative Action">Institute for Legislative Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Victory_Fund" title="Political Victory Fund">Political Victory Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Firearms_Museum" title="National Firearms Museum">National Firearms Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Outdoor_Show" title="Great American Outdoor Show">Great American Outdoor Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRATV" title="NRATV">NRATV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Price_of_Freedom_(2021_film)" title="The Price of Freedom (2021 film)">The Price of Freedom</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fox_News_personalities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fox_News_personalities" title="Template:Fox News personalities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fox_News_personalities" title="Template talk:Fox News personalities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fox_News_personalities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fox News personalities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fox_News_personalities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> personalities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anchors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Banderas" title="Julie Banderas">Banderas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Bream" title="Shannon Bream">Bream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hemmer" title="Bill Hemmer">Hemmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthel_Neville" title="Arthel Neville">Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(journalist)" title="John Roberts (journalist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Scott" title="Jon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shawn" title="Eric Shawn">Shawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Smith_(reporter)" title="Sandra Smith (reporter)">Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hosts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Baier" title="Bret Baier">Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Bartiromo" title="Maria Bartiromo">Bartiromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Cain" title="Will Cain">Cain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Campos-Duffy" title="Rachel Campos-Duffy">Campos-Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Casone" title="Cheryl Casone">Casone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Cavuto" title="Neil Cavuto">Cavuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Compagno" title="Emily Compagno">Compagno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Doocy" title="Steve Doocy">Doocy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainsley_Earhardt" title="Ainsley Earhardt">Earhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Faulkner" title="Harris Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Ford_Jr." title="Harold Ford Jr.">Ford Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trey_Gowdy" title="Trey Gowdy">Gowdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gutfeld" title="Greg Gutfeld">Gutfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kudlow" title="Larry Kudlow">Kudlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Kurtz" title="Howard Kurtz">Kurtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Hilton" title="Steve Hilton">Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griff_Jenkins" title="Griff Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_B._Jones" title="Lawrence B. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_(commentator)" title="Kennedy (commentator)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Kilmeade" title="Brian Kilmeade">Kilmeade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Levin" title="Harvey Levin">H. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">M. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_MacCallum" title="Martha MacCallum">MacCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagen_McDowell" title="Dagen McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayleigh_McEnany" title="Kayleigh McEnany">McEnany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Perino" title="Dana Perino">Perino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanine_Pirro" title="Jeanine Pirro">Pirro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tarlov" title="Jessica Tarlov">Tarlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Correspondents<br />and reporters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Corke" title="Kevin Corke">Corke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Cowan" title="Claudia Cowan">Cowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Doocy" title="Peter Doocy">Doocy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Edson" title="Rich Edson">Edson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Emanuel" title="Mike Emanuel">Emanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lea_Gabrielle" title="Lea Gabrielle">Gabrielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gallagher" title="Trace Gallagher">Gallagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Green" title="Lauren Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Griffin" title="Jennifer Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Harrigan" title="Steve Harrigan">Harrigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishah_Hasnie" title="Aishah Hasnie">Hasnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Heinrich" title="Jacqui Heinrich">Heinrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Henneberg" title="Molly Henneberg">Henneberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingle" title="Laura Ingle">Ingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Keating" title="Phil Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harriman_Kennedy" title="Douglas Harriman Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Leventhal" title="Rick Leventhal">Leventhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Line" title="Molly Line">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Llenas" title="Bryan Llenas">Llenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McKelway" title="Doug McKelway">McKelway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Rafferty" title="Marianne Rafferty">Rafferty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey_Stegall" title="Casey Stegall">Stegall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Contributors<br />and analysts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Baker_(CIA_officer)" title="Mike Baker (CIA officer)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Barnes_(journalist)" title="Fred Barnes (journalist)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Bruce" title="Tammy Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capri_Cafaro" title="Capri Cafaro">Cafaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Domenech" title="Ben Domenech">Domenech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_Hume" title="Brit Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lane_(journalist)" title="Charles Lane (journalist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Layfield" title="John Layfield">Layfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Lowry" title="Rich Lowry">Lowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Marshall_(journalist)" title="Leslie Marshall (journalist)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_McGlowan" title="Angela McGlowan">McGlowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Miller" title="Judith Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnon_Mishkin" title="Arnon Mishkin">Mishkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Morris_(commentator)" title="Jonathan Morris (commentator)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Pavlich" title="Katie Pavlich">Pavlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Siegel" title="Marc Siegel">Siegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Terrell" title="Leo Terrell">Terrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat_Timpf" title="Kat Timpf">Timpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrus_(wrestler)" title="Tyrus (wrestler)">Tyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_York" title="Byron York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Williams" title="Juan Williams">Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meteorologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Dean" title="Janice Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Reichmuth" title="Rick Reichmuth">Reichmuth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past hosts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Angle" title="Jim Angle">Angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Bila" title="Jedediah Bila">Bila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bolling" title="Eric Bolling">Bolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Briggs_(journalist)" title="Dave Briggs (journalist)">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alisyn_Camerota" title="Alisyn Camerota">Camerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Carlson" title="Gretchen Carlson">G. Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">T. Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiran_Chetry" title="Kiran Chetry">Chetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Childers" title="Heather Childers">Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Colmes" title="Alan Colmes">Colmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Guilfoyle" title="Kimberly Guilfoyle">Guilfoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Hasselbeck" title="Elisabeth Hasselbeck">Hasselbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Henry" title="Ed Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Hill" title="E. D. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Huddy" title="Juliet Huddy">Huddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Huntsman" title="Abby Huntsman">Huntsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jerrick" title="Mike Jerrick">Jerrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Kelly" title="Greg Kelly">G. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">M. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Kooiman" title="Anna Kooiman">Kooiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jillian_Mele" title="Jillian Mele">Mele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Morris" title="Clayton Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Schmitt" title="Rob Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Skinner" title="Jane Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepard_Smith" title="Shepard Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Snow" title="Tony Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Tantaros" title="Andrea Tantaros">Tantaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Van_Susteren" title="Greta Van Susteren">Susteren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Vittert" title="Leland Vittert">Vittert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Wallace" title="Chris Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Wright" title="Kelly Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past correspondents<br />and reporters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellison_Barber" title="Ellison Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Cameron" title="Carl Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Fisher" title="Kristin Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Huntsman" title="Abby Huntsman">Huntsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Garrett" title="Major Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Goler" title="Wendell Goler">Goler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Herridge" title="Catherine Herridge">Herridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Molina" title="Maria Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rosen_(journalist)" title="James Rosen (journalist)">Rosen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past contributors<br />and analysts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Beckel" title="Bob Beckel">Beckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Brown_(politician)" title="Scott Brown (politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Caddell" title="Patrick Caddell">Caddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Cafasso" title="Joseph A. Cafasso">Cafasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Cheney" title="Liz Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Crowder" title="Steven Crowder">Crowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._E._Cupp" title="S. E. Cupp">Cupp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacey_Dash" title="Stacey Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Goldberg" title="Bernard Goldberg">B. Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">J. Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Katharine_Ham" title="Mary Katharine Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Hayes" title="Stephen F. Hayes">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Henican" title="Ellis Henican">Henican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">Kasich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Kucinich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghan_McCain" title="Meghan McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_McInnes" title="Gavin McInnes">McInnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Morris" title="Dick Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Peters" title="Ralph Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Powers" title="Kirsten Powers">Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Rivera" title="Geraldo Rivera">Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Schoen" title="Douglas Schoen">Schoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_West_(politician)" title="Allen West (politician)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lis_Wiehl" title="Lis Wiehl">Wiehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Zahn" title="Paula Zahn">Zahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431223#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431223#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431223#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122216265">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139135095">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/207750/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd89Hr76CKtvJ7d9kgFrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120313154">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86008183">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073937576">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007429326805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d6035100-4841-4914-b7e2-e565da3b7264">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd120313154.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120313154">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6np59ww">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_North&oldid=1254870652">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_North&oldid=1254870652</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1943_births" title="Category:1943 births">1943 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century American male writers">20th-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:21st-century American male writers">21st-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_broadcast_news_analysts" title="Category:American broadcast news analysts">American broadcast news analysts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_columnists" title="Category:American columnists">American columnists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_conservative_talk_radio_hosts" title="Category:American conservative talk radio hosts">American conservative talk radio hosts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_foreign_policy_writers" title="Category:American foreign policy writers">American foreign policy writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:American male non-fiction writers">American male non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_military_writers" title="Category:American military writers">American military writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_political_commentators" title="Category:American political commentators">American political commentators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_talk_radio_hosts" title="Category:American talk radio hosts">American talk radio hosts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1994_United_States_elections" title="Category:Candidates in the 1994 United States elections">Candidates in the 1994 United States elections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fox_News_people" title="Category:Fox News people">Fox News people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Category:Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_Texas" title="Category:Military personnel from Texas">Military personnel from Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Columbia_County,_New_York" title="Category:People from Columbia County, New York">People from Columbia County, New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Loudoun_County,_Virginia" title="Category:People from Loudoun County, Virginia">People from Loudoun County, Virginia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_McLean,_Virginia" title="Category:People from McLean, Virginia">People from McLean, Virginia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_National_Rifle_Association" title="Category:Presidents of the National Rifle Association">Presidents of the National Rifle Association</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reagan_administration_personnel" title="Category:Reagan administration personnel">Reagan administration personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_recipients_of_the_Gallantry_Cross_(Vietnam)" title="Category:American recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)">American recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Silver_Star" title="Category:Recipients of the Silver Star">Recipients of the Silver Star</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps_officers" title="Category:United States Marine Corps officers">United States Marine Corps officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps_personnel_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Category:United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War">United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_National_Security_Council_staffers" title="Category:United States National Security Council staffers">United States National Security Council staffers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Naval_Academy_alumni" title="Category:United States Naval Academy alumni">United States Naval Academy alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Virginia_Republicans" title="Category:Virginia Republicans">Virginia Republicans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_San_Antonio" title="Category:Writers from San Antonio">Writers from San Antonio</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IMDb_title_ID_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:IMDb title ID different from Wikidata">IMDb title ID different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from April 2023">Use mdy dates from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 02:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_North&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-74cc59cb9d-vd6jx","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.815","walltime":"2.288","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19420,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":269882,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13492,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":321241,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1784.443 1 -total"," 28.21% 503.459 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.39% 381.636 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 12.46% 222.400 35 Template:Cite_news"," 8.53% 152.234 1 Template:Conservatism_US"," 7.93% 141.552 19 Template:ISBN"," 5.91% 105.402 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age"," 5.66% 101.027 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 5.30% 94.542 24 Template:Cite_web"," 5.16% 92.055 19 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.905","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12029662,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-b87644b56-7t6fw","timestamp":"20241128075132","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Oliver North","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oliver_North","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q431223","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q431223","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-28T07:33:47Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T02:37:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/82\/Oliver_North_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg","headline":"American political commentator"}</script> </body> </html>